SINCE - Monitoring & Evaluation

Handbook

Prepared by UNIDO
The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

2018/2019

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The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

Stemming Irregular Migration

in
Northern & Central Ethiopia
(SINCE)

MONITORING & EVALUATION (M&E)

HANDBOOK

Prepared by

March 2018
Draft Update November 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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ACRONYMS 1

1. Introduction 3

1.1 UNIDO technical assistance 3

1.2 SINCE M&E Handbook 3

1.3 SINCE M&E Approach 4

1.4 SINCE Programme Overview 8

1.4.1 Background 8

1.4.2 SINCE Programme 10

2. SINCE Programme Objectives and Expected Results/Intermediate Outcomes 12

2.1 SINCE Programme and its Projects LFs correlation 12

2.2 Overall Objective (OO) 13

2.3 Specific Objective (SO) 15

2.4 OO and SO monitoring assumption 17

2.5 Expected Results (ER)/Intermediary Outcomes (IOc) 20

2.5.1 ER/IOc1: TVET institutions 23

2.5.2 ER/IOc2: Industrial clusters 24

2.6 ER/IOc monitoring assumptions 27

3. SINCE Programme indicators 28

3.1 Overall analysis of indicators 28

3.2 Baseline, entry point, targets and endline values 29

3.3 Disaggregation 30

4. SINCE indicators Monitoring Plan 32

4.1 OO Indicators 32

4.1.1 OO Indicators 1 and 2 33

4.1.2 OO Indicators 3 and 4 38

4.2 SO indicators 45

4.3 ER/IOc indicators 50

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4.3.1 ER/IOc1indicators (TVETs) 52

4.3.2 ER/IOc2 indicators (Industrial clusters) 58

4.3.3 Common Outputs / CO indicators 69

5. M&E key moments 67

5.1 Baselines and endlines 67

5.1.1 Second round of baseline study 69

5.2 Periodic reports and M&E Database 69

5.3 Field missions 70

5.4 Programme review meetings/workshops 70

5.5 Final evaluation 71

6. Gender Mainstreaming 71

ANNEXES 72

Annex 1. SINCE M&E Glossary of definitions 73

Annex 2. SINCE Programme Logical Framework (revision 24 October 2018) 86

Annex 3. SINCE Result chain and indicators 91

Annex 4. Decent work SINCE enterprises MINIMUM requirements 92

Annex 5. Overall Objective Indicators Questionnaire 93

Annex 6. TVET Capacity Assessment Checklist 99

Annex 7. SME Capacity Assessment Checklist 103

Annex 8. SINCE Narrative Quarterly Report template 107

Annex 9. SINCE Quarterly Indicators Achievement Matrix 119

ACRONYMS
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AICS Italian Agency for Development Cooperation
ARRA Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs
BOE Bureau of Education
BOFED Bureau of Finance and Economic Development
BOLSA Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs
BOWCA Bureau of Women and Children Affairs
BTVED Bureau of Technical & Vocational Enterprise Development
CoC Certificate of Competence
CSA Central Statistical Agency
CSI Credit and Savings Institutions
CSO Civil Society Organization
EEO Equal Employment Opportunity
ELS Entry Learning Skills
ELT Entry Learning Training
ER Expected Results
EU European Union
EUTF European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa
ETB Ethiopian Birr
ETPP Enterprises and Training Providers Partnerships
FAO United Nation‘s Food and Agriculture Organization
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GoE Government of Ethiopia
GTP Growth &Transformation Plan
IA Impact Assessment
IC Implementing Consortia
ILO International Labour Organization
IOc Intermediate Outcome
JIPR Joint Inception Phase Report
KAP Knowledge Attitude and Practice
KII Key Informant Interview
KPI Key Performance Indicators

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LF Logical Framework
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OCACC Occupational Competency Assessment and Certification Center
OJT On the Job Training
OO Overall Objective
Op Outputs
OSHS Occupational Safety and Health Standards
PES Public Employment Service
PPP Public Private Partnership
RARI Regional Agricultural Research Institute
SEA Socio-Economic Assessment
SINCE Stemming Irregular Migration in Northern and Central Ethiopia
SME Small and Medium Enterprises
SMOV Sources and Means of Verification
SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
SDC Short Duration Course
SO Specific Objective
TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training
UNHCR United Nation Higher Commission for Refugee
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
VCA Value-Chain Assessment

1. Introduction

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 1.1 UNIDO technical assistance
Within the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) technical
assistance to the Programme “Stemming Irregular Migration In Northern & Central Ethiopia
- SINCE” - funded by the European Union Emergency Trust Fund (EUTF), and managed, in
the role of Contracting Authority, by the Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa sided by the
Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS) – is the establishment of a Monitoring
and Evaluation (M&E) system.
The aim is to gear the successful Applicants of the SINCE call for proposal (hereinafter called
Implementing Consortia – ICs) with effective monitoring tools. Furthermore, this initiative
intends to facilitate the EUTF Single Monitoring Framework strategy implementation while
ensuring SINCE projects‘ initiatives coordination as well as their coherence with the results of
SINCE‘ inception phase report.
In this context, Monitoring tools (i.e. Baseline, Database, Report Templates, & Monitoring
Plan) will be developed, ad hoc reports will be produced and strategic technical meetings to
facilitate and coordinate SINCE Programme implementation will be organized.

