18.2 The Adverb
18.2 The Adverb
18.2 The Adverb
02 The Adverb
Adverbs normally describe VERBS, ADJECTIVES, OTHER ADVERBS or WHOLE
SENTENCES.
(In mod normal adverbele descriu verbe, adjective, alte adverbe sau propozitii intregi.)
!!! ATENTIE: adverbele de frecventa: often (adesea), rarely (rareori), seldom (rareori),
usually (de obicei), frequently (frecvent), occasionally (ocazional), sometimes (cateodata),
always (intotdeauna) stau un fata verbului DAR DUPA VERBUL TO
BE
(Yesterday) He worked
hard in the garden yesterday.
!!! ATENTIE: daca verbul este de miscare (e.g. go, run, walk, etc.) atunci se pune
complementul de loc inainte de cel de mod.
Adverbs of manner are very flexible and can stay in various positions in the sentence:
(Adverbele de mod sunt foarte flexibile si pot sta in diverse pozitii in propozitie)
Formarea adverbelor:
e.g. It was easy to do it. -> I did it easily. (A fost usor sa fac asta. -> Am facut asta cu usurinta.)
-Substantiv + -wise/ -fashion/ -ways/ -style: clockwise (in sensul acelor de ceasornic),
schoolboy-fashion (moda de elev), sideways (pe o parte), cowboy-style (in stil de cowboy)
e.g. Turn the arm clockwise. (Intoarce bratul in sensul acelor de ceas.)
- Substantiv + -ward(s): home -> homeward (catre casa), west -> westward(s) (catre vest),
south -> southwards (catre sud)
o Alte adverbe:
- Substantiv + -wise: e.g. price -> price-wise (in ceea ce priveste pretul), health -> health-wise
(in ceea ce priveste sanatatea)
!!! Pentru punctele cardinale putem sa punem most dupa adjectiv si obtinem
locatia: southernmost (cel mai din sud), northernmost (cel mai din nord)
DAR: sly -> slyly (in mod siret), coy -> coyly (in mod rusinos), shy -> shyly (in mod timid)
Adjectivele terminate in –ic adauga –ally: drastic -> drastically (in mod drastic), frantic
-> frantically (in mod frenetic)
DAR: whole -> wholly (intreg/ total), true -> truly (cu adevarat), due -> duly (in mod
corespunzator) (aceste adverbe nu il pastreaza pe e)
e.g. She is very friendly with newcomers. (Ea este foarte prietenoasa cu persoanele nou venite.)
d) She behaves in a very friendly manner with newcomers. (Ea se comporta intr-un mod
prietenos cu persoanele nou venite.)
e.g. best (cel mai bun), better (mai bine), cold (rece), daily (zilnic), dead (mort), deep
(adanc), direct (direct), dirty (murdar), early (devreme), easy (usor), far (departe), fast
(repede), free (liber/ gratis), further (mai departe), hard (greu/ din greu), high (inalt),
hourly (ora de ora), inside (inauntru), kindly (in mod dragut), last (ultim), late (tarziu),
long (mult), low (jos), past (trecut), right (corect), straight (drept), sure (sigur), thick
(gros), tight (stramt), well (bine), wide (larg), wrong (gresit), etc.
You were our last (adj) hope. / You came in last (adv). (Tu erai ultima noastra speranta./ Tu ai
intrat ultimul.)
This is a fast (adj) car. / The car runs fast (adv). (Aceasta este o masina rapida./ Masina merge
repede.)
This is the wrong (adj) answer. / You did me wrong (adv). (Acesta este raspunsul gresit./ Tu
mi-ai facut rau.)
!!!!! ADVERBUL lui GOOD este WELL
English adverbs with two forms are written as those that end in “ly” and those that don’t.
(Adverbele cu doua forme sunt scrise ca cele terminate in -ly si cele care nu sunt
terminate in -ly)
e.g. hard versus hardly
“We work hard during the summer.” (Noi muncim din greu in timpul verii.)
Hard este adverb de mod, arata faptul ca actiunea cere mult efort si se foloseste NUMAI
DUPA VERB.
Hardly este adverb de frecventa sau grad, arata cat de mult sau cat de des se face actiunea si
sta NUMAI IN FATA VERBULUI.
high versus highly
“John is flying high at his new job.” (Lui John ii merge foarte bine la slujba.)/ "He threw
the stone high in the sky." (El a aruncat piatra sus in cer.)
