Chapter 7 by CTP Welded Connection

CHAPTER 03
WELDED CONNECTIONS
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
In welded connections, di erent elements are connected by heating their surfaces to a plastic or uid state. There
may or may not be pressure, and there may or may not be ller material. Arc welding is the general term for the
many processes that uses electrical energy in the form of an electric arc to generate the heat necessary for welding.
WELDED CONNECTIONS
CE323 - PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN INSTRUCTOR
ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL DATE
04 APRIL 2022
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TYPES OF WELDING
Notwithstanding the availability of both gas and arc welding, welded connections in steel structures are ordinarily
done by arc welding. To obtain satisfactory connections, additional metal is used for joining di erent elements. In
electric arc welding, the additional material is a metallic rod, which is used as the electrode. In this type of welding,
the electric arc produced between the elements being welded and the electrode heats the elements and the
electrode to the melting point. This transformation of electrical energy into thermal energy and the resulting high
temperature (up to 5,500 °C) causes the metallic electrode to melt o into the joint. Small droplets of the molten
metallic electrode are in fact driven onward to the joint. Thus, overhead welding is possible by electric arc welding.
Molten steel must be protected from the surrounding air; otherwise, gases contained in the molten steel can
combine chemically with oxygen and nitrogen in the air. This chemical reaction leaves small pockets of gases in the
weld after it has cooled down, making it porous. The resulting weld will be brittle with very little resistance to
corrosion. To prevent this undesirable brittleness of the weld, two types of arc welding are commonly used. One is
called Shielded Metal Arc Welding (with acronym SMAW) and the other is Submerged (or hidden) Arc Welding (with
acronym SAW).
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TYPES OF WELDING Electrode wire
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
Coating on electrode
In SMAW, the weld is protected, by using an electrode covered

with a layer of Mineral compounds. Melting of this layer during
the welding produces an inert gas encompassing the weld
Arc stream
area. This inert gas shields the weld by preventing the molten
metal from having contact with the surrounding air. The
Slug
protecting layer of the electrode leaves a slag after the mold
has cooled down. The slag can be removed by peening and Gaseous shield
brushing.
The electrode material is speci ed under various speci cation Weld

and is given in Table 3.1. The designations such as E60XX or
E80XX indicate 60 ksi (415 MPa) and 80 ksi (550 MP), Molten arc pool
respectively for tensile strength F.. The E denotes electrode. Base Metal
The X's represent numbers indicating the usage of the
electrode.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
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TYPES OF WELDING
Table 3.1 - Electrodes Used for Welding
Process
Minimum yield
Minimum tensile
SMAW
SAW
GMAW
FCAW
stress, Fy (MPa) strength, Fu (MPa)

AWS A5.1 or A5.5 AWS A5.17 or A5.23 AWS A5.18 or A5.28 AWS A5.20 or A5.29
E60XX E6XT-X 345 425
F6XX-EXXX 345
425-550
E70XX ER70S-X E7XT-X 415 485
F7XX-EXXX 415 485-465
E80XX 460 550

F8XX-EXXX E8XT 470 550-690
ER80S 450 550
E100XX 600 690
F10XX-EXXX 605 690-895
ER100S 620 690
E10XT 605 690-830
E110X 670 760
F11XX-EXXX 675 760-895
ER110S 675 760
E11XT 675 760-860
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TYPES OF WELDING
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) Electrode
In SAW process, the arc is not visible because the surface of the
weld and the electric arc are covered by a blanket of granular fusible
Slug
material to protect it from the surrounding air. In this method, a bare
Arc stream
metal electrode is used as ller material. Compared with SMAW,
SAW welds provide deeper penetration Also, SAW welds show
good ductility and corrosion resistance and high impact strength.
Flux
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Weld

In this process the electrode is a continuous wire that is fed from a

coil through the electrode holder. The shielding is entirely from an
Base Metal
externally supplied gas or gas mixture. The GMAW process using
CO shielding is good for the lower carbon and low-alloy steels
which are usually used in buildings and bridges. Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
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TYPES OF WELDING
Fluxed Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
This process is similar to GMAW, except that the continuously fed ller metal electrode is tubular and contains the
ux material within its core. The core material provides the same functions as does the coating in SMAW or the
granular ux in SAW. This process is useful procedure for eld welding in severe cola weather conditions as well as
to speed up high rise construction.
ADVANTAGES OF WELDING
1. In welded connections, in general, fewer pieces are used. This will speed up the detailing and fabrication
process.
2. In welded connections, gusset and splice plates may be eliminated. Bolts or rivets are not needed either.
Thus, the total weight of a welded steel structure is somewhat less than that of the corresponding bolted
structure.
3. Connecting unusual members (such as pipes) is easier by welding than by bolting.
4. Welding provides truly rigid joint and continuous structures.
One possible drawback of welding is the need for careful execution and supervision. For this reason, welding is
sometimes done in the shop and bolting in the eld. In other words, shop-welding is complemented by the bolting
in the eld.
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FORMS OF WELDED JOINTS
Lap Joints Tee Joints
Double fillet lap joint

Single fillet lap joint Square tee joint
Butt Joints
Single bevel groove joint

Square groove joint Single-vee groove joint
Double-vee groove joint Single-U groove joint Double bevel groove joint
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TYPES OF WELD
The two common types of welds in welded steel structures are groove welds and llet welds. Fillet welds are much
more popular in structural steel design than groove welds.
Groove Welds
Two two common types of welds in welded steel structures are groove welds
and llet welds. Fillet welds are much more popular in structural steel design
than groove welds.
(a) Partial Penetration (b) Full Penetration

