4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

BIG IDEAS
Algebra
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Big Idea 1 Graphing and Writing Quadratic Functions in Several Forms
TEKS 2A.6.B You can graph or write a quadratic function in standard form, vertex form, or
intercept form.

Form Equation Information about quadratic function

b
Standard form y 5 ax2 1 bx 1 c • The x-coordinate of the vertex is 2} .
2a
b
• The axis of symmetry is x 5 2} .
2a
2
Vertex form y 5 a(x 2 h) 1 k • The vertex is (h, k).
• The axis of symmetry is x 5 h.
Intercept form y 5 a(x 2 p)(x 2 q) • The x-intercepts are p and q.
p1q
• The axis of the symmetry is x 5 }.
2

Big Idea 2 Solving Quadratic Equations Using a Variety of Methods

TEKS 2A.8.D There are several different methods you can use to solve a quadratic equation.

Equation contains: Example Method

Binomial without x-term 5x2 2 45 5 0 Isolate the x2-term. Then take

square roots of each side.

Factorable trinomial x2 2 5x 1 6 5 0 Factor the trinomial. Then use

the zero product property.

Unfactorable trinomial x2 2 8x 1 35 5 0 Complete the square, or

use the quadratic formula.

Big Idea 3 Performing Operations with Square Roots and Complex Numbers
TEKS a.2 You can use the following properties to simplify expressions involving square
roots or complex numbers.

} }
Square
roots
} } }
Î
a
If a > 0 and b > 0, then Ïab 5 Ïa p Ïb and } 5 }}.
a
b
Ï
Ïb
}
Complex • The imaginary unit i is defined as i 5 Ï21, so that i 2 5 21.
numbers } } } 2
• If r is a positive real number, then Ï2r 5 i Ïr and (i Ïr ) 5 2r.
• (a 1 bi) 1 (c 1 di) 5 (a 1 c) 1 (b 1 d)i
• (a 1 bi) 2 (c 1 di) 5 (a 2 c) 1 (b 2 d)i
}
• ⏐a 1 bi⏐ 5 Ïa2 1 b2

Chapter Summary 317

4 CHAPTER REVIEW
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY
TEXAS
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• Multi-Language Glossary
• Vocabulary practice

• quadratic function, p. 236 • standard form of a quadratic • imaginary number, p. 276

• standard form of a quadratic equation, p. 253 • pure imaginary number, p. 276
function, p. 236 • root of an equation, p. 253 • complex conjugates, p. 278
• parabola, p. 236 • zero of a function, p. 254 • complex plane, p. 278
• vertex, p. 236 • square root, p. 266 • absolute value of a complex
• axis of symmetry, p. 236 • radical, radicand, p. 266 number, p. 279
• minimum, maximum value, • rationalizing the denominator, • completing the square, p. 284
p. 238 p. 267
• quadratic formula, p. 292
• vertex form, p. 245 • conjugates, p. 267 • discriminant, p. 294
• intercept form, p. 246 • imaginary unit i, p. 275 • quadratic inequality in two
• monomial, binomial, trinomial, • complex number, p. 276 variables, p. 300
p. 252
• standard form of a complex • quadratic inequality in one
• quadratic equation, p. 253 number, p. 276 variable, p. 302
• best-fitting quadratic model, p. 311

VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. WRITING Given a quadratic function in standard form, explain how to determine
whether the function has a maximum value or a minimum value.
2. Copy and complete: A(n) ? is a complex number a 1 bi where a 5 0 and b Þ 0.
3. Copy and complete: A function of the form y 5 a(x 2 h)2 1 k is written in ? .
4. Give an example of a quadratic equation that has a negative discriminant.

REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

Use the review examples and exercises below to check your understanding of
the concepts you have learned in each lesson of Chapter 4.

4.1 Graph Quadratic Functions in Standard Form pp. 236–243

EXAMPLE
y
Graph y 5 2x 2 2 4x 2 5. 1
(22, 21) 1x
Because a < 0, the parabola opens down. Find and plot the vertex
(22, 21). Draw the axis of symmetry x 5 22. Plot the y-intercept
at (0, 25), and plot its reflection (24, 25) in the axis of symmetry.
Plot two other points: (21, 22) and its reflection (23, 22) in the
axis of symmetry. Draw a parabola through the plotted points.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3
Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.
on p. 238
for Exs. 5–7 5. y 5 x2 1 2x 2 3 6. y 5 23x2 1 12x 2 7 7. f (x) 5 2x 2 2 2x 2 6

