Answers

Answers
Answers
1A → 1B
Chapter 1 6 a (−2, 3) b [−4, 1) c [−1, 5] d (−3, 2]
7 a
Exercise 1A −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
1 a {8, 11} b {8, 11} b
c {1, 3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30} −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
d {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32} c
e {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32} −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f {1, 8, 11, 25, 30}
d
2 a −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 e
b −4 −3 −2 −1 0
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 f
c −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
8 a
d
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b
e
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f c
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 a {7, 9} b {7, 9}
d
c {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23} d {2, 3, 5, 11}
e {2} f {2, 7, 9} g {2, 3, 5, 7} −8 −6 −4 −2 0
h {7} i {7, 9, 15, 19, 23} j (3, ∞)
4 a {a, e} b {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u} Exercise 1B
c {b, c, d} d {i, o, u} Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞)
√ 1 a
5 a [−3, 1) b (−4, 5] c (− 2, 0) b Domain = (−∞, 2] Range = R
1 √
d − √ , 3 e (−∞, −3) f (0, ∞) c Domain = (−2, 3) Range = [0, 9)
2 d Domain = (−3, 1) Range = (−6, 2)
g (−∞, 0) h [−2, ∞) e Domain = [−4, 0] Range = [0, 4]
f Domain = R Range = (−∞, 2)
Cambridge Senior Maths for Queensland ISBN 978-1-108-45164-2 © Evans et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Mathematical Methods 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
762 Answers
1B
2 a y b y 7 a f (−1) = −2, f (2) = 16, f (−3) = 6,

f (2a) = 8a2 + 8a
3 b g(−1) = −10, g(2) = 14, g(3) = 54,
g(a − 1) = 2a3 − 6a2 + 8a − 10
Answers
1 x x
0 −3 0 3 8 a g(−2) = 10, g(4) = 46
Domain = R b i 12x2 − 2 ii 3x2 − 12x + 10
−3
Range = [1, ∞) iii 3x2 + 12x + 10 iv 3x4 − 2
Domain = [−3, 3]
Range = [−3, 3] 9 a 3 b 7 c x = − 32 d x > 3
c y d y 10 a x = −3 b x > −3 c x = 32
11 a y b y
2 (4, 2√2)
(1, √2) (6, 7)
x x
0 0 (2, 3)
8 Domain = [0, ∞) x x
0 0 (2, −1)
Domain = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞)
Range = (−∞, 2]
e y f y Range = [3, ∞) Range = (−∞, −1]
(4, 18) c y d y
5
(3, 11)
2
x −1 1 −
2
x 0
2 x
3 2 x
0 5 4 0 0
Domain = [0, 5] Domain = [0, 4]
Range = [0, 5] Range = [2, 18] (−4, −7) Range = (−∞, 11)
g y h y Range = [−7, ∞)
(2, 4) e f
y y
4 (6, 17)
0
x (3, 4) 1
−1 −2 2 −2 2 3
x −1 1 x
−5 0 x −1 0
(−1, −5) Domain = R 0
(−2, −7)
Domain = [−1, 2] Range = (−∞, 4]
Range = [−5, 4] Range = [−7, 17]
Range = (−∞, 4]
i y Domain = R g h
y y
Range = R (−5, 14) (4, 19)
1 (−1, 2)
x 0 x
0 1 x −1 0.2
0
(−2, −11)
3 a Not a function; Domain = {−1, 1, 2, 3};
Range = [2, 14] Range = (−11, 19)
Range = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b A function; Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}; 12 a f (2) = −3, f (−3) = 37, f (−2) = 21
Range = {−4, −1, 0, 3, 5} b g(−2) = 7, g(1) = 1, g(−3) = 9
c Not a function; Domain = {−2, −1, 2, 4}; c i f (a) = 2a2 − 6a + 1
Range = {−2, 1, 2, 4, 6} ii f (a + 2) = 2a2 + 2a − 3
d A function; Domain = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; iii g(−a) = 3 + 2a iv g(2a) = 3 − 4a
Range = {4} v f (5 − a) = 21 − 14a + 2a2
4 Functions: a, c vi f (2a) = 8a2 − 12a + 1
vii g(a) + f (a) = 2a2 − 8a + 4
5 a A function; Domain = R; Range = {4}
viii g(a) − f (a) = 2 + 4a − 2a2
b Not a function; Domain = {2}; Range = Z
c A function; Domain = R; Range = R 13 a x = 32 or x = −1 b x = ± 23
d Not a function; Domain = R; Range = R c x = 0 or x = − 13 d x < −1 or x > 2
e Not a function; Domain = [−4, 4]; 3
Range = [−4, 4] e x < − 23 or x > 23 f − 13 ≤ x ≤ 0

√
6 y = x + 2, x ≥ −2; Range = [0, ∞) 14 a f (−2) = 2 b f (2) = 6
√ c f (−a) = a2 − a d f (a) + f (−a) = 2a2
y = − x + 2, x ≥ −2; Range = (−∞, 0]
e f (a) − f (−a) = 2a f f (a2 ) = a4 + a2
Answers 763
a+2
Answers
15 a x = 2 b x>2 c x= 8 a f (−4) = −8 b f (0) = 0
3 1
8 13 c f (4) =
d x=− e x=1 f x= 4 ⎧
3 18 ⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
4 7 1 2 ⎪
⎨a + 3, a>0
16 a b6 c − d9 e f− d f (a + 3) = ⎪⎪
3 3 3 9 ⎪
⎪
⎩2(a + 3), a ≤ 0
6 1 1 ⎧1
17 a b c ± d1 e −1, 2 ⎪ 3
5 5 3 ⎪
⎪
⎪ , a>
⎪
⎨ 2a 2
e f (2a) = ⎪⎪
Exercise 1C ⎪
⎪
⎪ 3
⎩4a, a ≤
1C → 1D
Domain = R Range = R 2
1 a ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
b Domain = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) ⎪
⎨a − 3, a>6
c Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞) f f (a − 3) = ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩2(a − 3), a ≤ 6
d Domain = [−4, 4] Range = [0, 4]
⎧
e Domain = R \ {0} Range = R \ {0} ⎪
⎪
⎪ −x − 4, x < −2
⎪
⎪
⎨1
f Domain = R Range = (−∞, 4]
9 y=⎪ ⎪ x − 1, −2 ≤x≤3
g Domain = [3, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) ⎪
⎪
⎪
2
⎩− 1 x + 2, x > 3
2 a Domain = R Range = R 2
b Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞) 10 a Even b Odd c Neither

c Domain = [−3, 3] Range = [0, 3] d Even e Odd f Neither
d Domain = R \ {1} Range = R \ {0} 11 a Even b Even c Odd
√ √ d Odd e Neither f Even
3 a R \ {3} b (−∞, − 3] ∪ [ 3, ∞)
c R d [4, 11] e R \ {−1} g Neither h Neither i Even
f (−∞, −1] ∪ [2, ∞) g R \ {−1, 2}
1 Exercise 1D
h (−∞, −2) ∪ [1, ∞) i 0,
3 1 a ( f + g)(x) = 4x + 2 b ( f + g)(x) = 1
j [−5, 5] k [3, 12]
( f g)(x) = 3x2 + 6x ( f g)(x) = x2 − x4
4 a y b Range = [−2, ∞)
dom = R dom = (0, 2]
x+1
c ( f + g)(x) = √
x
( f g)(x) = 1
x dom = [1, ∞)
−1 0 1 2 √
−1 d ( f + g)(x) = x2 + 4 − x
−2 √
( f g)(x) = x2 4 − x
5 a Domain = (−3, 0] ∪ [1, 3); Range = [−2, 3) dom = [0, 4]
b Domain = [−5, 4]; Range = [−4, 0) ∪ [2, 5] f 3x
6 a 2 a i (x) = , dom = R \ {−2}
y g x+2
(2, 10) g x+2
(−4, 9) ii (x) = , dom = R \ {0}
f 3x
6
5 f 1 − x2
b i (x) = , dom = (0, 2]
x g x2
−4 0 g x2
−4 2 ii (x) = , dom = (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2]
f 1 − x2
b Domain = (−∞, 2]; Range = [5, 10] ∪ {−4} f
y c i (x) = x, dom = [1, ∞)
7 a g
(−3, 8) g 1
ii (x) = , dom = [1, ∞)
8 f x
f x2
5 d i (x) = √ , dom = [0, 4)
x g
√4 − x
−3 0
g 4−x
ii (x) = , dom = (0, 4]
f x2
b Range = [5, ∞)
764 Answers
1E → 1F
3 a i Even ii Odd iii Even iv Odd 4 a x = 1 or x = 0

1 b y
b ( f + h)(x) = x2 + 1 + 2 , even;
x
1
(gk)(x) = 1, even; ( f h)(x) = 1 + 2 , even;
x g
( f + g)(x) = x2 + x + 1, neither; 1
1 x
(g + k)(x) = x + , odd; −2 0 2
x
( f g)(x) = x3 + x, odd f −1
Answers
4 a f (g(x)) = 4x − 1, g( f (x)) = 4x − 2
b f (g(x)) = 8x + 5, g( f (x)) = 8x + 3 Exercise 1F
c f (g(x)) = 4x − 7, g( f (x)) = 4x − 5 ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
d f (g(x)) = 2x2 − 1, g( f (x)) = (2x − 1)2 1 f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎩2x if x > 2
e f (g(x)) = 2(x − 5)2 + 1, g( f (x)) = 2x2 − 4
f f (g(x)) = 2x2 + 1, g( f (x)) = (2x + 1)2
y
5 a f (h(x)) = 6x + 3 b h( f (x)) = 6x − 1
c 15 d 11 e 21 f −7 g 3
8
6 a 9x2 + 12x + 3 b 3x2 + 6x + 1
c 120 d 46 e3 f1 4
7 a h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 − 1, g(x) = √ x4
b h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x4 + 3, g(x) = x x
c h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 − 2x, g(x) = xn 0 2 4
1
d h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = 2x + 3, g(x) = 2 V(x) = 4x(10 − x)(18 − x), domain = [0, 10]
x
e h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 − 2x, 3 a A(x) = −x2 + 92x − 720
g(x) = x3 − 2x b 12 ≤ x ≤ 60
f h(x) = f ( f (x)), f (x) = 2x2 + 1 c A
(46, 1396)
Exercise 1E
1 a Maximal domain = R \ {0}; Range = R+ (60, 1200)
1 1
b i ii iii 16 iv 16 (12, 240)
16 16 x
c y 0
d Maximum area 1396 m2 occurs when
x = 46 and y = 34
3V
4 a i S = 2x2 + 6xh ii S = 2x2 +
x
b Maximal domain = (0, ∞)
x c Maximum value of S = 1508 m2
√
0 5 Area = x 4a2 − x2 , domain = [0, 2a]
2 a Odd b Even c Odd 6a
6 a A=
d Odd e Even f Odd a+2 9
3 a x = 1 or x = −1 b Domain = [0, 6]; Range = 0,
b 2
y 9
c d y
2
g
4 6, 9
2
2
2
x
f 0 2 4 6
x
0 2 4
Answers 765
1 1 3
Answers
7 a a= , b= , c = 45, d = − , e = 75 2 a y
30 15 2
7 (5, 4)
b S c Range = 0,
2
7 3
75,
2 y = g(x)
2 x
−3 0
3 3
45,
2 t b ran g = ,4 c x=5
0 2
1 1 1
1 review
3 a x= b x≤ c x=−
5 5 10
Chapter 1 review
4 y
Technology-free questions
1 a Domain = R y (2, 3)
Range = [1, ∞)
f(x) = x2 + 1 x
0 1 2
(0, 1) (0, −1)
x
0 √ √
5 a R \ {3} b R \ [− 5, 5] c R \ {1, −2}
d [−5, 5] e [5, 15] f R \ {2}
b Domain = R y
6 ( f + g)(x) = x + 5x + 1,
2
Range = R ( f g)(x) = (x − 3)(x + 2)2
f (x) = 2x − 6
7 ( f + g)(x) = x2 + 1, x ∈ [1, 5]
( f g)(x) = 2x(x − 1)2 , x ∈ [1, 5]
x 8 a ( f + g)(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3
0 3
b ( f g)(x) = −x2 (2x + 3)
−6 c x = −1 or x = 3
9 a f (g(x)) = −2x3 + 3
c Domain = [−5, 5] y
b g( f (x)) = −(2x + 3)3
Range = [−5, 5] c g(g(x)) = x9 d f ( f (x)) = 4x + 9
5
x2 + y2 = 25 1
10 a h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x3 − 1, g(x) = x 3
1
x b h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x2 + 1, g(x) =
−5 0 5 x
1
c h(x) = g( f (x)), f (x) = x − 1, g(x) =
2
−5 x
Multiple-choice questions
d Domain = R y
1 E 2 B 3 E 4 E 5 C
Range = R y ≥ 2x + 1 6 E 7 C 8 B 9 C 10 B
1 11 B 12 C 13 C 14 D
Extended-response questions
x
0 1 a C1 = 64 + 0.25x, C2 = 89
1
− b C ($)
2 C2
100
80
e Domain = R y 60 C1
40
Range = R 20
y<x−3
020 40 60 80100120 x (km)
3 c x > 100 km
x 2
0 2 a S = 6x
√ 2
2
b S = 6V
√ 2
3
−3
3s 3h
3 a A= b A=
4 3
766 Answers
√
2A
4 a d(x) = 9 − x2 b dom = [0, 3] 3 a (4, 7) b (5, −2) c (2, 19)

d ran = [0, 3] 4 a y b y
Answers
3 0 4
x 3
−1 1 2
x −2 1
0 3 −3 x
160x 0 14
5 S (x) = 3
x + 80
h2
6 a V1 (h) = πh 36 − , h ∈ (0, 12) c y d y
√ 4
b V2 (r) = 2πr2 36 − r2 , r ∈ (0, 6)
7 a y 4 2
2
x x
0 3 6 0 3
2 (3, 3)
e y f y
x
−2 0 2
6 x
0 2
−4
b f (−1) = −3, x −4
⎧ f (3) = 3 −3 0
⎪
⎪
⎨4x2 − 4 if x < 1
c f (h(x)) = ⎪ ⎪ 5 a y = 2x − 6 b y = −3x − 5
⎩2x if x ≥ 1
⎧ c 3y − 4x = 5 d y = 2x + 1
⎪
⎪
⎨2x − 8 if x < 2
2 y x x y x y
h( f (x)) = ⎪ 6 a − =1 b + =1 c − =1
⎪
⎩2x if x ≥ 2 2 3 4 6 6 2
⎧ 2 x y y x
⎪ 3t 7 a + =1 b − =1
⎪
⎪
⎪ , 0<t≤1 4 2 3 4
⎪
⎨ 2
8 A(t) = ⎪ ⎪ y y
⎪
⎪
⎪
3
⎩3t − , t > 1
2
Domain = (0, ∞); Range = (0, ∞) 2 3
9 a i YB = r ii ZB = r
iii AZ = x − √ r iv CY = 3 − r x x
0 4 −4 0
x + 3 − x2 + 9
b r= x y
c − =1
2 6 3
c i r=1 ii x = 1.25
q √ y
10 b f (x) = c x = 3 ± 17
x
11 a i f (2) = 3, f ( f (2)) = 2, f ( f ( f (2))) = 3
ii f ( f (x)) = x x
0 6
−x − 3
b f ( f (x)) = , f ( f ( f (x))) = x −3
x−1
11
Chapter 2 8C=
200
n + 2, $57
9 a C = 5n + 175 b Yes c $175
√ √
Exercise 2A 10 a 5 ≈ 2.236 b 20 ≈ 4.472 c 5
√ 1 13
1 a 205 b 1, − c − 11 a i y = 2x + 4 ii 2y + x = 13
2 6 b i y = −2x + 7 ii 2y − x = 4
d 13x + 6y = 10 e 13x + 6y = 43
25 12 y = 2x − 3
f 13y − 6x = − 13 y = −5 or y = 3
2
5 3 1
14 a 32.01◦ b 153.43◦ c 56.31◦ d 120.96◦
1
2 a (3, 7 2 ) b − , −2 c ,
2 2 2 15 45◦
Answers 767
Answers
16 a = −12 or a = 8 e Domain = R \ {1} y
17 a y = 3x − 6 b (2, 0) Range = R \ {0}
1
18 k = 5 and h = 4, or k = −2 and h = −3 y=
x−1
4
19 a a + 2 b 0
5 x
1 (0, −1)
20 a m = b (5, 7)
2√ √
c AB = 13, AC = 2 13 x=1
21 a (2, 3) f Domain = R \ {0} y
2B
b y + 5x = 13
Range = R \ {−4}
c i 2y = 3x − 13 ii (3, −2) iii (1, 8) 1, 0
4
x
Exercise 2B 0
1 a (−1, 3) b (−5, 10) c (−5, 7) d (−3, 6) y=−4
1 1
2 a y= −3 b y= +3 1−4
y=x
x−2 x+2
1 2
c y= +4= +4
x − 12 2x − 1 g Domain = R \ {−2} y
3 a Domain = R \ {0} y Range = R \ {0} x = −2
Range = R \ {3} 0, 1
1+3 2
y=x x
0
y=3 y= 1
x+2
x
0 h Domain = R \ {3} y
− 1, 0
3 Range = R +
b Domain = R \ {0} y 1
0, 1 y=
Range = (−3, ∞) 9 (x − 3)2
y = 12 −3 x
x 0
− 1,0 − 1,0
√3 √3
x x=3
0
y = −3 i Domain = R \ {1} y
c Domain = R \ {−2}
Range = R \ {1} y= 1 +1
x– 1
Range = R+ y
y= 1 2 y=1
(x + 2)
x
0
0, 1
4 x=1
x
0 y
4 a
x = −2
y = f(x −1)
d Domain = [2, ∞) y
Range = [0, ∞) 0 x
y = √x − 2
(0, −1)
x =1
x
0 (2, 0)
768 Answers
1 1
2C
b y c i y= + 1 ii y= −6
(x − 7)3 (x + 2)3
1 1
y = f(x) + 1 iii y = − 3 iv y= +4
(x − 2)3 (x + 1)3
Answers
1 1
y=1 d i y= + 1 ii y= −6
(x − 7)4 (x + 2)4
x 1 1
( −1, 0) 0 iii y = − 3 iv y= +4
(x − 2)4 (x + 1)4
7 a y = (x + 1) + 5
2
b y = 2x2
y 1
c c y= +1
(x − 6)2
x = −3 8 a (x, y) → (x + 2, y + 3)
1
0, 3 b (x, y) → (x − 2, y − 3)
c (x, y) → (x − 4, y + 2)
x
0
Exercise 2C
y = f(x + 3)
3 3
1 a y= b y=
x x

d y √ x
2 a y=2 x b y=
y = f(x) − 3 2
1, 0 x3
3 3 a y = 2x3 b y=
x 8
0 4 a y b y
y = −3
1
1,
(1, 4) 2
x x
e y 0 0
y = 4x y=
1
x = −1 2x
c y d y
(0, 1) y = 3x
x (3, 3) y = 22
0 1, 1 (−1, 2) x
3 (1, 2)
x x
y = f(x + 1) 0 0
5 a y b y
f y
2
y = f(x) −1 y = 12 y=
x2
4x (1, 2)
(1, 0) x x
x 0
0 0
y = −1 c y d y
4
y=
x2 y = 32
(1, 4) x (1, 3)
5 a Translation (x, y) → (x − 5, y)
x x
b Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 2) 0 0
c Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 4)
6 y 7 y
d Translation (x, y) → (x, y + 3)
e Translation (x, y) → (x − 3, y) y = 3x
f(x) = 3÷x
y= 3
1 1
6 a i y = (x − 7) 4 + 1 ii y = (x + 2) 4 − 6 (1, 3)
2x
1 1 1, 3 1
iii y = (x − 2) 4 − 3 iv y = (x + 1) 4 + 4 2 y= x (1, 3)
√3 √3 (1, 1)
b i y = √x − 7 + 1 ii y = √ x + 2 − 6 x x
3 3
iii y = x − 2 − 3 iv y = x + 1 + 4
0 (−1, −1) 0
−1, −
3 Range = R+
2
(−1, −3)
Answers 769
1 √
Answers
8 a b 5 2 y 3 y
5
(5, 4)
9 a Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis
1
b Dilation of factor from the y-axis x −8 0 x
5 0 3 −3
1
c Dilation of factor from the y-axis (8, −2) (−4, −3)
3
d Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis
10 a i y = 4x2
2
ii y = x2 4 a i y = −2(x − 3)2 − 4
3 ii y = −2(x − 3)2 + 4
2D
1 2 iii y = −2(x − 3)2 − 4
iii y = 4x2 iv y = x
25 iv y = −2(x − 3)2 − 8
4 2 v y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
b i y= 2 ii y = 2 vi y = −2(x − 3)2 + 8
x 3x √3
1 25 b i y = −2√ x − 3 − 4
iii y = 2 iv y = 2 ii
3
y = −2√ x − 3 + 4
4x x 3
√3 2 √3 iii y = −2√ x − 3 − 4
c i y=4 x ii y = × x iv
3
y = −2√ x − 3 − 8
3
v
3
y = −2√ x − 3 + 8
√3 x 3
iii y = 2x iv y = 3 vi y = −2 x − 3 + 8
5 −2 −2
4 2 c i y= −4 ii y= +4
d i y= 4 ii y = 4 x−3 x−3
x 3x −2 −2
iii y = −4 iv y= −8
iii y =
1
iv y = 4
625 x−3 x−3
16x4 x −2 −2
v y= +8 vi y= +8
1 2 1 x−3 x−3
e i y = 4x 5 ii y = x 5 −2 −2
3 d i y= − 4 ii y= +4
1 x1 (x − 3)3 (x − 3)3
5
iii y = (2x) 5 iv y = −2 −2
5 iii y = − 4 iv y= −8
(x − 3)3 (x − 3)3
11 a y = −(x − 1)2 b y = (x + 1)2
−2 −2
12 Reflection in the y-axis v y= + 8 vi y= +8
(x − 3)3 (x − 3)3
13 a i y = −x √
3
ii y = −x√
3
−2 −2
b i y = −3 x ii y = − 3 x e i y= − 4 ii y= +4
(x − 3)2 (x − 3)2
−1 −1 −2 −2
c i y= 3 ii y = 3 iii y = − 4 iv y= −8
x x (x − 3)2 (x − 3)2
−1 1 −2 −2
d i y= 4 ii y = 4 v y= + 8 vi y= +8
x x (x − 3)2 (x − 3)2
e i y = −x 4
1
ii y = (−x) 4
1

x + 12
5 y=−
3
Exercise 2D
x + 2 2 6 a y
1 a i y = 2(x − 2)2 − 3 ii y = −4
3
iii y = 2x 2
1
√3 3 x+2 x
b i y=2 x−2−3 ii y = −4 −2 − √6 −2 0 −2 + √6
√ 3
iii y = −2 3 x
2 9
c i y= −3 ii y = −4
(x − 2)2 (x + 2)2
2
iii y = 2
x
6
b y=1−
(x + 2)2
770 Answers
2E
Exercise 2E 2 a y Range = (−∞, 0]

1 a y Range = R \ {0}
3 3
Answers
y= x
x−1 0
y = −√x − 3
x
0
(0, −3) b y Range = (−∞, 2]
x=1
b y Range = R \ {−1} (3, 2)
x = −1 x
0 (7, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, 0) y = −√x − 3 + 2
x
0
y = −1 c y Range = [0, ∞)
y = 2 −1
x+1 (0, √6)
y = √2(x + 3)
c y Range = R+ x
0
3 −3
y=
(x − 2)2
0, 3
4 d y Range = R \ {0}
x y= 1
0 2x − 3
x=2 x
0
d y Range = (−1, ∞) 0, − 1 3
3 x=
2
y= 2 2 −1
(x − 1) e y Range = [0, ∞)
(0, 1)
(1 − √2, 0) (1 + √2, 0) (0, 5√2)
x y = 5√x + 2
0
y = −1 x=1 x
−2 0
e y Range = R \ {0}
x=3 f y Range = (−∞, −2]

0, 1
3 x
x (−2, −2) 0
0
y = −1 (0, −5√2 − 2)
x−3
f y Range = R \ {3} y = −5√x + 2 − 2

g y Range = R \ {0}
y = −1 + 3
x+2 x=2
y=3
0, 3
x 2
2 0 x
−1 , 0 1 0
3 0, 2
x = −2 2
y = −3
x−2
Answers 771
Answers
h y Range = (−∞, −4) 4 y
x = −2 y = 4x− 5
2x+ 1
x
0
y = −4 y=2
1 0 x
0, −4 (0, −5)
2 5, 0
x =−1
y = − 2 2 −4 2 4
(x + 2)
2F
i y Range = R \ {−5} Exercise 2F
1 a y b y
3,0
10
x
0 (0, 0) (1, 2)
x (−1,2) (0,0)
y = −5 x
y= 3 −5
2x
j y Range = R \ {5}
c y d y
5
x
(0, 1) (1, 2) 0 2
x x −4 23
−1 0 −1 0
2
k y Range = [5, ∞)
e y f y
23
x x
0 1 0 2
−4 (1, −2)
−7
5 (3, 5) (−1, −8)
x
0 3
g y h y 1
Range = R \ {4}
)
l y )
2+ 4
3
3
x=3 x
0
0, 5 1 4 (1, 2) (2, –4)
3
y=4 x
0 2
x −28
0 (4, 0)
y = 2 +4 i j
3 −x y y
3 y
1
(1, 2)
1−23 0
x x
y= 3x +2 0 −2
(1, −4)
x+ 1
y=3
(0, 2)
x
0
2
− ,0
x = −1 3
772 Answers
2G → 2 review
k y l y e y
x
0 1 (−4, 1)
x
0 2 x
(−5, 0) 0
−31 −4 (1, −2)
(−3, 0)
(−1, −32)
(0, −255)
2 a = −3, h = 0, k = 4
f y
3 a y = 3x3 b y = (x + 1)3 + 1
c y = −(x − 2)3 − 3 d y = 2(x + 1)3 − 2
Answers
x3 x
e y= 0 (2, −3)
27
(3 − x)3
4 a y= +1 (0, −51)
27
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
reflection in the x-axis, then translation
1 unit to the left and 4 units up 9
(x + 2)4 7 a=− , h = −2, k = 3
5 a y= −1 16
16 8 a = 16, h = 1, k = 7
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis,
reflection in the x-axis, then translation Exercise 2G
1 unit to the left and 5 units up 9 1
6 a 1 a= ,b=− 2 A = 1, b = −1, B = 2
y 2 2
5 3
3 a= ,b=− 4 A = 2, B = 3
2 2
(0.096, 0)
5 A = 2, B = −1 6 A = 8, b = 2, B = −3
(0, 1) 7 a = −2, b = 1 8 a = −6, b = −2
x
0 (1.904, 0)
(1, − 2) Chapter 2 review
b y Technology-free questions
1 a y b y
(−2, 0)
x
0 0, 5
3 x
0 x
5 ,0 0 (6, 0)
(0, −32) 2 (0, –6)
c y c y
(0.435, 0) (0, 3)
(0, 10) (2, 0)
x
0
x
0 (3.565, 0) √
(2, −6) 2 13
d y 3 (1, 7)
4 a y = −2x + 5 b y = 2x + 2
(2.159, 0) 1 1
c y= x+ d y = −2x + 3
(0, 161) 2 2
5 a (22, 4) b (5, −12)
x 6 y = 24 or y = 0
0
(3, −1)
(3.841, 0)
Answers 773
Answers
7 a y b y b y
1, 10 (1, 8)
3 0
x x 1
0 0 45 + 1
y=−3 0 x
x = 2
Range = R \ {−3} Range = (0, ∞)
c y d y Point of zero gradient (1, 8);
1
5,
2 review
Axis intercepts (4 5 + 1, 0), (0, 10)
3 0 y
x c
0
y=4
y=−3 x
(0, −5) 0 (2, 1)
x=1 x=2 0 x
Range = R \ {−3} Range = (4, ∞)
e y
x=1
(0, 2) 63
y=1
Point of zero gradient (2, 1);
x 1
0 (2, 0) Axis intercepts (2 − 2− 5 , 0), (0, −63)
d y
Range = R \ {1}
8 a y
0 x
y = 2 x −3 + 1
2
(3, 1) (1, −4)
x −8
0
b y Point of zero gradient (1, −4);
Axis intercepts (2, 0), (0, −8)
(2 − 3, 0) 10 a = 2, b = 4
0 (2 + 3, 0) 11 a = −6, b = 9
x
(x − 4)2
12 a y=6−
y = −1 4
1 b Reflection in the x-axis, dilation of factor 4
0, − 4 x=2
from the x-axis, then translation 1 unit to
c y the right and 6 units up
x=2 13 Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, then
translation 5 units to the right and 3 units up
x
0 y = −1 y
7
0, − 4
9 a y 3
x
0 5
(−1, 0) 0 78
x Asymptotes x = 5, y = 3; Intercept 0,
−2 25
14 Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
translation 32 units up
Point of zero gradient (−1, 0); 15 Dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
Axis intercepts (−1, 0), (0, −2) translation 3 units to the left and 2 units down
774 Answers
Chapter 3
3A
1E 2 E 3D 4C 5A 6A
7 C 8 B 9 C 10 D 11 C 12 B Exercise 3A
13 B 14 E 15 D 16 B 17 A
Answers
1 a y b y
Extended-response questions y = 2(x −1)2
1 a y = 2 (x −1)2 − 2
P
$
(0, 2) (2, 0)
100 x x
0 (1, 0) 0
(100, 50) (1, −2)
c y
0 N
1
b P = − N + 100 y = –2(x – 1)2
2
c i $56 ii N = 80 (1, 0)
x
2 a p = 1448t + 7656 0
(0, –2)
b p
d y
(8, 19 240) y = 4 −2(x + 1)2