(Single-V) (Double-V)
Groove welds: (a) Partial penetration (single-V);

(b) Full penetration (Double-V)
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TYPES OF WELD
Groove Welds
Groove welds are used to connect structural members that are aligned in the same plane. If a groove weld is to
transmit the full load of the members they join, the weld should have the same strength as the pieces joined. Such a
groove weld is known as complete penetration groove weld. When joints are designed so that groove welds do not
extend completely through the thickness of the pieces joined, they are called partial penetration groove welds.
(a) Square (b) Single-V (c) Double-V
(d) Single bevel (e) Double bevel (f) Single-U
(g) Double-U (h) Single-J (i) Double-J

Types of groove welds
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NSCP Section 510.2.1 Groove Welds
Table 510.2.1 E ective Throat of Partial-Joint-
NSCP Section 510.2.1.1 E ective Area Penetration Groove Welds
Welding Position
The e ective area of groove welds shall be considered as F ( at),

Groove Type
the length of the weld times the e ective throat thickness.

Welding Process H (horoz.),
(AWS D1.1,
E ective Throat
V (vert.),
Figure 3.3)
The e ective throat thickness of a complete-joint- OH (overhead)
penetration (CJP) groove weld shall be the thickness pf
Shielded Metal Arc
the thinner part joint.
(SMAW)
All
J or U Groove
Gas Metal Arc (GMAW)
60˚ V
The e ective throat thickness of a partial-joint-penetration Flux Cored Arc (FCAW)
All Depth of Groove
(PJP) groove weld shall be as shown in Table 510.2.1.
J or U Groove
Submerged Arc (SAW) F
60˚ Bevel or V
User Note: The e ective throat size of a partial-joint-
penetration groove weld is dependent on the process Gas Metal Arc (GMAW)
F, H 45˚ Bevel Depth of Groove

Flux Cored Arc (FCAW)
used and the weld position. The contract documents
should either indicate the e ective throat required of the Shielded Metal Arc
All 45˚ Bevel
Depth of Groove
weld strength required, and the fabricator should detail (SMAW) Minus 3mm
the joint based on the weld process and position to be Gas Metal Arc (GMAW)
Depth of Groove
V, OH 45˚ Bevel
used to weld the joint. Flux Cored Arc (FCAW) Minus 3mm
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NSCP Section 510.2.1.1 E ective Area
Table 510.2.2 E ective Weld Sizes of Flare
The e ective weld size for are groove welds, when lled Groove Welds
ush to the surface of a round bar, a 90˚ bend in a formed
section, or rectangular HSS shall be as shown in Table Welding Process Flare Bevel Groove [a] Flare V Groove
510.2.2, unless other e ective throats are demonstrated
by tests. The e ective size of are groove welds lled less
than ush shall be as shown in Table 510.2.2, less the 5 3
GMAW and
R R
greatest perpendicular dimension measured from a line FCAW-G 8 4
ush to the base metal surface to the weld surface.
5 5
SMAW and
R R
Larger e ective throat thickness than those in Table FCAW-S 16 8
510.2.2 are permitted, provided the fabricator can
establish by quali cation the consistent production of 5 1
such larger e ective throat thickness. Quali cations shall SAW R R
16 2
consist of sectioning the weld normal to its axis, at mid-
length and terminal ends. Such sectioning shall be made [a]For Flare Bevel with R < 10 mm use only reinforcing llet weld on lled ush
on a number of combinations of material sizes joint. General Note: R =radius of joint surface (can be assumed to be 2t for
representative of the range ton be used in the fabrication. HSS), mm
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NSCP Section 510.2.1.2 Limitations
The e ective throat thickness of a partial-joint-penetration groove weld shall not be less than the size required to
transmit calculated forces nor the size shown in Table 510.2.3. Minimum weld size is determined by the thinner of
two parts joined.
Table 510.2.3 Minimum E ective Throat Thickness of Partial-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds
Material Thickness of Thinner Part Joined, mm Minimum E ective Throat Thickness, [a] mm.
To 6 inclusive 3
Over 6 to 13 5
Over 13 to 19 6
Over 19 to 38 8
Over 38 to 57 10
Over 57 to 150 13
Over 150 16
[a] See Table 510.2.1
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TYPES OF WELD
Fillet Welds
Depending on the direction of the applied load and the line of the llet weld, llet welds are classi ed as
longitudinal or transverse llet weld. In longitudinal llet weld, the shear force to be transferred is parallel to the
weld line; in transverse llet weld, the force to be transmitted is perpendicular to the weld line.
(a) Longitudinal fillet (b) Transverse fillet
Fillet welds: (a) Longitudinal fillet; (b) Transverse fillet
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TYPES OF WELD
Fillet Welds
Fillet welds can be either equal-leg or unequal-leg. The intersection point of the original faces of the steel
elements being connected is called the root of the weld. The surface of the weld should have a slight convexity. In
computation of the strength of the weld, however, this convexity is not taken into account and the theoretical at
surface is used. The normal distance from the root to the theoretical face of the weld is called the throat of the
weld.
Face Face
Theoretical Face Theoretical Face
Leg, w Leg, h
Root Root
t
Leg, w Leg, w
oa
oa
r
r
Th
Th
(a) Equal Leg (b) Unequal Leg
Fillet welds: (a) Equal leg; (b) Unequal leg
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TYPES OF WELD
Fillet Welds
Experiments performed on llet welds indicate that they are weaker in shear than in tension and compression. Also,
equal-leg llet welds fail in shear through the the throat (at angles of about 45 degree with the legs of the weld), For
equal-leg lle welds, the relation between the dimensions of the leg wand the throat t is:
Throat, t = 0.707w
For equal leg llet, the throat t is:

wh
Throat, t=
w2 + h2
The shear stress is the controlling factor in the design of llet welds; it is customarily calculated by dividing the force
P acting on the weld by the e ective throat area of the weld. The e ective throat area is computed by multiplying
the throat thickness by the length of the llet weld. This method of nding average shear stress is used for both
longitudinal and transverse llet welds.
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NSCP Section 510.2.2 Fillet Welds
Table 510.2.4 Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
The e ective area of llet weld shall be the e ective
length multiplied by the e ective throat. The e ective Material Thickness of
Minimum size of Fillet weld, [a] mm.