318 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Factoring

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Chapter Review Practice

4.2 Graph Quadratic Functions in Vertex or Intercept Form pp. 245–251

EXAMPLE
Graph y 5 (x 2 4)(x 1 2).
Identify the x-intercepts. The quadratic function is in y
intercept form y 5 a(x 2 p)(x 2 q) where a 5 1, p 5 4,
2
and q 5 22. Plot the x-intercepts at (4, 0) and (22, 0). (22, 0) (4, 0)
6 x
Find the coordinates of the vertex.
p1q 4 1 (22)
x5}5}51
2 2
y 5 (1 2 4)(1 1 2) 5 29 (1, 29)

Plot the vertex at (1, 29). Draw a parabola

through the plotted points as shown.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES 1, Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of symmetry.
3, and 4
8. y 5 (x 2 1)(x 1 5) 9. g(x) 5 (x 1 3)(x 2 2) 10. y 5 23(x 1 1)(x 2 6)
on pp. 245–247
2 2
for Exs. 8–14 11. y 5 (x 2 2) 1 3 12. f(x) 5 (x 1 6) 1 8 13. y 5 22(x 1 8)2 2 3

14. BIOLOGY A flea’s jump can be modeled by the function y 5 20.073x(x 2 33)
where x is the horizontal distance (in centimeters) and y is the corresponding
height (in centimeters). How far did the flea jump? What was the flea’s
maximum height?

4.3 Solve x 2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 by Factoring pp. 252–258

EXAMPLE
Solve x 2 2 13x 2 48 5 0.
Use factoring to solve for x.
x2 2 13x 2 48 5 0 Write original equation.

(x 2 16)(x 1 3) 5 0 Factor.

x 2 16 5 0 or x 1 3 5 0 Zero product property

x 5 16 or x 5 23 Solve for x.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3 Solve the equation.
on p. 254
15. x 2 1 5x 5 0 16. z2 5 63z 17. s 2 2 6s 2 27 5 0
for Exs. 15–21
18. k 2 1 12k 2 45 5 0 19. x2 1 18x 5 281 20. n2 1 5n 5 24

21. URBAN PLANNING A city wants to double the area of a rectangular

playground that is 72 feet by 48 feet by adding the same distance x to the
length and the width. Write and solve an equation to find the value of x.

Chapter Review 319

4 4.4
CHAPTER REVIEW
Solve ax 2 1 bx 1 c 5 0 by Factoring pp. 259–264

EXAMPLE
Solve 230x 2 1 9x 1 12 5 0.
230x2 1 9x 1 12 5 0 Write original equation.

10x2 2 3x 2 4 5 0 Divide each side by 23.

(5x 2 4)(2x 1 1) 5 0 Factor.

5x 2 4 5 0 or 2x 1 1 5 0 Zero product property

4
x5} or 1
x 5 2} Solve for x.
5 2

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 5
Solve the equation.
on p. 261
for Exs. 22–24 22. 16 5 38r 2 12r 2 23. 3x 2 2 24x 2 48 5 0 24. 20a2 2 13a 2 21 5 0

4.5 Solve Quadratic Equations by Finding Square Roots pp. 266–271

EXAMPLE
Solve 4(x 2 7)2 5 80.
4(x 2 7)2 5 80 Write original equation.
2
(x 2 7) 5 20 Divide each side by 4.
}
x 2 7 5 6Ï20 Take square roots of each side.
}
x 5 7 6 2Ï5 Add 7 to each side and simplify.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Solve the equation.
3 and 4
25. 3x 2 5 108 26. 5y 2 1 4 5 14 27. 3(p 1 1)2 5 81
on pp. 267–268
for Exs. 25–28
28. GEOGRAPHY The total surface area of Earth is 510,000,000 square
kilometers. Use the formula S 5 4πr 2, which gives the surface area of
a sphere with radius r, to find the radius of Earth.

4.6 Perform Operations with Complex Numbers pp. 275–282

EXAMPLE
Write (6 2 4i)(1 2 3i) as a complex number in standard form.
(6 2 4i)(1 2 3i) 5 6 2 18i 2 4i 1 12i 2 Multiply using FOIL.

5 6 2 22i 1 12(21) Simplify and use i 2 5 21.

5 26 2 22i Write in standard form.