1.2 SINCE M&E Handbook

The aim of this Handbook is to provide with guidelines outlying SINCE‘ M&E system
principles for the part of the Programme implemented by the ICs. Given this special nexus
amongst this M&E Handbook with the Implementing Consortia and in order to avoid any
distortion of interpretations, when referring to SINCE Programme, it is intended only the part
of the Programme of direct IC‘s competence.
SINCE Programme structure includes three axes of intervention. The first two, corresponding
to Expected Result (ER)/Intermediate Outcome1 (IOc) 1 & 2, fall under this M&E Handbook2
competency. The third axe, corresponding to ER3 of the Programme Logical Framework (LF),
is directly implemented by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and as part of its
technical assistance agreement with SINCE Programme the Organization is directly
responsible for its own project activities‘ monitoring. Given this nature of SINCE Programme
structure, all ICs are hence invited to follow and operate this M&E handbook solely for
ER/IOc 1 and 2.
All of SINCE project proposals have been structured adhering the general SINCE Programme
LF. However, following the Guidelines for grant applicants, ICs had some degree of freedom
in designing their own project strategy and activities to be reflected in their own project
LF. In doing so, ICs delivered revisions and integrations of the LF, introducing new/revised
indicators and corresponding Sources and Means of Verification (SMOV). Therefore, through
this M&E Handbook and a participatory involvement of the Implementing Consortia in its
development, UNIDO promotes and facilitates, from a monitoring perspective, structural
coherence between SINCE Projects and SINCE Programme general logic of intervention.

1
See chapter 2.1 for the correlation between SINCE Programme and Projects and in particular the correspondence
between ER1 and 2 of SINCE Programme LF and the Intermediary Outcomes (IOc) of SINCE Projects LFs.
2
ER1: Improved access of beneficiaries to TVET and employments opportunities through the promotion of
partnerships among TVET service providers and the private sector. ER2: Improved capacity of selected
industrial clusters to create additional job opportunities with a special focus on the promotion of decent work.
For a comprehensive description of ER/IOc please refer to paragraph 4.3

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To begin with, this M&E Handbook was conceived from the existing available documents that
stemmed SINCE Programme: first of all the Guidelines for grant applicants, which
constitutes the main reference document. Specifically, the guidelines have been designed
following the Objectives defined in SINCE Programme Action Fiche and based on the results
of the Programme Inception Phase and further detailed in the Joint Inception Phase Report
(JIPR), produced by UNIDO and ILO. The JIPR is another fundamental document, not only in
terms of contents but also for the methodology promoted, which produces interesting hints for
this M&E system. In fact, the JIPR can be considered as a sort of starting baseline for the
SINCE Programme,3 which is the first expected document to be produced within an M&E
structure. Therefore, some extracts from the Guidelines for grant applicants and the JIPR4 are
directly reported in this M&E Handbook, through specific text frames, in order to have readily
available reference information.
From a structure perspective, this M&E handbook is composed by six chapters and their
Annexes: the Introduction (chapter 1), which describes the scope of the document, the main
concepts of M&E and SINCE specific approach and the overall view of the Programme and
Projects. SINCE Programme Objectives and Expected Results/Intermediate Outcomes
(chapter 2), which are described with their corresponding monitoring assumptions and
requirements for guaranteeing consistency between SINCE Programme and the specific
Projects‘ LF. SINCE Indicators (chapter 3), where some cross-cutting and general issues of
the indicators are reported. SINCE Monitoring Plan for indicators (chapter 4), where a
specific table for each indicator is structured by including the level of the logic of intervention;
the indicator‘s definition, purpose and disaggregation; data source; data collection, analysis
and reporting; critical issues; methods for calculation; frequency for data collection, baseline
and target values. The M&E key moments (chapter 5), where the approach and methodology
used in the development of this Handbook are described, in particular: baseline and endline,
periodic reports and M&E database use, field missions, Programme review meetings,
workshops, mid-term and final evaluations. Gender Mainstreaming (chapter 6), which
presents the ongoing work.

1.3 SINCE M&E Approach

In this M&E Handbook, we refer to the updated and internationally recognised definitions of
Monitoring and Evaluation established by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of
the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2002:5
“Monitoring is a continuing function that uses systematic collection of data on specified
indicators6to provide management and the main stakeholders of an on-going development

3
Together with the specific baseline studies produced by the IC, as explained in Chapter 5 of this M&E
Handbook.
4
Annex FI of the Call for Proposal
https://ambaddisabeba.esteri.it/Ambasciata_AddisAbeba/resource/doc/2017/07/annex_fi_-
_inception_phase_report.pdf
5
The next two definitions are taken from the DAC Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based
Management 2010, http://www.oecd.org/dac/2754804.pdf
6
Indicators are clues, signs or markers that measure one aspect of a development intervention and show how close
it is to its desired path and outcomes. They describe the intervention in operationally measurable terms
(quantity, quality, time). They should be defined before the intervention starts and allow monitoring and
evaluating whether the intervention does what it said it would do. They are formulated in response to the
question ―How would we know whether or not what has been planned is actually happening or happened? How
do we verify success?‖. Indicators usually describe observable changes or events, which relate to the

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intervention with indications of the extent of progress and achievement of objectives and
progress in the use of allocated funds.‖
“Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessments of an on-going or completed
project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. The aim is to
determine the relevance and the fulfilment of objectives, development efficiency,
effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is
credible and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decision-making
process of both recipients and donors. Evaluation also refers to the process of determining the
worth or significance of an activity, policy or program. An assessment, as systematic and
objective as possible, of a planned, on-going, or completed development intervention.‖

Monitoring and evaluation are fundamental elements of the Project Cycle Management
(PCM). It is important that both take in consideration each level of the logic of intervention7,
although monitoring is a continuous process and evaluation is carried out in specific
moments, and they have particular functions and focus.

As we can infer from the OECD definitions, the main purpose of M&E is hence to reduce the
gap between plans (design) and realities (implementation and achievements). If on the one
hand, monitoring gives information on where a Programme or Project is, at any given time (or
over time), relatively to set targets and milestones; provides records and guarantees
control of activities and results during the implementation; and signals problems to be
remedied along the way, on the other hand evaluation assesses in depth the results attained by
a Project, a Programme or Policy, according to established standard criteria. It is more

intervention. They provide the evidence that something has happened – whether an activity carried out, an
output delivered, an immediate effect occurred or a long-term change observed (e.g. number of hectares which
the intervention intends to affect), measured and/or estimated following the measuring unit (e.g. for length: cm,
m, km, etc.).
7
Here below the standard LF levels and those introduced by PRAG 2015 (Practical Guide to Contract Procedures
for EU External Actions) are put together; their correlation in SINCE Programme are explained in Chapter 2.