Thinner Part Joined, mm
throat of a llet weld shall be the shortest distance from
the root to the face of the diagrammatic weld. An
increase in e ective throat is permitted if consistent To 6 inclusive 3
penetration beyond the root of the diagrammatic weld is
demonstrated by tests using the production process and Over 6 to 13 5
procedure variables.
Over 13 to 19 6
For llet welds in holes and slots, the e ective length
shall be the length of the centerline of the weld along the Over 19 8
center of the plane through the throat. In the case of
overlapping llets, the e ective area shall not exceed the [a] Leg Dimension of llet welds. Single pass welds must be used.
nominal cross-sectional area of the hole or slot, in the Note: See Section 510.2.2b for maximum size of llet welds.
plane of the faying surface.
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The minimum size of llet welds shall not be less than the size required to transmit calculated forces, nor the size
as shown in Table 510.2.4. These provisions do not apply to llet weld reinforcements of partial- or complete-joint-
penetration groove welds.
The maximum size of llet welds of connected parts shall be:
1. Along edges of material less than 6 mm thick, not greater than the thickness of the material.
2. Along edges of material 6 mm or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material minus 2 mm,
unless the weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain full-throat thickness. In the as-
welded condition, the distance between the edge of the base metal and the toe of the weld is permitted to be
less than 2 mm provided the weld size Is clearly veri able.
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The minimum e ective length of llet welds designed on the basis of strength shall be not less than four times the
nominal size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered not to exceed - of its e ective length. If longitudinal
llet welds are used alone in end connections of at-bar tension members, the length of each llet weld shall be
not less than the perpendicular distance between them. For the e ect of longitudinal llet weld length in end
connections upon the e ective area of the connected member, see Section 504.3.3.
For end-loaded llet welds with a length up to 100 times the leg dimension, it is permitted to take the e ective
length equal to the actual length. When the length of the end-loaded llet weld exceeds 100 times the weld size,
the e ective length shall be determined by multiplying the actual length by the reduction factor, β,
where:
β = 1.2 − 0.002(L/w) ≤ 1.0. (510.2-1) L = actual length of end-loaded weld, mm
w = weld leg size, mm
When the length of the weld exceeds 300 times the leg size, the value β shall be taken as 0.60.
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Intermittent llet welds are permitted to be used to transfer calculated stress across a joint or faying surfaces when
the required strength is less than that developed by a continuous llet weld of the smallest permitted size, and to
join components of built-up members. The e ective length of any segment of intermittent llet welding shall be not
less than four times the weld size, with a minimum of 38 mm.
In lap joints, the minimum amount of lap shall be ve times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less
than 25 mm. Lap joints joining plates or bars subjected to axial stress that utilize transverse llet welds only shall
be llet welded along the end of both lapped parts, except where the de ection of the lapped parts is su ciently
restrained to prevent opening of the joint under maximum loading.
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Fillet weld terminations are permitted to be stopped short or extend to the ends or sides of parts or be boxed
except as limited by the following:
1. For lap joints in which one connected part extends beyond an edge of another connected part that is subject to
calculated tensile stress, llet welds shall terminate not less than the size of the weld from that edge.
2. For connections where exibility of the outstanding elements is required, when end returns are used, the length
of the return shall not exceed four times the nominal size of the weld nor half the width of the part.
3. Fillet welds joining transverse sti eners to plate girder webs 19 mm thick or less shall end not less than four
times nor more than six times the thickness of the web from the web toe of the web-to- ange welds, except
where the ends of sti eners are welded to the ange.
4. Fillet welds that occur on opposite sides of a common plane shall be interrupted at the corner common to both
welds.
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User Note: Fillet weld terminations should be located approximately one weld size from of the edge of the
connection to minimize notches in the base metal. Fillet welds terminated at the end of the joint, other than those
connecting sti eners to girder webs, are not a cause for correction.
Fillet welds in holes or slots are permitted to be used to transmit shear In lap joints or to prevent the buckling or
separation of lapped parts and to join components of built-up members. Such llet welds may overlap, subject to
the provisions of Section 510.2. Fillet welds in holes or slots are not to be considered plug or slot welds.
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TYPES OF WELDS
Plugs and Slot Welds
The principal use of plug or slot welds is to transmit shear in a lap joint when the size of the connection limits the
length available for llet or other edge welds. Slot and plug welds are also useful in preventing overlapping parts
from buckling.
A A
A A
Section A-A Section A-A
(c) Combination of slot & fillet (d) Combination of plug & fillet
(a) Slot weld (b) Plug weld
welds welds
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NSCP Section 510.2.3 Plug and Slot Welds
The e ective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the nominal cross-sectional area of the
hole or slot in the plane of the faying surface.
Plug or slot welds are permitted to be used to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent buckling of lapped parts and
to join component parts of built-up members. The diameter of the holes for a plug weld shall not be less than the
thickness of the part containing it plus 8 mm, rounded to the next larger even mm, nor greater than the minimum
diameter plus 3 mm or 21 times the thickness of the weld. The minimum center-to-center spacing of plug welds
shall be four times the diameter of the hole.
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NSCP Section 510.2.3 Plug and Slot Welds
The length of slot for a slot weld shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld. The width of the slot shall be
not less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8 mm rounded to the next larger even mm, nor shall it be
larger than 2 1/4 times the thickness of the weld. The ends of the slot shall be semicircular or shall have the corners
rounded to a radius of not less than the thickness of the part containing it, except those ends which extend to the
edge of the part.
The minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be four times the width of
the slot. The minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction on any line shall be two times the length
of the slot.
The thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16 mm or less in thickness shall be equal to the thickness of the
material. In material over 16 mm thick, the thickness of the weld shall be at least one-half the thickness of the
material but not less than 16 mm.
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NSCP Section 510.2.5 Combination of Welds
If two or more of the general types of welds (groove, llet, plug, slot) are combined in a single joint, the strength of
each shall be separately computed with reference to the axis of the group in order to determine the strength of the
combination.
NSCP Section 510.2.6 Filler Metal Requirements