7656 (−1, 4)
0 t (0, 2)
x
c 22 136 d 1448 people per year 0
5 66 82
3 a y= x−4 b , (−1 − √2, 0) (−1+√2, 0)
3 7 7
5 629 e y
c d 15 e square units
3 14
4 31 59 √
4 a y= x+ b c 65 1 2
7 14 14 y=4+2 x+
65 2
d square units
28 √ √
5 a (1, − 12 ) b 269 c 269
–1 , 4 0, 4
1
13 4 10 33 2 2 x
d y=− x+ e y= x− 0
10 5 13 26
7 15
f ,− g (26, −33) f y
2 4
3 y = 2 (x + 1)2 − 1
6 a i ii (x, y) → (x, −y)
125
iii (x, y) → (x + 25, y + 15) (0, 1)
−3
iv (x, y) → x + 25, y + 15 x
125 0
(−1, −1)
−3
b i y= (x − 25)2 + 15 −1− 1 , 0 −1+ 1 , 0
125 √2 √2
ii (x, y) → (x + 50, y)
−3 g y
iii y = (x − 75)2 + 15 y = 3(x − 2)2 − 4
125

m 4n
c i (x, y) → x + , − 2 y + n 2 − 2√3 , 0
2 m 3
(0, 8)
4n m 2
ii y = − 2 x − +n x
m 2 0
4n 3m 2 (2, −4)
iii y = − 2 x − +n 2 + 2√3 , 0
m 2 3
Answers 775
Answers
h y c y
y = ( x+ 1)2 − 1 −2 1 , 1
2 4
x
−3 −2 −1 0
x
(−2, 0) (0, 0)
(−1, −1) −6
i y d y
3A
(2, 2)
y= 5x2 − 1 2
x
− 1,0 1
,0
0 1 2 3
√5 √5
x
0
(0, −1) −6
e y f
2 a f (x) = (x + 32 )2 − 4 14 y
Minimum = −4 14 ; Range = [−4 14 , ∞) 9
b f (x) = (x − 3)2 − 1
Minimum = −1; Range = [−1, ∞) x
−2 0 3
c f (x) = 2(x + 2)2 − 14 2
Minimum = −14; Range = [−14, ∞)
x
5 2 25 0 − 1, −147
d f (x) = 2 x − − 3 −18 4 8
4 8 2
25 25
Minimum = − ; Range = − , ∞ 4 a y = (x + 1)2 − 7 y
8 8
1 2 22
e f (x) = −3 x + +
3 3
22 22 x
Maximum = ; Range = −∞, 0
3 3 −1 − 7 7−1
9 2 169
f f (x) = −2 x − + −6
4 8
169 169
(1, –7)
Maximum = ; Range = −∞,
8 8 b y = (x − 2)2 − 14 y
3 a y
0 x
(1, 1)
1 2− 14 2 + 14
0 x −10
1 2 (2, −14)
b y 13 5 2
c y= − x+ y
4 2 5 13
8 − ,
2 4
− 5 + 13
3 2 2
x x
0 2 4 0
(3, −1) 5
− − 13
2 2 −3
776 Answers
1 1
3B → 3D
d y = −2(x − 2)2 − 2 y 8 y = − x2 + x + 1, y = x2 + x − 5
8 8
x 9 A = 1, b = 2, B = 4
0 (2, −2)
Exercise 3C
17 9
1 a 3 b −5 c 7 d −21 e f −
8 8
−10 2 a 6 b 6 c 18 d 12
e a3 + 3a2 − 4a + 6 f 8a3 + 12a2 − 8a + 6
7 2 37
Answers
40
e y= x− − y 3 a a = −5 b a = c c=8
2 4 9
d a = −23, b = −4 e a = −17, b = 42
3 7 − √37
2 2 4 a 2x3 − x2 + 2x + 2 b 2x3 + 5x
x c 2x3 − x2 + 4x − 2 d 6x3 − 3x2 + 9x
0
7 + √37 e −2x + 5x − 5x + 6x
4 3 2
f 4x − x3
2 2 g 2x3 + 4x + 2
h 2x5 + 3x4 + x3 + 6x2
7 , − 37 5 a x3 − 5x2 + 10x − 8 b x3 − 7x2 + 13x − 15
2 4 c 2x3 − x2 − 7x − 4
d x2 + (b + 2)x2 + (2b + c)x + 2c
5 y e 2x3 − 9x2 − 2x + 3
6 a x3 + (b + 1)x2 + (c + b)x + c
b b = −2 and √ c = −4 √
1 c (x + 1)(x + 5 − 1)(x − 5 − 1)
x=
3
7 a a = 2 and b = 5
0 x b a = −2, b = −2 and c = −3
− 13 1
−1 8 A = 1, B = 3
9 a A = 1, B = −2, C = 6
6 aC bB c D dA
3
7 a Crosses the x-axis b A = 4, B = − , C = 5
2
b Does not cross the x-axis c A = 1, B = −3, C = 5
c Just touches the x-axis
d Crosses the x-axis Exercise 3D
e Does not cross the x-axis
1 a x2 − 5x + 6 b 2x2 + 7x − 4
f Does not cross the x-axis 34
8 a m > 3 or m < 0 b m=3 2 a x2 − 4x − 3 +
x+3
2 54
9 m = 2 or m = − b 2x + 6x + 14 +
2
9 x−3
10 a < −6
5 15 145
11 Show that Δ > 0 for all a 3 a x2 − x − +
2 4 4(2x + 3)
12 Show that Δ ≥ 0 for all k 33
13 a k < −5 or k > 0 b k = −5 b 2x + 6x + 7 +
2
2x − 3
14 a k > −6 b k = −6 33
4 a 2x2 − x + 12 +
15 Show that Δ ≥ 0 for all a, b x−3
b 5x4 + 8x3 − 8x2 + 6x − 6
Exercise 3B 26(x − 2)
5 a x2 − 9x + 27 − 2 b x2 + x + 2
1 y = −2(x + 3)(x + 2) 2 y = (x + 3)(2x + 3) x −2
3 y = 32 (x + 2)2 + 4 4 y = −2(x + 2)2 − 3 6 a −16 b a=4
5 y = −5x2 + 6x + 18 6 y = −2x2 − 8x + 10 7 a 28 b0 c (x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x − 3)
4 2 11
7 a y=4− x b y = −x2 8 b k=
25 2
c y = x + 2x
2
d y = 2x − x 2
9 a a = 3, b = 8 b 2x − 1, x − 1
e y = x2 − 5x + 4 f y = x2 − 4x − 5 −92
g y = x2 − 2x − 1 h y = x2 − 4x + 6 10 a= , b=9
9
Answers 777
Answers
11 81 e
+ 4 5
12 b 6x − 4 x
−
13 x − 3, 2x − 1
14 b x2 − 3, x2 + x + 2 f
15 a (2a + 3b)(4a2 − 6ab + 9b2 ) + 4 5
x
b (4 − a)(a2 + 4a + 16) −
c (5x + 4y)(25x2 − 20xy + 16y2 )
d 2a(a2 + 3b2 ) 2 a
+ −1 2 3
1 x
−
3E
16 a −4, 2, 3 b 0, 2 c , 2 d −2, 2
2
e 0, −2, 2 f 0, −3, 3
1 1 1 3 b
g 1, −2, − , h 1, −2 i 1, −2, , −3
4 3 3 2 + −2 4 2 x
17 a (−1, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0) −
b (−2, 0), (0, 6), (1, 0), (3, 0)
c (−1, 0), (0, 6), (2, 0), (3, 0)
1 c
+ −1 2 6
d − , 0 , (0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 0) x
2 −
e (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (0, −2), (1, 0)
2
f (−1, 0), − , 0 , (0, −6), (3, 0) d 1
3 2 + −3 − 2 2
x
g (−4, 0), (0, −16), − , 0 , (2, 0) −
1 1 5
h − , 0 , (0, 1), , 0 , (1, 0) 3 a y
2 3 3 y = f(x)
i (−2, 0), − , 0 , (0, −30), (5, 0) 1
2
18 p = 1, q = −6
x
19 −33 −0.62 0 1 1.62
20 a (x − 9)(x − 13)(x + 11) 4 , −0.19
b (x + 11)(x − 9)(x − 11) 3
c (x + 11)(2x − 9)(x − 11)
b y
d (x + 11)(2x − 13)(2x − 9)
y = f(x + 2) y = f(x − 2)
21 a (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 7)(x + 6)
b (x − 3)(x + 4)(x2 + 3x + 9) y = f(x)
22 a (x − 9)(x − 5)(2x2 + 3x + 9)
b (x + 5)(x + 9)(x2 − x + 9) (−2, 1) 1 (2, 1)
c (x − 3)(x + 5)(x2 + x + 9) x
d (x − 4)(x − 3)(x + 5)(x + 6) −3 −2 −1 0 2 3 3.62
Exercise 3E 10
, −0.19
−2 3
1 a + , −0.19
1 3 6 3
x
− For clarity the graph of y = 3 f (x) is shown
on separate axes:
b + y
−6 −3 1 x
− y = 3f(x)
3
y = f(x)
c+ 1
−1 3 5 x x
− 0
4
d 1 , −0.56
+ 3
2 4 5 x
−
778 Answers
3F
Exercise 3F b y
1 a +
−4 1 3 5 9 , 81
x − 9 , 81
− 2 2 2 2
Answers
b
+ −1 2 x
x 0
− −3 3
2 (0, 16) y y
c
( 23 , 0)
16
(− 23 , 0) 9 −1, 81
− 9 −1, 81
2 2 2 2
16
x x
0 −4 −1 0 2
−2 2
3 3
3 a y d y
y = f (x) 9, 0
– 9, 0
2 2
x
0
1 0, − 81
(−0.37, 0.75) (1.37, 0.75)
x 4
0
e y
b y
y = f(x) y = f(x − 2)
− 9 , 85 9 , 85
2 4 2 4
(0, 1)
x
0
x
0 (1.63, 0.75) (3.37, 0.75) 5 y
For clarity the graphs of the dilations are
shown on separate axes:
y x
y = f(2x) (iii) y = f 2
8.00 (i) (ii) y = f(x) 1
x
6.00 0
−1 1
4.00 −1 , −2 −1 1 , −2
4 4
3 3 3 3 3 3
2.00
(−0.73, 0.75) (2.73, 0.75) 6 y
x
−2.00 −1.00
0 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 1
Turning points for y = f (2x) are at
(−0.18, 0.75) and (0.68, 0.75) − 3, 1 6 3
y 5 25 5
4 a
x
−1 0 1
− 9 + 1, 81 9 + 1, 81
2 4 2 4
3 , −1 3
6
8 5 25 5
x −1
−2 0 1 4
Answers 779
−130 − 80√2 60 − 64√2
Answers
Exercise 3G 8 , ,
10 70 √ 41 √ 41
1 a a = −2 b a = 3 c a= , b=− 80 2 − 130 64 2 + 60
3 3
,
2 a = −3, b = 2, c = −4, d = 5 41 41
11 √
1 + 21 −1 − √21 1 − √21 −1 + √21
3 y= (x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 6) 9 , , ,
60 2 2 2 2
5 4
4 y = (x + 1)(x − 3)2 10 ,2
9 9
5 a y = x3 + x + 1 b y = x3 − x + 1 11 (3, 2), (0, −1)
c y = 2x3 − x2 + x − 2 −8 −15 27 10
3G → 3 review
12 a (3, 2), , b , , (5, 9)
6 a y = (2x + 1)(x − 1)(x − 2) 5 4 2 3
−12
b y = x2 (x + 1) c y = x3 + 2x2 − x − 2
c (6, 4), , −10
d y = (x + 2)(x − 3)2 5
7 a y = −2x3 − 25x2 + 48x + 135 13 c − ac + b = 0
2
b y = 2x3 − 30x2 + 40x + 13 14 y = −7x + 14, y = 5x + 2

8 a y = −2x4 + 22x3 − 10x2 − 37x + 40 15 m < −7 or m > 1
b y = x4 − x3 + x2 + 2x + 8 16 c = −8 or c√= 4
31 4 5 3 157 2 5 11 5 ± 4m + 25
c y= x + x − x − x+ 17 a x=
36 4 36 4 2 2m
−25 2 5
Exercise 3H b m= , − ,
4 5 2
6 m+n a2 −25
1 a x= b x= c x= c m<
q − p√ m−n a−1 4
−1 ± 1 − 4k2 18 y = 3x + 3, y = −x + 3
d x= , for k ∈ [− 12 , 12 ] \ {0}
2k
e x = 0, x = 3a or x = 4a
1 Chapter 3 review
f x = 0 or x = a 3
√ Technology-free questions
k ± k2 − 4k
g x= , for k ≥ 4 or k ≤ 0 1 a y
2 √
h x = 0 or x = ± a if a > 0 i x = ±a
j x = a or x = b h(x) = 3(x − 1)2 + 2
1 √
k x = a or x = a 3 or x = ± a if a ≥ 0
(0, 5)
3 2c − b c+b (1, 2)
2 a x= b x=± x
a a 0
a−c
c x=± d x = a3 b y
b
c
e x = (a − c)n f x = 2b + 3 y = (x − 1)2 − 9
a
b 3 1
g x= h x = (c + d) 3 x
a
(−2, 0) 0 (4, 0)
3 a (0, 0), (1, 1) b ( 12 , 12 ), (0, 0)
3 + √13 √ 3 − √13 √ (0, −8)
c , 13 + 4 , , 4 − 13 (1, −9)
2 2 y
c
4 a (13, 3), (3, 13) b (10, 5), (5, 10)
c (11, 8), (−8, −11) d (9, 4), (4, 9)
y = x2 − x + 6
e (9, 5), (−5, −9)
5 a (17, 11), (11, 17) b (37, 14), (14, 37) (0, 6) 1 3
c (14, 9), (−9, −14) ,5
2 4
x
6 (2, 4), (0, 0) 0
√ 5 + 5 √5 + 5 5 − √ 5 5 − √ 5
7 , , ,
2 2 2 2
780 Answers
3 review
d y d y
y = x2 − x − 6
(0, 26)
x (−2, 0)
(−2, 0) 0 (3, 0) x
0
(0, −6) (−3, −1)
Answers
1 25
,−
2 4
e y e y
y = 2x2 − x + 5
1, 1
(0, 2) 2
(0, 5)
1 , 39
4 8 x
x 0
0 (1, 0)
f y
5 a (x + 2)2 − 4 b 3(x + 1)2 − 3
3 2 17
y= 2x2 −x−1
c (x − 2)2 + 2 d 2 x− −
2 2
7 2 81 3 2
7
x e 2 x− − f − x− −
0 4 8 2 4
−1 1
6 a
2 +
(0, −1)1, − 9 x
4 8 0 −
4 1 4 1 −2 −1 2
2 y = x2 − ; a = , b = −
3 3 3 3 b +
1 √ x
3 (1 ± 31)
3 0 −
4 a y −1 1 3
c +
x
0 −
(3, 0) −4 −2 −1
x
0 d +
0
(0, −18) (1, −16) x
−
−3 −1 2
b y 3
7 a 8 b 0 c 0
8 y = (x − 7)(x + 3)(x + 2)
(0, 7) 9 a (x − 2)(x + 1)(x + 3)
(−1, 8)
x b (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 3)
0 (1, 0) c (x − 1)(x + 1)(x − √3)(x + 2) √
d 14 (x − 1)(2x + 3 + 13)(2x + 3 − 13)
10 x2 + 4 = 1 × (x2 − 2x + 2) + 2x + 2
c y 11 a = −6
12 a y
x y = f (x − 1)
(−3, 0) 0
(−2, −1)
x
0 3
(0, −9)
9 , −2187
4 256
Answers 781
Answers
b y 2 a i 2916 m3 ii 0 m3
y = f (x + 1) b
V(m3)
(0, 2916)
x
−2 0 1
−8
0 9 t (hours)
1 , −2187
4 256 c 3.96 hours
y 64π 224π
c 3 a i cm3 ii 45π cm3 iii cm3
3 review
3 3
y = f (2x) b 144π cm3
c V
x (6, 144π)
1 , 0 1
− 0 −2 4, 224π
2 5 , −2187 (3, 45π) 3
8 256
d y 2, 64π
y = f (x) + 2 3
x
0 3 6
d x = 5; depth is 5 cm
(–1, 2)
x h2
0 4 a r = 25 −
4
5 , −1675 b V
(5.77, 302.3)
4 256
13 k = ±8
14 (4, −5), (3, 9)
5 13 0 h
15 a = 3, b = , c = − 10
6 12
c V = 96π cm√ 3
16 64x3 + 144x2 + 108x + 27
d h = 2, r = √
2 6, i.e. height = 2 cm and
17 a = 1, b = −1, c = 4 radius = 2 6 cm, or h = 8.85 and r = 2.33
18 −2 < p < 6 5 a V = (84 − 2x)(40 − 2x)x
19 y = −x3 + 7x2 − 11x + 6 b (0, 20)
Multiple-choice questions c y
1 E 2 D 3E 4C 5E 6A (8.54, 13 098.71)
7 C 8 E 9 C 10 C 11 C 12 B
Extended-response questions y = V(x)
4
1 a k=
3375 x
b 11.852 mL/min 0 20
c i Rnew ii 23.704 mL/min d i x = 2, V = 5760
ii x = 6, V = 12 096
(15, 40)
iii x = 8, V = 13 056
iv x = 10, V = 12 800
e x = 13.50 or x = 4.18
f 13 098.71 cm3
0 20 t 6 a i A = 2x(16 − x2 ) ii (0, 4)
d i R ii 11.852 mL/min out b i 42 ii x = 0.82 or x = 3.53
out
c i V = 2x2 (16 − x2 ) ii x = 2.06 or x = 3.43
40 π
0 t 7 a A = x2 + yx
20 2
π
b i y = 100 − πx ii A = 100x − x2
100 2
(35, -20)
iii 0,
π
782 Answers
4A → 4D
c x = 12.43 4 a 0.52 b −0.68 c 0.52 d 0.4

x2 π 100
e −0.52 f 0.68 g −0.4 h −0.68
d i V= 100 − x , x ∈ 0,
50 2 π i−0.52 j 0.68 k −0.4
ii 248.5 m3 iii x = 18.84 5 a 0.4 b −0.7 c 0.4 d 1.2
1 1 2 17 e −0.4 f 0.7 g −1.2 h −0.7
8 a y= x3 − x + x
12000 200 120 i −0.4 j 0.7 k −1.2
b x = 20 √
1 3 29 2 1 1 3 1 1 1
d y=− x + x − x 6 a , − , −√ b −√ , −√ , 1
6000 3000 20 2 2 3 √2 2
Answers
e i y 1 1 3 1 √
c √ , √ , 1 d − , − , 3
2 2 2 2
√
(40, 3) 1 1 1 3 1
e √ , √ , 1 f − , , −√
2 2 2 2 3
x Exercise 4C
0 40 80
ii Second section of graph is formed 1 a 0.6 b 0.6 c −0.7 d 0.3
reflecting the graph of y = f (x), e −0.3 f
10
g −0.3 h 0.6
x ∈ [0, 40], in the line x = 40 7
10
i −0.6 j −0.3k l 0.3
7
4 4 12 5
Chapter 4 2 a − , −
5√ 3
b − , −
13 12
2 6 √ 5 12
Exercise 4A c − , −2 6 d − ,
5 13 5
5π 34π 25π 3 3 12 5 3 3
1 a b c e − , − f− , g − , −
18 45 18 5 4 13 12 5 4
17π 7π 49π
d e f
9 3 18 Exercise 4D
2 a 60◦ b 150◦ c 240◦ 2π 1
d 140◦ e 630◦ f 252◦ 1 a 2π, 3 b , 5 c π, d 6π, 2
3 2
3 a 45.84◦ b 93.97◦ c 143.24◦ π 1
e , 3 f 2π, g 4π, 3 h 3π, 2
d 226.89◦ e 239.50◦ f 340.91◦ 2 2
4 a 0.65 b 1.29 c 2.01 2 a Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis, dilation
d 2.13 e 5.93 f 2.31 of factor 13 from the y-axis;
2π
Amplitude = 4; Period =
Exercise 4B 3
b Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis, dilation
1 a 0 b 0 c −1 d −1 e0 of factor 3 from the y-axis;
f 0 g 0 h0 i −1 j0 Amplitude = 5; Period = 6π
k −1 l 0 m0 n1 c Dilation of factor 6 from the x-axis, dilation
2 a 0.99 b 0.52 c −0.87 d 0.92 of factor 2 from the y-axis;
e −0.67 f −0.23 g −0.99 h 0.44 Amplitude = 6; Period = 4π
i −34.23 j −2.57 k 0.95 l 0.75 d Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis, dilation
√
1 1 3 1 of factor 15 from the y-axis;
3 a √ b− c − d 2π
2 2 2 2 Amplitude = 4; Period =
1 1 1 1 5
e− f −√ g −√ h 3 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, dilation
2 2
√ 2 2 √ of factor 13 from the y-axis;
1 3 1 3 2π
i j k l Amplitude = 2; Period =
2 2 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, dilation
m √ n − o √ p−
2 2 2 2 of factor 4 from the y-axis;
√ √ 1 √ Amplitude = 3; Period = 8π
q − 3 r − 3 s √ t 3 c Dilation of factor 6 from the x-axis, dilation
3
1 of factor 5 from the y-axis;
u −1 v −√ Amplitude = 6; Period = 10π
3
Answers 783
Answers
d Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, dilation 6 y
of factor 17 from the y-axis; 3
2π
Amplitude = 3; Period =
7
4 a Amplitude = 2 y t
0 1
2π
Period =
3 2 7 y
5
θ
4E
0 π 2π π 5π
3 3 2 6
−2 x
0 π π 2π π
b Amplitude = 2 6 3 3
y
−5
Period = π 2
8 y
θ
0 π π 3π π 1
−2 4 2 4 2
c Amplitude = 3 y x
−π −π 0 π π 3π 2π
Period = 6π 3 2 2 2
−1
θ 2
0 3π 3π 9π 6π
−3 2 2 9 y
1
d Amplitude = y 2
3
Period = π 1 5π
3 3 x
θ 0 π 2π π 4π 2π
0 π π 3π π 3 3 3
−1 4 2 4 −2
3
e Amplitude = 3 y 10 y
π 3
Period = 3
2
θ x
0 π π 3π π 0 π 2π 3π 4π
−3 8 4 8 2
−3
f Amplitude = 4 y x
Period = 8π 4 11 y = 2 sin
3
1 x
12 y = cos
2 3
θ
0 2π 1 x
6π 8π 13 y = sin
2 2
−4
Exercise 4E
5 y π 3π 9π 11π π 11π 13π 23π
1 a , , , b , , ,
3 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6
4π 5π 10π 11π
c , , , d π, 3π
3 3 3 3
t 5π π π π
1 2 a − ,− b − ,
1 6 6 6 6
2 5π 5π π
−3 c − , d
6 6 2
784 Answers
π 3π 3π 5π 5π 7π
4F
3 a , b , c , b Period = π; Amplitude = 1; y = ±1
4 4 4 4 6 6 y
7π 11π π 7π 2π 4π
d , e , f ,
6 6 4 4 3 3
Answers
4 a 0.643501, 2.49809 b 0.643501, 5.63968 1

