Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.1 Principles of hormonal control

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a large molecule produced in endocrine gland that provides body’s 1
chemical coordination, carried around body in blood to target organs
where it produces an effect
1b gland that produces hormones and secretes them directly into the blood 1
2 hormones: 3
• chemicals that control the processes of the body,
• released from glands into blood,
• some act quickly but many act more slowly,
• all are slower than nervous control
nervous system: 3
• electrical impulses passed from receptors to brain,
• transmitted along neurones,
• can be very fast (especially reflexes),
• transmission from one neurone to another involves chemical
substances
3 Pituitary gland is small endocrine gland in brain that controls many 1
different body processes as well as controlling secretions of many other
endocrine glands in the body.
It produces a number of different hormones that give it this control. 1
Pituitary gland called master gland because so many other endocrine 1
glands rely on it to function.
4a Child would not grow properly/would be short, may look younger than 2 Any other valid suggestion.
their age, and may have delayed tooth development.
4b Adult would have acromegaly (chin, nose, ears, hands, and feet 2 Any other valid suggestion.
continue to grow). If it happened before puberty they would become
unusually tall.

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 1
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.2 The control of blood glucose levels

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a hormone made in pancreas that causes glucose to pass from blood into 1
cells, where it is needed for respiration
1b condition under which pancreas cannot make enough insulin to control 1
blood sugar or body cells stop responding to insulin made by pancreas
1c insoluble carbohydrate stored in liver 1
2a Pancreas detects rise in blood glucose levels and secretes insulin. 1
Insulin triggers conversion of glucose to glycogen by liver, 1
which causes glucose to move out of blood into body cells, lowering 1
blood glucose levels.
2b Pancreas detects fall in blood glucose levels and secretes glucagon. 1
Glucagon triggers conversion of glycogen to glucose by liver, 1
increasing blood glucose levels. 1
2c Glucose needed for cellular respiration, 1
releasing energy for body’s metabolic reactions. 1
Too much or too little glucose in blood causes problems with 1
respiration.
3 type 1: 3
condition under which pancreas does not make enough/ any insulin,
treated by insulin injections to help control blood glucose levels, needs
carefully controlled diet with regular meals and careful monitoring of
carbohydrate intake, usually appears in children and young adults;
type 2: 3
condition under which body cells do not respond properly to insulin
produced by pancreas, linked to obesity/old age/lack of exercise,
treated by improving diet/increasing exercise/losing weight as well as by
insulin injections

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 2
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.3 Treating diabetes

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 Any three from: 3
• type 1 caused by pancreas making insufficient insulin, type 2
caused by body cells not responding properly to insulin from
pancreas;
• type 1 usually appears in children and young adults, type 2
usually affects older or overweight people;
• type 1 requires insulin injections, type 2 requires insulin
injections only if improved diet/increased exercise/losing
weight/drugs not effective;
• type 1 can be managed but not cured, type 2 may be cured.
2a Type 1 diabetes treated by careful monitoring and control of food intake 1
as well as by insulin injections. 1
Pancreas transplant can remove need for insulin injections. 1
2b Type 2 diabetes treated, controlled, or even cured by eating a carefully 1
controlled balanced diet, weight loss, and regular exercise.
It may also be treated by drugs that help make insulin made by 1
pancreas more effective on body cells, help pancreas make more
insulin, or reduce amount of glucose absorbed from gut.
Insulin injections used only if none of these treatments works. 1
3 pancreatic transplant: 2
complex surgery, high risk, expensive, patients have to be on
immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their lives, not enough donors;
insulin injections: 2
widely available, self-administered, relatively cheap

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 3
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.4 The role of negative feedback

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 If a factor in internal environment increases 1
changes take place to reduce it and restore original level. 1
If a factor in internal environment decreases 1
changes take place to increase it and restore original level. 1
2 thyroxine: 2
controls body’s basic metabolic rate (in adults) and growth and
development (in children), controlled in negative feedback loop by
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from pituitary gland;
adrenaline: 2
increases heart and breathing rates, triggers conversion of stored
glycogen to glucose, stimulates pupil dilation, heightens mental
awareness, diverts blood from digestive system to limb muscles,
secreted by adrenal glands upon nervous stimulation (no negative
feedback loop)
3a The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce the hormone thyroxine. 1
A lack of thyroxine would cause health issues (stunted 1
growth/developmental problems in children, problems including
fatigue/immune system damage in adults)
Affects people’s ability to fight other communicable diseases. 1
3b add iodine to diet through iodised salt 1
allows body to make thyroxine and overcome health problems related to 1
thyroxine deficiency