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descriptive and qualitative and comes in to explain why a particular problem has arisen, the
expected achievements have occurred or failed to occur.

More widely, the main M&E functions are:

 Management: to identify actual or potential successes and problems; to ensure that
planned results are achieved; to introduce necessary adjustments for improving
performance;
 Informed decision-making: to re-address, stop or multiply a Project, Programme or
Policy;
 Learning: from experience at different levels and to improve present and future
interventions and policies;
 Empowerment: enhancing the capacities of partners, staff and beneficiaries;
 Information: dissemination of best-practices and lesson-learnt.
When setting-up an M&E system, there are some useful hints that can be followed and that
will act as guiding principles to this M&E Handbook and the overall SINCE Programme
approach:
 Keep things as simple as possible: there is always the possibility to increase the
complexity on the way;
 Plan for the whole process of data handling and have a comprehensive Monitoring Plan;
 Collect baseline data and identify, if necessary, a control-group for impact assessment;
 Have a clear M&E schedule (with deadlines), milestones, baseline and target values for
all the indicators;
 Allocate time for data collection and analysis;
 Include responsibilities and resources in the personnel job description;
 Synchronize all the actions with report making;
 Ensure a good balance between qualitative and quantitative indicators and methods of
data collection, while promoting quantitative formats and calculation modalities (like
value scales) for qualitative indicators;
 Plan monitoring missions in strategic moments;
 Have Evaluation Terms of References (TOR) available in advance.

As we have seen, a fundamental part of an M&E system is the Monitoring Plan as it helps to:
organize the different monitoring actions that must take place in order to effectively and
efficiently support the implementation of a Programme, Project or Policy; organize plans for
data collection, analysis and use; outline and communicate various roles & responsibilities
regarding monitoring processes.

The SINCE M&E approach is based on these general M&E principles, but also on some
considerations. UNIDO will be in charge of facilitating the M&E for SINCE Projects run by
the Implementing Consortia, by supervising the correct use of the M&E tools put at their
disposal. 8Specifically, its role is that of a facilitator of an endogenous process of thinking
and participation, by gathering inputs and information from the main stakeholders (EU
Delegation and Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa) and Implementing Consortia, transforming

8
UNIDO will not substitute the IC in the M&E process of their projects, but supervises and supports them
technically by facilitating a set of M&E tools (i.e. definition of the Baseline ToRs; set up of the M&E
Handbook; facilitate the definition of project indicators; setup the M&E database)

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them into M&E guidelines through technical support and expertise. In this way, the overall
M&E system, and in particular the Monitoring Plan, are built in a participatory way, making
them functional to the Implementing Consortia‘s needs thus reducing the risk that the M&E
process is felt as an extra burden mining its use and usefulness.

In this process, it is important to make a distinction between two types of M&E: one put in
place by the ICs as internal monitoring system towards their own projects and one
mainstreamed by SINCE Programme, through UNIDO facilitation of its tools, to supervise the
ICs throughout their project implementation. The two M&E systems are interconnected
through a pyramid approach, which means that more and more you go from the base
(implementation of SINCE Project activities) to the top of the pyramid (Contracting
Authority and Donor) the level of synthesis and processing increases, with the consequent
decrease of operational details.

On the one hand, the ICs‘ M&E system is focused on specific project M&E tools and report
templates that allow Objectives, ER/IOc, Outputs and Activities progress tracking.
Quarterly (and at all needs) reporting and inputting of data into the M&E database is the IC‘s
responsibility, while UNIDO provides data quality control, supervision and technical
assistance throughout the process. The regular transmission of these tools and reports, and
their quality analysis, ensures an active feedback platform between UNIDO, the Embassy of
Italy in Addis Ababa, the European Delegation, and the same ICs involved within the M&E
system. This continuous flow of information promotes a global knowledge and
understanding of the on-going activities and of the different components (achievements,
challenges, bottlenecks, and best practices) observed and recorded within the individual
SINCE Projects and the SINCE Programme in overall.

On the other hand, SINCE M&E system is also based on ad-hoc selection of specific Project
Activities and/or outputs to be monitored. This system is based on the control by exception,
which means that the attention is focused, through defined monitoring ToRs, on critical
project activities/deliverables that need further consideration and for which field missions
and regular meetings with ICs are foreseen.

As part of the SINCE Programme M&E strategy, there will be a variation in the M&E rolling
frequency during the planned two years of SINCE Projects implementation. During the first
months of the first year, the M&E will be in its setup phase. It will be hence more intense
and focused on developing its specific M&E system and data collection tools needed to
allow regular measuring of the indicators and the monitoring of Projects. The last months of
the second year will also be intense, as the M&E system will focus on assessing the status of
achievement of the Programme‘s Objectives and ER/IOc. In addition, during this period, the
M&E system will ensure that all appropriate/relevant information/data has been collected
in order to prepare the final assessment, evaluation and closure of the Projects.

In particular, data for measuring the indicators progress and attainment will be gathered
through a combination/triangulation of primary and secondary data collection methods,
sources and tools (i.e. Database, Government reports, Key Informant Interviews, Focus
Groups Discussions, Questionnaires). Some guidelines related to this methodology can be
found in the text frame extracted from the final UNIDO/ILO JIPR and herewith reported
below:

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 Secondary Sources
Secondary data can be collected from different federal and regional sources such as Bureau of Finance and
Economic Development (BoFED), Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs (BoLSA), Bureau of Education (BoE),
Bureau of Technical & Vocational Enterprise Development (BTVED), Bureau of Women & Children Affairs
(BoWCA), Employers Federation, Regional Credit and Saving Institutions (CSI), Central Statistics Agency
(CSA) – Regional Branch Offices, NGOs working on issues of migration and reintegration of returnees,
Regional Universities, Regional Agricultural Research Institute (RARI), and United Nation‘s Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nation Higher Commission for Refugee (UNHCR), Administration of
Refugee and Returnees (ARRA).. Also periodic national and regional labour surveys at different levels can be
obtained and analysed. The main document which can be used for the analysis are:
 policy documents, and relevant legislations, strategies and plans
 review of the literature on migration and employment creation
 survey and various studies report
 reports and project documents
 existing baseline data.
Primary sources
Key Informant Interview (KII): Key informant interview is a major tool to obtain data. Open ended and semi
structured interview methods can be use with government office such as Labour and Social Affairs, Womens‘
and Children Affairs, Sport and Youth, Finance and Economic Development, Technical and Vocational
Education and Training (TVET), Micro and Small Enterprise Development, Administration Office, Workers
Union, Chamber of Commerce and various CSOs working on migration related programs. Also, KII can be made
with returnees, unemployed youth and women, potential migrants, community elders and other key Programme‘s
stakeholders.
Focus Group Discussion (FGD): FGD with unemployed youth, women, returnees, refugees as well as experts
from various sectors can be used as an additional source of primary data to substantiate and triangulate the
information obtained from secondary sources.
Observation: Observation can be used as a technique to assess businesses (including SMEs-Small and Medium
Enterprises), labour market and productivity of business activities in the target areas. Interactions with
community members can be also used as a method to understand and learn more about migration and
employment/unemployment issues in selected target areas.

1.4 SINCE Programme Overview

1.4.1 Background
To have a better understanding of this M&E Handbook, it is important to acknowledge some
SINCE Programme background information. To facilitate this step, an extract of the
Guidelines for grant applicants (page 4), also included in the JIPR is reported herewith below:
Country context
Forced displacement, irregular migration, trafficking in human beings and smuggling of people are transnational
challenges that affect Ethiopia to a high degree. A country with an estimated population close to 100 million
inhabitants, Ethiopia hosts over a million displaced persons, including over 450,000 internally displaced persons
(IDPs) and more than 800,000 refugees9, which are the second largest refugee population in Africa. The
geostrategic situation of Ethiopia makes it a source of, a destination for, and a transit region for migration and
refugee flows, mostly within the region but also to the Gulf countries and Middle East (Eastern Route), Europe
(Northern route) and South Africa (Southern route), as well as of internal displacement. Ethiopia has an open
door policy to migrants and refugees fleeing war, famine and hunger. In this context, it is often difficult to
clearly distinguish irregular migrants from refugees. The concept of mixed migration has thus appeared to
describe these complex population movements including refugees and asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors,
victims of trafficking, economic migrants and others often travelling in an irregular manner. Ethiopia is
increasingly becoming a transit country for mixed migration flows, mainly from Eritrea and Somalia using

9
https://twitter.com/UNHCREthiopia/status/848821721352294400/photo/1

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 primarily the Western route, as well as a country of departure for migrants mainly using the Eastern route and to
a lesser extent the Southern and Northern routes.
According to demographic projections, more than two million young Ethiopians are looking for a job every year.
The challenge of their socioeconomic integration is immense. A lack of success in integrating these young
people would be a collective failure and it could risk destabilizing Ethiopia. In addition, Ethiopia is regularly hit
by humanitarian crises.
Sector context: policies and challenges
Although manifested differently according to local contexts, a complex set of drivers underpins forced
displacement and mixed migration in Northern and Central Ethiopia: lack of economic opportunities,
marginalization, natural disasters, and food insecurity are at the roots of the problem. While the country has
experienced double-digit positive growth rates during the last decade, the lack of economic opportunities, as well
as of participation in economic life, are still very high, adding to a sense of disenfranchisement and constituting
an important push factor for displacements. Across the country, population displacement has continued or
increased, with returns to places of origin decreasing, and a growing flow of mixed migrants has also moved
across the borders, fuelling human trafficking and smuggling of migrants. A culture of migration, amplifying the
success stories of those making a good living abroad, spreads throughout the Ethiopian society and constitutes a
strong pull factor. Information may also have a key role on migration patterns. At the same time, Ethiopia is also
a recipient country for refugees arriving in camps and irregular migrants. They are not allowed to access a
regular work permit and, as a result, they survive relying on informal sector activities with no legal status.
Insufficient data are available on the subject in Ethiopia.
Women, girls and migrants under the age of 20 are increasingly on the move and they face additional
vulnerabilities during their transit or at the point of arrival. Despite the relatively low overall migration rate in
Ethiopia if compared to other countries, migration rates have been increasing. 86% of all migrants in Ethiopia are
working migrants, seeking employment and 25% migrate from rural to urban areas. In Addis Ababa, internal
migrants (all those not residing in the community of their birth) represent nearly half of the population, although
there is a recent migration favouring smaller rural cities. A majority of migrants are young at the time of
departure: the average age of a migrant in Ethiopia is 24 years old. There is also a large number of
unaccompanied minors continuously arriving in Ethiopia (particularly from Eritrea) who are at high risk of
trafficking and abuse. With more than 8,500 migrant child returnees registered from the total of over 160,000
deportees from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2013-2014, the issue of migrant children is an important focus
for Ethiopia10. Furthermore, due to the recent changes in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia‘s foreign worker
legislation and the subsequent crackdown on irregular migration, the Government of the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia (GoKSA) declared on 29th March 2017 that all irregular migrants in KSA should voluntarily leave KSA,
among them an estimated 500,000 are Ethiopians. According to the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) 35,000
undocumented Ethiopians have so far returned home from KSA.11 Migration has during the past two years
increasingly become an issue of importance for the Government of Ethiopia. Work has been initiated towards
enhancing the framework for legal migration. In June 2015, a proclamation to provide for the prevention and
suppression of trafficking in person and smuggling of migrants was adopted giving Ethiopia a tool to help
prevent and tackle this increasingly important problem. Ethiopia and the European Union have signed a
Common Agenda on Migration and Mobility (CAMM). This is now the framework for all future interventions in
the sector and a crucial tool for fostering political dialogue between EU Member States/the EU Delegation and
Ethiopian authorities.
The Government has been actively supporting the reintegration of returnees and is willing to address migration
matters in a comprehensive way. Furthermore, the new country strategy outlined in the Growth and
Transformation Plan II (GTP II) makes youth and employment a high priority and intends to achieve results in
particular through manufacturing development, including the opening of agro and industrial parks around the
country. The goal of the GTP II is not only to promote small and medium industries and hence generate
employment, but also to promote in a broad sense the economic structural transformation such as
industrialization of the country and public-private investments. To this end, SINCE is aligned to the GTP II
objectives and will also contribute to the provision of employment including linked to the establishment of the
new agro and industrial parks in the target regions. In details, the GTP II objectives highlight the importance for
the manufacturing industry to play a leading role in terms of production and productivity, contribution to export
earnings, technology transfer, skill development and job creation.