High este adverb de mod care arata cum ii merge lui John sau in al doilea caz arata locatia
si este adverb de loc.
“Since starting the new project, the staff have been highly motivated.” (De cand a inceput
noul proiect, personalul este foarte motivat.)
fine versus finely
“He is doing fine in his new job.” (Lui ii merge bine la noua slujba.)
Finely este adverb de grad si arata ca trbuie mult detaliu pentru contract.
late versus lately
“I hate it when people arrive late.” (Urasc cand oamenii sosesc tarziu.)
“What have you been doing lately?” (Ce ai mai facut in ultimul timp?)
most versus mostly
“What do you like most about working here?” (Ce iti place cel mai mult in legatura cu
munca aici?)
Most este adverb de grad si exprima ce este cel mai bun din ceva.
“He has lived in many countries, but mostly in Europe.” (El a locuit in multe tari, dar mai
ales in Europa.)
Mostly inseamna mai ales/ in general/ pentru cea mai mare parte.
sure versus surely
“Can you come with me to the party?” “Sure I can!” (Poti veni cu mine la petrecere?
Sigur ca pot.)
Sure este un adverb folosit pentru a arata ca da, esti de acord cu ceva.
“Surely you can see that this is a bad idea.” (Cu siguranta poti sa vezi ca asta este o idee
proasta.)
Surely comenteaza asupra unei situatii si se foloseste pentru a spune ca ceva este evident.
wide versus widely
“Could you tell me why the door to my office is wide open?” (Poti sa imi spui de ce usa
biroului meu este larg deschisa?)
wrong versus wrongly
“This year started well but then it all went wrong.” (Anul acesta a inceput bine dar apoi
totul a mers gresit.)
Wrong este adverb de grad si sugereaza ca ceva rau/ gresit s-a intamplat si se pune numai
dupa verb.
“I apologise. I wrongly accused you of being lazy.” (Imi cer scuze. Te-am acuzat pe
nedrept ca esti lenes.)
Wrongly este adverb de mod si inseamna din greseala/ pe nedrept si se pune numai in fata
verbului.
free versus freely
“He walked free from the courtroom.” (El a iesit liber de la curtea de justitie.)/ "We
entered the disco free. (Noi am intrat la discoteca pe gratis.)
Free este adverb de mod si arata ca cineva este liber si nu e restrictionat in nici un fel sau ca
ceva este gratis.
“She married him freely.” (Ea s-a maritat cu el de buna voie.)/ He moved freely in the
room. (El s-a miscat nerestrictionat prin camera.)
Freely este de asemenea un adverb de mod si arata ca cineva face ceva de buna voie sau fara
probleme, nerestrictionat.
deep versus deeply
“He took the ring deep into the Misty Mountains.” (El a dus inelul adanc in Muntii
Cetosi.)
Deep este adverb de loc si arata ca ceva este undeva intr-un loc adanc.
easy versus easily
Easy este adverb de mod si arata ca ceva trebuie facut usor sau incet.
Easily este tot adverb de mod , dar arata ca ceva este facut fara dificultate.
direct versus directly
Direct este adverb de mod si arata ca o calatorie este facuta fara escale.
"I’ll be there directly." (Voi fi acolo imediat.)/ You’ll be directly responsible for him. (Vei
fi raspunzator in mod direct pentru el.)
Directly este tot adverb de mod si inseamna imediat sau in mod direct, fara altcineva care
sa interfereze.
full versus fully
"You know full well I don’t like this." (Sti foarte bine ca nu imi place asta.)
last versus lastly
Last este adverb de mod si arata ca ceva este facut dupa toate celelalte/ toti ceilalti.
"Lastly, I’d like to say that we have the final results." (In sfarsit, as vrea sa spun ca avem
rezultatele finale.)
near versus nearly
"That was a near miss." (Am scapat ca prin urechile acului. / Aproape ca m-a prins.)
pretty versus prettily
"You know pretty well why I don’t like you." (Sti destul de bine de ce nu te plac.)
Prettily este adverb de mod si arata ca ceva este facut in mod frumos.
short versus shortly
"He stopped short./The arrow fell short of its target./ He caught me short./ He cut the
meeting short./ He cut me short during the meeting."
(El s-a oprit deodata./ Sageata a cazut departe de tinta./ El m-a prins nepregatit./ El a
scurtat intalnirea./ El m-a intrerupt in timpul intalnirii.)