c 3.60836, 5.81642 d 1.77215, 4.51103
5 a 17.46◦ , 162.54◦ b 66.42◦ , 293.58◦ 0 θ
c 233.13◦ , 306.87◦ d 120◦ , 240◦ π 2π
◦ ◦
6 a 60 , 300 b 60 , 120◦◦
c 225◦ , 315◦
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ −1
d 120 , 240 e 60 , 120 f 150◦ , 210◦
2π
7 a
7π 11π 19π 23π
, , , c Period = ; Amplitude = 2; y = ±2
12 12 12 12 3
π 11π 13π 23π y
b , , ,
12 12 12 12
π 5π 13π 17π 2
c , , , 13π
12 12 12 12
5π 7π 13π 5π 7π 23π 12
d , , , , , 0 θ
12 12 12 4 4 12
5π 7π 17π 19π 5π
e , , , −2 12
12 12 12 12
5π 7π 13π 15π √ √
f , , , d Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ± 3
8 8 8 8 y
5π 7π 17π 19π 29π 31π
8 a , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 √3
π 5π 13π 17π 3π
b , , ,
12 12 12 12 2
π 7π 3π 5π 17π 23π 0 θ
c , , , , , π π
12 12 4 4 12 12 2
π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π −√3
d , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 e Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3
π 3π 9π 11π
e , , , y
8 8 8 8
5π 7π 17π 19π 29π 31π 3
f , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18
5π 7π 13π 5π 7π 23π
g , , , , , x
12 12 12 4 4 12 0 π π
π 2π 4π 5π 2
h , , ,
3 3 3 3
3π 5π 11π 13π −3
i , , , 2π
8 8 8 8 f Period = ; Amplitude = 2; y = ±2
9 a 2.03444, 2.67795, 5.17604, 5.81954 3
b 1.89255, 2.81984, 5.03414, 5.96143 y
c 0.57964, 2.56195, 3.72123, 5.70355 2
d 0.309098, 1.7853, 2.40349, 3.87969,
4.49789, 5.97409
θ
−π
0 π 5π
Exercise 4F 4 12 12
−2
1 a Period = 2π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3
y √ √
g Period = π; Amplitude = 2; y = ± 2
y
3
2
0 θ
π π 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 0 θ
−3 π 5π 4π
3 6 3
− 2
Answers 785
Answers
h Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3 Exercise 4G
y 1 a y
3
4
4π, 2
3
x 2
0 π, 2
− π π π 7π 5π
6 12 3 12 6 3
x
−3 0 7π 13π
4G
i Period = π; Amplitude = 3; y = ±3 12 12
y b
−π ,1 y 5π , 1
4 12
3 1
x
0 π
θ 12
0 π
−π 2
2
−3 −3
1 1 2 a y
2 a f (0) = , f (2π) =
2 2
b 3
y π, 1
3 1
1 x
1 2π,1 −1 0 7π 11π
0, 2
2 x 6 6
0
5π 11π b y
−1 6 6 π π 7π 4π
4π, −1 2 − √3 6 3 6 3
3 x
0
√ √ − √3
3 3
3 a f (0) = − , f (2π) = −
2 2 −2 − √3
b y y
c
1 (0, 1 + √2)
x 0
−3 0 π 5π 4π 11π x
2 1 − √2 3π 5π 2π
−1 3 6 3 6
2π, − 3 4 4
2 y
d
1 1 π 5π
4 a f (−π) = − √ , f (π) = − √ 4 4
2 2 x
0
b y −2
1 1 −4
0, y
√2 x e
0
1 + √2
−π, − 1 −1 π, − 1
√2 √2 0 (2π, 0)
x x
1 − √2 3π
5 a y = 3 sin b y = 3 sin(2x) 2
2x π 3 a y
c y = 2 sin d y = sin 2 x −
3 3 −π −π π π 5π 3π
1 π −π
2 6 6 2 6 2
2π
e y = sin x + x
2 3
(−π, −2) 0 (2π, −2)
−2
−4
786 Answers
4G
b c y Period = π
y
Amplitude = 3
−11π −7π −π π 5π 9π 13π 17π 21π 3 Range = [−3, 3]
12 12 4 12 12 12 12 12 12
2
Answers
(−π, √2) 0 x θ
−π π 2π −π 0 π 3π
−2
(2π, −√2) 4
−3
4 4
c
y 2π
d y Period =
−π π 2π 3 √
x Amplitude =√ 3√
−1 0 Range = [− 3, 3]
(2π, −3) √3
−3
(−π, −3)
−5 θ
0 π 5π 7π
d −√3 2 6 6
y
(−π, 3) (2π, 3) 2π
e y Period =
3 3
Amplitude = 2
3
0 1 x Range = [−1, 3]
2
−π −2π −π −1 π 2π π 4π 5π 2π 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
x
e 0 π π π 2π
y −1
–5π –π π π 7π 3π
6 3 2 3
2 2 6 2 6 2
x f y Period = π
–π 0 π 2π Amplitude = 3
−2 2 Range = [−4, 2]
(−π, −2) −3 (2π, −2)
1
f x
y −1 0 π π
−7π −π 5π 3π 17π 7π −2 2
(−π, 1 + √3) 12 4 12 4 12 4 (2π, 1 + √3)
3 −3
−4
1 +√3
x g y Period = π √
−π 0 −1 π 2π
4 Amplitude =√ 2 √
4 a Period = 2π Range = [− 2 + 2, 2 + 2]
y 3
Amplitude = 2 2
2 Range = [−2, 2] 1
θ
θ 0 π 7π
0 π 4π 7π −1 6
3 3 3 6
−2
h y Period = π
b y Period = π Amplitude = 4
Amplitude = 1 7 Range = [−1, 7]
1 Range = [−1, 1]
θ 3
0 π π
2
−1 x
1
0 π π
2
Answers 787
Answers
i y Period = π c y
Amplitude = 3 7π
5
Range = [−1, 5] (0,√2 − 1) 4
4 x
0 π π 2π
3 4
2 (0, −√2 − 1)
1 π 3π
π 7π
2 2
θ Intercepts: ,0 , ,0
−1
0 π 4 4
1 d y
1 π
5 a y= x−
4G
cos
2 3 4 x
π 0 π 2π
b y = 2 cos x −
1 4 π
c y = − cos x −
3 3
6 a Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis −4
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis Intercepts: (0, 0), (2π, 0)
Reflection in the x-axis
e y
b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis
Reflection in the x-axis 1 + √2
π
Translation units to the right
3 (0, 2) (2π , 2)
c Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis
3π
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis 2
π x
Translation units to the right and 0 π π 2π
3
2 units up 1 − √2 2
d Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis 3π
Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis Intercepts: (π, 0), ,0
2
Reflection in the x-axis
π 8 a y
Translation units to the right and
3 (−π, 1+√2)
5 units up (π, 1+√2)
–7π 3 π
7 a y 12 12
−π 0 x
π
3 −1 1 − √2
2
1 b y
x
0 2π π 4π 2π
−1 3 3 3
2π 4π (π, 1)
Intercepts: ,0 , ,0 (−π, 1) 1
3 3 0 x
b y −π −1 π π
5π
(0, 2 − √3 ) 6 6
1
x c y
0 π π 3π 2π
−1
−2 2 2 −11π −7π −π π 5π 9π 13π
−3 12 12 4 12 12 12 12
2
(0, −2 − √3 ) (−π, √2) (π , √2)
π 11π x
Intercepts: ,0 , ,0 , −π 0 −√2 π
12 12
13π 23π −2
,0 , ,0
12 12
788 Answers
π −π
4H → 4I
d y 5 A = 4, n = , ε =
4 2
(Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
2 π −π
6 A = 2, n = , ε =
√2 3 6
0 x (Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
–π π −π
(–π, –√2) (π, –√2) 7 A = 4, n = , d = 2, ε =
2 4 2
–9π –5π –π 3π 7π 11π (Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
π −π
Answers
12 12 12 12 12 12 8 A = 2, n = , d = 2, ε =
3 6
e y (Note: ε can take infinitely many values)
2
Exercise 4I
π 2π
1 a b 2π c d 1 e 2
3 3
x 2 a y
π 0 π
f y
2π
x x
−π −π 0 π 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π
−1 (π, 1) 4 2 4 4 2 4
( π, 1) 2
−2
b y
Exercise 4H
π
1 a n= y
3 x
0 π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11 π 2π
A=4 4 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
t c y
0 3 6
−4
b n=
2π x
7 y 0 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
A=2 2 4 2 4 4 4 4
t 3 a y
0 7 7
2
−2
(0, 2) 3π (2π, 2)
2π 4
c n= y x
5 0 π 5π 7π
A=3 3 4 4 4
15
4 b y
t
0 5 5
4
−3
π π x
2 a A = 3, n = b A = −4, n = 0 π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π
4 6 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
−π
3 A = 0.5, ε =
3
4 A = 3, n = 3, b = 5
Answers 789
Answers
c y 9 y
x
0 π π 3π π 3π 2π 0 x
4 2 2 2 −π
2 −π
4
π π
4 2
π 5π 9π 13π 5π π 3π 7π
4I
4 a , , , b − ,− , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
2π π π 5π 5π π π 2π
c − ,− , , d − ,− , , 10 a y
3 6 3 6 6 3 6 3
11π 5π π 7π
e− ,− , , 1
12 12 12 12 y = cos 2x
11π 23π 35π 47π
5 , , ,
24 24 24 24
y = −sin 2x
7π 19π x
6 , −π −3π −π −π 0 π π 3π π
12 12
4 2 4 4 2 4
7 a y
−1
−5π −1 −π 1 3π −1 7π 1
(0, 1) (2π, 1) b ,√ , ,√ , ,√ , ,√
x 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2
0 π 3π π 7π
2 2 11 a ,
6 6
π 5π 9π 13π 17π 21π 25π 29π
b , , , , , , ,
b y 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
π 7π 13π 19π
c , , ,
12 12 12 12
5π 11π 17π 23π
d , , ,
12 12 12 12
π 7π 11π 5π 19π 23π
x e , , , , ,
4 12 12 4 12 12
0 π 2π
f 0.4636, 3.6052
g 1.1071, 4.2487
3π 7π 11π 15π
h , , ,
8 8 8 8
c y π 7π 13π 19π 25π 31π
i , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18
π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π
j , , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9 9
12 a y
x
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2 √3
y = cos x
1
8 y
x
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
−3 −1
2 x −√3 y = √3 sin x
−2 −1 −1 0 1 1 3 2 π √3 7π √3
2 2 2
b , , ,−
6 2 6 2
790 Answers
7π 19π 31π 43π

4J → 4 review
13 a , , , 3 a y
24 24 24 24
5π 11π 17π 23π f(x) = sin 3x
b , , , 1
12 12 12 12
11π 23π 35π 47π 59π 71π
c , , , , ,
36 36 36 36 36 36 x
14 A = 5, n = 3 0 π 2π
π 3 3
15 A = 6, n =
2 −1
Exercise 4J b y
1 a i Amplitude = 1 12
Answers
ii Period = 12 f(x) = 2 sin 2x − 1

π 1
iii d(t) = 3.5 − 1.5 cos t x
6 0
iv 1.5 m −1 π 5π π
b t ∈ [0, 3) ∪ (9, 15) ∪ (21, 24] 12 12
π π
2 a A = 3, n = , b = 5, ε = −3
6 2
b 2:21 a.m., 9:39 a.m., 2:21 p.m., 9:39 p.m. c y
c y
f(x) = 2sin2x + 1
y = h(t) 3
8
5 1
y=5
x
2 0 7π 11π
−1 12 12
t
0 d
6 12 18 24 y
3 a
h
(metres) (120, 30.99) f(x) = 2sin x − π
31.5 2 4
16.5 x
0 π 5π 9π
(0, 5.89) 4 4 4
−2
13.5 31.5 49.5 67.5 85.5 103.5 120 t (s)
e y
b 5.89 m c 27.51 s d 6 times
e 20 times f 4.21 m g 13.9 m πx
f(x) = 2sin
2 3
Chapter 4 review
x
Technology-free questions 0 3 6
1 3 −2
1 a −0.4 b −0.6 c 2 d −0.7 e f
5 5
π 5π −2π 2π 4π f y
2 a , b , ,
6 6 3 3 3 h(x) = 2 cos πx
−π π 11π −3π −π 5π 7π 2 4
c , , d , , ,
6 6 6 4 4 4 4 x
−π −5π 7π 11π −π 3π 7π 0 2 4 6 8
e , , , f , ,
6 6 6 6 4 4 4 −2
−3π −5π 3π 5π 11π 13π 4 a 30, 150 b 45, 135, 225, 315
g , , , , ,
8 8 8 8 8 8 c 240, 300 d 90, 120, 270, 300
−7π −11π π 5π 13π 17π 25π 29π e 120, 240
h , , , , , , ,
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Answers 791
Answers
5 a y 6 y
π
y = 2sin x + + 2 1
y = cosx
4 3
(0,√3 + 2) x
y=2 0 π π 3π 2π
−1 2 2
y = sin2x
a 4 solutions b 4 solutions c 2 solutions
x
−π 0 2π 7π 5π 7 a y
4 review
3 3 6 3
b y
3
3 x
π 0 180 360
−π 2
−3
6 y=1
x b y
−π 0 2π 5π
3 3 3
−1 (0,1 − √3 ) 1
90 270
c y x
0 180 360
−1
√3 + 2 c y
y = √3
0
1 360,√3
x √3 2
√3 − 2 π 19π 23π 9π
4 12 12 4 2 x
0 30 210 360
d y
−1
3 y = −3 sinx
−2π π −π 3π
8 a , b ,
0 x 3 3 4 4
π 2π −5π −π 3π 7π −2π −π π 5π
c , , , d , , ,
−3 8 8 8 8 3 6 3 6
2π π
e 9 − ,
y 3 3
1 5π
10 a √ b −
4 3 6
y=3
2
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 C 5 B
x 6E 7 B 8 C 9 A 10 C
0 π 7π 13π Extended-response questions
6 6 6
1 a y
f y
y = cos πt + 4
5 6
3 4
y=1 3
0 2π
x
−1 π 5π t
3 3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
b 9:00, 15:00 c 8:00, 16:00
792 Answers
π
5 revision
2 a Maximum = 210 cm; Minimum = 150 cm; e nr tan

Mean = 180 cm n π
π −π π
b A = 30, n = , ε = , b = 180 f i n sin cos
6 2 n n
c i 165 cm √ ii A
ii 180 − 15 3 ≈ 154 cm
d ≈ 4:24, ≈ 7:36 A=π
3 a a = −3, n = 2π (3, 1.3)
Answers
x
b y 0
y = 3 cos(2πt)
3
Chapter 5
t
0 0.5 1 Technology-free questions
3 1 a Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R \ {2}
2
1 1 b Domain = , ∞ ; Range = (−∞, 3]
c i t= second ii t = second 3
3 6
d t = 0.196 seconds c Domain = R \ {2}; Range = (3, ∞)
2π d Domain = R \ {2}; Range = R \ {4}
4 a a = 20 000, b = 100 000, n = , ε ≈ 5.77 e Domain = [2, ∞); Range = [−5, ∞)
365
b 7π π 5π
y 2 x=− or x = or x =
9 9 9
120000 3 a Range = [2, 8]; Period = 6
π 3π
80 000 b x= or x =
12 4
t 4 a = −2 and b = 1
0 121 303.5 486 √ √ √
5 a m= √ ±2 2 b√m > 2 2 or m < −2 2
c i t = 242.7, t = 364.3 c −2 2 < m < 2 2
ii t = 60.2, t = 181.8
6 a i a = −3 ii a = 5 or a = 1 iii a = −3
d ≈ 117 219 m3 /day 3
5 a i 1.83 × 10−3 hours b 5y − 3x + 4 = 0, tan−1
5
ii 11.79 hours √ √
7 a i 4 ii 5 iii 2 − 2a iv 2a − 5
b 25 April (t = 3.856), 14 August (t = 7.477)
103
b i x = −8 ii x = iii x < 1
6 a D 2
13 8 a i f (g(x)) = 4x + 8x − 3
2
10
7 ii g( f (x)) = 16x2 − 16x + 3
b Dilation of factor 14 from the y-axis, then
translation 34 units to the right
0 3 6 12 18 24 t
c Translation 1 unit to the left and
b t ∈ [0, 7] ∪ [11, 19] ∪ [23, 24] 1 unit down
c 12.9 m 3π 11π
√ 9 x= or x =
7 a i 25 3 ii 30 2 6
1
b 2.27, 0.53 d b = 8√ 10 a −2 ≤ x ≤ or x ≥ 3 b x<0
2
e θ = 0.927 or 1.837 f a = 4 3
8 c A
1 D 2 B 3 E 4A 5 C
(3, 5.196) 6C 7 A 8 B 9 B 10 A
11 B 12 C 13 C 14 D 15 D
π
x 16 E 17 E 18 A 19 D 20 A
0 21 E 22 D 23 E 24 A 25 A
d i 2.055 ii 0.858 26 E 27 C 28 D 29 C 30 B
iii 0.0738 iv 0.0041 31 B 32 C 33 D 34 D 35 D
36 A 37 A 38 D 39 E 40 B
41 D 42 E
Answers 793
Answers
Extended-response questions Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
1 a a = −0.09, √
b=9 b DE = 2.79 m Simple familiar questions
c Length = 2 30 ≈ 10.95 m 1 a f (x) = 2(x − 3)2 − 11 b −11
1 c [−11, ∞)
2 a a = −3 b x = −1, x = − , x = 2 √ √
2 3 2 1
7 3 2 a 0 b 1 c d e
c ii b = , c = 2 2 2
2 2 √
3 a −1 ± 5
y 3 x=
2
x = − 4 sinπt 4 [0, 9]
5 revision
4
2π
5 a b 8
5
x
0 1 2 c i Dilation of factor 8 from the x-axis
Dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis
−4
ii Dilation of factor 8 from the x-axis
π
b i x = 0 ii x = −4 iii x = 0 Translation units to the right
7 2
c t= Reflection in the y-axis
6 Dilation of factor 15 from the y-axis
2π √ √
d Period = = 2 seconds
π 6 a
2 2
b
2
4 a i 0 ii 2.5 iii 0 3 4
b 1 second c y 7 20◦ , 100◦ , 140◦ , 220◦ , 260◦ , 340◦
8 −10, −2, 2, 10
1
9 (3x − y)(9x2 + 3xy + y2 )
27
10 (x − 1)(x + 2)(x2 + x + 3)
1
11 −∞,
0 0.5 1 t (s) 5
d t = 0.35 seconds 12 h(x) = f (5x − 7) + 3
5 a 62.5 metres b x(m) 13 a Period = 12; Amplitude = 4
b Maximum = 6; Minimum = −2
40 c t = 0, 6 or 12
d y
0 α 6
45° 90°
◦
c 24.3 or 65.7 ◦ 4
(12, 2)
6 a i 12 units ii OQ = h − k, OR = h + k 2
b T
(°C) x
0 3 6 9 12
16.5 –2
12
7.5 Complex familiar questions
1 (−∞, −4] ∪ [2, ∞)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t 2 a a = 20, b = 29 b −14
(months) 3 n=3
λ − 2
c h = 12, k = 4.5
4 a M 3, b λ = 4 or λ = 6
7 a D = 0.05t2 − 0.25t + 1.8 b $3 000 000 2
−7 23 5 a = −3 or a = 2 or a = −1
8 a= , b= , c = 7.5
48 24 6 a a = −6, b = 13
35 b P(x) = (x − 1)2 (x − 2)2
Rainfall at noon was mm per hour
6 7 a = −6, b = 4, c = 3
23
Rainfall greatest at hours after 4 a.m. 8 a = −18, b = 30
7
(approx 7:17 a.m.)
794 Answers
1 √
Chapter 6
6A
9 a a = 2, b = − b2 5
2
3 + α 10 + β
10 a , b α = 5, β = 8 Exercise 6A
2 2
Answers
11 p = −2, x = −3 1 a Range = (−2, ∞) y

12 a = 1 or a = 2 y = 2x+1 −2
13 c y 2
90 x
−1 −1 0 1
70
50 −2
30
12 b Range = (−1, ∞) y
d
0 72 24
7 y = 2x − 3 −1
d i $41.75 ii $30
e Thrifty Taxi
72
f Greater than km x
7 0 y = −1
3
Complex unfamiliar questions
1 a a=5 b b = −6 c Range = (−1, ∞) y
2 a (a − b)2
y = 2x + 2 −1
a−1 (a − 1)2
4 a h = (a − 1)x − x2 b c
2 4 3
√ √
d i 2 ii 3 iii 1 + 2 5 iv 7 v 1 + 2 10
a + b b 2 − a2 −2
5 a (0, 0), , x
2 4 0 y = −1
b y
d Range = (2, ∞) y
1
y= x2−ax 0, 2
4
2
x
0 x
y = bx − x2 0
2 a y
(a + b)2
c (a + b)x − 2x2 d y = 3x
8
147 7 7 y = 2x
Min area = when x = , y =
(0, 1) y = 0
6 b
2 2 2 x
3a2 a a 0
c Min area = when x = , y =
2 2 2 b y
2
v y = 3x
7 a a=
10
125 125
b i a=
125
ii , iii
25
, 50 (0, 1)
2 4 8 2 y = 2x y=0
√
45 3 135 x
√ 0
c i , ii a = 45 3
2 4 c y
(0, 1) y = 5x
y=0
x
0 y = −5x
(0, 1)
Answers 795
Answers
d y b Range = (−4, ∞) y
y = 2 5x − 4
(0, 1) y= (1.5)x x
y=0 0
x −3
0
(0, −1) y = −(1.5)x
c Range = (−∞, −2) y
6A
x
0
3 a Range = (0, ∞) y
y = −2
y = −10(x −2) − 2
3 y = 3 × 2x
x 5 a y b y
0
(0, 2)
b Range = (0, ∞) y (0, 1) y=0 1 x
x 0
0 Range = (1, ∞)
Range = R+
1 y = 12 × 5x c d
2 y y
x
0
1 x
0 1 y=0
c Range = (0, ∞) y
x
0
Range = (−∞, 1) Range = R+
y = 23x e y f y
1
x 3
0
x
2 x 0
y 0 −1
d Range = (0, ∞)
Range = (2, ∞) Range = (−1, ∞)
6 a Range = R + y
x
1 y = 23
x (0, 4) y = 0
0 x
0
4 a Range = (2, ∞) y
b Range = (−1, ∞) y
−x
3 y=3 +2
2
x
x 0
0 −1
796 Answers
6A
c Range = (1, ∞) y b Range = (1, ∞) x

y 10
y = 10 + 1
5
Answers
(10, 11)
2 (0, 2)
y=1
1 x
x 0
0 1 2
c Range = (−20, ∞) y
7 a y b y y = 2(10x) − 20
y = f(x + 1) y = f(x) + 1
(−1, 1) (0, 2) y= 1
(0, 2) y = 0
x x
0 0 x
0 (1, 0)
c y d y (0, − 18) y = − 20
y = f(−x) + 2 0
(0, 3) x d Range = (−∞, 1) y
y=2 y = –1
x (0, –2)
0
y = –f(x) – 1
y=1
e y f y x x
y=f 2 0
(1, 8) (2, 2) y = 1 − 10−x
y = f(3x) (0, 1) y = 0 (0, 1) y=0
x x
0 0 e Range = (3, ∞) y
y = 10x+1 + 3
g y
(−1, 4) (0, 13)
y = 2 f(x − 1) + 1 y=3
(0, 2) x
y=1 0
x f Range = (4, ∞) y
0
x
h y y = 2 10 10 + 4
(10, 24)
y = f(x − 2) (0, 6)
y=4
(2, 1) x
0
0, 1 y=0
4 x
0 9 a C1
8 a Range = (−1, ∞) y
(100, 408.024)
y = 10x − 1
x
0
x b i $408.02 ii $1274.70
0
y=−1 c 239 days
d ii 302 days
Answers 797
Answers
10 36 days f y
11 a i y
y = 5x y = 3x y = 2ex
y = 2x
(0, 2)
x
(0, 1) 0
x Range = (0, ∞)
0
g y
ii x < 0 iii x > 0 iv x = 0
y = 2(1 + ex)
6B
b i x
1 y
y=
3 x (0, 4)
1 y=2
y=
x 5 x
1 0
y=
2 (0, 1) Range = (2, ∞)
x
0 h y
ii x > 0 iii x < 0 iv x = 0
c i a>1 ii a = 1
y y y=2
y = ax
x
y=1 0
(0, 1) 1 x
x y = 2(1 − e−x)
0 0
Range = (−∞, 2)
iii 0 < a < 1
i y
y
y = 2e−x + 1
y = ax (0, 3)
(0, 1) x
0 y=1
x
0
Exercise 6B Range = (1, ∞)
1 a y b y j y
y= ex +1
(0, 2) y=1 (1, 2)
y=1 y = 1 − ex (0, 2e−1)
x x
0 0 x
0
Range = (1, ∞) Range = (−∞, 1)
c d Range = (0, ∞)
y y
k y l y
y=1 y= e−2x
y=1− e−x
(0, 1) y=2
x
0 x (0, 3e − 2) x
0 x 0
Range = (−∞, 1) 0 (0, −1)
Range = (0, ∞) y = −2
e y Range = (−2, ∞) Range = (−∞, 2)
2 a Translation 2 units to the left and 3 units
y = ex−1 − 2 down
(0, e−1 − 2) b Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, then
0 x
translation 1 unit to the left and 4 units
down
y = −2 c Dilation of factor 5 from the x-axis and
factor 12 from the y-axis, then translation
Range = (−2, ∞) 1
unit to the left
2
798 Answers
6C → 6E
d Reflection in the x-axis, then translation Exercise 6D

1 unit to the right and 2 units up 1 a 3 b −4 c −3 d 6
e Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, e 6 f −7
reflection in the x-axis, then translation
2 a log10 6 b log10 4 c ln(106 ) = 6 ln 10
2 units to the left and 3 units up
f Dilation of factor 4 from the x-axis and 1
d ln 7 e ln = − ln 60
factor 12 from the y-axis, then translation 60
1 unit down f ln(u v ) = 3 ln(uv ) g ln(x7 ) = 7 ln x
3 6 2
h ln 1 = 0
Answers
3 a y = −2e x−3 − 4 b y = 4 − 2e x−3

c y = −2e − 4
x−3
d y = −2e x−3 − 8 3 a x = 100 b x = 16 c x = 6 d x = 64
e y = 8 − 2e x−3 f y = −2e x−3 + 8 e x = e3 − 5 ≈ 15.086 f x = 12 g x = −1
1
4 a Translation 2 units to the right and h x = 10−3 = i x = 36
1000
3 units up
4 a x = 15 b x = 5 c x=4
b Translation 1 unit to the right and 4 units
d x = 1 (x = − 12 is not an allowable solution)
up, then dilation of factor 13 from the x-axis
e x = 32
c Translation 12 unit to the right, then dilation
5 a log10 27 b log24 = 2
of factor 15 from the x-axis and factor 2 a
from the y-axis 1 a 10a
c log10 = log10 d log10 1
d Translation 1 unit to the left and 2 units 2 b b
1 b3
down, then reflection in the x-axis
e log10 = −3 log10 2
e Translation 2 units to the right and 3 units 8
down, then dilation of factor 12 from the 6 a 1 b1 c 2 12 d 3 e 0
x-axis and reflection in the x-axis 7 a −x b 2 log2 x c 0
f Translation 1 unit up, then dilation of 3e
factor 14 from the x-axis and factor 2 from 8 a x=4 b x= ≈ 0.7814
5 + 2e
the y-axis √
−1 + 1 + 12e
5 a x = 1.146 or x = −1.841 9 a x= , i.e. x ≈ 0.7997
6
b x = −0.443
b x = ln 2 ≈ 0.6931
c x = −0.703 1
d x = 1.857 or x = 4.536 10 a x=3 b x=
2
6 a y b y 1
11 ,2
y = f(x) y = f(−x) y = f(x) 4
2 3 8
12 N = =
3 27
1 y = f(x − 2) 1 y=f x
3
e −2 Exercise 6E
x x
0 0
1 a y
Exercise 6C y = ln(3x)
6y2
1 a 6x6 y9 b 3x6 c d8
x2 x
28
5x 1
e 16 f g 24x5 y10 h 2xy2
y6 3
i x2 y2
1 1 3 b y
2 a4 b c 8 d e f3
2 4 5
5
g h 6 i4 y = 4 ln(5x)
2
3
3 a1 b1 d3 c −e −2 f 4
2
10 3 3 1
g − h − i6 j k± x
3 2 5 2
1
4 a1 b2 c 1 d 1, 2 e 0, 1 5
f 2, 4 g 0, 1 h −1, 2 i −1, 0
Answers 799
Answers
c y f Domain = (2, ∞) y
Range = R
x=2
y = 2 ln(4x)
(3, 0)
x
0 2
x
1
4
g Domain = (−1, ∞) y
d y x = −1
Range = R
6E
x
y = 3 ln 2 ()
x (0, 1)
2 x
−1 0
(1.72, 0)
h Domain = (−∞, 2) y
2 a Domain = (3, ∞) y Range = R x=2
(0, 0.69)
Range = R x=3
x
0 1
x
0 3 4 4
i Domain = −∞, y
x=4
3
b Domain = (−3, ∞) y
Range = R 3
Range = R x = −3
(4.39, 0) (0, 0.39)

x
0 0
x
−3 −0.9 (0.43, 0)
3 a Domain = R+ y
c Domain = (−1, ∞) y
Range = R x = −1 y = log2 2x
x
(0.65, 0) 0 1, 0
−1 0 x 2
(0, −1)
2 b Domain = (5, ∞) y
d Domain = ,∞ y x=5
3
x=2
Range = R 3 y = log10 (x − 5)
x
0 (6, 0)
x
0 2 (0.79, 0)
3
c Domain = R+ y
e Domain = (−2, ∞) x = −2 y
Range = R y = −log10 x
(1, 0)
0 x
x 0
−2 −1 (0, −1.4)
800 Answers
6F → 6G
d Domain = R− y k Domain = ( 12 , ∞) y y = ln(2x − 1)
x= 1
y = log10 (−x) 2
0 x
x 1
(−1, 0) 0
y
Answers
e Domain = (−∞, 5)
x=5 l Domain = (−∞, 32 ) y
y = − ln(3 − 2x)
y = log10 (5 − x)
(0, log10 5) x=3
x 2
0 x
(4, 0) 0 1
(0, − ln 3)
f Domain = R+ y
1 4 a x = 1.557 b x = 1.189
,0
4 x 5 a y b y
0 y = f(3x)
y = f(−x) y = f(x)
y = 2 log2 2x + 2 1 y = f(x)
+ y 3 (1, 0)
g Domain = R x x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0) 0 3
y = −2 log2 (3x)
x
y = −f(x) y=f
1, 0 3
3 x 6 A dilation of factor ln 3 from the y-axis
0
1
7 A dilation of factor from the y-axis
ln 2
h Domain = (−∞, −5) y Exercise 6F

