Name: ASYHABUL QAFFI

Student Number: 2305003

Subject Lecture:日本水産事情 (Nihonsuisanjijyou)
Report of the 3rd class

Similarities and Differences in The Problems of The Fishing Industry in Indonesia and in Japan

Problems of the capture fisheries industry in Indonesia:

1. Using of dangerous fishing gear:
The problem with fishing in Indonesia is that many fishermen still use traditional methods that
tend to damage coral reefs, namely by using cyanide poison and even explosives. These methods, of course,
apart from being very damaging to the environment, also have an impact on the diminishing supply of fish
stocks in the waters of the coral reefs. In fact, in some areas, such as the Java Sea and the Malacca Strait,
fishing activities at sea have exceeded the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), threatening the sustainability
of available resources (Gunarto, 2003).
2. Indonesian fishermen who have not used high technology in fishing
The majority of fishermen in Indonesia still use boats and simple fishing gear. Until 2011, the rate
of use of motor boats had not increased significantly, causing the reach of fishermen to be limited to public
waters, and unable to reach the deep sea, even in the exclusive economic zone (Adam and Surya, 2013).
3. Overfishing
Several waters in the world, including Indonesian waters, have experienced overfishing, so the
stock or population of fish in these waters has decreased and needs to be restored. The fisheries sector is
very dependent on the existence of other coastal ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangrove forests, as
a result, in the development of this sector, attention must be paid to aspects of resource sustainability in
coastal areas. The availability of fishery resources is dwindling due to the over-exploitation of fish resources
with economic value, making it necessary to limit the exploitation of fishery resources (Gunarto, 2003).
4. Limited capture storage
In general, fish traded must be maintained freshness and nutritional content. However, fish are
very easily damaged, and various types of bacteria can decompose the nutritional components of fish into
foul-smelling and rancid compounds, such as indole, skatol, H2S, mercaptans, and others. Several
pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria, such as Salmonella, Vibrio, and Clostridium, often contaminate
fishery products. To overcome this, storage at low temperatures is required because storage at low
temperatures can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. However, storage problems are still constrained,
causing fluctuations in fish prices. This is due to the adequacy of the electricity supply used. The problem
of cold storage is serious in maintaining fish quality so that it is not easily damaged and maintaining
domestic fish supply. With limited storage of the catch, it must be sold immediately due to high distribution
costs so it is feared that it will not be competitive (Wuryandani and Meilani, 2011).
5. Transportation facilities and infrastructure are inadequate
Problems with inadequate road facilities and infrastructure, including port infrastructure and fish
landing centers, and limited sources of electricity and fuel oil. In addition, transportation facilities that do
not support the result increased logistics costs and have an impact on fish prices. Apart from the limited
facilities, the price is also relatively expensive (Wuryandani and Meilani, 2011).
6. Financing by financial institutions that have not been maximized
Financing by financial institutions that have not been maximized because the fisheries production
sector contains quite large risks. Fishermen's income is inseparable from business investment, business
capital, and income after fishing operations. The existence of business capital in fishing operations can
provide convenience in the fishing business, as well as a means for fishermen to find fish in the sea. The
amount of business capital used in fishing operations can determine the success of fishermen's catch
(Wuryandani and Meilani, 2011).
7. Conflicts in the utilization of complex resources, both between traditional fishermen and commercial
fishermen
This conflict arises because there is a gap between goals, objectives, planning, and functions
between the various parties involved. Planning from each sector often overlaps and competes on the same
sea space. Overlapping planning and competition for the use of these resources trigger the emergence of
utilization conflicts in coastal areas (Wuryandani and Meilani, 2011).
8. Environmental Pollution
Human activities in coastal areas have caused changes that lead to increased pollution. Through
water bodies, pollutants reach coastal areas and result in reduced habitat productivity (Bahdad and
Yuliana, 2012).
9. Fish Theft by Foreign Vessels
The rise of illegal fishing activities in Indonesia is caused by several things, namely: (1) the span of
control and the extent of the surveillance area are not comparable to the current monitoring capabilities;
(2) limited capabilities of surveillance facilities and fleets at sea; (3) the weak human resource capacity of
Indonesian fishermen (4) law enforcement is still weak; and (5) weak coordination and commitment
among law enforcement officials in various activities that fall under the category of illegal fishing are
directly a threat to efforts to manage fish resources responsibly and hinder the progress of achieving
sustainable capture fisheries (Bahdad and Yuliana, 2012).
10. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU)
The main problem in the capture fisheries sub-sector is fishery resources that are decreasing due
to excessive amounts of fish caught, and illegal, unreported, and unjustified fishing. IUU fishing not only
causes massive economic losses but also creates environmental problems and the resulting social impacts.
The ecological impacts caused by IUU fishing include: it will disrupt stock composition in the process of
estimating fish stocks. From a social perspective, IUU fishing triggers a lot of conflict between fishermen,
both with different fishing gear and fishermen with the same fishing gear (Adam and Surya, 2013).
11. Problems of the aquaculture industry in Indonesia
1) Types of marine fish that can be cultivated through cultivation are still limited.
2) Fish feed for marine fish farming still depends on trash fish whose availability also depends on the
season and the price is relatively expensive and often competes with the need for fresh
consumption.
3) Most of the need for seeds still comes from catches at sea, so that in terms of quantity, quality,
and uniformity of size they are inadequate.
4) There are still many types of fish diseases caused by bacteria and viruses.
5) Locations for mariculture often overlap with other uses such as tourism, industry, and sea
transportation.
6) There is still a lack of post-harvest technology for fish, especially in handling and transporting
groupers alive (Gunarto, 2003).

