Cashmere Lab Description
Cashmere Lab Description
Cashmere Lab Description
Measurement
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Color of cashmere fiber is a key component of textile quality inspection. However, the inspection of cashmere
Cashmere color color was determined by human vision system, which was less accuracy and time-consuming. Computer vision
Computer vision system (CVS) is considered as a promising technique to objectively and precisely test color. In the present work, a
Image analysis
novel color measurement system for cashmere was proposed. Totally 29 cashmere samples with different color
Calibration model
Classification
were adopted as standard samples to calibrate color conversion model. The correlation coefficient of L, a, b
values between the two systems was separately calculated high to 0.99, 0.96 and 0.93 for the whole samples. The
proposed method was further validated by other 15 samples, indicating the accuracy of the novel CVS. Besides,
due to the high accuracy and strong representativeness of the new method, the categories of cashmere, which
were normally tested by subjective visual assessment, could be determined by the present results.
* Corresponding author at: College of Textile, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
E-mail address: [email protected] (F. Wang).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109991
Received 7 May 2021; Received in revised form 1 July 2021; Accepted 2 August 2021
Available online 20 August 2021
0263-2241/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C. Heng et al. Measurement 185 (2021) 109991
was important in grading cotton. Additionally, high cost and repair fee Besides, other 15 samples (classified into 4 white, 5 grey and 6 brown)
of spectrophotometer also limit its application in some textile mills. were used to validate the proposed the calibrated CVS.
Instead, computer vision system (CVS) [13,14], which is simple, fast,
unexpensive and strong representative, has become a common and 2.2. Methods
affordable means in many measurement fields such as food (meat [15],
potato chips [16], bread [17]), agriculture (cotton [12,18], rapeseeds The precise and cheap CVS, which can achieve image capturing
[14], vegetables [19,20], tomato [21], rice[22]) and medical (teeth (Fig. 1a) and image analysis (Fig. 1b), was designed to measure the color
[23], cancer diagnosis [24], Chinese medicine [25], tongue [26]). In of cashmere. Fig. 1(c) showed the measurement process of standard
detail, this method captures the image containing color information colorimetric characteristics (RGB, XYZ and Lab), which was utilized to
with millions of pixels, which enables further analysis for color varia calibrate and validate the present method.
tion. However, the measurement working based on image analysis is still
a great challenge resulted from changes in cameras, illuminations and 2.2.1. Computer vision system
detection regions which cause color variations for the same scene. In
other words, it is a key point to calibrate the algorithm to evaluate (1) Image capturing
fibrous cashmere color in textile quality assessment [27]. Besides, for
the measurement of cashmere material, a series of parameters need to be Color testing results of fibrous material will be affected by factors
manipulated to standardize the measurement [12]. Therefore, precise including temperature/humidity, thickness and applied pressure on
and easy-to-use techniques based on CVS should be developed. cashmere biscuits, so standardization of its experimental conditions was
In this study, we proposed a calibration model to calculate color investigated. The detailed influence exerted from the above factors was
values by image analysis, to eliminate error caused by devices. The carefully discussed in section 3.1. Therefore, before image capturing, 20
calibrated CVS could be adopted to provides good-representation and g sample was evenly put into the box in standard constant temperature
accuracy for color measurement and quantitative indexes for the and humidity room (20 ± 2 ℃, 65 ± 4 % RH), and then 4 kg pressure
assessment of color categories. Moreover, experimental conditions for was applied on the biscuit according to the present study.
cashmere color measurement were determined to standardize its color As shown in Fig. 1a, the device for image capturing includes light
testing. Therefore, this study was implemented with following goals: (i) emitting diodes with 6000 K color temperature (LEDs, 3 W each, 30 cm
explore the standard experimental condition for cashmere color mea length), charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (Sony, ICX282AQ, 20.48-
surement to make the results accurate and consistent. In this part, three megapixel CCD sensor), mirrors and sample box (12 × 12 × 6.5 cm). LED
factors including thickness, applied pressure of samples and tempera lamps were arranged with a distance of 4 cm away from the glass and an
ture/humidity were studied based on color values; (ii) for the accuracy angle of 45◦ to provide a uniform illumination [29,30]. A digital CCD
of color measurement, CVS was calibrated based on the relationship of camera, the cheapest image capturing component [31], with high res
color values obtained by spectrophotometer; (iii) to objectively and olution and low noise was used to capture bitmap-formatted images
quantitatively evaluate the color categories of cashmere, the color with 1000 dpi and has been set up with automatic white balance,
values distribution of cashmere in Lab space was analyzed. aperture F/10.0, 1/8 sec exposure, flash off. During the measurement,
the testing sample was evenly and randomly placed in a box, above
2. Materials and methods which a slider was applied to generate a constant 4 kg pressure on the
sample. Since loosely packed structure will increase the light trans
2.1. Samples mission into the biscuits, and consequently reduce the light reflection
detected by the sensors, which would affect the final testing results. The
Totally 29 cashmeres varying colors (purchased from a commercial data obtained from the central region image (10 × 10 cm) was selected
distributor in Erdos China) were selected as standard samples that they to calculate color values (RGB, XYZ and Lab). The area under observa
were used to calibrated the CVS system, and their color values were tion in the present work which was much higher (~14 ~ 300-fold) than
tested by Datacolor [28]. Color categories were tested by trained that in common spectrophotometer. Additionally, the non-detection
workers (Erdos company in China), and 9 samples, 8 samples and 12 area was covered with a black shading mask to minimize the influence
samples were separately classified into white, grey and brown cashmere. of internal and external light.