10
World Bank Group, Ethiopia poverty assessment. January 2015 Poverty Global Practice Africa Region.
11
International Organization for Migration (IOM), Return and Reintegration assistance to Ethiopian migrants
from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Weekly update 09, 27th June 2017

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 1.4.2 SINCE Programme
Due to the increasing incidence of irregular migration, the EU launched at the Valletta Summit,
an ―Emergency Trust Fund for stability and for addressing root causes of irregular migration
and displaced persons in Africa‖. The EU Trust Fund therefore aims at tackling the root
causes of irregular migration and forced displacement in countries of origin and transit
by strengthening the rule of law, creating economic and education opportunities, building
better governance, and so facilitating the effective sustainable return, readmission and
reintegration of irregular migrants not qualifying for protection.
Within this framework, SINCE Programme sets its goal in attaining EU Trust Fund's
objectives to create greater economic and employment opportunities for young people and
women (Potential Migrants) by focusing on improving vocational training, promoting
public private partnership (PPPs), reinforcing specific value chains, clusters of micro,
small and medium enterprises (MSMEs)12and/or Cooperatives. Under this goal umbrella,
SINCE geographically targets specific Zones (at Woreda level) with high incidence of
irregular origin, transit and destination migration. These Zones have been identified by JIPR
and are grouped in five (5) key macro-geographical areas: the City Administration of Addis
Ababa, and the four Regions of Tigray, Amhara, SNNPR and Oromia.
Given the above mentioned factors, SINCE intervention logic is hence to reduce irregular
migration and its negative impact by fostering a more inclusive economic environment for
potential migrants (mainly youth and women) across the target regions, and by facilitating the
reintegration of returnees and integration of refugees. The intervention assumes that the
reinforcement of productive value chains, the achievement of economic stability and
general developmental improvement prospects reduces the risk of irregular migration and
lowers the propensity to venture into the migration routes. In particular, SINCE intends to
enhance the living conditions of potential migrants, returnees and refugees through a
sustainable cycle model (picture below) which links on-the-job-training (TVET), SMEs
strengthening and PES capacity development in the identified main migrant prone areas in
Northern and Central Ethiopia.

PES
With the contribution from various stakeholders, SINCE Programme strategy was developed at
different stages and outlined in various documents. Each stakeholder reviewed and integrated
the produced documents and contributed to the development of the initial Programme LF,
which in turn reflects SINCE strategy. With the goal of improving the M&E system
(deepening the analysis and better defining some indicators, assumptions and SMOV),
SMEs TVET
some elements included in these documents will be used in this M&E handbook.
Defined the strategy, SINCE was then conceived in two phases: Inception and
Implementation. To shape SINCE actions, the Inception phase was carried out through the
technical assistance of UNIDO and ILO. The aim was to gain a better understanding on
migration dynamics, particularly the root causes of migration, and their nexus with the lack
of decent livelihood and employment opportunities. The JIPR is the main outcome of
SINCE Inception Phase and is composed by 3 Volumes: Volume I- the Socio-Economic
Assessment (SEA) produced by ILO, Volume II - the Value-Chain Assessment (VCA) and

12
In the aim of harmonizing SINCE common terminologies, when referring to Small and Medium Enterprise
(SME) it is referred as the private sector (cooperatives, clusters, MSMEs & SMEs). Please check the glossary of
definitions for further reference.

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Volume III - Thematic Sector Review (both Volume II and III are produced by UNIDO). The
Implementation strategy for SINCE Programme was then defined following the findings and
recommendations of this JIPR and summarised at page 66 of which an extract is reported in
the text frame here below:
The selected strategy intends to focus on results and activities that:
a) allow for the achievement of the SINCE objectives within the timeframe of the project;
b) can be implemented by the foreseen typology of implementing partners (NGOs and International
Organizations & Bilateral Agencies);
c) will be mainly related to the selected value chain segments but that will be also related to other sectors if
applicable;
d) will involve selected leading TVETs by increasing their capability in order to provide additional medium-
short training courses (with respect to their current capability) specifically addressed to potential migrants;
e) will involve selected clusters with high potential for additional employment opportunities creation;
f) will facilitate the involvement of PP stakeholders for ensuring project effectiveness and sustainability;
g) are located: (i.) in the given macro project areas (geographical zones indicated in the SINCE project
documents); (ii.) in a limited number of woredas located in the given macro project areas where the potential
migrants are more concentrated and where there is more possibility for creation of employment opportunities
in the selected value chains segments; and (iii.) in a limited number of kebeles in the selected woredas and
where, according to the implementing partners‘ assessment, the potential migrants are more concentrated.
All results and activities will focus on the SINCE target groups of potential migrants, in particular: youth,
women, Eritrean refugees and returnees.

In the JIPR a first version of the LF was included and the main axes of intervention
corresponding to ER/IOc1 and ER/IOc2 had also been defined. Additionally, for each of the
envisaged axe of interventions, a number of results oriented suggested activities have been
indicated and suggested in the Grant for Applicants Guidelines to be included, improved or
taken in consideration while drafting the project proposals.
As a last step, the Guidelines for grant applicants were then developed, starting from the
results of the JIPR but reviewing some activities and areas of interventions there suggested
and introducing important guiding principles and further strategic considerations. On the
basis of the defined LF13 annexed to the Call for proposal, the ICs had to develop their specific
LF, while having some freedom in adapting its contents.