The choice of electrode for use with complete-joint0penetration groove welds subject to tension normal to the
e ective area shall comply with the requirements for matching ller metals given in AWS D1.1/D.1.M.
Filler metal with a speci ed Charpy V-Notch (CVN) toughness of 27 J at 4 °C shall be used in the following joints:
1. Complete-joint-penetration groove welded T and corner joints with steel backing left in place, subject to tension
normal to the e ective area, unless the joints are designed using the nominal strength and resistance factor or
safety factor as applicable for a partial-joint-penetration groove weld.
2. Complete-joint-penetration groove welded splices subject to tension normal to the e ective area in heavy
sections as de ned in Section 501.3.1.3 and 501.3.1.4.
The manufacturer's Certi cate of Conformance shall be su cient evidence of compliance.
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NSCP Section 510.2.6 Filler Metal Requirements
User Note: The following User Note Base Metal
Matching Filler Metal
table summarizes the AWS D1.1

provision for matching ller metals. Other A36 ≤ 3/4 in. thick 60 & 70 ksi Electrodes
restrictions exist. For a complete lost of A36 ≥ 3/4 in. A572 (Gr. 50 & 55)
base metals and prequali ed matching SMAW: E7015, E7016, E7018, E7028
A913 (Gr. 50)
ller metals see AWS D1.1/D.1M, Table A588* A992
Other processes: 70 ksi electrodes
3.1. A1011 A1018
80 ksi electrodes
A913 (Gr. 60 & 65)
* For corrosion resistance and color similar to the base see AWS D1.1, Section 3.7.3
NSCP Section 510.2.7 Mixed Weld Metals

Notes:
When Charpy V-Notch toughness is

speci ed, the process consumables for 1. Filler metal shall meet the requirements of AWS A5.1, A5.5, A5.17, A5.18, A5.20,
all weld metal, tack welds, root pass and A5.23, A5.28 and A5.29
subsequent passes deposited in a joint 2. In joints with base metals of di erent strenghts use either a ller metal that
shall be compatible to ensure notch- matches the higher strength base metal or a ller metal that matches the lower
tough composite weld metal. strength and produces a low hydrogen deposit.
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Table 510.2.5 Available Strength of Welded Joints, N
Load Type and Nominal Strength
E ective Area
Direction Relative to Pertinent Metal ϕ and Ω (FBM or Fw)

(ABM or Aw)
Required Filler Metal Strength Level[a][b]
Weld Axis N mm2
COMPLETE-JOINT-PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS
Matching ller metal shall be used. For T

Tension Normal to and corner joints with backing left in
Strength of the joints is contolled by the base metal
weld axis lace, notch tough ller metal is required.
See Section 510.2.6
Filler metal with a strength level equal to

Compression Normal
Strength of the joints is controlled by the base metal or one strength level less than matching
to weld axis
ller metal is permitted.
Tension or Filler metal with a strength level equal to

Tension or compression in parts joined parallel to a weld need not be
Compression Parallel or less than matching ller metal is
considered in design of welds joining the parts.
to weld Shear permitted.
Shear Strength of the joints is controlled by the base metal Matching ller metal shall be used. [c]
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Table 510.2.5 Available Strength of Welded Joints, N (continuation)
Nominal Strength
E ective Area
Pertinent Required Filler Metal

Load Type and Direction Relative to Weld Axis ϕ and Ω (FBM or Fw)
(ABM or Aw)
Metal Strength Level[a][b]

N mm2
PARTIAL-JOINT-PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS INCLUDING FLARE VEE GROOVE AND FLARE BEVEL GROOVE WELDS
ϕ = 0.90 See Section
Base Fy
Ω = 1.67 510.4
Tension Normal to Weld Axis
Weld 0.60FEXX
Ω = 1.88 510.2.1a
Compression Column to base Plate and Compressive stress need not be considered in design of
Column splices designed per Section 510.1.4(1) welds joining the parts. Filler metal with a
strength

Compression of Conections of members Base Fy level equal to or
Ω = 1.67 510.4
designed to bear other than columns as less than

described inSection 510.1.4(2) Weld 0.60FEXX matching ller
Ω = 1.88 510.2.1a metal is
ϕ = 0.90 See Section permitted