x = −5 6 5e4 − 11
1 a= ,b= 4
e4 −1 e −1
1
−5100, 0 2 a=
2
, b = −4 3 a = 2, b = 4
x ln 6
0
14 14
4 a= ,b= (a ≈ 8.148, b ≈ −8.148)
e−1 1−e
1
y = log10 (−x − 5) + 2 5 a = 250, b = ln 5 6 a = 200, b = 500
3
i Domain = R− y 7 a = 2, b = 4 8 a = 3, b = 5
1
9 a = 2, b = ln 5 10 a = 2, b = 3
3
− 1, 0 11 b = 1, a =
2
, c = 8 (a ≈ 2.885)
3 x ln 2
0 2
12 a = ,b=4
y = 4 log2 (−3x) ln 2
Exercise 6G
j Domain = (−∞, 2) y
1 a 2.58 b −0.32 c 2.18 d 1.16
y = 2 log2 (2 − x) − 6 x = 2 e −2.32 f −0.68 g −2.15 h −1.38
i 2.89 j −1.70 k −4.42 l 5.76
x m −6.21 n 2.38 o 2.80
(−6, 0) 0
(0, −4) 2 a x < 2.81 b x > 1.63
c x < −0.68 d x ≥ 0.57
Answers 801
1 −1 P − b
Answers
3 a log2 5 b (log3 8 + 1) 12 t = ln
2 k A
1
c (log7 20 − 1) d log3 7 e log3 6
y−5 1 P
3 13 a x = e 2 b x = − ln
y 6 A
f log5 6 g x = log3 8 or x = 0 h x = 1 ln y
a
1 c n= d x = log10
4 a x > log7 52 b x < log3 120 ln x y 5
5 2
1 ln
c x ≥ log2 d x ≤ log3 7290 1 5−y 6
6 4 e x= e 3 f n=
3 2 2 ln x
5
e x < log3 106 f x < log5 1
g x = (ey + 1) h x = ln
6H → 6I
5
19 16 2 5−y
5 a x= b x= 14 a a ≈ 0.544 b k ≈ 549.3
2 5
1 2
2 25 16 a 9u b u+ c
6 a x= b x= 2 u
3 11 1
9 2 7 17 x = 625 or x =
7 a x= b x= c x= 625
5 9 2 2
1 log2 7 − 4 18
8 a k= b x= p
log2 7 log2 7 19 b x = 4
ln 7 − 1
c x= Exercise 6H
ln 14
y+4 t
9 x= e 3 1 a N = 1000 × 2 15 b 50 minutes
13 1 1 20
1 y 1 y−1 2
10 a x = e b x= e 3 2 d0 = 52 , m = log10
2 2 20 2 13
c x = ln(y − 2) d x = ln(y) − 2 3 a i N0 = 20 000 ii −0.223
1 1 y b 6.2 years
e x = (ey − 1) f x = e4 − 2
2 3 4 a M0 = 10, k = 4.95 × 10−3
y b 7.07 grams c 325 days
g x = 10y − 1 h x = ln +1
2 1
11 a i 5 a k= ln 2 b 3924 years
y y = ex y = x 1690
6 55 726 years
7 7575 years
1 y = ln x
8 a 16 471 b 35 years on from 2002
x
0 1 9 18.4 years
ii 10 a 607 millibars b 6.389 km
y x−3 y=x
y = e2 11 21.82 hours
y = 2 ln(x) + 3 12 6.4◦ C
13 k = 0.349, N0 = 50.25
5
− 23 14 a k = ln b 7.21 hours
e 4
x 1
0 −3 15 a a = 1000, b = 15 5 b 3 hours
e2 c 13 hours d 664 690
iii y y = 10x
y=x Exercise 6I
1 a m = 2 and c = log4 3
b log y c y
4
1 y = log 10 x 5 1024
4 256
x 64
0 1 3
2 16
1 log4 3 4 3
b The graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are x 1 x
0 0 1 2 3
reflections of each other in the line y = x 0 1 2 3
802 Answers
6J
2 a m = 3 and c = log5 2 Exercise 6J

b log5 y c y
1 a = 4.77, b = 0.976
5 3125 2 y = 0.145x2 + 2.065x + 6.011
Answers
4 625
125 3 a y = 1.04 × 1.25 x b y = 1.1 × 1.05 x
3
2 25 4 a y = 3 + ln x b y = 5.23 + 8.5 ln x
1 log5 2 5 2 c y = 6.28 + 9.49 ln x
0 x 1 x
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
5 a P
3 Street 10−9 watt/cm2 ; Quiet car 10−11 watt/cm2
95
4 a Increases by 10 log10 2 ≈ 3 dB
b Increases by 10 log10 10 = 10 dB
c Pnew = (Pold )3 × 1032
d P = 10−16 e P = 10−6
λ d2
5 P1 = 10 10 × P2 6 5 + log10 5 ≈ 5.7 0 625
7 7.3 − log10 4 ≈ 6.7 8 [10−4 , 10−2 ]
b Answers will vary. Linear regression gives
9 a 10−7 moles per litre b 2.3 (P = 0.14d 2 + 7. 4)
c 1.48 litres d 2.66
2 6 a y = 3.14 sin(3.05x + 0.04) − 0.14
10 a R = (log10 E − 4.4) b y = 4.97 sin(3.01x + 3.14) + 4.97
3
b i 7.943 × 1011 J ii 2.512 × 1013 J 7 a = 751.733, k = 0.35
iii 7.943 × 1014 J iv 2.512 × 1016 J 8 a ln N
v 1.995 × 1017 J
c 5.73 10.6
11 100 + 10 log10 2 ≈ 103 dB
12 a i $4024.23 ii $6500.00
iii $11 903.09 iv $17 647.05
2000
b 1.5 log10 x + ln t
x 0 3
c i $8.05 ii $6.50 iii $5.95 iv $5.88
b a = 2.98, b = 1.65 c A = 2.98, B = 5.21
4
13 a T 0 = 80, c = ≈ 8.511 9 a
ln( 85 ) P
b 5.90 minutes c 8.36 minutes 26.25
−2
14 a y = e2 · e 3 x b y ≈ 7.39(0.51) x
15 a 7.3 b 63.55
16 a i 15.75 days ii 18.62 days
iii 30.40 days iv 34.80 days
N
2000 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
b n= t
1 + 1999e− 4 b a = −1.5, b = 12, c = 2.25
17 a P 10 a ln T
95.5 10.33
4.48
30
ln D
t –0.95 0 3.4
0 60 b ln T = 1.5 ln D + 5.90
b 78% c 22.76 minutes c T = 365 × D1.5 d T 2 ∝ D3
P−30
d t = e 16
1 T0 − Ts
18 t = ln
k T − Ts
Answers 803
Answers
Chapter 6 review ln 11 ln 0.8 ln 3
3 a x= b x= c x=
ln 3 ln 2 ln( 23 )
2 1
1 a y b y 4 a x=1 b x= c x=
3 20
f(x) = ex − 2 d x = log10 3 or x = log10 4
(ln 2, 0) 2 6
5 a = 2, b = 2− 3 − 1 6 10 5 − 1
x f(x) = 10−x + 1 1 287
0 (0, 2) 7 ln 8 2a
(0, −1) 3 4
y=1 9 x = 3y + 4
y = −2 x
6 review
0 10 a = ln 5, b = 5, k = 2
y 1
c y d 11 x = ln(y + 4) 13 3
1 3
x
h(x) = (e − 1)
2 y=2 1 3
14 a k = b q=
(0, 1) 7 2
15 y = ea · xb
x
x 0 16 a f (−x) = f (x) b 2(eu + e−u )
0 c 0 d e2u + e−2u
y =−1 (− ln 2, 0) e g(−x) = −g(x) f 2e x , 2e−x , e2x − e−2x
2
e y Multiple-choice questions
1 C 2 D 3B 4 A 5 C
f (x) = ln(2x + 1) 6 B 7 A 8 C 9 D 10 A
11 C 12 C 13 B 14 D
x Extended-response questions
0
1 a 73.5366◦ C b 59.5946
x= − 1 2 a 75 b 2.37 c 0.646
2
f y 3 a k = 22 497, λ = 0.22 b $11 627
4 k = −0.5, A0 = 100
x=1 5 a y
x
0t
0
0+ 100
(1 + e−1,
0) 000
h(x) = ln(x − 1) + 1 y=1
g y y = 8000 + 3 × 2t
t
g(x) = −ln(x − 1) 0 15
b i (12.210, 22 209.62)
(2, 0) ii t = 12.21 iii 22 210
x c ii (12.21, 12.21)
0
d c = 0.52
1
x=1 6 a iii a = or a = 1
2
h y iv If a = 1, then e−2B = 1, and so B = 0;
1 1
f(x) = −ln(1 − x) If a = , then B = ln 2
2 2
v A = 20 000
0 b n
x
x=1 20 000
2 a y = e2 x b y = 10x c y = 16x3
x5 e3 t
d y= e y= f y = e2x−3 0
10 x
804 Answers
ln 0.1 2 ln 10
Chapter 7
7A → 7B
c 1
= ≈ 6.644
2
ln( 12 ) ln 2
After 6.65 hours, the population is 18 000 Exercise 7A
7 a k = 0.235 b 22.7◦ C c 7.17 minutes
4 1 −1
8 a i 5 ln ≈ 1.44 minutes 2 −1
3
ii 5 ln 2 ≈ 3.47 minutes 3 a h+9 b 9
iii 5 ln 4 ≈ 6.93 minutes 4 a x+1 b 2x3 + 1 c 40 d 0
7
Answers
e 5 f 1 g 2x + 1 h 3x
b 8 1 − e− 5 ≈ 6.03 grams
t
i 3x3 + x j 6x
c x = 8 1 − e− 5 5 a 2 + 3h + h2 b 2
10R+75
6 2x + h, 2x
9 a A= − 4800
10 23
b 2 010 537.68 km 7 h + 6, 6
c 7.69 8 a 10x b 3 c0 d 6x + 4
d i 291.7 km ii 800.0 km iii 1320 km e 15x2 f 10x − 6
10 a α = −0.25, β = 3
Exercise 7B
d 0 1 3 7 15 31
1 a 5x4 b 28x6 c 6 d 10x − 4
A 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75
e 12x + 12x + 2
2
f 20x3 + 9x2
b 4095 cm g −4x + 4 h 18x2 − 4x + 4
c 146 cm 2 a −4 b −8 c −2 d −4
11 a s 3 a −4 b −36
84.5 4 a 3t2 b 3t2 − 2t c x3 + 9x2
5 a −2 b 0 c 15x2 − 6x + 2
6x2 − 8
d e 4x − 5 f 12x − 12
5
g 50x4 h 27x2 + 3
6 a 4x − 15x 2
b −4z − 6 c 18z2 − 8z
d d −2 − 15x 2
e −4z − 6 f −3z2 − 8z
0 14 41 7 a 1 1
(− 2 , 3 2 ) b (2, 32), (−2, −32)
b ln s c (2, 6) d (0, 0), (2, −4)
5 59
4.4 8 a (1, 7) b ,
4 8
√
1+ 3
9 a x=1 b x=0 c x=
√ 2√
3+ 3 1− 3
d x= e x=
6 2
ln d 10 a 78.69◦ b 0◦ c 45◦ d 135◦
0 2.6 3.7 e 63.43◦ f 116.57◦
11 a 8x − 4 b 2x + 2 c 6x2 − 12x + 18
c ln s d x2 − 2x + 1
4.4 12 a (3, 16), gradient = 8
b (0, −1), gradient = −1
c (−1, 6), gradient = −8
d (4, 594), gradient = 393
d e (1, −28), gradient = −92
0 14 41 f (2 12 , 0), gradient = 0
d ln s = 0.139d − 1.243, s = 0.289e0.139d 13 a x=1 b x=1 c x>1 d x<1
e x = 2 23 f x = 4 or x = −2
14 a x < −1 or x > 1 b −1 < x < 1
c x = −1 or x = 1
Answers 805
Answers
15 a −1 < x < 0.5 or x > 2 b
b x < −1 or 0.5 < x < 2 dy
dx
c x = −1 or x = 0.5 or x = 2
1 1 x
16 a − < x < 2 or x > 2 b x<− 0
4 4
1
c x = − or x = 2 (0, −3)
4
5 183
17 a (2, −12) b (3, −11) c ,− c
4 16 dy
21 a (−∞, −1] b [2, ∞) c (−∞, 0] dx
3
7C → 7D
d ,∞ x
2 0 2
Exercise 7C
1 a f(x)
d
dy
dx
f(x) = 22
x x
−1 0
x
0
−2(2 + h)
b c −4 e dy
(1 + h)2
−1 −1 dx
2 a b
(x − 3)2 (x + 2)2
x
3 −4x−5 0
15
4 a −6x−3 − 5x−2 b 12x − 4
x
15 8 2
c 4 − 3 d −18x−4 − 6x−3 e− 2
x x x f dy
4 −18 − 2z dx
5 a 2 b c 3z−4
z z4
−2z3 + z2 − 4 6 − 12z x
d e
z2 z4 −10 2
6
f −6x − 2
x
1
6 a 11 4 3
b c −1 d5 2 a dy
32
7 f (x) = 10x−6 > 0 for all x ∈ R \ {0} dx 1
1
8 ± 9 a = −1, b = 4
2 x
1 0 1
10 11 a = −9, b = 1
2
3 −1
12 k = 0 or k =
2
b dy
Exercise 7D dx
−3, 2
1 a 3 2
dy 3
dx
(0, 2) x
0
x
0 −5 3, −5
3
3
806 Answers
7 review
c dy 3 a D b F c B d C e A fE
dx 4 a b y
y = f(x)
y = f ′(x)
x
0
Answers
x
0 1 2
d dy
(1, 2)
dx
c i 0 ii 0 iii 0 iv 96
d i 1 ii 0.423
x 5 a
−1 0 1 2 y
(−3, −0.25) (1, −2.5)
y = f(x)
(2, −2.5) y = f′(x)
e dy
dx
x
0 1
x
−1.5 0 1.5 Gradient is 0 at (1, 43 );
Gradient is positive for R \ {1}
b y
y = g′ (x)
f dy
dx y = g(x)
0 x
1 2 x
0
g dy
dx Gradient is always positive;
Minimum gradient where x = 0
x Chapter 7 review
−2 0 1
1 a h2 + 6h + 12 b 12
h dy 2 a 8 b −8
dx 3
3 a −3 b 8x − 2 c x+
2
10 3 4
d − + 2 + 2x e 2x −
x x3 x x2
0 12 20
f 3 − 5
x x
4 a 4x − 3 b −3 c x=1
i dy 5 a x = 0 or x = −2 b x > 0 or x < −2
dx c −2 < x < 0
7 24π
5 5
8 ,
x 18 36
0 2
9
3
Answers 807
Answers
11 a dy Exercise 8B
dx 1
1 x− 2
4
x x− 5 5 3
0 2 a b x2
−3 5 2
5 3 3 1 3 − 1 20 2
c x2 − x2 d x 2 − x3
b dy 2 2 2 3
dx 6 − 13 1 5 1
e − x 7 f − x− 4 + 2x− 2
7 4
8A → 8D
1 1 2 5
x 3 a b c d
0 27 12 9 2
1 1 −3
4 a √ b √
2x + 1 2 4 − 3x
x −1
c dy c √ d
dx x2 + 2 3
(4 − 3x)2
3√ 1 √ 5x + 6
e x− √ f 3 x
2 x3 2
0 x x 2x − 5
1.5 7 a √ b
x2 + 2 3 (x2 − 5x)2
3
2x + 2
c
12 0 < x < 2 5 (x2 + 2x)4
5
1
13 x = −
2 Exercise 8C
1
14 b = , c = 1 1 a 5e5x b−21e−3x
4
c −12e−4x + e x − 2x de x − e−x
Multiple-choice questions e e−2x (e x − 1) f2e2x − 2e−2x
1 B 2D 3A 4C 5D 2 a −6x2 e−2x
3
b
2
2xe x + 3
6 A 7D 8B 9D c
2
(2x − 4)e x −4x + 3 d
2
(2x − 2)e x −2x+3 − 1
1
1 1 1 1
e − 2ex f x− 2 e x 2
x 2
Chapter 8 3 a
9 1 1
b e2 + 4
2 2
Exercise 8A 4 a 5 b 5e4 + 2
1 a 8x(x2 + 1)3 b 20x(2x2 − 3)4 5 a 2 f (x)e2 f (x) b 2e2x f (e2x )
√
c 24(6x + 1)3 d an(ax + b)n−1 e x ex
6x 6 a 8e2x (e2x − 1)3 b √ c √
e 2anx(ax2 + b)n−1 f 2 x 2 ex − 1
(1 − x2 )4 2 x 23 − 1
1 −4 2 d e x 3 e (2x − 3)e(x−1)(x−2)
g −3 x2 − 2 2x + 3 3
x x x
f ee +x
h (1 − x)−2
2 a 6(x + 1)5 b 4x3 (3x + 1)(x + 1)7 Exercise 8D
2 3 2 2 2 3
c 4 6x3 + 18x2 − 2 1 a b c 2x +
x x x x x
d −4(x + 1)−5 3x − 1 3+x 1
d e f
3 −10 x2 x x+1
1 1 1 3 6
4 − and g h i
2 2 x+2 3x − 1 6x − 1
√
5 2x 3x + 1
2 3 3(ln x)2 2x + 1
2 a b c 2
− f (x) x x x +x−1
6 a n[ f (x)]n−1 f (x) b 3x2 + 2x 4 4
[ f (x)]2 d e f
x3 + x2 2x + 3 2x − 3
808 Answers
2x 2x3 (2 − x)
8E → 8H
3 a b1 4 a b 2e2x+3
x2 + 1 e2x
1 3 1 e x (x − 1)
4 a (e, 1), m = c (2e2x + 1)(e2x + x) 2 d
e 2 x2
2e 1 2
b e, ln(e2 + 1) , m = 2 e xe 2 x f −x2 e−x
e +1 e x ( f (x) − f (x))
1 5 a e x ( f (x) + f (x)) b
c (−e, 1), m = − d (1, 1), m = 2 [ f (x)]2
e x
e (1, 0), m = 0 f ( 32 , ln 2), m = 1 c f (x)e f (x)
d 2e f (x) f (x) + [ f (x)]2 e x
6 a 3x cos(x) − x3 sin(x)
2
Answers
1 1 + 2x 3
5 6 7 82 b 2x cos x − (1 + x2 ) sin x
2 1 + x + x2 5
c −e−x sin x + e−x cos x
d 6 cos x − 6x sin x
Exercise 8E
e 3 cos(3x) cos(4x) − 4 sin(4x) sin(3x)
1 a 5 cos(5x) b −5 sin(5x) f 12 sin x + 12x cos x
c 2 sin x cos x d −2x sin(x2 + 1) g 2xesin x + x2 cos x esin x
π π
e 2 sin x − cos x − h 2x cos2 x − 2x2 cos x sin x
4 π 4π 7 a −eπ b 0
f −2 cos x − sin x − 8 2
3 3
π π
g 6 sin 2x +
2
cos 2x + Exercise 8G
6 6
π 2
1 1
π 4 4x x− 2 − x 2
h −6 sin 2x − cos 2x − 1 a b 2 c
4 4 (x + 4) 2 (x + 1) 2 2(1 + x)2
1 √ (x + 2)2 (x − 3)(x − 1) 2 + 2x − x2
2 a √ , 2 b 1, 0 c 2, 0 d e
2 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 2)2
d 0, 0 e 1, 0 f 0, −4 −4x x + 4x + 1
2
f g 2
3 a −5 sin(x) − 6 cos(3x) (x2 − 1)2 (x + x + 1)2
b − sin x + cos x −2(4x + 3x + 1)
3 2
π π π h
4 a − sin x◦ b cos x◦ c cos(3x)◦ (2x3 + 2x)2
90 60 60 2 a 81, 378 b 0, 0 c 0, 0
cos x
5 a tan x b− d
1
, 0
3
e , −
1
sin x 2 2 2
c 2 cos(x) e2 sin x d −2 sin(2x) ecos(2x) 2x + x + 1
2
x(7x3 + 3x + 4)
3 a √ b √
Exercise 8F x2 + 1 2 x3 + 1
3 −11 5
1 a 20x4 + 36x2 + 4x b 9x 2 + c
2
x 2 (x + 3)2
3e x − 2e4x (x + 1) sin(x) + cos(x)
c 3(2x − 1) (8x − 1) d 8(2x + 1)(6x2 + 1)
2 2
4 a b −
1 5x2 − 8x + 1 (3 + e )3x 2 (x + 1)2
e 5(3x + 1) 2 (3x + 4) f √
2x − 4 x − x ln(x) + 1
c
g x2 (3x2 + 4x + 3)(3x2 + 2x + 1)−2 x(x + 1)2
1
h 2x3 (5x2 − 2)(2x2 − 1)− 2 1 − ln x 1 + x2 − 2x2 ln x
5 a b
√3 2x2 (x + 1) x 2 x(1 + x2 )2
i 2x x2 + 2x +
3 (x2 + 2x)2
3 9e 3x
−2e x −8e2x
6 a b x c 2x
4(5x2 − 4)2 (5x2 + 2) (3 + e ) 3x 2 (e − 1) 2 (e − 2)2
j 1
x3 7 a −2 b −6π c −eπ d −
3(x6 − 16) 2x3 (9x2 − 8) π
k 4
l
x 5 (x3 − x)4
5
Exercise 8H
2 a e x (x2 + 2x + 1)
b e2x (2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5) 1 y = 4x − 5
−8x − 7 1
c 2e4x+1 (x + 1)(2x + 3) d √ 2 y=− x−1
2e4x x + 1 3
ex 3 y = x − 2 and y = −x + 3
3 a 1 + ln x b 2x + 4x ln x c e x ln x + 1
x 4 y = 18x + 1, y = − x + 1
d 1 + ln(−x) 3 11
18
29
5 ,− , c=−
2 4 4
Answers 809
1 1
Answers
6 a i y = 2x − 3 ii y = − x − f V′(t)
2 2
1
b i y = −3x − 1 ii y = x − 1
3 0 t
c i y = −x − 2 ii y = x
1 49
d i y = 8x + 2 ii y = − x −
8 8 −2.43 × 107
3 2
e i y= x+1 ii y = − x + 1
2 3 t3
5 a V (t) = (20 − t)
1 1 160
f i y= x+ ii y = −2x + 3
8I
2 2 b V′(t)
2 4 3 7 (mL/min)
g i y= x+ ii y=− x+
3 3 2 2
1 15 (15, 105.47)
h i y = 4x − 16 ii y=− x−
4 2
i i y = −2 ii x=2
1 1
j i y = 4x − 4 ii y=− x+
4 4
7 y = 56x − 160
3 1
0 20 t (minutes)
8 a y = −1 b y= x+ c t = 15
2 2
c y = −2x − 1 d y = −4x + 5 6 a t ≈ 100, t ≈ 250, t ≈ 500
9 a y = 2x b y = −1 b ≈ 430 000 m3 /day c ≈ 270 000 m3 /day
c y = −x + π + 1 d y=x d 100 < t < 250, 500 < t < 600
10 a y=2 b y=x 7 a λ = 0.1373, P0 = 30
e b 9.625 hours
c y = 4e2 x − 3e2 d y = (x + 1)
2 c i 4.120 units/hour ii 1.373 units/hour
e y = 3ex − 2e f y = 4e−2
8 a −0.3(T − 15)
11 a y = x − 1 b y = 2x − 1 c y = kx − 1 b i −22.5◦ C/minute ii −13.5◦ C/minute
12 a x = 0 b x=0 c x=4 iii −4.5◦ C/minute
1
d x = −5 e x=− f x = −5 9 a y
2
13 a = 1
10
14 a = e (0, 8)
15 a = 0 6
3 2
16 a = 0 or a =
2 t
π−2 0 2 8 14 20 24
17 OA = √
2 2 3
b 2 a.m. c − metres per hour
3
Exercise 8I 2π π π
d d (t) = − sin t −
1 a 21 b 3h + 18 c 18 3 6 3
dV dS dV e 5 a.m., 11 a.m., 5 p.m., 11 p.m.
2 a b c 2π
dt dr dx Maximum magnitude = metres per hour
3 Wanes by 0.006 units per day 3
4 a −3 × 103 (90 − t)2 b 90 days dy
10 = 3 − 2 sin x, gradient always positive
c 7.29 × 108 m3 d 80 days dx
e V 11 a 4.197 b −0.4
(m3) 12 a y b 3.33
7.29 × 108 y = 600
t
0 90 t (days) 0
13 a −2y b ky
810 Answers
1 1
8J → 8L
14 a 0.18 kg 2 a (0, 1) b ,−
b 3.47 hours 3e 3e
π π
c i 6.93 hours ii 10.4 hours c (0, 1), (−π, 1), − , −1 , , −1 , (π, 1)
2 2
d 0.2m d (−1, −e−1 ) e (0, 0), (2, 4e−2 )
15 a A = 20, k = 0.1 b 2 people per day f (e−1 , −2e−1 )
c After 39.12 days 3 ( 41 , −2 ln 2 − 1)
4 (2, ln 2 + 1)
Exercise 8J 2 4
Answers
5 (0, 0), , 2 2
1 a −6 cm/s b t = 3, x = −1 a ea
5 6 a a=6 b b=3
c −2 cm/s d cm/s
2 7 b = −2, c = 1, d = 3
2 a −3 cm, 24 cm/s b v = 3t2 − 22t + 24
8 a = 2, b = −4, c = −1
4 319
c t= , t=6 d x= , x = −39 9 a = 23 , b = −2 12 , c = −3, d = 7 12
3 27
476 1988 10 a a = 2 and b = 9 b (−1, −5)
e cm f cm 1 1 − 4n
27 27 11 x = or x =
3 a i 50 m ii 10 m 2 2n + 2
12 x = ±1 or x = 0
b t = 9, t = 21
10π πt 5π2 πt 13 (1, 12 ), (−1, − 12 )
c v= cos , a=− sin
3 6 9 6
10π Exercise 8L
d m/s; t = 0, 6, 12, 18, 24; x = 30
3 1 a x=0
5π2 0
e m/s2 ; t = 3, 9, 15, 21; x = 50, 10
9 + 0 +
f 160 m
4 a v = 6t2 − 18t + 12 b a = 12t − 18
inflexion
c t = 1, x = 5; t = 2, x = 4
3 9 b x = 2, x = −5
d t= , x=
2 2
5 a 8 cm b 2 cm/s c t = 1, x = 9 −5 2
d −2 cm/s2 + 0 − 0 +
√
2t
6 a v= √ b 1 cm/s
2
t √+1 max. min.
2 1 1
c a= d cm/s2 c x = −1, x =
(t2 + 1)3 2 2
7 When t = 0: v = 0.4 m/s, a = 0.4 m/s2 ; 1
−1
When t = 1: v = 0.4e m/s, a = 0.4e m/s2 ; 2
When t = 2: v = 0.4e2 m/s, a = 0.4e2 m/s2 + 0 − 0 +
π 2π
8 a t = 0, t = , t =
3 3 max. min.

b a = e−2t 3 cos(3t) − 2 sin(3t) d x = −3, x = 4
c t = 0.328
1 −3 4
9 a a=− b d = 10 c t = ec − 10
t+d − 0 + 0 −
10 a v = 5e−0.5t b a = −2.5e−0.5t
c t = 2 ln 2, v = 2.5 metres per minute
min. max.
Exercise 8K e x = −3, x = 4
1 a (2, −16), (−2, 16) b (1, −2) −3 4
c (0, 0), (1, 1) d (4, 48)
2 16 −2 16 1 14 + 0 − 0 +
e (0, 0), √ , , √ , f ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
g (3, 2) h (0, −10), (2, 6) max. min.
Answers 811
27
Answers
f x = 0, x = c i (0, 0), (3, 0)
5 ii (0, 0) min, (2, 4) max
27
0 y
5
+ 0 − 0 + (2, 4)
max. min.
(3, 0)
g x = 1, x = 3 x
0 (0, 0)
8L
1 3
+ 0 − 0 +
d i (−4, 0), (−1, 0), (0, 4)
max. min. ii (−3, 4) max, (−1, 0) min
h x = 1, x = 3 y
1 3 (−3, 4)
− 0 + 0 − (0, 4)
(−4, 0) x
min. max.
(−1, 0) 0
2 a x = −2 (max), x = 2 (min)
b x = 0 (min), x = 2 (max)
c x = 13 (max), x = 3 (min) e i (−1, 0), (0, −1), (1, 0)
d x = 0 (inflection) ii (−1, 0) infl, (0, −1) min, (1, 0) infl
e x = −2 (inflection), x = 0 (min) y
1 1
f x = − √ (max), x = √ (min)
3 3
3 a i (0, 0), ( 43 , 0)
ii (0, 0) inflection, (1, 1) max
y x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)
(1, 1) (0, −1)

f i (−1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)
(0, 0) ii (−1, 0) min, (0, 1) max, (1, 0) min
x
0 y
4, 0
3
b i (0, 0), (6, 0) (0, 1)

ii (0, 0) max, (4, −32) min
y x
(−1, 0) 0 (1, 0)
4 a (−2, 27) max, (1, 0) min

b (1, 0) is a turning point
7
(0, 0) (6, 0) c − , 0 , (0, 7)
x 2
0
d y
(4, −32) (−2, 27)
(0, 7)
x
− 7, 0 0 (1, 0)
2
812 Answers
8L
5 b a = 3, b = 2, (0, 2) min, (−2, 6) max 11 a x = −1 (infl), x = 1 (min), x = 5 (max)

