Chapter 2 Principles of Fluid Statics

Chapter Two
Principles of Fluid Statics
LAW OF PASCAL ON FLUID STATICS
1st Law: “at

any point in a fluid
at rest, the pressure is the
same in all directions”
CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

Pressure
Pressure is defined as a normal force
exerted by a fluid per unit area.
P = ɤh
Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all directions.
Pressure has a magnitude, but not a specific
direction, and thus it is a scalar quantity.
Units of pressure are N/m2, which is called
a pascal (Pa).

Question:
Which tube has the greatest pressure given the same level of liquid?
 Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane

in a given fluid.
Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape of
the container.
ME33 : Fluid
CE137: Flow
HYDRAULICS 24 Chapter2:Chapter
Chapter 3: Pressure
2:Principles
Principles and Fluid
of Hydrostatics
of Fluid Statics
Statics
Variation of Pressure with Depth
 Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane
in a given fluid.
ME33 : Fluid
CE137: Flow
HYDRAULICS 25 ChapterChapter
Chapter 2:2:Principles
PrinciplesofofFluid
3: Pressure Hydrostatics
and Fluid Statics
Statics
Relative and Absolute Pressure
 Actual pressure at a given point is called the

absolute pressure.
 Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated
to read zero in the atmosphere, and therefore
indicate gage pressure,
Pgage = Pabs - Patm
 Pressure below atmospheric pressure are
called vacuum pressure,
Pvac= Patm - Pabs
Relative and Absolute Pressure
A
Pgage = Pabs - Patm
Pvac= Patm - Pabs A (+)
Movable
Gage =0
datum
B (-)
(Varies with weather
B
and altitude)
Fixed
datum

The Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is
measured by a device called a
barometer; thus, atmospheric
pressure is often referred to as
the barometric pressure.
PC can be taken to be zero

since there is only Hg vapor
above point C, and it is very
low relative to Patm.
𝑃𝑐 + ɤ𝑚 ℎ = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = ɤ𝑚 ℎ

EXAMPLE #1:
Determine the gage pressure at a point in a body of
oil (s=0.80) 2.5m below the free surface. If the
atmospheric pressure on the free surface is 101 KPa,
what is the corresponding absolute pressure at the
point?
a) p  h  (9.81x0.80)(2.5)
p  19.62 KPa ( gage)
b) p  pa  h  101  19.62
p  120.62 KPa ( abs )
Example # 2:
An open vessel contains tetrachloride (s=1.50) to a depth of 2m and
water above this liquid to a depth of 1.30m. What is the pressure at the
bottom.
Solution:
Water 1.30 m
Carbon
tetrachloride 2.0 m
(S= 1.50)
Pb
𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
𝑃𝑏 = ɤℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + ɤℎ𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
Pb = 9.81(1.30) + 9.81(1.50)(2.0) = 42.183 kPa

EXAMPLE #3:
What is the pressure at level C and D?
D
Air 1.00 m
atm
B
Air 0.40 m
(0)
0.50 m
C
0.90 m
A
Oil (s = 0.80) Water

Solution:
D
Air 1.00 m
atm
B
Air 0.40 m
(0)
0.50 m
C
0.90 m
A
Oil (s = 0.80) Water
2.) Pressure at level @ D:

1.) Pressure at level @ C:
Take summation of pressure
Take summation of pressure from Level 0 to level A from Level C to level D
D
p p
A
 (h) water  pD
p
0
po  (h) oil  pair  p A
C
C
0  (9.81x0.80)(1.40)  p A  3.139  (9.81)(1.90)  pD
pD  21.778 kPa
p A  10.987 kPa
A
p
B
p A  (h) oil  p B pD = - 21.778 kPa
10.987  (9.81x 0.80)(1.80)  p B
CE142: Mechanics
p B  3of.139
Fluid kPa pB = pC = Chapter 2:
- 3.139 kPa
Example # 4:
At sea level a mercury barometer reads 750mm and at the same time on the
top of a mountain another mercury barometer reads 745mm. The temperature of air is
assumed constant at 15oc and its specific weight assumed uniform at 12 N/m3.
Determine the height of the mountain?
Solution:
P1 = P2 + ɤh
P2
P1 - P2 = ɤh
9810(13.6)(0.75) – 9810(13.6)(0.745) = 12 H
Air
ɤAir = 12 N/m³
H H = 55.590 m
P1

Pressure Head
Vertical distance from the free surface to the point under
consideration. Dimension of meter (m) of liquid involved.
p
h

In absolute pressure units:
p pa
 h
 
Pa is the pressure of the atmosphere on the free surface:

EXAMPLE # 1:
A pressure of 150 KPa is equivalent to how many
meters of water? of mercury (s=13.6)? In absolute
units, what are the corresponding pressure heads,
assuming standard conditions?
a ) For water ,   9.81kN / m 3
p 150
h   15.3m
 9.81
b) For mercury,   9.81x13.6  133.42kN / m 3
p
150
h   1.12m
 133.42

Cont..
In absolute units,
a ) For water ,
pa 101.3
ha  h   15.3   25.6m
 9.81
b) For mercury,
101.3
ha  1.12   1.88m
133.42

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Chapter Two

Principles of Fluid Statics

LAW OF PASCAL ON FLUID STATICS

1st Law: “at

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

 Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane

 Actual pressure at a given point is called the

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

PC can be taken to be zero

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

Oil (s = 0.80) Water

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

Oil (s = 0.80) Water

2.) Pressure at level @ D:

0  (9.81x0.80)(1.40)  p A  3.139  (9.81)(1.90)  pD

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

CE137: HYDRAULICS Chapter 2: Principles of Fluid Statics

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