Base Fy
Ω = 1.67 510.4
Compression Connections not nished-to-bear
Weld 0.60FEXX
Ω = 1.88 510.2.1a
Tension or compression in parts joined parallel to a weld need
Tension or Compression Parallel to weld axis
not be considered in design of welds joining the parts.
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Table 510.2.5 Available Strength of Welded Joints, N (continuation)
Nominal Strength
E ective Area
Pertinent Required Filler Metal

Load Type and Direction Relative to Weld Axis ϕ and Ω (FBM or Fw)
(ABM or Aw)
Metal Strength Level[a][b]

N mm2
PARTIAL-JOINT-PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS INCLUDING FLARE VEE GROOVE AND FLARE BEVEL GROOVE WELDS
Base Governed by Section 510.4
Filler metal with a
Shear ϕ = 0.75 See Section
Weld 0.60FEXX strength
Ω = 2.00 510.2.2a level equal to or
PLUG AND SLOT WELDS less than
Base Governed by Section 510.4 matching ller
metal is
Shear ϕ = 0.75 See Section

Weld 0.60FEXX permitted
Ω = 2.00 510.2.3a
(a) For matching weld metal see AWS D1.1, Section 3.3.
(b) Filler metal with a strength level one strength level greater than matching is permitted.
(c) Filler metals with a strength level less than matching may be used for groove welds between the webs and anges of built-up sections transferring shear
loads, or in applications where high restraint is a concern. In these applications, the weld joint shall be detailed and the weld shall be designed using the
thickness of the material as the e ective throat, ϕ = 0.80, Ω = 1.88 and 0.60FEXX as the nominal strength
(d) Alternatively, the provisions of Section 510.2.4(1) are permitted provided the deformation compatibility of the various weld elements is considered.
Alternatively, Sections 510.2.4(2) and 510.2.4(3) are special applications of Section 510.2.4(1) that provide for deformation compatibility.
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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WELDING SYMBOLS
Basic Weld Symbols
Groove or Butt
Back Fillet Plug or Slot
Square V Bevel U J Flare V Flare Bevel
Supplementary Weld Symbols
Contour
Weld all
Backing Spacer Field Weld
Around
Flush Convex
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
WELDING SYMBOLS
Standard Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol
Finish Symbol
Groove angle or inclined Angle or
countersink for plug welds
Contour Symbol
Length of weld in mm
Root opening, depth of filling for plug F Pitch (c. to c. spacing) of welds in mm
and slot welds A
Effective throat
Field weld symbol
Depth of penetration or size in mm
Weld-all-around symbol
Reference line R
Other
(Both sides)
side
Specification, process, or other S(E) L@ P
reference T B
Arrow
side
A
Tail (omitted when reference is not used)

Arrow connects reference line to arrow. Use break as at A or B to signify that arrow is
Elements in this pointing to the grooved member in bevel or J-grooved joints
area remains as
Basic weld symbol or detail reference shown when tail
and arrow are
reversed
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
WELDING SYMBOLS
Note:
Size, weld symbol, length of weld, and spacing must read in that order, from left to right, along the reference line.
Neither orientation or reference nor location of the arrow alters this rule.
The perpendicular leg of , , , weld symbols must be at the left.
Arrow and other side welds are of the same size unless otherwise shown. Dimensions of llet welds must be shown
on both the arrow side and the other side symbol.
The point of the eld weld symbol must point toward the tail.
Symbols apply between abrupt changes in direction of welding unless governed by the "all around" symbol or
otherwise dimensioned.
These symbols do not explicitly provide for the case that frequently occurs in structural work, where duplicate
material (such as sti eners) occurs on the far side of a web or gust plate. The fabricating industry has adopted this
convention: that when the billing of the detail material discloses the existence of a member on the far side as well
as on the near side, the welding shown for the near side shall be duplicated on the far side.
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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WELDING SYMBOLS
Common uses of welding symbols 3
Back
Fillet Welds Groove Welds gouge
45˚
Square groove Single bevel with 3 mm root opening, 45˚

Number indicating leg (in mm) shown Weld all around
welded from both sides bevel on upper piece, and a backing weld
only on one weld when both sides are
the same used.
3
50 - 100 30˚
Indicates 50 mm long welds are intermittent

and staggered on 100 mm centers.
Single-V welded from one
having 3 mm root opening and
30˚ angle within the V.
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
NSCP Section 510.2.4 Strength

Rn
The design strength ϕRn and the allowable strength of welds shall be the lower value of the base material and
Ω
the weld metal strength determined according to the limit states of tensile rupture, shear rupture or yielding as
follows:
For the base metal where:
R =F A
n BM BM (510.2-2) FBM = nominal strength of the base plate metal per unit area, MPa
Fw = nominal strength of the weld metal per unit area, MPa
Tensile Rupture in the Net Section ABM = cross-sectional area of the base metal, mm2
Rn = Fw Aw (510.2-3) Aw = e etcive area of the weld, mm2
The values of ϕ, Ω, FBM, Fw and limitations thereon are given in Table 510.2.5.
Rn
Alternatively, for llet welds loaded in-plane the design strength, ϕRn and the allowable strength of welds is
Ω
permitted to be determined as follows:
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD) Ω = 2.00 (ASD)
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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NSCP Section 504.2 Tensile Strength
Pn
The design tensile strength ϕt Pn and the allowable tensile strength of tension members, shall be the lower value
Ωt
obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding in the gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.
Tensile Yielding in the Gross Section where:
Pn = Fy Ag (504.2-1)
Ae = e ective net area, mm2
ϕt = 0.90 (LRFD) ; Ωt = 1.67 (ASD) Ag = gross area of member, mm2
Tensile Rupture in the Net Section Fy = speci ed minimum yield stress of the type of steel
Pn = Fu Ae (504.2-2)
being used, MPa
Fu = speci ed minimum tensile strength of the type of steel
ϕt = 0.75 (LRFD) ; Ωt = 2.00 (ASD) being used, MPa
NSCP Section 504.3.3 E ective Net Area
The e ective area of tension members shall be determined as follows:
where:
Ae = AnU (504.3-1)
U = the shear lag factor, is determined as shown in Table 504.3.1
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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EXAMPLE NO.1
For the tension member shown, determine the Solution:
total service load (DL + LL) if LL=4DL. Use A36 Tensile Yielding in the Gross Section
300 mm
Pn = Fy Ag (504.2-1)
PL 12 x 200
Fy = 248 Mpa ϕ = 0.90 (LRFD)