6 a (0, −256), ( 12 , 0), (2, 0) b x = 0 (max), x = 2 (min)
1 4 c x = −4 (min), x = 0 (max)
b , 0 inflection, , 40.6 max, (2, 0) min d x = −3 (min), x = 2 (infl)
Answers
2 3
y 12 a (0,√0) local max; √
(2 2, −64) and (−2 2, −64) local min
4 , 40.6 b (0, 0) local max;
3 m − 1 16m (m − 1)m−1
±4 ,− local min
x m mm
0 (2, 0) 13 y
1, 0
2 1
(0, −256)
x
0
14 −2 < x < 0
100
7 a y 15 x < 1; Max value = ≈ 1.83
f(x)g(x) e4
16 a Min value = f (0) = 0
17 a (0, 1) min b y=x
c y
1
y=x
x f(x) = x + e−x
−1 0 1
2 2 x
0
−1
1 1 1 1
b i x < − √ or − < x < or x > √ 18 p = 1, q = −6, r = 9
2 2 2 2
√ 2
19 a (8x − 8)e4x −8x b (1, e−4 ) min
66 1 1
ii − < x < − or − < x < 0 or c y
12√ 2 2
66
x>
12
4
8 a (−2, 0) max, , −18 14
27
min
3
b No stationary points
1
9 a (0, −1) stationary point of inflection, x
(−1, −1) minimum 0
(1, e−4)
b (0, −1) stationary point of inflection,
(−1.5, −2.6875) minimum
c No stationary points, gradient is always 1 5
d y=− x+
positive 8 4
9 20 Tangents are parallel for any given value of x.
10 b x ≤ c y y
4
9, 1.305
y = ln(5x)
(1, 1) 4
y = ln(x)
x (0.2, 0)
0 3 x
0 (1, 0)
Answers 813
Answers
21 a 2x ln(x) + x b x=1 c x = e− 2 e Reflected in the x-axis:
d y y
4
(3, 16)
1
2 x
1 − 2√3 0
(0, −11)
1
(−1, −16) 1 + 2√3
8L
x
0 −1 −1 2 24 a y
(e 2 , −e 2 )
22 (e, e), local minimum (1, 4)
23 a y
2
x
(−1, 16) y = f(x) (−1, 0) 0 2
(0, 11)
1 − 2√3 1 + 2√3
x
0 b y
1
(3, −16)
b Dilated by a factor of 2 from the x-axis:

y (−1, 0)
x
0 2
(−1, 32) −4
(1, −8)
(0, 22)
c y
1 − 2√3 1 + 2√3
x
0 1 (2, 8)
x
(3, −32) 0 3
c Translated 2 units to the left:
y
d y
(–3, 16) 1 + 2√3
−1 − 2√3
x (1, 1)
−3 −1 0 0 x
−1
(1, −16)
d Translated 2 units to the right: (−1, −3)
y e y
(1, 16)
(0, 12)
3 − 2√3 3 + 2√3
x
0 3 x
(−2, 0) 0 1
(5, –16)
814 Answers
8 review
25 a (a + , 0), (b + , 0) b (h + , kp) 2
e
π 5π cos2 (2x)
26 a Max x = , ; Min x = 0, π, 2π f −9 cos2 (3x + 2) sin(3x + 2)
3 3
π 5π 3π g 2x sin2 (3x) + 6x2 cos(3x) sin(3x)
b Max x = ; Min x = ; Infl x =
6 6 2 5 a 2e2 ≈ 14.78 b0
π 3π 7π 11π c 15e3 + 2 ≈ 303.28 d 1
c Max x = , ; Min x = ,
2 2 6 6 6 a aeax b aeax+b c −bea−bx
Answers
π 5π d abeax − abebx e (a − b)e(a−b)x

d Max x = ; Infl x = π; Min x =
3 3 3
27 a y = −x4 + 8x3 + 10x2 + 4x 7b <x<4
2
b y − f (x)
(6, 816) 8 a x f (x) + f (x) b 2
(7, 861) f (x)
(5, 645) y = f(x) f (x) − x f (x) 2x f (x) − 2x2 f (x)
c 2 d
f (x) [ f (x)]3
(2, 96) 9 a y = −x b (0, 0)
x
0 (1, 21) 9. 142 10 y = 6ax − 3a2 , P(0, −3a2 )
y = f′ (x) 11
11 a y = 3x − 3 b x=
Local max at (6.761, 867.07); No stationary 3
dy 12 a 5π square units/unit
point of inflection: = 4 when x = 0 b 6π square units/unit
dx
c −960 4 1
13 a x 1; f (x) = (x − 1)− 5
d x = 4.317 or x = 8.404 5 1
4 3 4
b y = x − and y = − x + 1 c 1,
5 5 5 5
Chapter 8 review 14 When t = 0: v = 0.25 m/s, a = 0.25 m/s2
Technology-free questions When t = 1: v = 0.25e m/s, a = 0.25e m/s2
x −4x2 − 2x + 12 When t = 4: v = 0.25e4 m/s, a = 0.25e4 m/s2
1 a 1− √ b
1−x 2 (x2 + 3)2 15 a (25e100t )◦ C/s b (25e5 )◦ C/s
3 −2 1 3 16 y = ex
c √ d 2 − x− 2
2 1 + 3x x 2 17 b 20 cm/year
3x − 15 1 + 2x2 4x 1 x π √
e √ f √ g 2 18 a y = x b y= √ − √ + 2
2 x−3 1 + x2 (x + 1)2 e 2 2 2
−x2 + 1 10x 2 3π −2
h 2 i (2 + 5x2 )− 3 c y= x− d y= √ x−1
(x + 1) 2 3 2 e
−2x2 − 2x + 4 1 19 a (1, 1) max; (0, 0) inflection
j k 4x(3x2 + 2)− 3
(x + 2) b (−1, √ (1, −4) min
√ 0) max;
2 2
√ √
1 c (− 3, 6 3 + 1) max; ( 3, −6 3 + 1) min
2 a −6 b 1 c 5 d
6 20 y
1
3 a b 3 cos(3x + 2)
x+2 (1, 4)
1 x
d (2x − 2)e x −2x
2
c − sin
2 2
1 x
e f 2π cos(2πx) 0
x−3 3
1
g 6 sin(3x + 1) cos(3x + 1) h √
2x ln x
2 − 2 ln(2x)
i 21 x = 1 (inflection); x = 2 (minimum)
x2
22 2
j 2x sin(2πx) + 2πx2 cos(2πx)
4 a e x sin(2x) + 2e x cos(2x) Multiple-choice questions
1 − 3 ln x 1 A 2 C 3 A 4 A 5B
b 4x ln x + 2x c 6 E 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 E
x4
d 2 cos(2x) cos(3x) − 3 sin(2x) sin(3x) 11 B 12 E 13 A 14 E 15 B
16 B 17 D 18 C
Answers 815
Answers
Extended-response questions 6 a (1, −6)
1 a 54.06 g b s b 3(x − 1)2 + 3
c 3(x − 1)2 + 3 > 3 for all x ∈ R \ {1}
80 3 000 000e−0.3x
(10, 54.06) 7 a f (x) =
(1 + 100e−0.3x )2
50 b i 294 kangaroos per year
ii 933 kangaroos per year
0 t 8 a a = 30 b (0, 8 ln 6), (25, 0)
ds 1 ds 1 c f (20) = −0.8
= −6e− 5 t
8 review
c d = − (s − 50) d y
dt dt 5
e 0.8 g/L f 17 minutes
2 a 60◦ C (0, 8 ln 6)
b T
60 x
0 (25, 0)
x = 30
20
0 t 1
dT 10 a A = 1000, k = ln 10 ≈ 0.46
c = −14.4e −0.36t 5
dt dN dN
b = kAekt c = kN
dT dt dt
d = −0.36(T − 20) dN dN
dt d i ≈ 2905.7 ii ≈ 4.61 × 1012
3 a 1.386 minutes b 2200, 5.38% dt dt
c 66.4 spores/minute d 0.9116 minutes 11 a t ≈ 34.66 years b t ≈ 9.12 years
e 1
1200 12 a Max height 0.7 m first occurs at t = s
6
1000 2
b s c 0.6π m/s, 0.6π m/s, 0 m/s
3
f
1
g 13 a i r = ii p = 12, q = 8
6
0 0.91 t (minute) 4π
b T (3) = − , i.e. length of night is
3
4 a V 4π
decreasing by hours/month
3
100 4π
T (9) = , i.e. length of night is
3
4π
increasing by hours/month
3
8
0 t c − hours/month
V 3
b i 20e−0.2t m/s2 ii 20 − m/s2 d t = 9, i.e. after 9 months
5
c 8.05 seconds 14 a a = 1, c = 1, b = −2, d = 0
5 a p=5 bD b 13 < x < 1
q=2 c y
7
r = 30 5
3 1, 4
3 27
0 6 12 t
2 x
c− metres per hour (1, 0)
3 0
dD π
d = − sin(30t)◦
dt 3
e A ship can enter 2 hours after low tide
816 Answers
8 review
15 a i y iv y
y= x3 + x2 +x
y = f ′(x) y = f(x)
x (1, 1)
(0, 0)
Answers
x
0 1
a = −3, b = 3
No stationary points y = x3 − 3x2 + 3x
ii y
d a2 < 3b
16 x = e
a+b
− 1, 5 17 b i a, b, ii a, b
3 27 2 a + b (a − b)4
x c (a, 0), (b, 0), ,
−0.618 0 1.618 2 16
e i y
(1, −1)
iii y y = (x − a)4
(−1, 1) x
0 a
0.618
x ii (a, 0), (−a, 0), (0, a4 )
−1.618 0
1, − 5 iii y
3 27
iv y
(0, a4)
x
−a a
x
(0, 0) 3b + a
18 b i a, ii a, b
4
3b + a −27
c Local min at , (b − a)4 ;
No stationary points 4 256
b i f (x) = 3x√
2
+ 2ax + b Stationary point of inflection at (a, 0)
a −27a4
−a ± a2 − 3b e − , and (a, 0)
ii x= 2 16
3 a
c ii a = −3 or a = 3; (−1, −1), (1, 1) f i b=−
stationary points of inflection 3
19 a y = ex b y = 2ex c y = kex
iii y 1 1
e i k = or k ≤ 0 ii k >
y = x3 + 3x2 + 3x e e
20 a i 30 g ii 12.28 g
dx −300λeλt
b =
dt (5eλt − 3)2
y = f ′(x) c ii
dx
x dt
−1 0
a = 3, b = 3
(−1, −1) x
0
Answers 817
Chapter 9
Answers
2x3 3x5 3 7 3 16
e + +c f x3 + x 3 +c
3 5 7 16
Exercise 9A 1 17
5 f (x) = x3 + −
x4 5x4 x 2
1 a +c b x3 − 2x + c c − x2 + c 3 8
8 4 6 s = t2 + − 8
2 t
x4 2x3 x3 1
d − +c e − x2 + x + c 7 a k=1 b f (4) =
5 3 3 4
x3 z4 2z3 Exercise 9C
f +x+c g − +c
3 2 3
9A → 9D
1 1
4t3 t4 3t2 1 a (2x − 1)3 + c b − (t − 2)4 + c
h − 6t2 + 9t + c i − t3 + −t+c 6 4
3 4 2 1 1
2 f (x) = x4 + 2x3 + 2x c (5x − 2)4 + c d +c
20 24 − 16x
3 y = 2x3 + 12
1 −1
x2 e +c f +c
4 a y = x2 − x b y = 3x − +1 8(6 − 4x)2 8(3 + 4x)2
2
2 3 2 1
x3 x3 g (3x + 6) 2 + c h (3x + 6) 2 + c
c y= + x2 + 2 d y = 3x − +2 9 3
3 3
1 9 1 7
2x5 x2 i (2x − 4) 2 + c j (3x + 11) 3 + c
e y= + 9 7
5 2 2 3 1
t3 t2 9 1727 k − (2 − 3x) 2 + c l − (5 − 2x)5 + c
5 a V= − + b ≈ 287.83 9 10
3 2 2 6 2 3 5
2 f (x) = − (1 − x) 2 +
6 f (x) = x3 − x + 2 3 3
7 a B b w = 2000t − 10t2 + 100 000 1 1
3 a ln(x) + c b ln(3x + 2) + c
x2 2 3
8 f (x) = 5x − +4 5
2 c ln(1 + 4x) + c d ln(3x − 2) + c
x 4 3
9 f (x) = − x3 − 2 3
4 e − ln(1 − 4x) + c f −6 ln(4 − x) + c
4
10 a k=8 b (0, 7)
2 4 a 5 ln(x) + c b 3 ln(x − 4) + c
11 83
c 5 ln(2x + 1) + c d −3 ln(5 − 2x) + c
12 a k = −4 b y = x2 − 4x + 9 1
13 a k = −32 b f (7) = 201 e −3 ln(1 − 2x) + c f − ln(4 − 3x) + c
3
14 y = 13 (x3 − 5) 5 a 3x + ln(x) + c b x + ln(x) + c
1 x2
Exercise 9B c − +c d 2x + + ln(x) + c
x+1 2
1 4
3
1 a y=− 2
+c b y = 3x 3 + c e − +c f −2x + ln(x) + c
2x 2(x − 1)2
4 5 5 2 1
c y = x4 + x5 + c 6 a y = ln(x) + 1 b y = 10 − ln(5 − 2x)
5 2 2
3 2 7 y = 10 ln(x − 5)
2 a − +c b − 3 + 3x2 + c
x 3x 8 a x − ln(x + 1) + c
2 3 9 4 20 9 b −2(x + 1) + 3 ln(x + 1) + c
c − − 2 +c d x3 − x4 + c c 2(x + 1) − ln(x + 1) + c
x x 4 9
12 7 14 3 5 8 9 8 3 5
e x4 − x2 + c f x5 + x3 + c 9 y= −
7 3 2 2 2−x 2
2 7 5 3 4 5 5
3 a f (x) = x 2 + b f (x) = x 3 + 5 10 y = ln + 10
7 7 4 4 1 − 2x
2 3 1 2 22
c f (x) = x 2 + x − Exercise 9D
3 2 3
1 6x 1 2x 3 2
4 3 2 5 3z3 − 4 1 a e +c b e + x +c
4 a x2 + x2 + c b +c 6 2 2
3 5 2z 1 1 −2x 1 2x
5 3 4 5 2 7 c − e−3x + x2 + c d − e + e +c
c x + x2 + c d x2 + x2 + c 3 2 2
3 5 7
818 Answers
√
1 2x x
9E → 9G
2 a e − 2e 2 + c b e x − e−x + c e2 x √
2 4 √ , e2 x + c
x
2 x x
c e3x + e−x + c d 15e 3 − 10e 5 + c 1
3 5 −3 sin x · cos2 x, − cos3 x
3
9 2x 15 7x 15 4x 9 2x
e e 3 − e 5 +c f e 3 − e 3 +c 6 a ln(2x) + 1, x ln(2x) − x + c
2 7 4 2
x2 x2
1 2x 3 b 2x ln(2x) + x, ln(2x) − +c
3 a y = (e − x2 + 9) b y = − x − e x + 8 2 4
2 e
1 2x 1 2 7 sin x + x cos x, cos x + x sin x + c
Answers
4 f (x) = e + 4 − e 1
2 2 8 (2x + 1)e2x , (2x − 1)e2x + c
5 y = 9 − 2e−2 4
12x 1 √
1 1 9 a √ b (2x + a) 4x − a
6 a k=2 b y = e2x + e2 4x − a 12
2 2
1 2 4x 1√
7 a k=3 b y = − e3x − e3 10 √ , 1 + 4x2
3 3 1 + 4x 42
1 x + 2
Exercise 9E 11 ln for x > 2
1 1 4 x−2
1 a sin(3x) b −2 cos x c sin(3x) 12 a (x + 1) + c
2 3
b sin(x2 ) + c
3 2
1 1 π c (x + 1) + sin(x ) + c
2 3 2
d −4 cos x e − cos 2x − d −(x2 + 1)3 + c e (x2 + 1)3 − 4x + c
2 2 3
1 1 f 3 sin(x ) + c
2
f sin(3x) − cos(2x) x 1 √
3 2 13 1 + √ , √ , ln x + 1 + x2 + c
1 1 1+x 2 1+x 2
g sin(4x) + cos(4x)
4 4
1 1
h cos(2x) + sin(3x)
Exercise 9G
4 3
1 π 1 1 a x = t2 − 3t b x = 0 c 0 m/s
i − sin 2x + j − cos(πx) 9 3
4 3 π d m e m/s
k sin(2πx) l sin(2x) 2 2
1 1 2 x = t − 2t + 5
3
2 a f (x) = sin(2x) + 2t3

2 x 2 3 a x= − 4t2 + 6t + 4, a = 4t − 8
3
b f (x) = −2 cos +1 20
2 b When t = 1, x = m;
1 3
3 y = x2 − cos(2x) + 3 When t = 3, x = 4 m
2
c When t = 1, a = −4 m/s2 ;
4 g(x) = −2 cos(2x) + 2
When t = 3, a = 4 m/s2
1 1
5 a y = sin(2x) − cos(3x) 646
2 3 4 Velocity = 73 m/s; Position = m
b y = −2x + π 3
5 Initial position is 3 m to the left of O
1
6 f (x) = sin x − sin(2x) + 8 6 a Velocity = −10t + 25
2 5
7 a f (x) = x + cos(3x) + 1 − π b Height = −5t2 + 25t c s
b y= x−π 2
125
d m e 5s
4
Exercise 9F
7 a v
6x 1
1 , ln(3x2 + 7)
3x2 + 7 6 9
1 1
2 a ln(x3 + 3) b ln(x2 + 4x)
3 2
1 1
c ln(3 + e ) 2x
d ln(x3 + 3x)
2 3
t
5 0
e ln(3x − 2)
3 t
1 2 cos(2x) b x = 9(t + 3e− 3 − 3)
3 a , tan x b − 2 , − c 27e−1 ≈ 9.93 m
cos2 x sin (2x) 2 sin(2x)
Answers 819
Answers
8 a v Extended-response questions
4 9 x3
1 a y= − 2x2 + 3
32 3
b y
t
0 2 4 6 8
(0, 3)
16 πt (4, 0)
b x= 1 − cos
9 review
π 4 x
0
c x 4 8
c Yes, for < x <
10 3 3
d −3x
2 a e sin(2x) =
dx
−3e−3x sin(2x) + 2e−3x cos(2x)
d −3x
e cos(2x) =
t dx
0 4 8 −3e−3x cos(2x) − 2e−3x sin(2x)

16 c e−3x sin(2x) dx =
d Max speed = 4 m/s; Position = m
π −1 −3x
3e sin(2x) + 2e−3x cos(2x)
9 The 29th floor 13
3 a ln(t + k) + 1, (t + k) ln(t + k) − t + c
Chapter 9 review b x = 6t − (t + k) ln(t + k) + k ln k
c k = 48.41 d 45.77 m
e x
x x3 x3 3x2
1 a +c b +c c + +c
2 6 3 2 1.12
4x3 at2 t4
d + 6x2 + 9x + c e +c f +c
3 2 12
t3 t2 −t3 t2
g − − 2t + c h + + 2t + c
3 2 3 2 t
3 0 100
2 y= 4x 2 +2
24 4 a v1
3 y = − + 18
x
6
4 y = x + 5x − 25
2
1
5 a f (x) = sin(2x) + 1
2 t
x 0 6 12 18 24
b f (x) = 3 ln x + 6 c f (x) = 2e 2 − 1
6 a y = x3 − 4x2 + 3x b 0, 1, 3
−6
7 a y = x3 − 6x2 + 8x b 0, 2, 4
√ 36 πt 36
8 a k = 17 √ b x1 = − cos +
17 2 √ π 6 π
b y = 4x − x + 18 17 − 24 c
2 x1
9 a
15
m/s b
128
m c 0m d
64
m/s 72
2 3 9 π
1 C 2D 3A 4D 5B
6 B 7A 8C 9A 10 D t
11 C 12 B 13 A 14 E 15 B 0 6 12 18 24
36
d Max speed = 6 m/s; Position = m
π
820 Answers
36 πt 36
10A → 10D
e x2 = − cos + + 12 c y
π 6 π
f x2 y = (1 − x)(1 + x)2
12 +72 1
π
x
12 −1 0
1
t
0 6 12 18 24 3
8 y Area = square units
Answers
72 4
g m
π
1
Chapter 10
x
−1 0
Exercise 10A
1 62 square units 2 80 square units
3 60.90623 square units 4 68 square units
Exercise 10C
5 a 13.2 b 10.2 c 11.7
6 a 4.375 b 4.536 32
1 − y
3
7 a 36.8 b 36.75
8 π ≈ 3.13
x
9 a 4.371 b 1.128 4
10 109.5 m2
Exercise 10B 2 −36 y

9
1 a b9 c 4 x
2 −3 3
7 9
2 a b 16 14 c d9 −9
3 4
15
e f 49 12 g 15 13 h 30 37
4 3 square units
12
4
3 4 49 5 64 5
3 4 a b 8 16 square units
6
7 a y 5 a 8 b 16 c −4 d −8
6 a −12 b 36 c 20
7 a 24, 21, 45 b 4, −1, 3
3 8
y =3 − x 4.5 square units
9 166 23 square units
37
x 10 square units
0 12
3 4 1 1 √
11 a b c 121 12 d e 4 3 f 108
b y 3 6 6
Exercise 10D
4
y=4 − 2x2 1 a
1 140
b c 343 11
20
2 3
2 a 1 b 1 c 14 d 31 e 2 14 f 0
x 13 1 10
0 3 a 10 b1 c d e
−÷2 −1 1 ÷2 3 3 441
2 3 1 1
f 34 g 22 − 1 h 2 − 22 i
3 15
Answers 821
1 2 1 π
3
Answers
4 a (e − 1) (3 − e−2 ) b b y
3 sin(2x) dx =
2 2 0 4
1
c 6e 3 − 4 d e2 − e−2
1 3 19
5 a ln 2 b ln 5 c ln 1
2 2 17
8 7 3
d 3 ln e 3 ln f ln 3
5 4 2
321
6 square units x
10 0 π π π
Area = 2e2 + 1 4 3 2
10D
7 y √
≈ 15.78 square units π
3
c y
6
−π cos(2x) dx =
6 2
7
y=3 1
3
x
0
1
1 7 x
8 y Area = ln −π −π 0 π π
3 4 4 6 6 4
≈ 0.19 square units π
d y 0
2 cos θ + sin θ dθ = 2
√2
x
0 2 3
x
0 π
9 y Area = 11 − ln 12 2
≈ 8.52 square units
π
π
e y 0
2 sin(2θ) + 1 dθ = 1 +
2
x
−4 − 7 0 2 2
2
1 1 1 1
10 a 1 − √ b c 1+ √ d2 e1
2 2 2
√
2 1− 3 x
f g4 h i −2 0 π
√3 4
2
11 − 2 + 2 square units π
π
π
1 f y
4
−π 1 − cos(2θ) dθ = −1
12 a y 0
4 cos x dx = √ 4 2
2
x x
0 π π −π 0 π
4 2
4 4
√ √
2 1 3 1
13 a b− c − d −√
2 3 3 2
822 Answers
π
2π 2 3√ 1
10E → 10F
3
14 y 0
3 2 + sin(3x) dx = + 12 y 2
2x − 4 + 1 dx = × 22 + 1
3 3 3
3
2
(2, 1)
1
x x
0 π 2π 0
3 3 2 3
Answers
15 a 4 23 b 2 23 c 12 13 a A(0, 3), B(1, 0) b 2 square units

√
5 3 e4 e2 14 b Derivative: (ln a)e x ln a = (ln a) · a x
d −2 e + 4 ln 2 − e x ln a ax
4 2 2 Anti-derivative: =
5π 2
51 ln a ln a
f 4 g +1 h 8 ln 2 +
8 4 Exercise 10F
1
i
12 1 36 square units
2 Area = 9 square units y
Exercise 10E
1 7 5 g(x)
1 a ln 2 b0 c ln
2 6 (–1, 4) f(x)
17
d ln e 0 f ln 6 (2, 1)
7 1
1 31 ee + 1 0
x
g ln h ln i − ln ln 2 1
2 16 e+1
√
e x √
3 a 36 square units b 20 56 square units
2 √ , 2e 2 − 2e
2 x c 4 square units d 4 12 square units
1 e 4 12 square units
3 6 sin2 (2x) cos(2x),
6 4 a 2 square units
4 a 139.68 b 18.50 c −0.66 b e + e−1 − 2 ≈ 1.086 square units
5 5 ln 3 + 4 5 3.699 square units
6 5 + 6 ln 2 1
6 y Area = square unit
7 a (x + 1)e x , 1 4
π 1
b sin(3x) + 3x cos(3x), − y = sinx
18√ 9
12 3 − π − 12 x
8 a = 1, b = −2; Area = 0 π π π
3π
9 a 1.450 square units 3 2 y = sin2x
b 1.716 square units 7 P(ln 3, 3); Area ≈ 2.197 square units
10 0.1345 8 a (ln 4, 2)
3 2
11 2 x−1
+ 4 dx = 2 ln 2 + 4 b y
y
8
y = x 2− 1 + 4
y= 4
x (ln 4, 2)
0 2 3
(0, 2) x
x= 1 0 ln 2
−2
Area = 4 ln 2 + 3 ≈ 5.77 square units
9 4 − 3 ln 3 ≈ 0.704 square units
1
10 square unit
3
Answers 823
Answers
Exercise 10G 13 a When t = 0, 1000 million litres per hour;
2 2 2 1 When t = 2, 896 million litres per hour
1 a b c d 0 e (e2 − e−2 ) b i t = 0 and t = 15
3 π π 2
ii 1000 million litres per hour
2 10(e5 − 1)e−5 ≈ 9.93◦ C
c dV
3 a y b y dt
(5, 100) 1000
24
48
50 π
10G → 10 review
0 10 15 t
t t
(0, 0) 0 4 d i 5000
c y ii 5000 million litres flowed out in the first
10 hours
(5, 5(1− e−5)) 14 a When t = 5, ≈ 17.9 penguins per year;
When t = 10, ≈ 23.97 penguins per year;
4 + e− 5 When t = 100, ≈ 46.15 penguins per year
b R
t
0 R(t) =10 ln(t + 1)
147
4 m/s
10
2
a
5 0 t
6
6 a 3000(2 − 20.9 ) N/m2 c 3661; the growth in the penguin population
b 1000(40.1 − 1) N/m2 over 100 years
7 a 15 71 466 23 m3
v
16 1.26 m
(4, 5) 17 a 6 metres
b 18π m2 a −1
c i y − 3 + 3 cos = a (x − a)
3 sin
t 3
0 3 4 ii 5.409 √
2
−3 3( 2 + 2)
18 a i 9 ii iii 12
17 2
b 4m c m b Max value is 12; Min value is 0.834
2 48(π + 1)
8 −3 m c litres
20 π
9 a=−
3 Chapter 10 review
7
10 a 14 m b m/s Technology-free questions
2
3 25 77 101
11 k = 1 a b c
8 12 60 60
12 a H dH 14 3 1 15 16
2 a b 48 4 c d e
dt 3 2 16 15
7/4 4
1 3 a B(1, 3), C(3, 3) b 6 c
3
1/4 200 4 1
21 12
square units
0 60 120 180 240 t 5 3 55 1
5 a 0 b − a2 c − d
b t ∈ (10, 50) ∪ (130, 170) 3 3 2
c t = 30 or t = 150 e 1 f0 g0
d i 120 kilojoules 23
6 7 3 8 4 9 820
ii 221.48 kilojoules 2
85 5 5
10 11 12
4 3 3
824 Answers
b c
10 review
13 f (x) − g(x) dx + b g(x) − f (x) dx + 2 a

d
a s
f (x) − g(x) dx (km/h)
c
14 a P(3, 9), Q(7.5, 0) b 29.25 square units 60
20
15 a 5 b p=
7
16 3.45 square units 0 2 t (h)
17 a A(0, 6), B(5, 5) b 15 16 c 20 56 b i
Answers
s
18 a y b e2 + 1 (km/min)
y =ex +1 (5, 1.5)
1.5
(0, 2)
0 5 t (min)
x ii 3.75 km
0
c i 20 − 6t m/s2
19 a y b 2 − 2e−2 ii V
y = e–x
y = ex
(0, 1)
0 6 20 t
x 3
−2 0 2 iii 144 metres
3 a 6 m2
20 a e − 1 b 2(e − 1) square units 1 1 2
21 2 + e2 square units b i y= x− ii x2 − m
2 4
5 π2 1
c i y = x2 , P(−2, 2), S (2, 2) ii
16 2
22 a 3 − e−2 b ln 2 + c +1 m
2 8 2 3
3
1 5 1 1 4 a 4y − 5x = −3 b c (1, 0)
d ln − 4 + 5 5
,0
2 6 e e
9
Multiple-choice questions d e 9 : 49
40
1D 2 B 3C 4A 5A ◦
5 a 968.3 b θ(°C)
6 B 7B 8E 9 C 10 D
(0, 30)
1 a i 120 L
ii R 0 t (min)
(L/s)
2 c 2.7 minutes d 64.5◦ C/min
1
7 a square units
3
n−1 2
d 1− = square units
0 60 t (s) n+1 n+1
b i 900 L 9 99 999
e , ,
ii R 11 101 1001
t
R= f Area between the curves approaches 1
(L/s) 2
(60, 30) 8 a 5 × 104 m/s
b Magnitude of velocity becomes very small
c 5 × 104 (1 − e−20 ) m d x = v(1 − e−t )
e x (m)
0 60 t (s)
2
iii 900a L v
c i 7200 square units
ii Volume of water which has flowed in
iii 66.94 s
0 t (s)
Answers 825
Answers
9 a y = 7 × 10−7 x3 − 0.00116x2 + 0.405x + 60 12 4(6x − 4)(3x2 − 4x)3
b 100 m 13 a
ci y ii (0, 60) dy
dx
x
0 2
x
0 b dy
d 51 307 m2 dx
11 revision
dy x x dy 1
10 a = − e 10 , = −x(100 − x2 )− 2
dx 10 dx
dy
b When x = 0, = 0 for both functions x
dx 0 1 3
c −e
d 6.71 square units c dy
e 8.55% dx
f 100e − 250 ≈ 21.828 square units
g i 10(10e − 20)
ii (25π − 100e + 200) square units x
0
9 9 3
Chapter 11 14 2 4 − 2 4x + , x = ±
x x 2
15 2x ln(2x) + x
1
1 a i f (g(x)) = ln(3x2 ); 16 a b = b k = (2b − 1)e2b+1
2
Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R
2 1 22 28
ii g( f (x)) = ln(3x) ; 17 m = , a=− , c=−
+ 12 3 3
Domain = R ; Range = [0, ∞)
18 a −7 b −14 c −20
b i f (g(x)) = ln(2√− x√2 );
Domain = (− 2, 2); 19 a v = 3e−0.5t b a = −1.5e−0.5t
Range = (−∞, ln 2] c 1.5 m/s
2
ii g( f (x)) = ln(2 − x) ; x
20 y = + ln 2 + 8
Domain = (−∞, 2); Range = [0, ∞) 2
1 1
c i f (g(x)) = − ln(2x2 );
21 , ln 2 + , local minimum
Domain = R \ {0}; Range = R 2 2
2
ii g( f (x)) = ln(2x) ; 22 y = x
Domain = (0, ∞); Range = [0, ∞) 23 (0, 1), (−3, e−81 ), (3, e−81 )
√3
21 3 x = 12a 3 3
3 24 a ln(5x − 2) b
5 10 − 25x
4 x = −9 5 x = ln 1 1 1 1
2 25 y = e2x − cos(2x) − − eπ
2e − 12 1 2 2 2 2
6 x= 7
e+1 2 26 a 6 sin2 (2x) cos(2x)
8 a a = −1 and b = 2 ln 2 1
y b sin(2x) 3 − sin2 (2x)
b 6
2 1 4
27 y = − + sin(2x) +
x 2 π
28 a v = −6 cos(3t) + 6 b x = −2 sin(3t) + 6t
(0, 2 ln 2)
c 6 m/s, 2 + 3π m
x
−2 (−1, 0) 0 29 f (x) = 5e x − 4
1 √
30 m = −3 + 105
4
31 a (0, −4) and (−2, 0) b 0 c 4 d 9 12
9 x = 0 or x = 1 √ 3 1
8 5 32 a 4 − 2 2 b 2(e 4 − 1) c ln 2
10 A = and k = ln 3
2
5 2 1 1
−2x d ln e f
11 a 2 b x=0 2 4 20
(x + 1)2
826 Answers
11 revision
33 a C(− 12 ln 6, 0), D(10, 0) 7 a −5 13 c a = 1 or a = −2