320 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Factoring

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Chapter Review Practice

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Write the expression as a complex number in standard form.
2, 4, and 5
29. 29i(2 2 i) 30. (5 1 i)(4 2 2i) 31. (2 2 5i)(2 1 5i)
on pp. 276–278
for Exs. 29–34 4i
32. (8 2 6i) 1 (7 1 4i) 33. (2 2 3i) 2 (6 2 5i) 34. }
23 1 6i

4.7 Complete the Square pp. 284–291

EXAMPLE
Solve x 2 2 8x 1 13 5 0 by completing the square.
x2 2 8x 1 13 5 0 Write original equation.

x2 2 8x 5 213 Write left side in the form x2 1 bx.

1 228 2
2
x2 2 8x 1 16 5 213 1 16 Add } 5 (24) 2 5 16 to each side.

(x 2 4)2 5 3 Write left side as a binomial squared.

}
x 2 4 5 6Ï3 Take square roots of each side.
}
x 5 4 6Ï 3 Solve for x.

EXAMPLES EXERCISES
3 and 4
Solve the equation by completing the square.
on pp. 285–286
for Exs. 35–37 35. x2 2 6x 2 15 5 0 36. 3x 2 2 12x 1 1 5 0 37. x2 1 3x 2 1 5 0

4.8 Use the Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant pp. 292–299

EXAMPLE
Solve 3x 2 1 6x 5 22.
3x2 1 6x 5 22 Write original equation.
2
3x 1 6x 1 2 5 0 Write in standard form.
}}
2
Ï26 6 6 2 4(3)(2)
x5 } Use a 5 3, b 5 6, and c 5 2 in quadratic formula.
2(3)
}
23 6 Ï3
x5} Simplify.
3

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Use the quadratic formula to solve the equation.
1, 2, 3, and 5
38. x2 1 4x 2 3 5 0 39. 9x2 5 26x 2 1 40. 6x 2 2 8x 5 23
on pp. 292–295
for Exs. 38–41
41. VOLLEYBALL A person spikes a volleyball over a net when the ball is 9 feet
above the ground. The volleyball has an initial vertical velocity of 240 feet
per second. The volleyball is allowed to fall to the ground. How long is the
ball in the air after it is spiked?

Chapter Review 321

4 4.9
CHAPTER REVIEW
Graph and Solve Quadratic Inequalities pp. 300–307

EXAMPLE
Solve 22x 2 1 2x 1 5 ≤ 0.
The solution consists of the x-values for which the graph of y 5 22x2 1 2x 1 5
lies on or below the x-axis. Find the graph’s x-intercepts by letting y 5 0 and using
the quadratic formula to solve for x.
}}
Ï 22 6 22 2 4(22)(5) y
x5 }
2(22)
} }
22 6 Ï44 21 6 Ï 11
5 }
24 5 }
22

x ø 21.16 or x ø 2.16 21.16 1 2.16

1 x
Sketch a parabola that opens down and has 21.16
and 2.16 as x-intercepts. The solution of the
inequality is approximately x ≤ 21.16 or x ≥ 2.16.

EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 5
Solve the inequality by graphing.
on p. 302
for Exs. 42–44 42. 2x2 2 11x 1 5 < 0 43. 2x2 1 4x 1 3 ≥ 0 1 x 2 1 3x 2 6 > 0
44. }
2

4.10 Write Quadratic Functions and Models pp. 309–315

EXAMPLE
Write a quadratic function for the parabola shown. y

Because you are given the x-intercepts p 5 23 and q 5 2,

use the intercept form y 5 a(x 2 p)(x 2 q) 5 a(x 1 3)(x 2 2). 23
1
2
1 x
Use the other given point, (1, 22), to find a.
22 5 a(1 1 3)(1 2 2) Substitute 1 for x and 22 for y. (1, 22)

22 5 24a Simplify coefficient of a.

1
}5a Solve for a.
2
1 (x 1 3)(x 2 2).
c A quadratic function for the parabola is y 5 }
2

EXERCISES
EXAMPLES Write a quadratic function whose graph has the given characteristics.
1 and 2
45. x-intercepts: 23, 2 46. passes through: 47. vertex: (2, 7)
on p. 309
passes through: (3, 12) (5, 2), (0, 2), (8, 26) passes through: (4, 2)
for Exs. 45–48

48. SOCCER The parabolic path of a soccer ball that is kicked from the ground
passes through the point (0, 0) and has vertex (12, 7) where the coordinates
are in feet. Write a quadratic function that models the soccer ball’s path.

322 Chapter 4 Quadratic Functions and Factoring