Pu = ϕPn = 0.9(595.2)
Ag = 12(200)
Pu = 535.68 kN
P Ag = 2,400 mm2
Ω = 1.67 (ASD)
Pn = 248(2,400) Pn 595.2
Pa = =
Ω 1.67
a. Load Reduction Factor Design (LRFD)
Pn = 595.2 kN
b. Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Pa = 356.41 kN
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
EXAMPLE NO.1
Solution:
Tensile Rupture in the Net Section
Pn = Fu Ae
Fu = 400 Mpa w = 200 mm (For l.5w ≤ l ≤ 2w) Pn = 400(2,088)

Ae = UAn 1.5w = 300 mm U = 0.87 Pn = 835.2 kN
An = Ag = 2,400 mm2
l = 300 mm
Ae = 0.87(2,400)
Ae = UAn l = 1.5w
Ae = 2,088 mm2
Table 504.3.1 Shear Lag Factors for Connections to Tension Members
Case Description of Element Shear Lag factor, U Example
• For l ≥ 2w U = 1.0
Plates where the tension load is transmitted by longitudinal
4 • For l.5w ≤ l ≤ 2w U = 0.87
welds only.
• For w ≤ l ≤ 1.5w U = 0.75
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022

EXAMPLE NO.1
Solution:
Tensile Rupture in the Net Section Service Load = DL + LL
For LRFD Use Pu = 535.68 kN For ASD Use Pa = 356.41 kN
ϕ = 0.75 (LRFD)
Pu = ϕPn = 0.75(835.2) Pu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL Pa = DL + LL
Pu = 626.4 kN 535.68 = 1.2DL + 1.6(4DL) 356.41 = DL + 4DL
DL = 70.48 kN DL = 71.282 kN
Ω = 2.00 (ASD) LL = 4(70.48) LL = 285.128 kN
Pn 835.2
Pa = = LL = 281.94 kN DL + LL = 71.282 + 285.128
Ω 2.00
Pa = 417.6 kN DL + LL = 70.48 + 281.94 DL + LL = 356.41 kN
DL + LL = 352.42 kN
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
EXAMPLE NO.2
x̄
The two 20-mm-thick plates shown connects the SOLUTION:
W 250 x 58 tension member to the column as
The net area of the section is,
shown. Given, l = 200 mm. Determine the effective net
area of the wide flange section. An = A = 7,420 mm2
Properties of W250x58
Shear Lag Factor:
A = 7,420 mm2 d = 252 mm
bf = 203 mm tw = 8 mm From Table 504.3.1
tf = 13.5 mm Case No. 2

L = l = 200 mm
tp = 20 mm tw = 8 mm
Fillet weld
tw
x̄ = tp + = 24 mm
Plate 2
x̄
U = 1 − = 0.88
W 250 x 58 L
E ective Net Area:
l
Ae = UAn = 0.88(7,420) Ae = 6,529.6 mm2
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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EXAMPLE NO.3
The 25mm x 150mm plate is connected to a SOLUTION:
25mm x 250mm Plate with longitudinal llet Consider the PL. 25 x 150 (this will govern the strength)
welds to transfer a tensile load. Determine
the design strength and allowable strength Based on gross section yielding:
based on gross and net area. Pn = Fy Ag (504.2-1)
200 mm Fy = 345 Mpa
Ag = 25(150) = 3,750 mm2
Pn = 345(3,750) = 1,293.75 kN
P P
Design Tensile Strength (LRFD), ϕt
= 0.90
PL 25 x 150
PL 25 x 250
Pu = ϕt Pn = 0.90(1,293.75) = 1,164.375 kN
Allowable Tensile Strength (ASD), Ωt = 1.67
Given:
Pn 1,293.75
Fy = 345 Mpa Pa = = = 774.701 kN
Fu = 448 Mpa Ωt 1.67
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EXAMPLE NO.3
SOLUTION:
Based on net area rapture: An = Ag = 3,750 mm2
Pn = Fu Ae (504.2-2)
Ae = UAn = 0.75(3,750) = 2,812.5 mm2
Fu = 448 Mpa
Pn = Fu Ae = 448(2,812.5) = 1,260 kN
Ae = UAn
Ref.: Table 504.3.1 Design Tensile Strength (LRFD), ϕt
= 0.75
Case No. 4: Plates where the tension load Pu = ϕt Pn = 0.75(1,260) = 945 kN
is transmitted by longitudinal welds only.
• For l ≥ 2w U = 1.0 Allowable Tensile Strength (ASD), Ωt = 2.00
• For l.5w ≤ l ≤ 2w U = 0.87
w
Pn 1,260
Pa = = = 630 kN
• For w ≤ l ≤ 1.5w U = 0.75 l Ωt 2.00
1.5w = 225 mm 1.5w > L > w Design Tensile Strength (LRFD), Pu = 945 kN
l = 200 mm U = 0.75 Allowable Tensile Strength (ASD), Pa = 630 kN
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
BALANCED WELD GROUP
In some cases, members subjected to direct axial To avoid any eccentricity, the following equations must
stresses are themselves unsymmetrical and cause be satis ed:
eccentricities in welded connections. Such is the case
of an angle section welded to a gusset plate as P = P1 + P2 + P3 (Eq. 3.5)
shown:
[ΣMcg=0] P1y1 + P3y3 = P2y2 (Eq. 3.6)
P1 L1
where P1, P2, and P3 are capacities of each weld.

