ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODERN COMMUNICATION CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

ECT416
SYSTEMS PEC 2 1 0 3
.
Preamble: This course aims to impart knowledge on the basics of modern communication
systems and the breakthrough wireless technologies.

Prerequisite: MAT 204 Probability, Random Process and Numerical Methods, ECT 305
Analog and Digital Communication, ECT 306 Information Theory and Coding

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

Explain OFDM, OFDMA and SC-FDMA techniques used in cellular

CO1
communication
Discuss the different wireless communication standards for short range
CO2
communication
Explain the IoT architecture and various connectivity technologies used in IoT
CO3
Systems
Understand the various communication standards for connected autonomous
CO4
vehicles
Explain the significance and architecture of software defined radio and cognitive
CO5
radio

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO PO PO
PO 1 PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9
10 11 12
CO1 3 3 3 2
CO2 3 3 3 3 1
CO3 3 3 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 3 1
CO5 3 3 3 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment End Semester Examination

Tests
1 2
Remember 10 10 20
Understand 30 30 60
Apply 10 10 20
Analyse
Evaluate
Create
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Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours

Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks
Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks
Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A
contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question.
Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which
student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry
14 marks. Mark patterns are as per the syllabus with 70 % for theory and 30% for
logical/numerical problems, derivation and proof.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. What is shadowing and how it can be modelled in mobile communication?
2. Explain PAPR in OFDM systems.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2):

1. Compare the physical-layer characteristics of various IEEE 802.11 standards.
2. Explain the characteristics of millimeter wave.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3):

1. Differentiate between WiFi and Bluetooth standards in IoT systems.
2. Explain the salient features of 6LoWPAN.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4):

1. Mention the advantages of 4G/5G LTE standard in vehicular communication.
2. Explain the DSRC standard for vehicular communication.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5):

1. Explain the issues with zero IF receiver architecture for SDR.
2. Discuss the functions of software adaptable network (SAN) in cognitive network.
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SYLLABUS

Module Course contents

Module 1: Cellular Communication System

Need for Multi carrier system, Basics of Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM), Multiple access for OFDM systems, Orthogonal
I Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). Cellular concept, path loss and
shadowing, Doppler shift, Multipath effect, Significance of diversity in wireless
communication systems.

Module 2: Short Range Communication System

Introduction to current wireless technologies, background and current scenario,

future wireless network requirements, IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards and
applications (IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax), HiperLAN technology, WPAN (IEEE
802.15.1, IEEE 802.15.3 & IEEE 802.15.4) and WMAN (IEEE 802.16a -
II WiMAX), Space time wireless standards, IEEE 802.16 (Wi-Max standard),
3GPP-LTE standard, Millimeter wave characteristics, Channel performance at 60
GHz, Development of millimeter wave standards, Indoor and outdoor
applications for millimeter wave communications. 6G Networks – Use Cases and
Technologies.

Module 3: IoT System

Introduction of IoT, characteristics, physical and logical design of IoT, IoT

Enabling Technologies – Wireless Sensor networks, Cloud computing.
Introduction to IoT, Evolution of IoT, IoT Networking Components. IoT
III
Connectivity Technologies – Zigbee, Wireless HART, RFID, NFC, LoRa, WiFi,
Bluetooth. IoT Communication Technologies – Infrastructure Protocols – IPv6,
6LoWPAN, Data Protocols – MQTT, MQTT-SN, CoAP. IoT Case Studies and
Future Trends – Agricultural IoT, Vehicular IoT, Healthcare IoT.

Module 4: Intelligent Transport System

Introduction to Intelligent Vehicular Communication – Evolution, Vehicular

Networks and ITS, Vehicular Communication Standards/ Technologies – DSRC,
IV IEEE 802.11p WAVE, IEEE 1609, IEEE 802.15.7 - Visible Light Communication
(VLC), 4G/5G-Device to Device (D2D), 6G Cellular Networks and Connected
Autonomous Vehicles, Operational Scenario – Collision Avoidance.

Module 5: Software Defined Radio System

V Software radio concepts, Operating frequency bands, Transmitter and Receiver
specifications of SDR, Architecture of SDR, Introduction of cognitive radio,
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significance of cognitive radio and spectrum subleasing, spectrum sharing in

cognitive radio, implementation of cognitive radio.