45 −1
8 a i 50e litres/minute ii t = 5
b 3 ln 6 +
2 √ iii 2 minutes 18 seconds
7 11 1 3 3+2 iv 3 minutes 48 seconds
34 a C , 0 , D ,0 b +
6 6 2 π b 14.74 litres
35 a (6, 2), (2, 6) b 16 − 12 ln 3 c 53 seconds πt
1 9 a h = 250 + 25 sin b 275 cm
36 b 30
5
Answers
c 237.5 cm d After√ 5 seconds

37 a 8x cos(4x) + 2 sin(4x) b0 5 5π 3
Multiple-choice questions e cm/s f cm/s
3 12
1 D 2B 3E 4C 5D 3
10 a
6 B 7C 8A 9 B 10 A ln 2
11 B 12 E 13 E 14 D 15 B b i A1 = 5 ii E1 = 0.67
16 C 17 D 18 A 19 E 20 D c i A2 = 4.5 ii E2 = 0.17
21 E 22 E 23 B 24 C 25 B d A4 = 4.37, E4 = 0.043;
26 E 27 D 28 B 29 B 30 A A8 = 4.34, E8 = 0.011
31 D 32 D 33 A 34 C 35 C 1
11 a f (x) = 1 − b (1, 1)
36 D 37 B 38 A 39 E 40 D x
n
41 A 42 A 43 B 44 B 45 B c x= d a=e
n−1
46 C 47 D 48 B 49 D 50 C e y = (1 − e)x + 2
51 A 52 B 53 D 54 E 55 C f y = (1 − e−n )x + 1 − n, (0, 1 − n)
56 E 57 B x2 e2 − 3
g ln x + 1, −x ln x + +x h
Extended-response questions 2 2
1 a k = 0.0292 b 150 × 106 dt 5000
12 a =
c 6.4494 × 108 d 23.738 years dN N(500 − N)
2 a A = 80, k = 0.3466 b i 1.21 ii 2.34 iii 13.86 iv 35.84
b 17.5◦ C c i 0.12 ii 0.11 iii 0.08 iv 0.22
2
c 6 hours 18 minutes and 14 seconds d i t= N + 20(ln 2 − 1)
after 2 p.m., i.e. 20:18:14 25
1 25
d T(°C) ii t = N −
8 2
95°C 500
e N= t
15°C 1 + 4e− 10
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
0 t (hours) Simple familiar questions
5 2
3 a a = 45, b = 10 b 104 dB 1 a x=5 b x = log3 c x=
c Power setting 4 3 3
4 a x = 1 or x = e2 cos(2x) + 2x sin(2x)
2 a−
b When x = 1, gradient of y = 2 ln x is 2 and x2
gradient of y = (ln x)2 is 0 b 2x(2x + 1)e4x c 6x cos(3x2 )
c y cos x
d e x2 3 ln x + 1
y = (ln x)2 sin x
(2x + 3)e2x
y = 2 ln x f
(e2, 4) (x + 2)2
3 a −12 b 60 c 14
x 1 1
0 (1, 0)
e2 4 a − cos(3x + 5) + c b − e−4x + c
3 4
1
c sin(2x − 4) + c
2
d 1 < x < e2 2 5π
5 b k = 0.028 c 0.846◦ C/min 5 a ln 2 b 4 ln 2 + 15 c
5 6
3
6 a 27 square units b y= (x − 4)2 6 a B(6, 12) b 36 square units
25 5
c
189
square units d
486
square units 7 (2e 2 + 4 ln 2 − 14) square units
25 25
Answers 827
x3 3x2 (8n − 7)π 1 (11−8n)π
Answers
1 3
8 a x − 2x2 + 6x b 3 ln x + − e ,√ e 4 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
3 3 2 4 2
√ (8n − 3)π 1 (7−8n)π
4 2 3
c x4 − x2 + d x2 + 2 x
x 3 f ,−√ e 4 , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
1 1 1 4 2
e sin(4x) − cos(3x) f e2x−3
4 3 2 π
g x = + 2nπ, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
4x3 2
9 f (x) = − 2x2 − 24x + 12 eπ + 1 e−π + 1
3 j π−x
2e sin x, , −
10 a m = 2, c = log3 5 2 2
b 3 a (3, 1)
log3 y
12A
1 1
b +2< x< √ +2
log3 5 + 2 e e
c i y = −x + e + 2 ii y = x + e−1 − 2
1 1
log3 5 d (e − e−1 ) + 2, (e + e−1 )
x 2 2
O 1 a−2
e b=2+ ; Min value = e + 2
ln(a − 2)
Complex familiar questions 4 a 7100
1 A = e2 , b = −0.25 b 11 months
2 a 12 s b 144 m c −2 m/s2 d 12 m/s c The population approaches 20 000
π π π π 9P
3 a − , , (0, 0), , d t = 5 ln , 0 < P < 20 000
2 2 2 2 20 000 − P
π π π π t
b (−π, −π), − , , (0, 0), , − , (π, π) dP 36 000e− 5
2 2 2 2 e = t 2
3 dt 1 + 9e− 5
4 x = −1 or x = −
5 f i 712.64 ii 485.95 iii 85.38 iv 1.63
√3 √3
5 a pH 4.1 b pH 1 5 s = a2 b, r = ab2
6 a 0 m/s b a = 9.6e−0.2t dy e
6 a = ln x + 1, ln x dx = 1
c 48 m/s d 0 m/s2 dx 1
e As t becomes very large, the object dy

b = (ln x)n + n(ln x)n−1
approaches a terminal velocity of 48 m/s e
dx
f x = 48t + 240e−0.2t − 240 g 9.21 s d 1 (ln x)3 dx = 6 − 2e
7 a y
3 Chapter 12
Exercise 12A
x −1
0 1 a 0 b 56x6 c √
−2 −1 1 2 4 x3
d 48(2x + 1)2 e − sin x f − cos x
−1 2
−3 g ex h 2 i
x (x + 1)3
π
3 1 j −4 sin 2x +
b y=3 c − √
4
π 32 15 x
8 4 ln 2 square units 2 a b 8(x2 + 3)2 (7x2 + 3)
4
Complex unfamiliar questions 1 x
c − sin d −48 cos(4x + 1)
4 4 3 4 2
1 a i ii iii −4
3 5 5 e 2e2x+1 f g 12x2 + 6
b 3 square units (2x + 1)2
1
2 a A reflection in the y-axis, then a translation h (x3 + 6x2 + 6x)e x i
x
of π units to the right
3 a f (x) = 24e3−2x
b x = 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π, . . .
b f (x) = 8e−0.5x (1 − x2 )
2
c f (x) = 0
c i y = eπ x ii y = −x + π
π −2(x + 2x + 2)
πeπ
2
d f (x) =
d π , π (x2 + 2x)2
e +1 e +1
e f (x) = 360(1 − 3x)3
828 Answers
12B
f f (x) = (4x2 + 2)e x

2
4 a i 6x2 + 12x ii 12x + 12
−4 3 b Local min (0, −12); local max (−2, −4)
g f (x) = h f (x) =
(x + 1)3 4 (1 − x)5 c (−1, −8)
i f (x) = −5 sin(3 − x) 5 a f (x) = cosx; f (x) = − sin x;
π
Answers
j f (x) = −9 cos(1 − 3x) Local max , 1 ; Local min

3π
, −1 ;
1 x 1 x 2 2
k f (x) = − sin l f (x) = − cos Point of inflection (π, 0)
9 3 16 4
4 a1 b −1 c −1 d0 b f (x) = e x (x + 1); f (x) = e x (x + 2);
2 1 1 Local min (−1, −e−1 );
5 a x=− b x= c x = ±√ Point of inflection (−2, −2e−2 )
3 15 2
6 y
6 a x = −2 b x = 0√or x = −3 √
c x = 0, x = −3 + 3 or x = −3 − 3 (3, 27)
3
d x = e2 e x = e 2
7 a t = 0, x = 9; t = 4, x = 5; t = 8, x = 9
π2 π2 π2 (2, 16)
b − m/s2 , m/s2 , − m/s2
8 8 8
8 a v = 2e−2t − e−t , a = e−t − 4e−2t
1 1
b m, t = ln 2 c − m/s2
4 2 (0, 0)
1 x
d m/s 0 4
8
7 y
(3, 351)
Exercise 12B
4 , 4352
1 a b c d 3 27
x
(0, 0) 2
(11 – ÷13) 32 (11 + ÷13)
2 a Point of inflection (0, 0); 3
Concave up on (0, ∞)
1 2
b Point of inflection , − ; (6, −432)
1 3 27
Concave up on , ∞
3
1 2
c Point of inflection , ; (8, −1024)
3 1 27
Concave up on −∞, 8 a f (x) = e x (10 + 8x − x2 ),
3 f (x) = e x (18 + 6x − x2 )
1 1
d Points of inflection (0, 0), , − ; b y (3 + 3√3, 53 623)
2 16
1
Concave up on (−∞, 0) ∪ , ∞
2
40 3200
3 a Local min (0, 0); local max ,
20 1600 3 27 x
40 O 3 + 3√3 10
b , ; gradient =
3 27 3 (10, –484 582)
c y 40 , 3200 √ √
3 27 c 3 + 3 3, (3 + 3 3, 53 623)
9 (0, 0), (π, π), (2π, 2π), (3π, 3π), (4π, 4π)
20 , 40 40 ,
0
10 a 0, π, 2π b 0, π, 2π
3 3 3 π 3π
4 c 0, , π, , 2π
x 2 2
O 20 2
20 , (20, −8) d y
3
0 11 = 2a 0
dx2
(20, −40)
3 3
12 a <x<2 b 1<x<
2 2
Answers 829
dA 1 61 2
Answers
13 a (0, 0), −6 b (−1, −1), 8; (1, −1), −8 8 b = (x − 5) c x=5 d m
c (0, 3), 0 d No points of inflection dx 4 8
9 Absolute max = 12.1; Absolute min = 4
e No points of inflection 3 4
√ −√3 −1 √ √3 −1 1 1
10 a − b ,
f − 3, , ; (0, 0), 2; 3, , (x − 4)2 (x + 1)2 2 5
2 4 2 4
5 4
−7π −3π π 5π −3π −π π 3π c Absolute max = ; Absolute min =
14 a , , , b , , , 4 5
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 √

16 a f (x) = 2x(1 + 2 ln x) 2
11 Absolute max = ; Absolute min = −1
b f (x) = 2(3 + 2 ln x) 2 √
1 2
12C → 12D
c Stationary point at e− 2 , −e−1 ; 12 Absolute max = 1; Absolute min =
3 2
point of inflection at e− 2 , −3e−3 13 Absolute max = 2; Absolute min = −2
17 a a = −9, b = 15, c = 5 y
b y
(−1, 1) 2
y = f(x)
(1, 12) x
0 (8, −2)
5
x 1
0 (3, −4) 14 Absolute max = + 2e2 ;
e√2
Absolute min = 2 2
(5, −20) 15 Absolute max = − ln 10;
10
Absolute min = −
18 a a = −1, b = 3, c = 3 b x = −1 e
c y
Exercise 12D
1 625 m2
(1, 5) 4 8
2 First = ; Second =
3 3 3
(−1, 1) 3 Max value of P is 2500
x
0 4 Max area is 2 km × 1 km = 2 km2
3 8
5 p= , q=
2 3
75x − x3
6 b V= c 125 cm3
2
7 a i n = 125
Exercise 12C ii Maximum daily profit is $6090
1 Absolute max = 2; Absolute min = −70 b P
2 Absolute max = 15; Absolute min = −30 (125, 6090)
3 Absolute max = 0; Absolute min = −20.25
4 Absolute max = 2304; Absolute min = −8
dV
5 b = 30x − 36x2 0 (1.61, 0) n
dx 5 125
(248.39, 0)
c Local max at ,
6 36 c 2 ≤ n ≤ 248
d Absolute max value is 3.456 when x = 0.8 d n = 20
125 5
e Absolute max value is when x = 8 12◦ C
36 6 4
6 a 25 ≤ y ≤ 28 9 8 mm for maximum; mm for minimum
3
b Absolute max = 125; Absolute min = 56 10 a 8 cos θ
1 1 5 4
7 a − b , b Area = 16(1 + √ cos θ) sin θ;
(x − 4) 2 (x − 1) 2 2 3 Max area = 12 3 square units
3 4
c Absolute max = ; Absolute min = 11 (1, 1)
2 3
830 Answers
75
12 review
12 a seconds 17 a D(t)
cos θ
b 220 − 60 tan θ seconds 13
dT 75 sin θ − 60
d = 10
dθ cos2 θ
7
−1 4
e θ = sin ≈ 53.13◦
5
f Min time T = 265 seconds occurs when t
Answers
distance BP is 400 metres 0 6 12 24

500 b t ∈ [0, 7] ∪ [11, 19] ∪ [23, 24]
13 Max population occurs when t = 10
e π π
14 a y c i 0 m/h ii − m/h iii m/h
2 2
d i t = 0, 12, 24 ii t = 6, 18
180
Chapter 12 review
120
1 a 224(2x + 5)6 b −4 sin(2x)
60 y=Nt x
1
c − cos d 16e−4x
y = N′ t 9 3
x 1 1
0 e − 2 f −
−20 10 60 x sin2 x
8 1024 π 7π
b Max rate of increase is 50, occurs at t = 0;
2 a ,− b ,0 , ,0
50 3 27 6 6
Max rate of decrease is 2 , occurs at t = 20 e2
e 1
c 2, ln 2 + d e2 ,
15 a i V(0) = 0 mL ii V(20) = 1000 mL 2 2
3 1 3
b V (t) = (20t − t2 ) 3 a x = e− 2 b x = e− 2
4
c V(mL) 4 a x = −3 b x = 0
5 a f (x) = −2ckxe−kx ,
2
1000 2
f (x) = 2ck 2kx − 1 e−kx
2
1 1 1 1
b , e− 2 , − , e− 2 c k = 8
2 2
6 a v = te−3t b a = (1 − 3t)e−3t
0 20 t (seconds) 1 1 e−2
c m/s, t = s, x = m
d V'(t) 3e 3 9e
7 a W = xe−x
2
mL/s
(10, 75) 2
dW 2 d W
= (1 − 2x2 )e−x , = 2x(2x2 − 3)e−x
2
b 2
dx dx
√6 √6 3
c , e− 2
2 2 √
0 1 2
20 t (seconds) d Max area W = √ occurs when x =
e t = 10 s, 75 mL/s 2e 2
dy −9π πx Multiple-choice questions
16 a = sin
dx 40 80 −9π
1 E 2D 3 B 4 E 5 B
b dy c 40, 6 C 7 E 8 B 9 E 10 A
40
dx Extended-response questions
x 1 a y = 4x − x2 b 0 < x < 4 c y = 4, x = 2
0 80 d Gradient is positive to the left of x = 2, and
negative to the right of x = 2
−9π e y f 0<y<4
40
x
0 4
Answers 831
2 L
Answers
2 a A = 4xy b y=− x+8 10 b i r = ii θ = 2 iii Maximum
3 4
8 120
c A = 32x − x2 d x = 6, y = 4 11 t = 5, N(5) =
3 e
e 96 m2
12 t = 1.16, 1.2 km apart
3 a i $12.68 ii $12.74 √
14.40 20 + 16 2
b C = 12 + 0.008x + 13 b T= ≈ 2.84 hours
x 15
c C 1
14 b 0<x<1 c x = √ , y = ±1
(120, 13.08) √ 2
d A=2 2
12 review
dA
15 c ii = −3x2 − 2ax + a2
C = 12 + 0.008x dx
12
16 a i a = −21
x ii y
0
d 42.43 km/h
4 b 0<x<5 c x=2 (−0.15, 8.4) 8
d 2 cm, 12 cm, 6 cm e 144 cm3
f V
−4
3 −1 x
(2, 144) 0 1 2
2
x (−1.18, −0.88) (1.45, −21.4)

0 (5, 0)
b i y
5 32 square units
6 a k = 25
b T
T = 2w2 + 25
(0, 8)
25
(0.143, 7.57)
x
0
0 w
ii Min at (0.143, 7.57)
25 iii g (x) = 24x3 − 3x2 + 42x − 6
c A= + 2w iv x = 0.1427
√w v g (0) = −6, g (10) = 24 114
5 2 √
di ≈ 3.54 kg ii 10 2 ≈ 14.14 s vi g (x) = 72x2 − 6x + 42
2
vii g (x) > 0 for all x; thus y = g (x) has
7 10 m, 10 m, 5 m; Area 300 m2
no turning points and crosses the x-axis
48
8 b C = 3x2 + only once
x
c C 17 a f (x) = ln x + 1
1
b x = ≈ 0.37, i.e. during the first month
e
c y
(2, 36)
0 x 1
1 , 0.632
d i x = 2, h = 3; i.e. 2 m, 2 m, 3 m e
ii 36 m2 x
1 100 2
0 6
1
9 a A = a2 θ b A= θ d When x = 6
2 2 θ+2
c θ=2 d 625 cm 2
832 Answers
√ √ bAebt
13A
18 a i y = 100√− r2 , h = 2 100 − r2 dy
23 b =
ii V = 2πr2 100 − r2 dt (1 + Aebt )2
b i e After 7 hours (to the nearest hour)
V
xe x − e x
24 a f (x) = b x=1
(cm3) x2
Answers
c (1, e), local minimum

f (x) x−1
d i =
f (x) x
f (x)
ii lim =1
x→∞ f (x)
0 10 r (cm)
i.e. f (x) → f (x) as x → ∞
ii V = 2418.4, r = 8.165, h = 11.55
e y
iii r = 6.456 or r = 9.297
dV 400πr − 6πr3
c i = √
dr 100√− r2 √
4000π 3 10 6
ii Vmax = when r =
9 3 (1, e)
dV 20√6 x
d ii > 0 for r ∈ 0, 0
dr 6 1
dV f t= ≈ 45.27 years, i.e. during 1945
iii is increasing for r ∈ (0, 5.21) k
dr
19 a x = 0 and x = 2 b y = −ex dA
√ 25 b i = 2 cos(3x) − 6x sin(3x)
c y = 2e2 x −√4e2 d x=± 2 dx
dA
e x = −1 ± 3 ii When x = 0, = 2;
dx
f y π dA
When x = , = −π
6 dx
c i A
(2 + 2√ 2 ) e– √ 2
x
–√ 2 0 √2
x
0 π
6
ii x = 0.105 or x = 0.449
(2 – 2 √ 2 ) e√ 2 iii Max area 0.374, occurs when x = 0.287
5
20 a x = 0 and x =
√ 2
b x=
5a − 4 ± 25a2 + 16 Chapter 13
4a
√
5a − 8 ± 25a2 + 32 Exercise 13A
c x=
4a 1 a A and C (SAS) b All of them (AAS)
1 10 c A and B (SSS)
d a = ln
3 3 2 a 4.10 b 0.87 c 2.94
2 ◦
21 b MP = c NQ = 8 tan θ d 4.08
√ e 33.69 f 11.92
tan θ
2 40 3
d x= + 8 tan θ + 10 3 cm
tan θ 3
dx 8 2 4 66.42 , 66.42◦ , 47.16◦
◦
e = −
dθ cos2 θ sin2 θ 5 23 m
√
f x = 18, θ = 26.6◦ 6 a 9.59◦ b 35 m
22 a h = a(1 + cos θ) b r = a sin θ 7 a 60◦ b 17.32 m
dV πa3 8 a 6.84 m b 6.15 m
d = 2 sin θ cos θ (1 + cos θ) − sin3 θ
dθ 3 9 12.51◦

θ = cos−1 13 ≈ 70.53◦
10 182.7 m
32πa3
eV= cm3 11 1451 m
81
Answers 833
Answers
12 a 5 2 cm b 90◦ 8 a 3583.04 m b 353◦
13 3.07 cm 14 37.8 cm 9 027◦ 10 113◦ 11 22.01◦
15 31.24 m 16 4.38 m
√ 12 a ∠BAC = 49◦ b 264.24 km
2 3 13 10.63 km
17 57.74 m 18 √ ≈ 12.93 m
2− 3
10 Exercise 13F
19 √ ≈ 3.66 20 ∠APB = 47.16◦
1+ 3 1 a 13 cm b 15.26 cm
c 31.61◦ d 38.17◦
Exercise 13B 2 a 4 cm b 71.57◦ c 12.65 cm
13B → 13 review
1 a 8.15 b 3.98 c 11.75 d 9.46 d 13.27 cm e 72.45◦ f 266.39 cm2
◦
2 a 56.32 b 36.22 ◦
c 49.54◦ 3 10.31◦ at B; 14.43◦ at A and C
d 98.16◦ or 5.84◦ 4 a 85 m b 45.04 m
3 a A = 48◦ , b = 13.84, c = 15.44 5 17.58◦
b a = 7.26, C = 56.45◦ , c = 6.26 6 1702.55 m
c B = 19.8◦ , b = 4.66, c = 8.27
7 a 24.78◦ b 65.22◦ c 20.44◦
d C = 117◦ , b = 24.68, c = 34.21
e C = 30◦ , a = 5.40, c = 15.56 8 42.40 m
4 a B = 59.12◦ , A = 72.63◦ , a = 19.57 or 9 1945.54 m
B = 120.88◦ , A = 10.87◦ , a = 3.87 10 a 6.96 cm b 16.25 cm2
b C = 26.69◦ , A = 24.31◦ , a = 4.18 11 a 5 km b 215.65◦ c 6.55◦
c B = 55.77◦ , C = 95.88◦ , c = 17.81 or
B = 124.23◦ , C = 27.42◦ , c = 8.24 Exercise 13G
5 554.26 m 1 a 4a2 , 3a2 and 12a2 square units respectively
6 35.64 m b 14.04◦ c 18.43◦ d 11.31◦
◦ ◦
7 1659.86 m 2 a 35.26 b 45
8 a 26.60 m b 75.12 m 3 a 0.28 b 15.78◦
4 a 15.51 cm b 20 cm c 45.64◦
Exercise 13C
5 a i 107 m ii 87 m iii 138 m
1 5.93 cm b 43.00◦
√
2 ∠ABC = 97.90◦ , ∠ACB = 52.41◦ 6 a 5 11 cm b 64.76◦ c 71.57◦ d 95.74◦
3 a 26 b 11.74 c 49.29◦ d 73 7 26.57◦
◦
e 68.70 f 47.22 g 7.59 h 38.05◦ 8 a 54.74◦ b 70.53◦
4 3.23 km 9 1.67 km
5 2.626 km 10 a 141.42 m b 20.70◦
6 55.93 cm 11 16 cm
√
7 a 8.23 cm b 3.77 cm a 3 a
12 a cm b cm
8 a 7.326 cm b 5.53 cm 2 2
9 a 83.62◦ b 64.46◦
Chapter 13 review
10 a 87.61 m b 67.7 m
Exercise 13D 5
1 sin(θ◦ ) =
1 a 11.28 cm2 b 15.10 cm2 6
◦ ◦
c 10.99 cm 2
d 9.58 cm2 √ = 30 , ∠ACB = 120
2 a ∠ABC
2 b 40 3 cm c 20 cm
2 a 6.267 cm b 15.754 cm2 √ √ 1
c 19.015 cm 2
d 13.274 cm2 3 10 3 cm 4 4 19 km 5
√ 6
e 24.105 cm or 29.401 cm2
2
√ 25 3
f 2.069 cm2 6 a 5 3 cm b cm2
4 √
Exercise 13E 105 5(21 + 5 3)
c cm2 d cm2
1 400.10 m 2 34.77 m 3 575.18 m 4 4 √
17 3 93
4 109.90 m 5 16.51 m 6 056◦ 7 143◦ 8 9
28 31
7 a 034◦ b 214◦
10 sin(∠PQR) = 0.9
834 Answers
1 1 5
14A → 14C
11 a i 30◦ ii 15◦ √ √ √ 14 a b c
b AT = 300(1 + 3) m, BT = 150( 6 + 2) m 2 6 6
√ 15 a 0.13 b 0.32
12 181 km
√ 16 a 0.40 b 0.67 c 0.18
12 3
13 a AC = km, BC = 2.4 km 17 a 0.35 b 0.18 c 0.12 d 0.17
5
b 57.6 km/h Exercise 14B
14 11 m
1 a 0.2 b 0.675 c 0.275
Multiple-choice questions 1 1
2 a b
1D 2C 3C 4B 5 D 6B 6 3
Answers
7 C 8 A 9 C 10 A 11 A 1
3 a 0.06 b
5
Extended-response questions 3
1 a ∠ACB = 12◦ , ∠CBO = 53◦ , ∠CBA = 127◦ 4
5
b 189.33 m c 113.94 m 24
2 a ∠T AB = 3◦ , ∠ABT = 97◦ , ∠AT B = 80◦ 5
59
b 2069.87 m c 252.25 m 1 77 40
3 a 184.78 m b 199.71 m c 14.93 m 6 a b c d 0.4
2 200 77
4 a 370.17 m b 287.94 m c 185.08 m 65 115 21 61
7 a b c d
5 a 029.9◦ 224 448 65 246
b i ∠XWY = 33.14◦ ii 105.86◦ 8 a 0.24 b 0.86
√
6 a 8 2 cm b 10 cm c 10 cm d 68.90◦ 9 a Yes b No c No
7 1942 m 10 a 0.5 b 0.2 c 0.7
8 a 26.57◦ b 39.81◦ c 38.66◦ 11 0.39
L2 sin α sin β sin γ 1
9 Area = 12
2(sin α + sin β + sin γ)2 7
13 0.0479
14 a 0.486 b 0.012 c 0.138
Chapter 14 15 a
2
b
1
c
8
5 15 15
Exercise 14A 2 7 7 7
16 a b c d
1 1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T 5 40 16 15
2 HH1, HH2, HH3, HH4, HH5, HH6, 5 3
17 a b
HT1, HT2, HT3, HT4, HT5, HT6, 14 5
TH1, TH2, TH3, TH4, TH5, TH6, 18 a 0.735 b 0.453
3
TT1, TT2, TT3, TT4, TT5, TT6 19
44
1 3 4 2
3 a b c d
13 4 13 13 Exercise 14C
1 2
4 a b 1 a Discrete b Not discrete
2 3
c Discrete d Discrete
5 0.8
2 a Not discrete b Discrete
6 0.65 c Not discrete d Discrete
7 a 0.067 b 0.047
3 a HHH, T HH, HT H, HHT ,
8 5%
HT T , T HT , T T H, T T T
6 1
9 b c
7 x Outcomes 2
17 9 41 41 0 TTT
10 a b c d
500 250 125 500 1 HT T , T HT , T T H
13 7 2 T HH, HT H, HHT
11 a b
20 20 3 HHH
57 2 27 1
12 a b c d 4 a Yes, as the sum of the probabilities is 1 and
100 19 100 250 p(x) ≥ 0 for all x
9
13 b 0.8
25
Answers 835
Answers
5 a x 0 1 2 3 15 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
125 300 240 64 b x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
p(x) 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
729 729 729 729 p(x)
604 304 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
b c
729 729 c p(x)
6 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
b Y = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 6/36
5/36
2nd die
4/36
1 2 3 4 5 6
14D
3/36
1st 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2/36
die 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1/36
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 x
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 7
d e
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 10
1 1 1 7 1 2 16 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
c i ii iii iv v vi b y 0 1 2
6 3 5 10 5 7
7 a 2nd die 11 5 2
p(y)
1 2 3 4 5 6 18 18 18
1st 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 c p(y)
die 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 2 3 3 3 3 11/18
4 1 2 3 4 4 4
5 1 2 3 4 5 5
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 5/18
b 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 c 0.19 2/18
8 a 0.288 b 0.064 c 0.352 d 0.182 0 1 2 y
9 a {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), . . . , (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} 7
1 1 5 17 a x 0 1 2 b
b Pr(A) = , Pr(B) = , Pr(C) = , 15
6 6 12 1 8 2
1 p(x)
Pr(D) = 3 15 15
6
1 1 1 18 a x 10 20 100
c Pr(A | B) = , Pr(A | C) = , Pr(A | D) =
6 5 6 3 6 1
d i Independent ii Not independent p(x)
iii Independent 4 25 100
10 a Yes b 0.5 b y 20 30 40 110 120 200
11 a, c 9 9 36 3 3 1
p(y)
12 a x 0 1 2 3 16 25 625 200 625 10 000
27 54 36 8 1
p(x) 19 a
125 125 125 125 4
b {EENE, ENEE, ENNN, NEEE,
b x0 1 2 3 3
NENN, NNEN}, Pr(X = 4) =
5 15 9 1 8
p(x) 3
30 30 30 30 c Pr(X = 5) =
8
13 x 0 1 2
p(x) 0.36 0.48 0.16
Exercise 14D
3 1 1 Lose $150
14 a x 1 2 3 4 5 b c 2 a E(X) = 6 b E(X) = 0
5 3
1 1 1 1 1 c E(X) = 2.33
p(x)
5 5 5 5 5 3 Expected profit = $64 000
836 Answers
14 review → 15A
4 A loss of 45c Extended-response questions