P3 y1
If all these welds are equal-leg llet and have the same
L3 P cg
size, the following equations may be used:
y2
P2
L2 P = 0.707wLFv (Eq. 3.7)
L = L1 + L2 + L3 (Eq. 3.8)
Balancing the welds on a tension member connection
L1y1 + L3y3 = L2y2 (Eq. 3.9)
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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BALANCED WELD GROUP
EXAMPLE: A 100 x 100 x 10 mm angle is to be welded SOLUTION:
to a gusset plate as shown in Figure. The angle carries a
load of 185kN applied along its centroidal axis. The
maximum size of llet weld that can be used is 8mm and
the allowable shear stress of 94 MPa. Determine the
lengths of the side llet welds if a transverse llet weld is a
P1
added at the end of the angle.
71 mm
a P2 185 kN
c
29 mm
P3
71 mm b
c 185 kN
29 mm
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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BALANCED WELD GROUP
SOLUTION:
[P = Fv(0.707tL)] [ΣMP3 = 0] [ΣMP1 = 0]

185,000 = 94(0.707)(8)L P1(100) = 185(29) − P2(29) P3(100) = 185(71) − 30.837(71)
L = 348 mm P1(100) = 185(29) − 30.837(29) P3 = 109.456 kN
P1 = 44.707 kN = 44,707 N P3 = 109,456 kN
c = 29(2) = 58 mm
[P1 = Fv(0.707tL)] [P1 = Fv(0.707tL)]
P1 + P2 + P3 = 185 kN
44,707 = 94[0.707(8)a] 109,456 = 94[0.707(8)b]
P2 = 94[0.707(8)(58)]
a = 84 mm b = 206 mm
P2 = 30,837 N = 30.837 kN
Check: L = 84 + 206 + 58 = 348 mm (OK)
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION
Direct Load:
Y
F Fy Fx Fy
ex PDx = (Eq. 3.10) PDy = (Eq. 3.11)
L L
B
Fx
L = ΣL = L1 + L2 + L3 (Eq. 3.12)
L1
Load due to moment:
L2 A PTx PDx ey
T = Fxey + Fyex (Eq. 3.13)
yG1
yG2 xG1 yA Ty Tx
cg PTy X
PTx = (Eq. 3.14) PTy = (Eq. 3.15)
PDy
J J
2
xG2 xG3
L 2 2
∑ 12
yG3
J= L[ + xG + yG] (Eq. 3.16)
L3 Total load per millimeter length of weld:

2 2
xA P= (PDx + PTx) + (PDy + PTy) (Eq. 3.17)
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
EXAMPLE: In the connection shown in Figure 3.14, a SOLUTION:
load transmits 40 kN load acting at an eccentricity of
200 mm. The load is transmitted to the column by the
plates and 8 mm weld. The plates are adequate to
P = 40 kN
transmit the load to the weld. Determine the
maximum shear stress in the weld.
RTBx
40 kN A B
e = 200 mm
100
y = 100 RD
T
200 mm
A 200 mm B
x = 100 RTBy R
100
200 mm
C D
200 mm
C D
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
SOLUTION:
40,000 Maximum stress in the weld (at B)
Direct load, RD = = 100 N/mm

2(200) R= 2
(RD + RTBy) + (RTBx) 2
Moment, T = Pe = 40,000(200) 80,000,000 N•mm

2 2
R= (100 + 150) + (150)
2 2
L 2 2 200 2 2
J = ΣL( + x + y ) = 2[200( + 0 + 100 )]
12 12 R = 291.55 N/mm
J = 5,333,333 mm3
6 Considering 1 mm length of weld at B:
Ty 8x10 (100)
RTBx = = = 150 N/mm [R = fv0.707tL]
J 5,333,333
6
8x10 (100) 291.55 = fv(0.707)(8)(1)
Tx
RTBy = = = 150 N/mm
J 5,333,333 fv = 51.55 MPa
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
CONNECTIONS WITH SHEAR AND BENDING STRESSES
A welded connection that must support both direct shear
The nominal shear stress is:
and bending moment.
P
P P fv = (Eq. 3.18)
e Ltotal
The nominal bending stress is:
Mc M Pe
fb = = = (Eq. 3.19)
I S S
The value of S is given in Table 3.8.
L L The resultant stress N/mm is:
2 2
R= fv + fb (Eq. 3.20) R = Fvte (Eq. 3.21)
where
te = e ective weld size
= 0.707t for equal-leg weld
Welded connection is Combined Shear and Bending Fv = allowable shearing stress of weld metal
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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Properties of weld group (treated as lines)
Section Polar moment Section Polar moment
Weld Centroid Weld Centroid
modulus,
of inertia,
modulus,
of inertia,
con guration location con guration location