Short inseamna deodata/ abrupt, departe de tinta, nepregatit, scurt, din scurt/ intrerupt.
sharp versus sharply
"He addressed me sharply." (El mi s-a adresat intr-un ton/ mod dur.)
close versus closely
Closely este adverb de mod si inseamna ca ceva este facut cu atentie marita.
right versus rightly
Right arata directia (la dreapta) sau ca actiunea este facuta in mod corect.
rightly este adverb de mod si arata ca ceva a fost facut in mod corect/ pe drep in opinia
vorbitorului.
e.g.
They work ... for their money. (Ei muncesc din greu pentru banii lor.)
a) hardly
b) hard
c) hardlier
d) very hardly
The coach watched the swimmers ... . (Antrenorul i-a urmarit pe innotatori cu atentie.)
a) close
b) closely
c) more close
d) closerly
The spring went ... under the mountain. (Izvorul curgea adinc sub munte.)
a) Deeply
b) Deep
c) Deeperly
d) More deeply
He didn’t drive as carefully as his father. (El nu a condus la fel de atent ca tatal sau.)
He drove more carefully because of the fog. (El a condus cu mai multa atentie din cauza cetii.)
He drove the most carefully of all. (El a condus cel mai atent dintre toti.)
Daca adverbul este identic ca forma cu adjectivele monosilabice (late, long, quick, high,
fast, hard, deep, near):
adv. easily -> more easily -> the most easily: I did this more easily. (Am facut asta mai
usor/ cu mai mare usurinta.)
QUITE
inseamna complet (folosit cu: full, empty, finished, wrong, right, sure, certain, ready,
etc): e.g. The bottle was quite empty. (Sticla era complet goala.)
insemana mai putin decat - less than: e.g. The play was quite good. (= moderately
good) (Piesa a fost moderat de buna.)
folosit in comentarii favorabile: e.g. He's quite good at Maths. (El este chiar bun la
matematica.)
RATHER
folosit pentru a arata dezaprobare: e.g. The tea is rather hot. (too hot for the person
who drinks it) (Ceaiul este cam fierbinte. - prea fierbinte pentru a-l bea)
folosit in comentarii defavorabile: e.g. She is rather bad at Maths. (Ea nu prea e buna
la matematica.)
folosit cu sensul "to an unusual degree" (intr-un grad neobisnuit): e.g. The meeting
was rather interesting. (Intalnirea a fost mai interesanta decat m-am asteptat/
interesanta intr-un grad neobisnuit.)
folosit cu comparatii: e.g. She's rather taller than me. (Ea este mai inalta decat mine.)
folosit cu sensul "foarte": e.g. She is rather clever. (Ea este foarte desteapta.) – folosit
cu: good, well, pretty, clever, amusing, etc.
PRETTY este folosit pentru a arata neutralitatea: e.g. The tea is pretty hot. (Ceaiul este fierbinte.)
FAIRLY este folosit cu: good, nice, well folosit pentru a exprima un compliment mai mic decat cel
exprimat cu quite:
LIKE se foloseste:
pentru similaritati: e.g. He works like a mule. (He isn't a mule.) (El munceste ca un
catar. - dar nu este un catar)
se foloseste dupa: feel, look, smell, sound + noun: e.g. He looks like his father. (El
arata ca tatal lui.)
se foloseste cu substantive, pronume sau verbe cu -ing pentru a exprima similaritati:
e.g. You look just like your Mum. (Arati exact ca mama ta.)/ It's like walking on air. (E
ca atunci cand mergi prin aer.)/ This fish tastes just like chicken. (Pestele asta are gust
de pui.)
AS se foloseste:
pentru a arata ce face cineva in realitate ca slujba sau ce rol au: e.g. He works as a
teacher. (El munceste ca profesor. - este profesor)
in expresii: as usual (ca de obicei), as ... as (asa ... ca), as much (atat), such as (cum ar
fi), the same as (la fel ca): e.g. You're late as usual. (Ai intarziat ca de obicei.)
dupa verbele: accept, be known, class, describe, refer to, regard, use: e.g. He's
regarded as an expert on music. (El e privit ca expert in muzica.)
cu sensul "IN THE WAY THAT" (in felul in care): e.g. You must write the poem as she
has shown you. (Trebuie sa scrii poezia in felul in care ea ti-a aratat.)