Fig. 1. Methodology for the color measurement. a ~ b Illustration of computer vision system. c Standard colorimetric values (RGB, XYZ, Lab).
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C. Heng et al. Measurement 185 (2021) 109991
(2) Image analysis 10. Validation of the proposed calibration model for cashmere color
measurement using new samples.
After RGB digital image captured by CCD camera, a logical proced
ure for image analysis was carried out on a Graphical User Interface 3. Results and discussion
(GUI) created in MATLAB. R, G and B values of the selected saving re
gions were conducted by MATLAB 2012a software. Color values of 3.1. Determination of experimental conditions
different spaces (Lab, XYZ and RGB) were obtained according to the
traditional color conversion [17,32]. The dependence of color values of the selected samples on factors
including thickness, applied pressure and testing environment was
2.2.2. Standard colorimetric characteristics determined according to the Methodology in Fig. 3. For the color mea
The standard color characteristics for the calibration and validation surement of fibrous material, proper experimental conditions were a key
of CVS, RGB, XYZ and Lab values, were measured using a spectropho step to ensure the extraction of “true” cashmere color. Therefore, it is
tometer (Datacolor-850, D65 lamp; 10◦ observer; 3 cm aperture) in a necessary to investigate how the true color of cashmere fiber can be
standard constant temperature and humidity room (20 ± 2 ℃, 65 ± 4 % tested instead of comparing with standard color values, and the values in
RH). During the testing process, 6 g sample was packed tightly into the Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 were not calibrated values before the calibration of CVS
same compression density and thickness as performed using the exper system. Since cashmere fiber is translucent material, and its color ob
imental device, ensuring that the light from lamp did not penetrate the tained from image analysis is usually influenced by the above three
cashmere fiber biscuits. Values were recorded when the error rate was factors. Under different temperature/humidity levels, the microstruc
less than 3 %. For a given sample, the testing numbers were separately 3 ture of cashmere changes, resulting in the difference of the interaction of
~ 5 and 5 ~ 20 times for white cashmere, grey and brown cashmere. light which was expressed in the captured image finally. The moisture
regain rate of cashmere is 17.0 % and it gradually enhanced with the
2.2.3. Color calibration process increasing of air humidity, which further resulted the decrease of luster
The methodology illustrated in Fig. 2 was utilized in this study to and the darkening of color. Except for testing environment, applied
develop the calibration model for color conversion. The calibration pressure on cashmere biscuit was also a key factor for color measure
process was performed as follows: ment. Air mixed in the fibrous biscuit needs to be squeezed out by
pressure to test the actual color, since air leaded to the diffusion of light.
1. 29 cashmeres with different colors were selected as standard Besides, the thickness of biscuit is of great importance for the mea
samples, aiming to get a wide range to propose a maximum surement, and proper thickness ensures the capturing of real color
adaptable model. without background. While the influence from the above factors on
2. Selection of 3 samples including a white, a grey and a brown
cashmere among 29 cashmeres as the test samples that they were
used to explore the proper experimental conditions. Recording of
images using experimental device under different thickness,
pressure, temperature and humidity conditions.
3. Extraction of RGB values of the above selected 3 samples under
different experimental conditions using MATLAB.
4. Determination of parameters for proper experimental conditions
of the CVS system based on the result of previous step.
5. Images capture of 29 samples under the determined standard
experimental conditions.
6. Extraction of RGB values of 29 samples using MATLAB.
7. Calculation of XYZ, Lab values through the traditional color space
conversion using MATLAB.
8. Measurement of standard color values (RGB, XYZ, Lab) using
spectrophotometer (Datacolor).
9. Development of the calibration color conversion using the poly Fig. 3. Methodology for the determination of experimental conditions for
nomial model. sample preparation.
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b c
10 g R (R) 20 g R (R)
R (S)
R (S)
G (R)
G (R) 200
200 G (S)
G (S)
B (R)
B (R)
RGB values
B (S)
RGB values
B (S)
180 180
160 160
1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10
Pressure (kg) Pressure (kg)
d
30 g R (R)
R (S)
G (R)
200 G (S)
B (R)
RGB values
B (S)
180
160
1 4 7 10
Pressure (kg)
Fig. 4. Images and RGB values of white cashmere under different preparation. a Images of white cashmere. b ~ d RGB values of captured images: 10 g for b, 20 g for
c, 30 g for d.
testing results fails to be considered by researchers [12]. Therefore, the • Weight of samples: 10, 20 and 30 (g)
following three factors with different levels were studied to clarify their • Applied pressure: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (kg)
influence on cashmere color measurement.