Text Books

1. Aditya K. Jagannatham, “Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems”,

Tata McGraw Hill, 2016.
2. T.L. Singal, “Wireless Communications”, Tata McGraw Hill Education Private
Limited, Second Edition, 2011.
3. K. C. Huang, Z. Wang, “Millimeter Wave Communication systems”, John Wiley
&Sons.
4. Sudip Misra, Anandarup Mukherjee & Arijit Roy. “Introduction to IoT”. Cambridge
University Press. 2021.
5. George J. Dimitrakopoulos. “Current Technologies in Vehicular Communication”,
Springer International Publishing, 2017.
6. He, J., Yang, K. and Chen, H.H, “6G Cellular Networks and Connected Autonomous
Vehicles”, IEEE Network, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 255 -261, 2020.
7. Walter Tuttlebee, “SDR Enabling Technologies”, John Wiley.
8. Huseyin Arslan, “Cognitive Radio, SDR and Adaptive Wireless System”, Springer,
2007.

Reference Books

1. Dipankar Raychaudhuri, Mario Gerla, “Emerging Wireless Technologies and the

Future Mobile Internet”, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
2. ArshdeepBahga, A., & Vijay Madisetti V. “Internet of Things: A hands-on approach”.
Vpt., 2014.
3. Paul, A., Chilamkurti, N., Daniel, A. and Rho, S. “Intelligent vehicular networks and
communications: fundamentals, architectures and solutions”. Elsevier, 2016.
4. Peter B. Kenington, ‘RF and baseband techniques for software defined radio”, Artech
House Mobile Communication, 2005.

Course content and Lecture plan

No of
No TOPIC
Lectures
MODULE 1
1.1 Need for Multi carrier system 1
1.2 Basics of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), 2
Multiple access for OFDM systems
1.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 1
1.4 Single carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC- FDMA) 1
1.5 Cellular concept, path loss and shadowing, doppler shift, 2
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Multipath effect
1.6 Significance of diversity in wireless communication systems 1
MODULE II
2.1 Introduction to current wireless technologies, background and 1
current scenario, future wireless network requirements
2.2 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards and applications (IEEE 1
802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax)
2.3 HiperLAN technology 1
2.4 WPAN (IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.15.3 & IEEE 802.15.4) 2
2.5 WMAN (IEEE 802.16a - WiMAX), 3GPP-LTE standard 1
2.6 Millimeter wave characteristics, Channel performance at 60 GHz, 2
Development of millimeter wave standards
2.7 Indoor and outdoor applications for millimeter wave 1
communications, 6G Networks – Use Cases and Technologies.

MODULE III
3.1 Introduction to IoT, Evolution of IoT, IoT Networking 1
Components
3.2 IoT Connectivity Technologies – Zigbee, Wireless HART, RFID, 2
NFC, LoRa, WiFi, Bluetooth
3.3 IoT Communication Technologies – Infrastructure Protocols – 2
IPv6, 6LoWPAN
3.4 Data Protocols – MQTT, MQTT-SN, CoAP 1
3.5 IoT Case Studies and Future Trends – Agricultural IoT, Vehicular 1
IoT, Healthcare IoT
MODULE IV
4.1 Introduction to Intelligent Vehicular Communication – Evolution, 1
Vehicular Networks and ITS
4.2 Vehicular Communication Standards/ Technologies – DSRC, 2
IEEE 802.11p WAVE, IEEE 1609, IEEE 802.15.7 - Visible Light
Communication (VLC)
4.3 4G/5G-Device to Device (D2D), 6G Cellular Networks and 2
Connected Autonomous Vehicles
4.4 Operational Scenario – Collision Avoidance 1
MODULE V
5.1 Software radio concepts, Operating frequency bands, Transmitter 1
and Receiver specifications of SDR
5.2 Architecture of SDR 1
5.3 Introduction of cognitive radio, significance of cognitive radio and 2
spectrum subleasing, spectrum sharing in cognitive radio
5.4 Implementation of cognitive radio 1
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Model Question Paper

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

EIGHTH SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION
Course Code: ECT416

Course Name: MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A

Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks

1. Explain inter-carrier interference in OFDM systems. 3
2 Determine the maximum speed of a vehicle in a mobile 3
communication system experiencing a maximum Doppler
frequency shift of 70 Hz and a frequency of transmission 900
MHz.
3 Write the physical layer specifications of IEEE 802.16 WMAN 3
technology.
4 What are the main challenges in utilizing a 60 GHz channel for 3
millimeter wave communication?
5 Describe the various IoT networking components? 3
6 What is LoRaWAN? How is it different from LoRa? 3
7 What are the advantages of VLC standard over other communication 3
standards in vehicular communication?
8 Mention the main limitations of IEEE 802.11p standard compared to 3
cellular communication in connected autonomous vehicles.
9 List the main SDR transmitter specifications? 3
10 Describe spectrum subleasing and sharing in cognitive radio. 3

PART B

Answer any one full question from each module carries 14 marks.

