Crosshead Lubrication

7/20/23, 1:35 PM Crosshead Lubrication
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Crosshead Lubrication
December 25, 2019
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Function oral 4b and 6
The crosshead on a slow speed 2 stroke is a difficult bearing
to lubricate effectively. The load is continually downward and
because the con rod swings about the pin, changing
direction each stroke, true hydrodynamic lubrication cannot
take place. Instead the lubrication starts as boundary, and as
the rubbing speed increases, a hydrodynamic film is built up.
https://www.meoexamnotes.in/2019/12/crosshead-lubrication-crosshead-on-slow.html 1/8
MEOCLASSIIEXAMNOTES
As the rubbing speed decreases the lubrication becomes
boundary once again.
As engine powers and thus gas loads have increased, the
difficulties with achieving effective lubrication have
increased. Larger pin diameters have helped by increasing
the linear rubbing speeds, and the continuous lower bearing
has reduced the loading/unit area.
The older forked type crosshead as found in earlier engines

(up to the mid 1980s) used various methods to improve the
lubrication of the crosshead. Oil grooves in the lower

bearings were used to distribute the oil. The grooves in some
cases extended to the edge of the bearing, although with a

reduced csa, to ensure a flow of oil through the bearing.
THE MAN B&W MC ENGINE CROSSHEAD
The lower half of the bearing housing is formed by the top
end of the connecting rod. It supports the crosshead pin

over its entire length, the piston rod being bolted to the
top half of the crosshead pin through a cut out in the
MEOCLASSIIEXAMNOTES
bearing top half. Oil supply to the crosshead is via a
telescopic pipe from the main LO supply at a pressure of

about 2.5 bar.
The lower bearing shell (tin aluminium with overlay) has oil
grooves with machined wedges as shown in the diagram and

photo. The oil enters via the cut out channel in the centre.
The grooves extend right to the edges of the bearing to

ensure a flow of oil, thus cooling the bearing.
THE SULZER RTA ENGINE CROSSHEAD
The early RTA had a forked crosshead with the piston rod
passing through a hole in the crosshead pin and secured
underneath with a nut. Oil entered the bearing through holes
in the shell. via a groove machined in the the lower bearing

housing
MEOCLASSIIEXAMNOTES

OIL SUPPLY PRESSURE.
A Question sometimes asked is why do Sulzer need to

boost their crosshead oil supply pressure to 12 bar whilst
MAN B&W supply oil to their crosshead at system pressure.
The answer lies in the design of the bearing.
More than 90% of the circulated oil has the sole purpose of
cooling the bearings. If you study antique machines with
open crankcases, you will see that the amount of oil for
lubrication is a few drops per minute. This is enough for
maintaining the oil film in the bearing and with an open

crankcase the friction heat is removed by air-cooling.
Modern engines have closed crankcases and a much higher
bearing load - hence the need for oil cooling.
In a main bearing, the oil is pumped into the upper shell
and it will cool the upper part of the joumal. Since the shaft
is rotating, it is cooled on all sides and because the oil film
thickness is very small in the loaded part, the shaft will cool
the loaded bearing half as well.
MEOCLASSIIEXAMNOTES
A crosshead bearing is only oscillating and the lower shell
is always loaded. The cooling oil must be injected between
shaft (crosshead pin) and lower bearing.
In MAN B&W engines, a set of channels have been machined

in the lower crosshead bearing, in which the cooling oil can
pass. The geometry is designed in such a way that all the
loaded square centimetres of the pin are flushed with

cooling oil twice every engine cycle. In contrast, the Sulzer
crosshead has a plain lower bearing without channels. In
order to inject oil between pin and bearing, they have to
supply oil at a much higher pressure. The injection will take

place at around 20 degrees crank angle before TDC, where
the cylinder pressure is still low and upward inertia forces on
piston is still high. There is a short interval, in which the
bearing pressure is lower than the oil pressure.
LABELS: FUNCTION ORAL 4B AND 6 SHARE
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7/20/23, 1:35 PM Crosshead Lubrication

Marine Engineering exam notes for Seafarers

December 25, 2019

Function oral 4b and 6

The crosshead on a slow speed 2 stroke is a difficult bearing

to lubricate effectively. The load is continually downward and

because the con rod swings about the pin, changing

direction each stroke, true hydrodynamic lubrication cannot

take place. Instead the lubrication starts as boundary, and as

the rubbing speed increases, a hydrodynamic film is built up.

boundary once again.

difficulties with achieving effective lubrication have

increased. Larger pin diameters have helped by increasing

the linear rubbing speeds, and the continuous lower bearing

has reduced the loading/unit area.

The older forked type crosshead as found in earlier engines

lubrication of the crosshead. Oil grooves in the lower

cases extended to the edge of the bearing, although with a

THE MAN B&W MC ENGINE CROSSHEAD

The lower half of the bearing housing is formed by the top

end of the connecting rod. It supports the crosshead pin

top half of the crosshead pin through a cut out in the

telescopic pipe from the main LO supply at a pressure of

grooves with machined wedges as shown in the diagram and

The grooves extend right to the edges of the bearing to

THE SULZER RTA ENGINE CROSSHEAD

in the shell. via a groove machined in the the lower bearing

OIL SUPPLY PRESSURE.

A Question sometimes asked is why do Sulzer need to

maintaining the oil film in the bearing and with an open

In a main bearing, the oil is pumped into the upper shell

shaft (crosshead pin) and lower bearing.

In MAN B&W engines, a set of channels have been machined

loaded square centimetres of the pin are flushed with

supply oil at a much higher pressure. The injection will take

bearing pressure is lower than the oil pressure.

LABELS: FUNCTION ORAL 4B AND 6 SHARE

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It is a two dimensional drawing of a three dimensional

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Any opening in a pressure vessel is kept to a

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