2. SINCE Programme Objectives and Expected

Results/Intermediate Outcomes
2.1 SINCE Programme and its Projects LFs correlation
It is important to explain the correlation between SINCE Programme LF with the specific LFs
of SINCE Projects developed by the Implementing Consortia. Being the SINCE Projects‘ LFs
developed on the basis of the SINCE Programme LF, an immediate critical issue arose.

13
Annex FII to the call for proposal.
https://ambaddisabeba.esteri.it/Ambasciata_AddisAbeba/resource/doc/2017/07/annex_fii_-
_logical_framework_since.pdf

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SINCE Programme LF was created by using the standard LF format, while SINCE Project‘s
LFs follow the structure of the new format required by EU PRAG 2015. The two LFs
reported a mismatch especially at ER/IOc level, which needed guidance. The solution adopted
to guarantee consistency and coherence among the two templates was to respect the
requirements herewith below reported and illustrated to the Grant Applicants during the
Information Meeting held on 11th of August 2017:
 ―SINCE Programme Overall Objectives (OO) and Specific Objective (SO) have been
approved by the EU Delegation therefore, they cannot be modified by Applicants in their
corresponding SINCE Projects; revisions and integrations of the corresponding
Indicators and their Sources and Means of Verification (SMOV) may be instead proposed;

 The Expected Results (ER) of SINCE Programme LF become the Intermediary Outcomes
(IOc) of the Applicants SINCE Project LFs; revisions and integrations of the
corresponding Indicators and SMOV may be proposed and Applicants may decide, in
their LF, whether to keep all of them at the Intermediary Outcome level or to move some
to the downward Output level, if appropriate;

 Applicants should define the Outputs (Op), with corresponding Indicators and SMOV,
and detail the Activities, starting from those suggested in SINCE Programme LF. Both
Outputs and Activities must be focused on the specific project proposal and its
intervention strategy.‖

Through the participatory process of this M&E Handbook revision, a further effort of
enhancing harmony and coherence between SINCE Projects was carried out. In fact,
common patterns among the projects have been identified and each specific project
strategies were converged into the wider framework of SINCE Programme. At the same time,
project Activities and Outputs were developed in a focused chained result system in order to
directly contribute to the attainment of the Intermediary Outcomes and the Objectives.

2.2 Overall Objective (OO)

To contribute to the reduction of irregular migration from Northern and Central Ethiopia by
improving the living conditions of the most vulnerable population, including potential
migrants and returnees with specific focus on youth and women.
As supposed to be, the higher level of the result chain looks at the final aim of the
intervention that is the reduction of irregular migration. It is important to notice that, from
the M&E perspective, the improvement of living conditions of the final and target group
beneficiaries is not an aim in itself, but a mean functional to reducing irregular migration.
This improvement can be assessed in terms of the wider impact of the intervention.

The Action is working on the main push factor of irregular migration and the assumption is
that employment improves living conditions therefore it halters this phenomenon. The
connection between these elements, through the result chain, is explained in details in the JIPR
(page 37) where the analysis on the complex relation between migration and employment
creation and its potential challenges are articled.

Page | 16
It is necessary to be fully aware that the linkage between the Overall Objective (contributing
to the reduction of irregular migration) and the Specific Objective (establishing inclusive
economic programmes that create employment opportunities) focuses on one of the major
drivers of irregular migration: the lack of employment opportunities. 14
Therefore, the first impact related to migration is on SINCE beneficiaries, who are
unemployed (or underemployed, inactive) at entry point and that at the end of SINCE
Programme are employed. Based on this assumption, we expect that at the end of the
Programme they are not migrating and specifically not irregularly migrating. It is an
assumption of impact, as this needs to be proved in the medium-long term (the real impact),
after the end of the Programme, by assessing if beneficiaries have migrated or not. Then
after, the analysis should be extended beyond the target groups, by taking in consideration
also the effects produced by the results achieved under SINCE second pillar (see subchapter
2.3 on the SO description), which intends to upstream the actions and the medium/long-term
measures tackling the root causes of migration.

The JIPR analysis on irregular migration further explains that the choice to migrate is rarely
individually taken and is often the result of a group influence (i.e. family and household), and
that the main reasons to migrate are related to income stabilization mechanisms usually
satisfied by remittances. 15This indicates that the decision to migrate is pushed not only by the
need of gaining additional personal earning, but also by the need to stabilizing the household
income: long-term employment, a secure flow of earnings, and the presence of income
stabilizers may thus be important factors in the bigger SINCE picture. This confirms again
the importance of the strategy of this Programme in defining the appropriate indicators at OO
and SO levels, which change income or wage flows.

At the same time, the influence of other migration drivers may jeopardize SINCE Programme
and need to be taken into consideration. In fact, better employment opportunities may not be
sufficient for reducing irregular immigration, thus potentially affecting the capacity of the
Action to reach its final aim: the linkage between the OO and the SO in the result chain. It is
very important to keep in mind these elements while defining the indicators and designing the
Monitoring Plan, as other factors can strongly affect the attainment of the OO and its
indicators, even if the SO is fully achieved. In this context synergies with other interventions
and a referral system to other projects and institutions may be essential to better enhance the
achievement of the OO.

A final challenge illustrated in the JIPR analysis is how you prove the existence of specific
irregular migration drivers as opposed to the regular one. In international literature there is
no clear answer, though some drivers of migration are rooted in the possibilities of legal
migration set by destination countries.16 These particular aspects will be further considered in

14
This approach is based on a simple ―push-pull‖ model of migration, one of the first theories on migration that
was elaborated by Ernest Ravenstein, a German-English geographer. In his work ―The Laws of Migration‖
(1885), he developed a ―push-pull‖ model of migration and he concluded that migration is governed by a "push-
pull" system; that is, internal pressures that "push" people out, and favourable conditions in an external location
that "pull" them in. Many other different theories have been elaborated on the matter that migration drivers not
only recognize factors at macro level (like the push-pull system) but also at micro level (individual and
household).
15
As acknowledged by several sources, e.g. UNECA, 2016 and Gubert, 2002.
16
According to IOM officials, where there are good resettlement programs, refugees on average are willing to wait
and also to sustain the costs of these channels, instead of resorting to irregular channels. This supports the view

Page | 17
the Monitoring Plan, when explaining critical issues connected with some indicators aiming at
measuring the reduction of irregular migration.