5 a x 0 1 2 3 1 a 0.1 b 0.2 c4
Pr(X = x) 0.14 0.39 0.36 0.11 2 $14
25
b E(X) = 1.44 3 a 0.5 b 0.05 c 0.033 d
33
6 E(X) = 4.083 4 a i 1.21
7 a E(X) = 4.11 b E(5X − 4) = 16.55 ii Var(P) = 1.6659, sd(P) = 1.2907
8 $5940 iii 0.94
9 a p = 0.28 b E(X) = 1.68 b i t 1 0.40 0
c Var(X) = 1.4976 p(t) 0.39 0.27 0.34
1 17 ii E(T ) = 0.498 ≈ 0.50 iii 1
10 a k= b E(X) =
36 3
35 5 a E(Y) = 2.002
c Var(X) =
Answers
9 b Var(Y) = 2.014, sd(Y) = 1.419

21 7 497 c i b 0 100 200
11 a b c
4 12 48 p(b) 0.677 0.270 0.053
12 a E(X) = 2.5 ii E(B) = $37.60
b Var(X) = 2.25, sd(X) = 1.5 c1 1 49
1 6b x= ,
13 a k= b E(X) = 3.667 2 288
15 1 8 4 4 56
c Var(X) = 1.556 d 0.9333 7 a i ii iii iv v
81 81 81 27 81
14 a 7 b 5.83 c 0.944 b 4.4197 cents (as the lowest value coin is 5c,
15 a 3 b 1.5 c 0.9688 he can settle for that)
16 c1 = 40, c2 = 60 7 35
8 a i E(X) = ii Var(X) =
2 12
Chapter 14 review n+1 n2 − 1
b i E(X) = ii Var(X) =
2 12
Technology-free questions 1 2 11 33
1 Yes, as Pr(A ∩ B) = 0 c i ii iii iv
10 5 2 4
2 Pr (A′∩ B′)
A B
= Pr (A∪B)′
Chapter 15
Exercise 15A
40 5 1 A, B
3 a b
81 9
4 0.4 2 0.2734
6 a 0.1 b 1.3 c 2.01 3 a 0.0256 b 0.0016
√
4 a 0.0778 b 0.2304 c 0.01024
7 a 21.5 b 630.75 c
29 3
2 5 a Pr(X = x) = 3x (0.5) x (0.5)3−x , x = 0, 1, 2, 3
4 b 0.375
8 a p x − 2 −2 b x−2
5 6 a Pr(X = x) = 6x (0.48) x (0.52)6−x ,
4 1 x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 6
Pr(P = p)
5 5 b 0.2527
c x > $2.50 7 a 0.0536 b 0.0087 c 0.2632
47
9 a 0.47 b 8 a Pr(X = x) = 10x (0.1) x (0.9)10−x ,
70
10 21.5% x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 10
b i 0.3487 ii 0.6513
11 a
1
b
17
c
5
d
11 11
24 24 6 18 9 a Pr(X = x) = x (0.2) x (0.8)11−x ,
Multiple-choice questions x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 11
b i 0.2953 ii 0.0859 iii 0.9141
1A 2D 3D 4E 5C
6 C 7 B 10 a Pr(X = x) = 7x (0.2) x (0.8)7−x ,
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7
b i 0.000013 ii 0.2097 iii 0.3899
Answers 837
Answers
11 0.624 Chapter 15 review
x 6 6x5 (100 − x)
12 a b Technology-free questions
100 1006 16 32 16 65
x 6
6x (100 − x) 15x4 (100 − x)2
5 1 a b c d
c 6
+ + 81 81 27 81
100 1006 1006 54
13 0.6836 2 3 1 − (0.9)5
125
14 a 0.1156 b 0.7986 c 0.3170 √
3 5
15 0.6791 4 a 2 b
5
16 a 0.1123 b 0.5561 c 0.000 01
5 a (1 − p)4 b 4p(1 − p)3 c 1 − (1 − p)4
15B → 15 review
d 0.000 01
d p4 e 1 − (1 − p)4 − 4p(1 − p)3
17 0.544
1 6 5p(1 − p)4 5 32
6 120 7 8 9
18 a ≈ 0.000 24 b 0.1694 1 − (1 − p)5 16 625
4
19 a 0.0138 b 0.2765 c 0.8208 d 0.3368 Multiple-choice questions
20 a (0.8)8 ≈ 0.168 b 0.001 23 1 D 2A 3 E 4 B 5 A
c 0.0021 6 B 7 C 8 C 9 E 10 B
21 a (0.15)10 ≈ 0.000 000 006 Extended-response questions
b 1 − (0.85)10 ≈ 0.8031 c 0.5674 1 a 0.0173 b 0.2131
2
Exercise 15B p
Probability that a
batch is accepted
1 2
0 1
0.01 0.9044
0.02 0.8171
0.05 0.5987
0.1 0.3487
3 a b 0.2 0.1074
0.5 0.00098
1 0
y
c The distribution in part b is the reflection of

Probability that a batch
1
the distribution in part a in the line X = 5. 0.9
0.8
is accepted
0.7
4 a Mean = 5; Variance = 4 0.6
b Mean = 6; Variance = 2.4 0.5
0.4
500 1000 0.3
c Mean = ; Variance = 0.2
3 9 0.1
d Mean = 8; Variance = 6.4 0 p
0.1 0.2 0.5 1
5 a1 b 0.2632
3 a 0.0582 = 5.82%
6 37.5
√ b μ = 0.4, σ = 0.6197, μ ± 2σ = 0.4 ± 1.2394
7 Mean = 120; sd = 4 3 ≈ 6.93 c Yes
1
8 n = 48, p = , Pr(X = 7) = 0.0339 4 0.0327
4
3 5 a i 0.0819 ii 0.9011
9 n = 100, p = , Pr(X = 20) = 0.0076 b i P = 15p2 (1 − p)4
10
dP
ii = 30p(1 − p)3 (1 − 3p)
Exercise 15C dp
1
1 a i (0.8)5 ≈ 0.3277 ii 0.6723 6 a 2 b n = 6, p =
3
b 14 c 22 c x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 a i 0.1937 ii 1 − (0.9)10 ≈ 0.6513 Freq 17.56 52.68 65.84 43.90 16.46 3.29 0.27
b 12
7 a 0.9139 b 0.041 45 c 10.702
3 7 47 5 10 6 42 7 86
8 a 0.0735 b 0.5015 c 27
1
9 ≤q≤1
3
838 Answers
Chapter 16
16A → 16C
13 a k = 1000 b 0.5
2 17
14 a b
Exercise 16A 3 30
1 a 0.16 b 0.24 15 a 0.202 b 0.449
2 a 0.18 b 0.5 16 a 0.45 b 0.711
11 17 a y
4 k=−
6
5 1
5 a c y b Pr(X < 0.5) = x
16 0
Answers
2.5 1 1
2 b i 1 − e− 2 ii e−1 iii e− 2
1.5 Exercise 16B
1 2 1 1
1 a b c d Does not exist
0.5 3 3 2
2 a 1 b 2.097 c 1.132 d 0.4444
x
0.5 1 3 a 0.567 b 0.458
2
6 a k=1 b 0.865 4 0 5 A= , B=3
9
7 a y 6 a 2 b 1.858
7 a 0.632 b 0.233 c 0.693
0.4
8 a 1 b 0.5
0.2 9 0.1294 10 2.773 minutes
x 11 a 1 b 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 a 0.714 b 0.736
b 0.259 c 0.244 d 0.28 13 12 √
8 b i 0.024 = 2.4% ii 0.155 = 15.5% 19 − 1
9 a k = 0.005 b 0.007 14 a 0.4 b
6
10 a y b k=1 −kx 2 −kx −(kx + 1) −kx
15 a ke − k xe , e
k
k c y
2
x 1.5
−1 0 1 1
3
c 0.5
4
11 a y b 0.406 x
0 1 3 2
3 1
d y = e−x is dilated by factor from the
2 λ
x-axis and by factor λ from the y-axis
1
x Exercise 16C
0 √
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 2
1 Var(X) = , sd(X) =
12 a y b 0.190 18 6
2 (384, 416)
0.1 3 a 0.630 b 0.909 c 0.279
4 a y b 1.386
x 0.5
−10 −5 0 5 10
x
0
Answers 839
1 2 80
Answers
5 a b E(X) = 3.641, Var(X) = 4.948 5 a b 20 c
ln 9 3 ⎧ 3
6 a 0.366 b E(X) = 0.333, Var(X) = 0.056 ⎪
⎪
⎨12x2 − 12x3 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
6 f (x) = ⎪
⎪
7 0.641 ⎩0 otherwise
4 2 ⎧
8 a 0.732 b E(X) = , Var(X) = ⎪
⎪
⎨5(1 − x)4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
3 9 7 f (x) = ⎪
16 ⎪0
⎩ otherwise
9 a 0.0004 b c 2.21 ⎧
3 ⎪
⎪
⎨0.5e x
if x ≤ 0
3 √ 8 f (x) = ⎪
10 a b2 5 ⎪
⎩0.5e−x if x > 0
4a3
16D → 16 review
11 a y 9 a y
1
3k
1
2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
0
1
b k= d 4.5 0.5e−0.5x
9 b f (x) =
(1 + e−0.5x )2
Exercise 16D y
1 1300 1
8
2 μ = 1010 g, σ = 50 g
3 a 0.708, 0.048 b $98.94, $0.33
4 a 0, 5.4 ⎧ b 3, 0.6 c 1, 5.4
⎪
⎪
⎪ x2
⎪
⎨ if −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 0 x
d g(x) = ⎪⎪ 18 ◦
⎪
⎪
⎩0
c 4.394 C
otherwise
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ (x − 1) 2
⎪
⎨ if −2 ≤ x ≤ 4 Chapter 16 review
e h(x) = ⎪⎪ 18
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise Technology-free questions
31 91 1 a 2 b 0.21 c 0.44
5 a i ii 1
40 20 2 a= , b=2
17 71 71 3
b i , ii π
12 144 36 3
2
1 1 1
Exercise 16E 4 a b c
⎧ 2 2 3
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x ≤ 0
⎪
⎪ 5 a y
⎨1 3
1 a F(x) = ⎪
⎪ x if 0 < x < 5 b 2 , 16
⎪
⎪
⎪
5 5
⎩1 if x ≥ 5 3 9
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1
⎨4 x if 0 ≤ x < 1
2 a F(x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
1
(x4 + 4) if 1 ≤ x < 2 x
⎪
⎪
⎪
20 0 1 1
⎩1 if x ≥ 2
√4 2
b 6 5
b Pr(X < 0.5) =
3 a y b e−4 c 0.0182 ⎧ 16
⎪
⎪
⎪0 if x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎨ 3
c F(x) = ⎪
⎪ x (4 − 3x) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x ⎪
⎪
⎪
0 ⎩1 if x > 1
16
1 1 6 a k = 12 b Pr(X < 23 ) =
4 a k= b 27
36 48 3
c Pr(X < 13 | X < 23 ) =
16
840 Answers
8
17A
7 a 0.008 b 8 a i y
27
2
8 1
3
7 7
9 a b a=1
Answers
3 x
0 1 8
3 ⎧
10 a c= b0 ⎪
4 ⎧ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 0
⎪ ⎪
⎨1
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < −1 ii F(x) = ⎪ (x − 1) if 1≤x≤8
⎪
⎨1 ⎪
⎪
3 ⎪ 7
c F(x) = ⎪ 2 + 3x − x if −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ⎪
⎩1 if x > 8
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4
⎪
⎩1 if x > 1 9 49
⎧ iii E(X) = iv Var(X) =
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 0 2 12
⎪
⎪
⎨ ⎧
11 b F(x) = ⎪ 1 − (1 − x) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
n ⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < a
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩1 ⎪
⎪
⎨x−a
if x > 1 F(x) = ⎪
⎧ b i ⎪
⎪ if a ≤ x ≤ b
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪ b−a
⎪
⎪ 0 if x < 1 ⎪
⎩1
⎪
⎨ if x > b
12 a F(x) = ⎪
⎪ ln x if 1 ≤ x ≤ e
⎪
⎪
⎪ a+b (b − a)2
⎩1 if x > e ii E(X) = iii Var(X) =
2 12
1 3 1
⎧
b Median = e2 , IQR = e4 − e4 ⎪
⎪ if x < 0
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
13 (320, 340) ⎨1
c i F(x) = ⎪
⎪ x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 15
14 (246, 254) ⎪
⎪
⎪
15
⎩1 if x > 15
Multiple-choice questions ii 7.5 minutes iii 18.75
1B 2 D 3D 4A 5E 6B
7 C 8 D 9 A 10 A 11 B 12 C
Extended-response questions Chapter 17
−2
1 a a= b 700 hours c 736.4 hours Exercise 17A
81 √
1 5− 5 1 8 1
2 a b c ,
4 5 3 15
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 x <1
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨1 π(x − 6) 1
3 a F(x) = ⎪⎪ sin + 1 ≤ x ≤ 11
⎪
⎪
⎪ 2 10 2 μ1 μ2
⎪
⎪
⎩1 x > 11 2 C
10 3 a 1
b Median = 6, IQR =
3 1 ∞ − 1 x−2 2
c E(X) = 6, Var(X) = 4.736 b i E(X) = √ xe 2 3 dx ii 2
⎧ 3 2π −∞
⎪
⎪ if y < 1 1 ∞ 2 − 1 x−2 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
0
c i E(X 2 ) = √ xe 2 3 dx
⎪
⎪1
⎨ 3 2π −∞
4 a F(y) = ⎪⎪ (y − 1)2 if 1 ≤ y ≤ 6 ii 13 iii 3
⎪
⎪
⎪ 25
⎪
⎪
⎩1 if y > 6 4 a 1
1 ∞ − 1 x+4 2
7 b i E(X) = √ xe 2 5 dx ii −4
b c $22.13 5 2π −∞
25 1 ∞ 2 − 1 x+4 2
8 c i E(X 2 ) = √ xe 2 5 dx
5 c = or c = 4 5 2π −∞
3 ii 41 iii 5
2 2
6 a k = 25 b d 5 a μ = 3, σ = 10
3 3 b f(x)
1 2 3
7 a k= b μ = 2, Var(X) = c
√ 4 3 4
4 5
d ≈ 1.8
5
x
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40
Answers 841
Answers
6 a μ = −3, σ = 1 14 a Student French English Maths
b f(x) Mary 1 0.875 0
Steve −0.5 −1 1.25
Sue 0 0.7 −0.2
b i Mary ii Mary iii Steve
c Mary
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 Exercise 17C
7 a μ = 0, σ = 3 1 a 0.9772 b 0.9938 c 0.9938 d 0.9943
17B → 17D
b f(x) e 0.0228 f 0.0668 g 0.3669 h 0.1562
2 a 0.9772 b 0.6915 c 0.9938 d 0.9003
e 0.0228 f 0.0099 g 0.0359 h 0.1711
3 a 0.6827 b 0.9545 c 0.9973
0 x 4 a 0.0214 b 0.9270 c 0.0441 d 0.1311
−9 −8−7−6−5−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 c = 1.2816 6 c = 0.6745
7 c = 1.96 8 c = −1.6449
8 a Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis and
9 c = −0.8416 10 c = −1.2816
dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then
11 c = −1.9600
translation 3 units to the right
12 a 0.9522 b 0.7977 c 0.0478 d 0.1545
b Dilation of factor 12 from the y-axis and
dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then 13 a 0.9452 b 0.2119 c 0.9452 d 0.1571
translation 3 units to the right 14 a c = 9.2897 b k = 8.5631
c Dilation of factor 2 from the y-axis and 15 a c = 10 b k = 15.88
dilation of factor 12 from the x-axis, then 16 a a = 0.994 b b = 1.96 c c = 2.968
translation 3 units to the left
17 a 0.7161 b 0.0966 c 0.5204
9 a Translation 3 units to the left, then dilation d c = 33.5143 e k = 13.02913
of factor 12 from the y-axis and dilation of f c1 = 8.28, c2 = 35.72
factor 2 from the x-axis
18 a 0.9772 b 0.9772 c c = 10.822
b Translation 3 units to the left, then dilation
d k = 9.5792 e c1 = 9.02, c2 = 10.98
of factor 2 from the y-axis and dilation of
factor 12 from the x-axis Exercise 17D
c Translation 3 units to the right, then dilation
of factor 12 from the y-axis and dilation of 1 a i 0.2525 ii 0.0478 iii 0.0901
factor 2 from the x-axis b 124.7
2 a i 0.7340 ii 0.8944 iii 0.5530
Exercise 17B b 170.25 cm
1 a 16% b 16% c 2.5% d 2.5% c 153.267 cm
4 3 a i 0.0766 ii 0.9998 iii 0.153
2 a μ = 135, σ = 5 b μ = 10, σ =
3 b 57.3
3 a 68% b 16% c 0.15% 4 a 10.56% b 78.51%
4 21.1, 33.5 5 Mean = 1.55 kg; sd = 0.194 kg
5 one, 95, 99.7, three 6 a 36.9% b c = 69
6 2.5% 7 a 0.0228 b 0.0005 c 0.0206
7 a 16% b 16% 8 a 3.04 b 350.27
8 a 68% b 16% c 2.5% 9 1003 mL
9 a 95% b 16% c 50% d 99.7% 10 a Small 0.1587; Med 0.7745; Large 0.0668
5 b $348.92
10 a 0 b− c 1.5
4
11 a i 0.1169 ii 17.7
11 a −1.4 b 1.1 c 3.5
b 0.0284
12 Michael 1.4, Cheryl 1.5; Cheryl 34
13 Biology 1.73, History 0.90; Biology 12 a A: 0.0228; B: 0.1587 b c=
3
842 Answers
Chapter 18
17E → 18B
Exercise 17E
1 0.9632
2 0.2442 Exercise 18A
3 a 0.0478 b 0.2521 1 No; sample will be biased towards the type of
4 a 0.7834 b 0.3208 movie being shown.
5 0.2819 2 a No; biased towards shoppers.
b Randomly select a sample from telephone
6 a 0.0416 b 0.0038
lists or an electoral roll.
3 No; only interested people will call, and they
Answers
Chapter 17 review may call more than once.

Technology-free questions 4 a No; biased towards older, friendly or sick
1 a 1− p b 1− p c 2p − 1 guinea pigs which may be easier to catch.
2 a a = −1 b b=1 c 0.5 b Number guinea pigs and then generate
x−8 random numbers to select a sample.
3 (x, y) → , 3y
3 5 No; a student from a large school has less
q 1− p chance of being selected than a student from a
4 a b 1−q c
p 1−q small school.
5 a Pr(Z < 12 ) b Pr(Z < − 12 ) c Pr(Z > 12 ) 7 a Unemployed will be under represented.
d Pr(− 12 < Z < 12 ) e Pr(− 12 < Z < 1) b Unemployed or employed may be under
6 a 0.84 b 0.5 c 0.16 d 0.68 represented, depending on time of day.
7 a 0.16 b 0.34 c 0.32 d 0.02 c Unemployed will be over represented.
Use random sampling based on the whole
8 a 0.69 b 0.19 c 0.15 d 0.68
population (e.g. electoral roll).
9 Best C, worst B
8 a Divide platform into a grid of 1 m2 squares.
10 a 0.5 b b = −1.5 Select squares using a random number
Multiple-choice questions generator to give two digits, one a vertical
1 A 2C 3B 4B 5E 6E reference and one a horizontal reference.
7 C 8 D 9 A 10 D 11 D 12 C b Yes, if crabs are fairly evenly distributed;
otherwise, five squares may not be enough.
9 No; a parent’s chance of selection depends on
1 Category Range how many children they have at the school.
High > 63 10 Not a random sample; only interested people
Moderate [56, 62] will call, and they may call more than once.
Average [45, 55] 11 People who go out in the evenings will not be
Little [37, 44] included in the sample.
Low < 37 12 a All students at this school
2 k = 3.92 b p = 0.35 c p̂ = 0.42
3 a i 0.1587 ii 0.9747 iii 0.0164 13 a 0.22 b p̂
b c = 53 592 15 a y
c 3.7 × 10−11
4 a 3.17 × 10−5 b False 1
c c1 = 13.53, c2 = 16.47 5
x
5 0.0803 0 5 10
6 0.92%
7 a μ = 60.027, σ = 0.2 b 10% Exercise 18B
8 a 0.9044 b 5.88 c 9.044 1 2
1 a 0.5 b 0, , ,1
d 0.2650 e $17.61, 54.0281 3 3
9 a μ = 0, σ = 2.658 b 0.882 1
c 1 2 d
p̂ 0 1 2
10 a 0.1056 b 0.0803 c 0.5944 3 3
1 5 5 1
Pr(P̂ = p̂)
12 12 12 12
Answers 843
3 1 2 3 4
Answers
2 a b 0, , , , ,1 8 a 0.9650 b 0.9647
5 5 5 5 5
c 1 2
9 a 0.575 b 0.0139
p̂ 0 5 5 10 a 0.848 b 0.2817 c Yes
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.0036 0.0542 0.2384
p̂ 3
5
4
5
1 Exercise 18D
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.3973 0.2554 0.0511 1 a 0.08 b (0.0268, 0.1332)
d 0.3065 e 0.6924 2 a 0.192 b (0.1432, 0.2408)
1 2
3 a 0.5 b 0, , , 1 3 a 0.2 b (0.1216, 0.2784)
3 3
18C → 18 review
c d 0.9 4 (0.2839, 0.3761)
1 2
p̂ 0 1 5 a (0.4761, 0.5739) b (0.5095, 0.5405)
3 3
c The second interval is narrower because the
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1
sample size is larger
1 2 6 1537
4 a 0.4 b 0, , , 1
3 3
1 7 a 897 b 2017
c 1 2 d c Reducing margin of error by 1% requires
p̂ 0 1 3
3 3 the sample size to be more than doubled
1 1 3 1 8 90%: (0.5194, 0.6801), 95%: (0.5034, 0.6940),
Pr(P̂ = p̂)
6 2 10 30 99%: (0.4738, 0.7262); Interval width
3 increases as confidence level increases
e
5 9 90%: (0.5111, 0.5629), 95%: (0.5061, 0.5679),
1 1 3 99%: (0.4964, 0.5776); Interval width
5 a 0.5 b 0, , , , 1
4 2 4 increases as confidence level increases
5
c 1 1 3 d 10 a (0.789, 0.907) b (0.830, 0.867)
p̂ 0 1 16
4 2 4 c The second interval is narrower because the
1 1 3 1 1 sample size is larger
Pr(P̂ = p̂) 11 173
16 4 8 4 16
1 2 3 4 12 a 2017 b 2401
6 a 0, , , , , 1 c i E = 1.8% ii E = 2.2%
5 5 5 5
b 1 2 3 4 d 2401, as this ensures that E is 2% or less,
p̂ 0 1 whoever is correct
5 5 5 5
1 5 5 5 5 1 13 d 8 e 40
Pr(P̂ = p̂)
32 32 16 16 32 32
3 25 Chapter 18 review
c d
16 26 Technology-free questions
1 1 3
7 a 0, , , , 1 1 a All employees of the company
4 2 4
b p = 0.35 c p̂ = 0.40
b 1 1 3
p̂ 0 1 2 a No; only people already interested in yoga
4 2 4 b Use electoral roll
256 256 96 16 1 √
Pr(P̂ = p̂) k k 1.96 k(100 − k)
625 625 625 625 625 3 a b ±
100 100 1000
17 0.588
c 4 a p̂ = 0.9 b E = √
369
n
8 μ = 0.5, σ = 0.25 9 μ = 0.5, σ = 0.224 c Margin
10 μ = 0.2, σ = 0.2 11 μ = 0.3, σ = 0.084 √ of error would decrease by a factor
of 2
12 μ = 0.4, σ = 0.049 13 μ = 0.2, σ = 0.04
5 a 38 b (0.95)40
14 a 0.1844 b 0.7600 c 0.9683
6 a 45 b 5.9(0.9)49
Exercise 18C 7 a 0.60 b 0.10 c Increase sample size
1 0.2858 2 0.8568 3 0.1587 Multiple-choice questions
4 0.0092 5 0.0614 1 B 2 C 3D 4 E 5 C
6 a 1 b 0.5000 c 0.0412 6 D 7 B 8E 9 C 10 E
7 0.9545 11 A 12 B 13 C 14 D
844 Answers
1
19 revision
Extended-response questions 9
3
√ √
1 a n 2− 6
2401 10
4
√ √
11 a 2 7 cm b 6 3 cm2
√ √
12 a 2 19 cm b 6 3 cm2
1 4
13 a b c 1.7 d 2.01
5 9
Answers
0 p* 14 a = 0.34, b = 0.06
0.5 1
1 15 a (1 − p)3 b p=
b 0.5 c 2401 3
16 n = 15, p = 0.4
2 a 0.1537 b 0.8257 1 2
3 a (0.4730, 0.6670) 17 a b
216 27
b i 0.7738 ii 0.0000003
18 a p8 b (1 − p)8 c 1 − (1 − p)8
iii 0.2262 iv 4.75 8
2
c (0.5795, 0.6645) 19 Pr(X = 1) = 7
500 3
k 20−k
4 a p= b p̂ = 0.15 20 1 4 20 1 k+1 4 19−k
N 20 a ,
c N = 3333.33 ≈ 3333 k 5 5 k+1 5 5
e (2703, 4348) c k=4
1 20 14 13
21 a b c 3 d 3 e f
36 27 27 20
Chapter 19 22 b E(X) =
3a
2
Technology-free questions ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 if x ≤ 0
1 −x ⎪
⎪
⎨ 1
1 a 6x + 4 b e 4 23 a F(x) = ⎪ x(2 − x) if 0 < x < 1 b a =
16 ⎪
⎪
⎪
x ⎪
⎩1
2
1 if x ≥ 1
c (25x − 10)e−5x d − sin
πx 25 5 1−q
π2 24 Pr(X > 44) =
e − cos f 4e2x − 4e−2x 2
4 2 25 Pr(40 < X < 60) = 2q − 1
2 v = 6t2 − 24, a = 12t 26 a 0.84 b 0.34
a f (x) = (4x2 − 4x + 1)e2x −4x
2
3 27 a 0.5 b a=2
4 x>1 a+b b−a
π 3π 28 a b
5 (0, 0), , 2π , (π, 4π), , 6π , (2π, 8π) 2 2
2 2 29 n = 469
6 a x = 1, x = −1 or x = 3
1 1 3
b Stationary point of inflection at x = 1; 30 a 0, , , , 1
Local max at x √= −1; Local min at x = 3 4 2 4
1 125 10
c x = 1, x = 1 ± 2 b i ii iii
126 126 63
7 y
32 a 18 b (0.9)20
1
(0, 9) 33
90
1 C 2 B 3B 4 D 5 D
x
−3 −1 01 3 6 B 7 C 8C 9 B 10 A
( ) ( )
5 44 11 B 12 E 13 E 14 B 15 E
5 44 ,− 16 D 17 D 18 A 19 B 20 C
− ,− 3 9
3 9 21 D 22 C 23 B 24 E 25 E
26 A 27 A 28 D 29 D 30 C
31 E 32 B 33 C 34 E 35 B
(−√5 , −16) (√5 , −16) 36 E 37 A 38 B 39 B 40 B
113 41 B 42 C 43 B
8
140
Answers 845
Answers
Extended-response questions 17 a i μ = 4.25 ii σ = 0.9421 iii 0.94 iv 0.9
dT x 3 b i Binomial ii 18 iii 1.342 iv 0.3917
1 b = √ −
dx x + 900 5
2 18 a (0.0814, 0.1186) b (0.0792, 0.1208)
c i x = 22.5 ii 71 seconds c Larger sample of females
d 63 seconds d 900 of each sex e 0.078 or 0.922
2 a f (x) = 1 + cos x, f (x) = − sin x Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
c −4π, −3π, −2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π Simple familiar questions
d (−3π, −3π), (−π, −π), (π, π), (3π, 3π)
1 a 35◦ b 255◦
4π 2π 2π 4π
e − ,− , , b 18.685◦
19 revision
2 a 12.038 cm
3 √3 3 3
4π 3 2π 2π √3 π
◦
c 121.315 d 30.854 cm2
x x x
f − , − , − ,− − ,
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 a cos − sin b 2 ln(2x) + 3
2π √3 π 4π √3 2π 2 4 2
, + , ,− + c 8e−2x sin(2x)
3 2 3 3 2 3 5 5 5
3 a i ∠BCA = 138.19 , ∠ABC = 11.81◦
◦ 4 a (0, 0), (2, −16) b e − 6 , e− 2
6
ii ∠BC A = 41.81◦ , ∠ABC = 108.19◦ π π2 1 5π 25π2 1
b i 24.56 ii 114.00 iii 89.44 c , + , , + ,
24 144 2 24 144 2
c i1788.85 ii 3027.87 iii 1239.01 13π 169π2 1 17π 289π2 1
12 , + , , +
4 4− ≈ 2.7 m 24 144 2 24 144 2
7
5 0.2965
5 155 m
6 a Pr(X = x) = 4x (0.55) x (0.45)4−x ,
6 a 4.145 km
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
b i 078◦ ii 4.749 km
b 0.2005
c i 8.803 km ii 101.229◦
7 a i 0.0000026 ii 0.1678 iii 0.0563
7 a 16.00 m b 29.04 m c 17◦
9 b 1.6
8 b 9 E(X) = 0.6
16
9 $0.77 10 5 ln 2 ≈⎧3.47 minutes
20 120 ⎪
⎪
⎪
1
if 0 ≤ x < 1
10 a c = b E(X) = ⎪
⎪
⎨ 41 3
49 49 11 f (x) = ⎪ ⎪ x if 1 ≤ x < 2
6180 ⎪
⎪
⎪
5
c Var(X) = ⎩0 otherwise
2401
11 a 0.6915 b 0.1254 12 a μ = 10, σ = 3
bc y
12 a i 0.1587 ii 511.63
b 0.1809
1
13 a i
8
ii A: 0.6915, B: 0.5625
iii E(X) = 10, E(Y) = 10.67; Machine A
3
b
4 x
1 16 0 3 10
14 a i ii iii 0.8281 iv 0.7677
2500 3 13 a 0.0228 b 0.3829
b 0.9971
14 a 0.0228 b 0.2525 c 0.8176
15 a i Pr(X –> 80) = 0.98 15 a Maths 0.88, English 0.67, Chemistry 1.24,
Pr(X –> 104) = 0.04 Psychology 0.92
b Chemistry, Psychology, Maths, English
80 104
16 a (0.712, 0.788) b (0.700, 0.800)
ii μ = 92.956, σ = 6.3084
b i 16.73% of sensors ii 81◦ C 17 a 5649 b 8068
3 Complex familiar questions
16 a i 0.2 ii 0.7 iii 0.125 iv
160 1 a i (−∞, −2), (2, ∞) ii (−2, 2)
128
b i 0.360 15 ii iii (0, ∞) iv (−∞, 0)
625
c 0.163 08 b i (−∞, 0), (8, ∞) ii (0, 8)
iii (4, ∞) iv (−∞, 4)
846 Answers
20 revision
c i (π, 2π) ii (0, π) 6 a i 0.8424 ii 0.0143