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 4
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.5 Human reproduction

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 Any three from: 3
• involvement in different development of boys and girls in uterus,
involvement in body changes at puberty,
• control of ovulation in menstrual cycle,
• control of sperm production.
2 Any three similarities from: 3
• adolescent growth spurt (slightly later in boys),
• growth of pubic and body hair,
• external genitalia grow and skin darkens,
• brain matures.
Any three differences from: 3
• boys develop muscles and male body shape/girls develop
female pattern of fat deposits,
• testes grow and start producing sperm in boys/ovaries start to
form mature ova monthly in girls,
• boys develop facial hair,
• girls develop breasts,
• male larynx grows and voice breaks,
• uterus grows and becomes active in girls,
• menstruation begins in girls
3a Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes eggs to mature, 1
luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates release of egg at ovulation, 1
oestrogen and progesterone stimulate build‑up and maintenance of 2
uterus lining.

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 5
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.6 Hormones and the menstrual cycle

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1a follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 1
luteinising hormone (LH), 1
oestrogen, 1
progesterone 1
1b to provide protection and food for developing embryo if pregnancy 1
occurs
2a 0–5 1
2b FSH levels rise in first part of cycle, stimulating eggs to mature in ovary 2
and stimulating ovary to produce more oestrogen.
LH levels rise sharply around ovulation, triggering release of mature 2
ovum, then fall again rapidly.
2c oestrogen 1
3 Oestrogen stimulates thickening of uterus lining. 1
FSH stimulates egg maturation in ovaries. 1
LH stimulates release of mature egg from ovary (ovulation) after about 1
14 days.
Progesterone maintains uterus lining for about 14 days. 1
Hormone levels then drop and uterus lining and egg are shed in 1
monthly period.
Pregnancy is most likely if egg is fertilized between days 14 and 28 1
while uterus lining is ready to receive developing embryo.

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 6
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.7 The artificial control of fertility

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 control of fertility to prevent pregnancy by preventing egg and sperm 1
meeting or preventing implantation of fertilised egg in uterus
2a All are forms of hormone‑based contraception. 1
2b progesterone‑only pill must be taken very regularly 1 one mark per contraceptive.
contraceptive implant is placed under the skin, or, 1
contraceptive implant lasts for up to three years but can be removed at
any time the woman wants to get pregnant
contraceptive patch applied to skin every seven days. 1
2c contraceptive implant: most effective, no room for human error, 1
hormones not lost through illness (e.g., vomiting);
contraceptive patch: very effective, people may forget to replace them, 1
may occasionally come off;
progesterone-only pill: not so effective, easy to forget, very low dose so 1
must be taken regularly, hormones may be lost through illness (e.g.,
vomiting)
3 hormone‑based: relatively effective (0–10% failure rate per Figure 2), 1
open to human error
barrier: less effective (12–18% failure rate per Figure 2), open to human 1
error or damage
surgical: very effective, not open to human error following successful 1
surgery

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 7
 Student Book answers B11 Hormonal coordination

B11.8 Infertility treatments

Question Answer Marks Guidance
number
1 A form of fertility treatment used if oviducts damaged or blocked by 1
infection, if donor egg is needed, or in case of long‑term infertility without
obvious cause.
Mature eggs are collected from mother and fertilised in vitro using sperm 1
from father. When fertilized eggs have become tiny embryos, one or two are
inserted back into mother’s uterus.
2a Artificial FSH can be used to stimulate egg maturation 1
and oestrogen production in ovaries so uterus lining builds up. 1
Artificial LH can then be used to trigger ovulation if necessary. 1
2b Artificial FSH can be used to stimulate maturation of many eggs in ovaries. 1
Artificial LH can then be used to bring them to the point of ovulation 1
for harvesting for IVF. 1
3a Award marks for well‑drawn graph correctly labelled. 4
3b for: 6 Also consider any other valid argument.
• people have the right to have children when they want them
(ageism),
• people still considered young at 40 now life expectancies have
increased,
• may not meet right person until later in life,
• career demands for women make it difficult to have children earlier;
against:
• chances of successful pregnancy very low,
• cost may exceed benefit,
• older parents will be old as children grow up,
• stress and physical risk associated with pregnancy increases with
age

© Oxford University Press 2017 www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements

This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 8