Besides the constraints in achieving the OO, there are also critical issues related to data
availability for measuring its indicators. Data availability concerns are further expressed and
detailed in this Handbook chapters related to the baseline and more specifically to the
indicators section in the Monitoring Plan. In fact, there is lack of comprehensive data and
research about irregular migration and its determinants in Ethiopia. The SEA conducted
by ILO had the goal to increase the knowledge base on migration dynamics, particularly the
root causes of migration, and its nexus with lack of decent livelihood and employment
opportunities. In this role, the final SEA report identified some major migration trends in the
target areas and established correlations/co-causations between migration and socio-
economic characteristics of individuals, setting the basis for developing the Programme‘s
overall strategies and interventions.

2.3 Specific Objective (SO)

To establish inclusive economic programs that create employment opportunities for potential
migrants, returnees and refugees, especially women and youths, in the most migration prone
regions of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR and Tigray) by strengthening
the capacities of local vocational training providers (TVET) and promoting public private
partnerships (PPPs) in strategic economic clusters.

The core of SINCE Programme is to enhance employment opportunities (decent and

productive work) in the targeted geographical areas (regions of origin, transit and destination
of migrants) for the specific identified target groups, through the support to leading TVETs
and industrial sectors operating in the areas: textile, leather, agribusiness, metal work and
construction. The two main axes of interventions of the Programme, those involved in the call
for proposals and that correspond to ER/IOc1 and ER/IOc2, are explicitly mentioned in the
SO. Another essential element that encompasses both axes of intervention within the SO is the
involvement of public and private stakeholders to ensure the Programme effectiveness and
sustainability.
The Inception Phase was fundamental to identify employment problems. In this context, the
JIPR explains that in terms of labour mobility, Ethiopia faces problems both in quantity and
quality of jobs. In fact, despite Ethiopia‘s economic growth has resulted in fast growing
employment rates in the last years, “many Ethiopians continue to struggle with low wages,
unemployment, under-employment, precarious self-employment and unprotected informal
jobs”.17 While bringing this analysis, the JIPR also suggests potential interventions for each
target group falling under SINCE Programme. These interventions are summarised at page
73 of the report and the main contents are described in the next paragraphs of this M&E
Handbook.

that among the main causes of irregular migration there is the lack of legal options to migrate (Carter and
Rohwerder, 2016). As it is stated by UNECA (2016), ―excessive border controls and immigration restrictions
increase the costs and risks of migration and often come in conflict between individual motivation to migrate
and state restrictions on mobility. In turn, ―this conflict facilitates the demand for private and non-state
entrepreneurs, including smugglers, to facilitate movement, often with disastrous consequences‖ (UNECA 2016,
p. 7).
17
From the JIPR, page 38, according to Carter and Rohwerder (2016).

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The first SINCE Programme target group are the Potential Migrants though most of the
interventions designed for them are also addressing the other targeted groups (Returnees and
Eritrean Refugees). The Inception Phase has further identified the intervention areas in terms
of geographical zones, industrial sectors and value chain segments, according to their key
critical linkages with this target group. However, despite these elements have been defined in
ER0, they will need further investigation under ER/IOc as their nature may evolve in the
course of the implementation of the programme and need constant monitoring. These areas of
interventions are a priority to the Programme, as they concentrate Potential Migrants and store
high possibilities of creating employment opportunities due to the presence of enterprises or
cluster of enterprises which, if properly supported in upgrading their value chains, will be
able to expand their employment needs. Given this strategy, the envisaged programme
interventions are focused on enhancing the skills of Potential Migrants and, as a result,
increase their employability, while working on the labour market side of the enterprises by
linking labour offer with demand.

The second SINCE Programme target group are the Returnees. Beyond the interventions
identified for the Potential Migrants, this target group requires further attention and external
synergies with thematic actions that are not included in SINCE Programme. This aspect will
be also considered under the monitoring assumptions.18 As explained in the JIPR, lack of
employment opportunities is a major challenge experienced by Returnees, in particular by
women. In fact from those who returned from the Arab Peninsula, over 60% were
unemployed and out of those who were employed, nearly half reported being
underemployed.19

A quite different situation is observed for the last target group, the Eritrean Refugees.
According to the JIPR analysis, the impossibility to find stable employment opportunities is
a major factor of secondary migration among refugees: refugees are not allowed to access
regular work permits obliging them to rely on informal sector activities. Since August 2010,
Ethiopian authorities have allowed Eritrean refugees to reside outside of camps, provided they
could demonstrate self-sufficiency, as part of their ‗Out of Camps‘ policy. The possibility to
issue work permits has been recently put forward and the Administration for Refugee and
Returnee Affairs (ARRA) is working in that direction. However, a new labour proclamation
allowing Eritrean refugees to obtain regular work permits has not yet come into force.20 This is
a factor beyond the control of SINCE Programme. This assumption needs to be confirmed
and it‘s a preliminary condition for including Refugees as a target group for the achievement
of the SO in terms of employment opportunities. Regardless of this specific condition, this
target group could already join training activities and benefit from the new or improved
trainings proposed by SINCE supported TVETs under ER/IOc1. However, ICs should still
need clear direction from the Ethiopian Government on the matter.