S = Icx / ȳ J = Icx + Icy S = Icx / ȳ J = Icx + Icy
x̄
d d 2
d 2 b2 d2 8b 3 + 6bd 2 + d 3 b4
ȳ = bd +
d
c c d x̄ = −
ȳ 2 6 12 2bd 6 12 2b + d
x x x x
b
b
b
d d 2 2
d(3b + d ) 2
d d2 (b + d)3
d ȳ = d ȳ = bd +
c
ȳ
c
2 3 6 2 3 6
x x
x x
b b
d b(3d 2 + b 2) d d2 b 3 + 3bd 2 + d 3
d ȳ = bd ȳ = bd +
2
d
c
ȳ
c
6 2 3 6
x x x x
b d2
ȳ =
(b + d)4 − 6b 2d 2
x x
2
ȳ 2(b + d) 4bd + d r
d c c ȳ = r πr 2 2πr 3
x̄ =
b2 6 12(b + d)
x̄ 2(b + d) x x
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022
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EXAMPLE: Compute the size of E70 llet weld required SOLUTION:
for the shear and tension connection in Figure 3.17
under the following data: P = 200 kN, e = 150 mm, b = 150 Total length of weld, L= 2b + 2d
mm, and d = 200 mm. Assume the column and bracket L = 2(150) + 2(200) = 700 mm
plate does not control the strength.
e
P P Fv = 0.3Fu where Fu = 485 MPa for E70 electrode
Fv = 145.5 MPa
(cut from T-Section)
P 200,000
Steel Column
Bracket
fv = = = 285.71 N/mm
d
L 700
2 2
d 200
S = bd + S = 150(200) +
t 3 3
b
Figure 3.17
S = 43,333.33 From Table 3.8
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022

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SOLUTION:
[M = Pe] M = 200,000(150) How to solve for S: X
d
X
Consider size of weld to be 1 mm:
M = 30x106 N•mm 1(d) 3
b(1) d 2 3 b
6
Ix = 2 ∙ +2∙( + b(1)( ) )
M 30x10 12 12 2
[ fb = ] fb =
S 43,333.3 d 3
b bd 2
fb = 692.31 N/mm Ix = + +
6 6 2
The term b/6 is relatively small. It can be neglected.
[R = fv2 + fb2 ] R= (285.71)2 + (692.31) 2
d3 bd 2
d 3
bd 2
Ix 6
+ 2
R = 748.95 N/m Ix = + S= =
6 2 c d
2
[R = Fv(0.707tL)] 748.95 = 145.5(0.707)(t)(1) d 2
S = bd + Note: In solving for Ix, the centroidal moment
t = 7.28 mm 3 of inertia for horizontal welds may be ignored.
WELDED CONNECTIONS
04 APRIL 2022

Chapter 7 by CTP Welded Connection

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Chapter 7 by CTP Welded Connection

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CHAPTER 03

In SMAW, the weld is protected, by using an electrode covered

The electrode material is speci ed under various speci cation Weld

stress, Fy (MPa) strength, Fu (MPa)

E80XX 460 550

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Weld

In this process the electrode is a continuous wire that is fed from a

3. Connecting unusual members (such as pipes) is easier by welding than by bolting.

4. Welding provides truly rigid joint and continuous structures.

Double fillet lap joint

Single bevel groove joint

(a) Partial Penetration (b) Full Penetration

Groove welds: (a) Partial penetration (single-V);

(a) Square (b) Single-V (c) Double-V

(d) Single bevel (e) Double bevel (f) Single-U

(g) Double-U (h) Single-J (i) Double-J

The e ective area of groove welds shall be considered as F ( at),

the length of the weld times the e ective throat thickness.

F, H 45˚ Bevel Depth of Groove

(a) Longitudinal fillet (b) Transverse fillet

Fillet welds: (a) Longitudinal fillet; (b) Transverse fillet

For equal leg llet, the throat t is:

Minimum size of Fillet weld, [a] mm.

The maximum size of llet welds of connected parts shall be:

NSCP Section 510.2.3.2 Limitations

NSCP Section 510.2.6 Filler Metal Requirements

The manufacturer's Certi cate of Conformance shall be su cient evidence of compliance.

table summarizes the AWS D1.1

A913 (Gr. 50)

ller metals see AWS D1.1/D.1M, Table A588* A992

Other processes: 70 ksi electrodes

3.1. A1011 A1018

NSCP Section 510.2.7 Mixed Weld Metals

When Charpy V-Notch toughness is

Direction Relative to Pertinent Metal ϕ and Ω (FBM or Fw)

COMPLETE-JOINT-PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS

Matching ller metal shall be used. For T

Filler metal with a strength level equal to

Tension or Filler metal with a strength level equal to

Pertinent Required Filler Metal

Metal Strength Level[a][b]

ϕ = 0.90 See Section

ϕ = 0.80 See Section

Ω = 1.88 510.2.1a metal is

ϕ = 0.90 See Section permitted

Pertinent Required Filler Metal

Metal Strength Level[a][b]

Ω = 2.00 510.2.2a level equal to or

PLUG AND SLOT WELDS less than

Base Governed by Section 510.4 matching ller

Shear ϕ = 0.75 See Section

Supplementary Weld Symbols

Tail (omitted when reference is not used)

The perpendicular leg of , , , weld symbols must be at the left.

on both the arrow side and the other side symbol.

Square groove Single bevel with 3 mm root opening, 45˚

Indicates 50 mm long welds are intermittent

NSCP Section 510.2.4 Strength

Fy = 248 Mpa ϕ = 0.90 (LRFD)