MODULE 1
11 a. What is the need for adding cyclic prefix to the OFDM sequence. 4

b. Draw and explain the SC-FDMA transmitter and receiver schematic. 10

OR
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12 a. Briefly explain free space propagation model in wireless 8

communication.
b. A mobile subscriber travels at a uniform speed of 60 km/h. Compute 6
the time between fades if the mobile uses
(i) a cellphone operating at 900 MHz
(ii) a PCS phone operating at 1900 MHz
Comment on the results obtained.
MODULE II
13 a. Write any three indoor and outdoor applications of millimeter wave 6
communication.
b. Compare the three different IEEE 802.15 WPAN standards. 8
OR
14 a. Briefly explain the different elements to be considered while 8
considering an existing backhaul network to support a millimeter wave
network.
b. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of WLAN technology. 6
MODULE III
15 a. Explain the principle of operation of MQTT data protocol employed 6
in IoT networks.
b. Briefly describe the architecture of healthcare IoT system. 8
OR
16 a. Briefly explain Zigbee protocol stack used in IoT Systems. 8
b. Discuss the salient features of the CoAP protocol. 6
MODULE IV
17 a. Explain the key components of connected autonomous vehicles in 6
6G communications with the help of a diagram.
b. Describe how collision avoidance can be achieved through vehicular 8
communication.
OR
18 a. With the help of a diagram, explain the architecture of ITS system 9
utilizing VLC standard for V2X communication.
b. Briefly explain IEEE 1609 standard used in vehicular 5
communication.
MODULE V
19 a. Briefly explain the low IF receiver architecture for SDR. 9
b. Define cognitive radio and explain its significance. 5
OR
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20 a. Describe software defined radio with the help of functional block 7

diagram.
b. Discuss about the implementation of cognitive network. 7

Simulation Assignments

The following simulation assignments can be done with Python/ MATLAB/ SCILAB/
LabVIEW.

1. Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of OFDM and SC-FDMA system

• Realize the block diagram of OFDMA transmitter system shown in Fig 7.8 in page 240
in Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems.
• Create a random bit vector of arbitrary length. Realize the OFDM transmitter by
mapping the message bits into a sequence of QPSK symbols and convert it into N
parallel streams.
• Realize the multicarrier modulation by computing IFFT.
• Implement parallel to serial converter and add cyclic prefix to generate the OFDM
signal.
• Compute the PAPR of OFDM signal and plot its complementary CDF (CCDF).
• Realize the block diagram of SC-FDMA transmitter system shown in Fig 7.18 in page
260 in Principles of Modern Wireless Communication Systems.
• To generate SC-FDMA signal, repeat the steps followed in OFDM transmitter with the
addition of 2 blocks FFT computation and subcarrier mapping before IFFT
computation.
• Compute the PAPR of SC-FDMA signal and plot its CCDF.
• Compare both CCDF graphs and observe the reduction in PAPR for SC-FDMA system.

2. Computation of Free space path loss and received power

• Input a suitable signal frequency, f and distance between the transmitter and receiver, d.
• Compute the free space propagation path loss, Lp using Eq. 3.13 and 3.14 in page 71 in
Wireless Communications, assuming transmitter and receiver antenna gain as unity.
• Study the effect of antenna gain on path loss by computing path loss, with non-unity
transmitter, Gt and receiver antenna gain, Gr.
• Find the received power, Pr for a particular transmitter power, Pt, Gt , Gr and Lp using
Eq. 3.12 in page 71 in Wireless Communications.
• Repeat the above step for different values of Pt, Gt, Gr and Lp. Observe the variation in
received power

3. SDR Receiver
• Study the various dynamic range issues of SDR receiver, based on the receiver design
considerations given in Section 2.2.1 in page 29 – 31 in SDR Enabling Technologies.
• Compute third order intercept (TOI) using Eq. 1 in page 36 in SDR Enabling
Technologies, by giving suitable input parameters.
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• Compute overall noise figure of cascade of amplifiers and its worst-case TOI using Eq.
2 and 3 in page 36 in SDR Enabling Technologies.
• Study the dynamic range of SDR receiver by calculating spurious free dynamic range
(SFDR) using Eq. 5 in page 40 in SDR Enabling Technologies.