π 3π π 3π b p = 0.221
iii , iv 0, , , 2π
c p = 0.2 or p = 0.8
2 π 2 π 2 2
d i 0, ii ,π 7 a 0.3487 b 0.3231 c 40 d 29
2 2 8 A = 3, B = 1
π 3π π 3π
iii 0, , , π iv , 2π − θ
4 4 4 4 9 a i r=
e i (1, ∞) ii (−∞, 1) 2π
2 2 2π − θ 2
Answers
iii (−∞, 0), , ∞ iv 0, ii h = 1 −

3 3 √ 2π
1 −1 1 −1 49 15π
f i e 2,∞ ii 0, e 2 b
2 2 1536
1 −3 1 3 c 0.3281, 2.5271
iii e 2,∞ iv 0, e− 2 d i θ = 1.153 ii Vmax = 0.403 m3
2 2
2 a f (x) = (x − a)2 (4x − a − 3b), e 0.403 m3
f (x) = 6(x − a)(2x − a − b)
a + b (a − b)4
,−
b (a, 0),
2 16 Chapter 20
3
(a − b) 3a + b 3a + b
c y= x− , ,0 Technology-free questions
4 4 4
3 a (−2, 0) b (1, 27) c (−1, 11) 1 a −0.3 b 0.3 c −0.6
2x −2(x2 − 4) d 0.6 e 0.6 f −0.3
x
4 a f (x) = 2 , f (x) = 2 a y = − cos x + x + 3 b y = 6e 3 − ex − e
x +4 (x2 + 4)2
b (0, ln 4) c (2, 3 ln 2), (−2, 3 ln 2) 1 3
c y = ln(2x − 3) + 4, x >
d y 2 2
3 f (g(x)) = (3x + 1)2 + 6 = 9x2 + 6x + 7
4 a f (x) = 21x6 (5x3 − 3)6 (5x2 − 1)
b f (0) = 2
3√3
(2, 3 ln 2) π −2 π
(−2, 3 ln 2) 5 a f = b f = −π
2 (π + 1)2 3 2
ln 4
x 6 a 2 ln(2x) + 3
−2 0 2
b f (x) = 4esin(2x) cos2 (2x) − sin(2x)
5 AC = 3 7 a Amplitude = 4; Period = π
6 a 2.11 km b 4.53 km b y
c 065◦ d 14.80 km
7 14.9◦ 4
2√3
8 3.76 cm, 8.24 cm

9 a Pr(X = x) = 7x (0.2) x (0.8)7−x ,
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7 x
−π −2π −5π −π0 π π 7π 5π π
b i 0.1146 ii 0.3899 iii 0.2709
3 12 6 12 3 12 6
10 a 0.2592 b 10
4
11 a 0.4 b 0.5
12 a 70.5 b5 8 y
13 0.284
1 a 72.97◦ b 63.51◦ c 56.30◦ x=2
(−1, 7 ) 3
2 340 metres y=1 3
3 a = 2, b = −4, c = −2 x
0 6
4 2.09 km
24
5 cm, 10 cm
5
Answers 847
3 27 1
Answers
9 a 0, 2 b (0, 0), , c (0, 0), 1, 25 a A = 32a − 8a3 √ √
2 32 2 128 3 2 3
d Stationary point of inflection at (0, 0); b Max value A = when a =
3 27 9 3
Local max at , 26 b = 3
2 32
e 27 a $0.65 b 0.425
y
28 a i 6p2 (1 − p)2
ii 4p3 (p − 1)
27 3
b p=
32 5
20 revision
4000 √
x 29 a h = 2 c 2000(2 + 2)
0 3 2 x
2 30 a No b Electoral roll
√
31 a 0.53 b 0.53 ± 0.196 0.53 × 0.47

0.37 × 0.63
10 a
3
b
7
c
1 32 a 0.37 b E = 1.96
8 8 2 √ n
25 c Increased by a factor of 2
11 a a = 2, b = −5 b 5 ln +2 1 2
32 33 a 0, , , 1
27 3 3
c x=1 d 2 ln −2 b
8 1 2
y + 3 p̂ 0 1
12 a x = ln + 1 b x = 3 − e2y 3 3
5 Pr(P̂ = p̂) 0.512 0.384 0.096 0.008
2π 2π
13 x = − or x = c 0.488
15 15
1 4 Multiple-choice questions
14 (e − 1)
4 1 B 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 C
15 a c = 6 6 D 7 A 8 A 9 B 10 D
b 4a + b − 3 = 0, 3a + b = 0 11 E 12 C 13 B 14 C 15 A
c a = 3, b = −9 16 E 17 E 18 D 19 B 20 D
√ √ √
16 a 10 2 + 3 = 5 2 + 6 cm b 25 cm2 21 A 22 E 23 D 24 C 25 A
√ Extended-response questions
17 10 2 km, 15◦
1
18 a y 1 a i ,8 ii Minimum
y = f′ (x) 2
x
b ii A = (60 − 5x) iii Max area 15 cm2
12
2 a p = 1, q = 3, k = 2
1 b i m = −2
x
0 ii y = −2x3 + 10x2 − 14x + 6
⎧ iii y
⎪
⎪
⎨−8x3 if x ≤ 0

b f (x) = ⎪⎪
⎩8x3 otherwise
√6 20 √6 20
19 , , − ,
3 9 3 9 6 7 , 64
1 4 3 27
20 − ln(1 − 3x) + c 2
3
x
21 a 0.5 b 0.68 c 0.32 0 1 2 3
1 √
22 a b 31 (1, 0)
6 Local minimum at (1, 0)
Local maximum at 7 , 64
2
23 a=±
3 3 27
5 3 a 86◦
24 a
8 √ b AX = 418.304 m, BX = 538.97 m
b x2 − 10 3x + 36 = 0; There are two c 658.797 m
solutions as there are two such triangles.
848 Answers
1
20 revision
4 a i A = x2 − 5x + 50 ii (0, 10) 10 a Z = (7t − 2t2 )

iii 2
A
b Z 7 , 49
(10, 100) 4 16
(0, 50) Z = 1 (7t − 2t2)

2
(2.5, 43.75)
x
Answers
0
t
iv Minimum area = 43.75 cm2 0 7
1 2
b i f (x) = (10 − x)x
2 49 7
ii y c Max value Z = when t =
16 4
3 4
5, 25 11 a i ii
2 8 15
f(x) = 1 (10 − x)x b i
27
ii
8
iii
38
2 125 125 125
b
12 a k= 2
a
x b b
0 10 b i y= x+
c AY X : OXYZ : ABY : CBYZ = 1 : 2 : 2 : 3 2a 2
−a b
5 a y ii ,
2 4
a, a2 d S 1 : S 2 = 27 : 37
2 4
13 a i 0.9332 ii 0.0668
iii 0.1151 iv 0.1151
b i 33.3% ii 866.4
iii 199.4
a x √
0 14 90 − 8 3 metres from A towards E
a3 15 a i y = −e−n x + e−n (n + 1)
b square units ii x = n + 1
6
2a2 2a2 a3 1 1
c i y= ,y= ii square units b i n 1−
9 9 162 e e
t ii e : e − 2
6 a i f (t) = −100e− 10 (t2 − 30t + 144)
t 16 a 0.0023
ii f (t) = 10e− 10 (t2
− 50t + 444)
b Q s − 1 −1
b i 6 < t < 24
ii 11.546 < t ≤√35 Pr(Q = q)
3 1
(exact: 25 − 181 < t ≤ 35) 4 4
√
iii 11.546 < t < 24 3 3
c E(Q) = s − 1, sd(Q) = s
7 a i 0.995 ii x = ±0.2 4 4
1
b i h(x) = (x − π)2 − 1 ii −0.989 99 17 a 0.091 21 b 0.2611 c 0.275
2
8 a S = 60x − 6x2 b 0 < x < 10 dP 1
18 a = (112x − 3x2 )
c x=5 d dx 90
S
b i P
(5, 150)
(37.3333, 289.0798)
40, 284 4
9
x
0 5 10 1, 11
18
1 1 − cos θ x
9 a i OP = ii BQ = 0
sin θ √ sin θ √
3 2 3−3 ii Max value of P is 289.0798 tonnes
d Min value S = when AP =
2 3
Answers 849
Answers
x 21 a x = 2 − ln 2
c A= (56 − x)
90 dy
b i = −2e2−2x + 2e−x
i A dx
28, 8 32 ii x = 2
45 1
iii 2, − 2
e
iv y
40, 7 1
1, 11 9
18
x
0 (0, e2 − 2)
20 revision
ii Max value of A is 8 32 tonnes per miner,
45 y = e2 −2x − 2e−x
occurs when x = 28
h h x
19 a AX = BX = , CX = 0
tan 12.5◦ tan 9.5◦
2 2, − 1
b MX 2 =
h
− 6002 e2
tan 12.5◦ 1
c 432.967 m d 1858.5 m c − <k<0
e2
e AX = BX = 1953 m, CX = 2587 m
22 a y
20 a i y y = b(x+ a)2 + c
(0,ba2 + c)
(0,ba2 )
(0, 2) y = 2(x − 1)2
y = b(x+ a)2
x (−a,c) y = x2
0 (1, 0) y = (x+ a)2
−a 0 x
ii y c Dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis, then
translation 1 unit to the left and 2 units up
2 7
d
2
y = −16x + 2 e y
x y= 3 +2
0 1 (x + 1)2
8 (0, 5)
y=2
iii y
y = 12
(−7, 100) x
y = −2x2 −28x+2 x
−1 0 1
(0, 2)
23 a μ = 5.0290, σ = 0.0909
0 x b $409.27
24 a i y = 50
(−7 − 5√2, 0) (−7+5√2, 0)
2 − 3k 14k − 9k2 ii y = x − 25
b , 1 25
k+2 k+2 b a=− , c=−
2 2 15 3
i −2 < k < ii k = c i 1250 square units
3 3
14 14 375
iii k < −2 or 0 < k < ii square units
9 18
14 36 875
iv −2 < k < 0 or k > iii square units
9 18
c k < −2
14 14
d i k = 0 or k = ii 0 < k <
9 9
850 Answers
π 1
20 revision
25 c θ = iii p =
6 4
d A iv Most rapid rate of change of probability
π ,12√3 occurs when p = 14
6 28 a 7
1
c y= x − ln 10
10
16
d ii 36.852
29 a i m = 12.5, n = 15, d = 37.5, a = 7.5,
Answers
b = 7.5
π θ ii y
0
2
√
Maximum value of A is 12 3
1 79 (50, 11.5)
26 a k = ln ≈ 0.02, A = 79 11.5
10 63
b Approx 2:44 p.m.
(37.5, 4)
c T x
0
(0, 100)
b (2.704, 10), (22.296, 10)
T = 21 + 79e −0.02t
c y
T = 21 (62.5, 30)
t
0
(125, 15) (250,15)
(0, 15)
d Average rate of change = −1.6◦ C/minute
e i −1.5609◦ C/minute
ii −0.8826◦ C/minute x
0 (187.5, 0)
3
27 a
16 π(x − 10)
b b=4 d i h(x) = 15 + 15 sin
c 125
A
ii y
(0, 1)
(72.5, 30)
(260, 15)
p (10, 15)
0 1 x
0 (197.5, 0)
d i p = 0.08 ii p = 0.66
e i A (p) = −20p(1 − p)3 30 a 0.065 36
ii A′ b i 0.6595 ii 0.198 14
c i 23.3% ii c = 0.1075
31 a i 0.32 ii 0.18 iii 0.5
b 0.64
P c i 0.043 95 ii 0.999 iii
7
0 1 128
32 a k = 4 √ √
13 10 − 2 2
b i E(X) = ii iii
6 4 12
1 , − 135 c 0.1857
4 64
Answers 851
a2
Answers
2 a Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
33 a k = 2
b μ = , σ2 =
a√ 3 18
Simple familiar questions
6−4 2 √
c d a = 1000( 2 + 2) 1 a x3 g (x) + 3x2 g(x)
9
√ b (2x + 3)g (x) + 2g(x)
dy x xg (x) − 2g(x)
34 a = √ b (0, 2 6) c 3(g(x))2 g (x) d
dx x2 + 24 x3
c Even 11 1
d y 2 a b
2 8
π
3 F (x) = 3 sin 6x −
20 revision
10 y =x 3
y = −x 2√6 4 a f (x) = 8x − 5 b −5
3
x c x=
y = −5x + 10 4
f (x)
5
e y = −5x + 10 f (x)
√ √ 35 145
g 12 ln( 7 − 1) − 2 7 + 6 a=
2 144
35 a i 0 ii −0.6745
7 a i e x (cos x + sin x) ii −eπ iii 1
iii 0.6745 iv 1.3490
b i y=x ii y = −eπ x + πeπ
v 0.9930 vi 0.7%
c i y = −e−π x ii y = x − π
b i μ ii μ − 0.645σ
iii μ + 0.645σ iv 1.3490σ 5
8 a x=0 b x=
v 0.9930 vi 0.7% 3
1 1
527 c x= d x=
36 a b (0.4961, 0.5580) 2 4e
1000
c 67% d 99.9955% 9 a y
1 √
37 a i ii 1 + b − 1
1−b
b i 1 ii 1 + e−7
b(b − 2) √
c i ii 9 + 65
2(b − 1)
de x
2b2 1 –1n 2 1 O
−(b + 1) –
38 a i ii
3
2
b2 b+1 –1
(b2 + 1)(b − 1)
b i ii b = 3 b
2b2 y
m m m
39 a Local maximum , en−m
n n
m − 1 m − 1 m
b , en−m+1
n n
4 5 1
c i 2 ii 1 − 2
e e x
1 1 –1 1 – 1 O
40 a i q ii iii 2
q q √3
2
b
3 10 a e2x 2 cos(3x) − 3 sin(3x)

c i y ii 0.37 b (x − 2) 2 ln(x − 2) + 1
2 − ln(x2 )
c
x2
x d 3 cos(2x) cos(3x) − 2 sin(2x) sin(3x)
0 −2 cos(2x)
e
sin2 (2x)
iii 69.31 f −15 sin2 (2 − 5x) cos(2 − 5x)

g 3x2 cos2 (3x) cos(3x) − 3x sin(3x)

h 3x2 ln(x3 ) + 1
852 Answers
A1 → A2
11 a −2e2 b0 2 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then

c 8e2 + 3 d −1 translation 1 unit to the right and 1 unit up
12 a 100.81◦ b 59 m2 b 4.5 m2 c −4 d y = 2x −
9
13 a 3 square units √ 2
3 5
b 1 − 2e−1 + e−2 square units e ≈ 1.68 m
4
14 a i 0.06 ii 0.14 x
3 3 a P(x) = 90 000 ln 1 + − 10x − 2000
b 100
7 89 000 − 10x
Answers
15 a k = 0.1 b P (x) =
4 x + 100
b i 0.7 ii c x = 8900, $313 983
7
c μ = 1.1, σ = 0.9434 d P
d 0.9
313 983
16 a i 0.954 ii 0.139
b i 35.8 g ii 41.3 g 211 640
Complex familiar questions
1 [3, 5]
5 ln 2 x
2 a k= b 57.6 years 0 8900 30 000
144
3 a a = −16e2t b 12 − 8 ln 2 ≈ 6.45 m 4 a 16%
4 a 0.322 b (0.14, 0.26) b i 0.933 ii 0.783
c 0.932 d 0.068 e (0.72, 0.88)
5 a x = −1 or x = 3
f 1537
3
b x=
2 − e2
6 a ∠ABC = 131.4◦ , ∠BAC = 18.6◦
b 1 m2 c 6.3 m
Appendix A
7 97.5 m to the right of O
Exercise A1
8 A = 2, b = 1
1 63
2 26
1 a i R(0) = 0 ii R(3) = 0
t 10π πt
πt 3 336
b R (t) = e− 10 cos − sin 4 a 5040 b 210
3 3 3
c i 1.41, 4.41, 7.41, 10.41 5 a 120 b 120
ii Local max: (1.41, 8.65), (7.41, 4.75); 6 18
Local min: (4.41, −6.41) (10.41, −3.52) 7 a 5 852 925 b 1 744 200
d t = 0, 3, 6, 9 or 12 8 100 386
e y
9 a 792 b 336
10 a 200 b 75 c6
y = R(t) d 462 e 81
Exercise A2
t
0
4
3 6 9 12 1 a i3 = 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 = 100
i=1
f i 16.47 litres ii 12.20 litres iii 8.27 litres
5
g 12.99 litres b k3 = 1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 = 225
k=1
5
c (−1)i i = −1 + 2 − 3 + 4 − 5 = −3
i=1
Answers 853
1
Answers
5
1 Exercise A3
d i = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 3
5 i=1 5 1 a x6 + 36x5 + 540x4 + 4320x3 + 19 440x2 +

6 46 656x + 46 656
e i = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21 b 32x5 + 80x4 + 80x3 + 40x2 + 10x + 1
i=1 c 32x5 − 80x4 + 80x3 − 40x2 + 10x − 1
4
d 64x6 + 576x5 + 2160x4 + 4320x3 + 4860x2 +
f (k − 1)2 = 0 + 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
2916x + 729
k=1
e 64x6 − 1152x5 + 8640x4 − 34 560x3 +
1
4
1 77 760x2 − 93 312x + 46 656
g (i − 2)2 = (1 + 0 + 1 + 4) = 2
A3
3 i=1 3 f 16x4 − 96x3 + 216x2 − 216x + 81

6 g x6 − 12x5 + 60x4 − 160x3 + 240x2 − 192x + 64
h i2 = 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 + 36 = 91 h x10 + 10x9 + 45x8 + 120x7 + 210x6 +
i=1 252x5 + 210x4 + 120x3 + 45x2 + 10x + 1
n
11
1
10
2 a −960x3 b 960x3
2 a i b xi c xi
10 i=1 c −960x3 d 192 456x5
i=1 i=1

n+1 5 e 1732 104x 5
f −25 344b7 x5
4 1
d i e 16 7
i 3 − x
i=1 i=1 243
3 a x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn 4 −336 798x6
b 32 + 16x + 8x2 + 4x3 + 2x4 + x5
5 (−x + 1)11 = −x11 + 11x10 − 55x9 + 165x8 −
c 36 + (2x) · 35 + (2x)2 · 34 + (2x)3 · 33 +
330x7 + 462x6 − 462x5 + 330x4 − 165x3 +
(2x)4 · 32 + (2x)5 · 3 + (2x)6
55x2 − 11x + 1
d (x − x1 ) + (x − x2 )2 + (x − x3 )3 + (x − x4 )4
5 5 6 a 40 b −160 c −80
4 a x5−i · 3i b x5−i · (−3)i d 181 440 e 432 f 1080
i=0 i=0 7 83 026 944

2
3
8 −768
c x2−i · 22−i d (2x)3−i · 3i
i=0 i=0

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2 a y b y 7 a f (−1) = −2, f (2) = 16, f (−3) = 6,

e Not a function; Domain = [−4, 4]; 3

Range = [−4, 4] e x < − 23 or x > 23 f − 13 ≤ x ≤ 0

b Domain = R Range = [−2, ∞) 10 a Even b Odd c Neither

3 a i Even ii Odd iii Even iv Odd 4 a x = 1 or x = 0

4 a d(x) = 9 − x2 b dom = [0, 3] 3 a (4, 7) b (5, −2) c (2, 19)

Exercise 2E 2 a y Range = (−∞, 0]

x=3 f y Range = (−∞, −2]

f y Range = R \ {3} y = −5√x + 2 − 2

(8, 19 240) y = 4 −2(x + 1)2

−130 − 80√2 60 − 64√2

b y = 2x3 − 30x2 + 40x + 13 14 y = −7x + 14, y = 5x + 2

c x = 12.43 4 a 0.52 b −0.68 c 0.52 d 0.4

4 a 0.643501, 2.49809 b 0.643501, 5.63968 1

7π 19π 31π 43π

ii Period = 12 f(x) = 2 sin 2x − 1

2 a Maximum = 210 cm; Minimum = 150 cm; e nr tan

11 p = −2, x = −3 1 a Range = (−2, ∞) y

c Range = (1, ∞) y b Range = (1, ∞) x

d Reﬂection in the x-axis, then translation Exercise 6D

3 a y = −2e x−3 − 4 b y = 4 − 2e x−3

(4.39, 0) (0, 0.39)

d Domain = R− y k Domain = ( 12 , ∞) y y = ln(2x − 1)

h Domain = (−∞, −5) y Exercise 6F

2 a m = 3 and c = log5 2 Exercise 6J

(1, 1) (0, −1)

b i (0, 0), (6, 0) (0, 1)

4 a (−2, 27) max, (1, 0) min

(4, −32) (−2, 27)

5 b a = 3, b = 2, (0, 2) min, (−2, 6) max 11 a x = −1 (inﬂ), x = 1 (min), x = 5 (max)

b Dilated by a factor of 2 from the x-axis:

d Translated 2 units to the right: (−1, −3)

π 5π d abeax − abebx e (a − b)e(a−b)x

2 a f (x) = sin(2x) + 2t3

Exercise 10B 2 −36 y

15 a 4 23 b 2 23 c 12 13 a A(0, 3), B(1, 0) b 2 square units

13 f (x) − g(x) dx + b g(x) − f (x) dx + 2 a

33 a C(− 12 ln 6, 0), D(10, 0) 7 a −5 13 c a = 1 or a = −2

c 237.5 cm d After√ 5 seconds

x3 3x2 (8n − 7)π 1 (11−8n)π

e As t becomes very large, the object dy

f f (x) = (4x2 + 2)e x

j f (x) = −9 cos(1 − 3x) Local max , 1 ; Local min

distance BP is 400 metres 0 6 12 24

x (−1.18, −0.88) (1.45, −21.4)

c (1, e), local minimum

4 A loss of 45c Extended-response questions

9 b Var(Y) = 2.014, sd(Y) = 1.419

c The distribution in part b is the reﬂection of

Chapter 17 review may call more than once.

c i (π, 2π) ii (0, π) 6 a i 0.8424 ii 0.0143

iii (−∞, 0), , ∞ iv 0, ii h = 1 −

4 a i A = x2 − 5x + 50 ii (0, 10) 10 a Z = (7t − 2t2 )

(0, 50) Z = 1 (7t − 2t2)

11 a −2e2 b0 2 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis, then

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