Several regulations from the government as solutions sought to overcome the problems of the
fishing industry in Indonesia are as follows (Wuryandani and Meilani, 2011):
1) UUD RI Tahun 1945 Pasal 33 which states that land, water, and the wealth contained therein are
best used for the welfare of the people.
2) Convention on the Law of the Sea (United Nation Convention of Law of the Sea, UNCLOS) 1982
article 61, namely, the coastal state must, among other things: ensure that there is no excessive
exploitation of fishery resources; guard against negative consequences of certain fishing methods
on other types of marine life.
3) United Nation Fish Stock Agreement by FAO in 1995 mandates the coastal state and remote water
fishing state (DWFS) to: apply a precautionary approach; study the consequences of fishing; use
 conservation and management efforts; protect target stock categories; protect the diversity of
organisms; avoid overfishing and fishing capacity and fishing capacity; paying attention to the
interests of small fishermen; carry out conservation and management efforts through effective
observation, control and monitoring, and others.
4) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) by FAO in1995 concerning responsible fishery
management; the state must prevent overfishing; HR management policies must apply a
precautionary approach; development and application of selective and environmentally friendly
fishing gear; it is necessary to protect critical fishing habitats; the state must guarantee the
implementation of supervision and compliance in the implementation of management.
5) UU Nomor 31 in 2004 concerning Fisheries, including (1) Chapter I Article 1 paragraph 7: fisheries
management is all efforts, including processes that are integrated into information gathering,
analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of fish resources, and implementation
and enforcement carried out by the government or other authorities that are directed to achieve
the continuity of the productivity of aquatic biological resources and the goals that have been
agreed upon; (2) Chapter IV article 6 paragraph 1 states that fishery management in the Republic
of Indonesia fishery management area is carried out to achieve optimal and sustainable benefits
and ensure the preservation of fish resources, paragraph 2 that fishery management for the
benefit of fishing and fish cultivation must take into account customary law and/or local wisdom
and pay attention to community participation.

The Fisheries and Maritime Development policies implemented by the Indonesian government
are as follows (Wuryandani and Meilani, 2011):
1) Developing the business scale capacity of fishermen, fish cultivators, and other marine and
fisheries business actors
2) Develop competitive and environmentally sound aquaculture.
3) Strengthen and develop the national capture fisheries business in an efficient, sustainable, and
community-based manner.
4) Develop and strengthen the catch handling and processing industry as well as marketing.
5) Building small islands in a sustainable and community-based manner.
6) Improving the rehabilitation and conservation of marine and fishery resources (Wuryandani dan
Meilani, 2011).