The effect of the above three factors on color was studied subjectively
• Testing environment through RGB images captured at different prepared white sample. As
Standard condition (S): constant temperature/humidity (20 ± 2 shown in Fig. 4a, uniform illumination, being clearly demonstrated on
℃/65 ± 4 % RH) images, ensured extraction of color information from cashmere. By
Room condition (R): non-constant temperature/humidity (25 ± 8 observing the captured images, color was obviously influenced by
℃/80 ± 10 % RH) testing environment than pressure and thickness. Fig. 4b~d, the
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b c d
10 g R (R) 20 g R (R) 30 g R (R)
R (S) 200 R (S)
200 R (S) 200 G (R) G (R)
G (R)
G (S) G (S) G (S)
B (R) B (R) B (R)
RGB values
RGB values
RGB values
1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10
Pressure (kg) Pressure (kg) Pressure (kg)
f g h
180 180 180
10 g R (R)
R (S)
20 g R (R)
R (S) 30 g R (R)
R (S)
G (R) G (R)
G (R)
G (S) G (S)
G (S)
160 B (R) 160 B (R)
160 B (R)
RGB values
RGB values
B (S)
RGB values
B (S) B (S)
1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10
Pressure (kg) Pressure (kg) Pressure (kg)
Fig. 5. Images and RGB values of grey and brown cashmere under different preparation. A Characterizations of grey cashmere. a Images of grey cashmere. b-d RGB
values of grey cashmere: 10 g for b, 20 g for c, 30 g for d. B Characterizations of brown cashmere. e Images of brown cashmere. f-h RGB values of brown cashmere: 10
g for f, 20 g for g, 30 g for h.
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C. Heng et al. Measurement 185 (2021) 109991
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
100 100
× (0.412R* + 0.358G* + 0.180B*) × (0.213R* + 0.715G* + 0.072B*)
(4)
3 3
255 255
a = 500 × ( − )
x0 y0
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
100 100
× (0.412R* + 0.358G* + 0.180B*) × (0.019R* + 0.119G* + 0.950B*)
(5)
3 3
255 255
b = 200 × ( − )
x0 z0
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C. Heng et al. Measurement 185 (2021) 109991
Fig. 6. Relationship of Lab values obtained by CVS and Datacolor. a L values. b a values. c b values.
a b
250 White cashmere 250 White cashmere
Grey cashmere Grey cashmere
Brown cashmere Brown cashmere
G (Datacolor)
R (Datacolor)
200 200
150 150
100
100 R2=0.980 R2=0.987
50
100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250
R (CVS) G (CVS)
c
White cashmere
Grey cashmere
200 Brown cashmere
B (Datacolor)
150
100
R2=0.991
50
50 100 150 200
B (CVS)
Fig. 7. Relationship of RGB values obtained by the two devices.
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a 80
b
80
White cashmere White cashmere
Grey cashmere Grey cashmere
60 Brown cashmere 60 Brown cashmere
X (Datacolor)
Y (Datacolor)
40 40
20 20
R2=0.987 R2=0.987
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
X (CVS) Y (CVS)
80
c
White cashmere
Grey cashmere
60 Brown cashmere
Z (Datacolor)
40
20
R2=0.987
0
0 20 40 60 80
Z (CVS)
Fig. 8. Relationship of XYZ values obtained by the two devices.
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
128.9 131.9
3 250.7 + × (0.412R + 0.358G + 0.180B) 3 165.0 + × (0.213R + 0.715G + 0.072B)
a = 500 × ( 255
− 255
) (7)
x0 y0
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
128.9 131.1
3 250.7 + × (0.412R + 0.358G + 0.180B) 3 255.3 + × (0.019R + 0.119G + 0.950B)
b = 200 × ( 255
− 255
) (8)
x0 z0
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a b
10
90 Samples for calibration Samples for calibration
Samples for validation 8 Samples for validation
a (Datacolor)
L (Datacolor)
75
6
60 4
2
45 R2=0.988 R2=0.962
0
30
30 45 60 75 90 0 2 4 6 8 10
Calibrated L Calibrated a
c
Samples for calibration
18
Samples for validation
b (Datacolor)
15
12
R2=0.956
9
9 12 15 18
Calibrated b
Fig. 9. Estimate of a L, b a and c b for calibrated model for actual vs predicted value.
Δa = |a1 − a2 | (10)
90 L Δb = |b1 − b2 | (11)
a
b
Lab Values
60
0 5 10 15 20 25
Sample No
Fig. 10. Distribution of three categories cashmere in Lab space.
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