The aquaculture program policy continues to focus on three main policies to increase production,
namely increasing domestic consumption, increasing exports, and exploiting fishery resources. These three
things are formulated with synergies in marketing and investment activities (Wuryandani dan Meilani,
2011).
Some of the capture fisheries and aquaculture technologies to address the problems of the fishing
industry in Indonesia are as follows (Mulyanto, 2014):
1) Increase the number of trawlers from two to four to increase the sweep area of the fishing area.
With this modification, it is hoped that the number of catches can be more.
2) Increasing the size of the try net is almost the same as the trawl net so that the try net also
functions as a fishing tool.
3) “Immunostimulant” Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) products specifically for shrimp.
4) Probiotic product BY-9 to increase the resistance of tiger prawn seeds and improve water quality.
5) Artemia production technology for natural food for shrimp larvae and ornamental fish.
6) Hatching technology for tiger prawns, white prawns, vannamei prawns, giant prawns, milkfish,
snapper, duck grouper, mud grouper, sunu grouper, sea cucumbers and abalone.
7) Technology for growing tiger prawns, white prawns, vannamei prawns, crabs, milkfish, snapper,
grouper, sea cucumbers, abalones and others.
8) Monoclonal antibody products for the diagnosis of diseases caused by viruses.
9) Medivac vaccine products to prevent diseases caused by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria
 10) Seaweed cultivation technology.
11) Humpback grouper feed technology.
The similarity of the problems faced by the fishing industry in Japan and Indonesia is that
productivity has not yet reached the target due to the suboptimal management of resources. The problem
facing the Japanese fishing industry is the depletion of resources due to the environment and overfishing.
This also happened in Indonesia. Several areas in Indonesia are experiencing overfishing, especially in
coastal areas. This is due to a lack of resource management. On the other hand, fishermen do not care
about marine ecosystems and are not too knowledgeable about ecosystems.
Differences in the problems faced by the Japanese and Indonesian fishing industries. Workers in
the fishery sector in Japan are declining due to the decline and aging of fishery workers in Japan. This may
be caused by various factors. This is different from Indonesia. In Indonesia, the problem of the fishing
industry has not experienced a decline in workers, but fishery workers in Indonesia are experiencing
difficulties in terms of inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and technology. Problems with inadequate
road facilities and infrastructure, including port infrastructure and fish landing centers, limited sources of
electricity, and fuel oil. In addition, transportation facilities that do not support the result increased logistics
costs and have an impact on fish prices. In addition to limited facilities, the price is also relatively expensive.
Besides that, the majority of fishermen in Indonesia still use boats and simple fishing gear. Until 2011, the
rate of use of motor boats had not increased significantly, causing the reach of fishermen to be limited to
public waters, and unable to reach the deep sea, even in the exclusive economic zone.
There are various other problems faced by Indonesia that are very different from Japan. The
Japanese fishing industry is experiencing a problem of resource depletion due to environmental factors.
This is different from Indonesia. Indonesia has abundant natural resources but due to overfishing and
pollution caused by human activities in coastal areas, it has caused changes that lead to increased pollution.
Through water bodies, pollutants reach coastal areas and result in a decrease in habitat productivity.
The other difference is that Indonesia still has other problems that are different from Japan's
problems. The problem is that there are still many Indonesian fishermen using traditional methods that
tend to damage coral reefs, namely by using cyanide poison and even explosives. These methods, of course,
apart from being very damaging to the environment, also have an impact on the diminishing supply of fish
stocks in the waters of the coral reefs. Another problem is as follows:
1. The problem of cold storage is still constrained, causing fluctuations in fish prices. This is due to the
adequacy of the electricity supply used.
2. Regarding financing by financial institutions that have not been maximized.
3. Conflicts in the utilization of marine resources, both between traditional fishermen and commercial
fishermen, are due to gaps between goals, objectives, planning, and functions between the various parties
involved.
4. Theft of fish by foreign vessels
5. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU)
Various problems in the aquaculture industry such as the limited types of marine fish that can be
cultivated through aquaculture, the availability of feed which is difficult and relatively expensive, etc.
As for the policies and solutions to overcome the problems faced by the Indonesian and Japanese
fishing industries, both of them have issued regulations not to overfishing and to develop fishery workers'
insights about the environment.

Reference:
Adam, L., dan Surya, A. T. 2013. Sustainable Fisheries Development Policy in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan
Kebijakan Publik. Vol. 4 (2):195-211.
Bahdad dan Yuliana. 2012. Modul 1 Permasalahan dalam Pengelolaan Perikanan di Indonesia. Universitas
Terbuka. Jakarta.
Gunarto, A. 2003. Development Of Sea Farming of Floating Net Cage Cage (KJA) Group (Ephinephelus Sp.)
In Indonesia. Jurnal Matematika, Saint, dan Teknologi. 4 (1):35-44.
Mulyanto. 2014. Konsep Pengembangan Inovasi Teknologi Perikanan. Penerbit: Universitas Terbuka.
Jakarta
Wurdayanti, D., dan Meilani, H. 2011. Kebijakan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Perikanan Laut Untuk
Menunjang Ketahanan Pangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik. Vol. 2 (1):395-
422.