18
In particular, there are many Returnees that have experienced traumatism and for whom psycho-social support
could be particularly significant. This is strongly connected to the employment creation and sustainability, but it
can help also in reducing the risk of re-migration and in re-integrating them within their community. Psycho-
social support is an important aspect also for other target groups, like Refugees or Ethiopian youth that migrate
from rural to urban areas and are more exposed to a life change.
19
From the JIPR, page 38, according to Kuschminder (2014)
20
From the JIPR, page 38, according to Carter and Rohwerder (2016)

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Another crucial SO guiding principle is summarised at page 7 of the Guidelines for grant
applicants. SINCE can be considered a pilot programme that through its different levels of
intervention, strategically inter-related and coordinated among themselves, aims at
contributing to reduce the root causes of irregular migration. This strategy includes two
pillars:
 the first one is based on an immediate and short-term response to facilitate and create
employment and job opportunities (such as ad hoc employment measures, PPP,
incentives for private sectors, strengthening the linkages between private sector and labour
market, strengthening enterprise demand driven training courses etc.);
 the second pillar reflects medium and long-term measures and identifies ways to
upstream actions and measures to build capacity for tackling the root causes, preventing
primary movements and identifying forms of development cooperation that can offer
people viable alternatives to migration (such as long term actions and support to reforms
as well as public and private partnership, institutional bonds and networks, synergies and
cooperation amongst stakeholders, etc.).
In this context, approaches and services can be integrated either vertically or horizontally.
Vertically means through innovative participatory methods (bringing together different
levels of training and employment hierarchy, from national to regional and local level
institutions in order to ensure the continuum of policies, strategies and actions). Horizontally
means through a different organizational composition (bringing together previously separated
services, institutions and organizations - with a different background - across different fields,
better serving the target population with complex and multiple needs).
In this framework, ICs should report on both pillars, although common indicators (in
particular, in relation with the second pillar) between all Consortia and at the upper level of the
logic of intervention do not exist. In any case, information connected with stronger
coordination and adopted modalities to integrate approaches and services should be included
in their reports. For this purpose, it is important to include another extract from the Guidelines
for grant applicants concerning multi-stakeholder ownership described at page 12:

Multi-stakeholder ownership. Coordination and cooperation among different stakeholders (be them at
national, regional and local level) is fundamental for effective and efficient delivery of results for the
beneficiaries, as well as to ensure ownership and sustainability. It is crucial that strong linkages will be
maintained between institutions and organisations working at the local level to support initiatives, so as to
ensure that the target population is adequately signposted towards new sources of help in their transition from
unemployment to training and employment. Such coordination will require the establishment of networks where
stakeholders can regularly meet and share experiences. This kind of governance mechanisms should be
managed in a way that allows local institutions and organizations to share good practice and information about
potentially complimentary services, and to develop common involvement in policies and initiatives.
Involvement of the local authorities in the monitoring of the project has to be considered and a periodic review
meeting with all stakeholders at regional level is recommended to promote changes and innovations, push
policy dialogue and mainstreaming of best practices. Consortia are urged to link initiatives, where possible with
existing local technical services in all phases of the intervention to ensure ownership and continuation of
services, management of activities and assets after the end of the project. Cooperation need to be set up with
relatively long term goals in mind, as transition from unemployment to employment is often only a gradual
process.

2.4 OO and SO monitoring assumption

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The overall assumption for the effective implementation of the project is the institutional
support and harmonization among relevant stakeholders on the different initiatives to ensure
a sustainable impact on target beneficiaries.

The main SINCE Programme underlying and implicit assumption is that short and long-term
grievances arising from economic and social exclusion, marginalisation and inequality are
important drivers of forced displacement and irregular migration. Young people and
women faced with limited prospects of finding a job will have little opportunity to develop
stable lives in their home communities. If SINCE can meet the long-term economic and social
needs of young people and women, it will catalyse stability, inclusive economic growth, social
cohesion and development in the target area. In so doing, SINCE can help provide alternative
opportunities, stimulate stability, inclusive economic and social growth.

In the final version of the Programme LF, the overall assumption is the same for both OO
and SO and looks at the institutional support and harmonization among the relevant
stakeholders. This is very important also in the perspective of the two pillars introduced in the
Guidelines for grant applicants. The Programme can have much greater impact by ensuring
that information, experience and lessons generated across the Programme are used to
influence other development programs in the areas of intervention. This can happen if the
strategy of SINCE Projects is built in this perspective, if proper measures are put in place to
sensitise stakeholders willing to scale-up what will be put in place under SINCE Programme.
While this LF overall assumption is general, it would be important to also consider more
specific monitoring assumptions at OO and SO levels, which could influence their
achievement. In this context, some valuable elements could be taken from the wider analysis
carried out during the Inception Phase and included in the full version of the JIPR. For this
purpose, it is useful to report here the risk and assumptions analysis developed in the
report, where some mitigating measures and potential impacts had also been identified. This is
just a starting point that can be further integrated by the specific strategies and corresponding
monitoring assumptions proposed by the Implementing Consortia after having carried out
their baseline and throughout SINCE Programme implementation:
RISK MITIGATING MEASURES LIKELIHO IMPACT, IF RISK
OD OF OCCURS
OCCURRE
NCE
The creation of employment Not applicable Low Additional employment
opportunities remains a major opportunities are created
driver for stemming irregular by SINCE project, but
migration this cannot sufficiently
contribute to stemming
irregular migration
No major policy shift by the PSC will work together with the Low The impact of the newly
GoE relevant to fighting International Organizations/ created employment
irregular migration takes place; donors (e.g. UNODC) that have opportunities on
and the 909/2015 ―Prevention provided support to GoE for the stemming irregular
and Suppression of Trafficking preparation of Proclamation migration is reduced
in Persons and Smuggling of 909/2015 and for its enforcement.
Migrants‖ Proclamation, is The aim will be to lobby the GoE
properly enforced to maintain its present attitude to
fight irregular migration

Page | 21
 There are some external factors Referring to possible external Low Some or all of the
that could hamper the factors, the PSC will verify if they expected results cannot
interventions can fall (totally or partially) be achieved
within the control of the project
and, if possible, will undertake all
the necessary measures for
mitigating the risk
Major exceptional economic Referring to economic crises in Low Some or all of the
crises occur in the target areas the target areas, the PSC and expected results in the
Embassy of Italy will undertake affected areas cannot be
all necessary measures for the re- achieved
orientation of the Project and risk
mitigation
The GoE and local institutions PSC will undertake all the Low Delays in the
do not provide the expected necessary measures for mitigating implementation process.
support to SINCE activities. this risk
There is not sufficient The PSC and Embassy of Italy Medium A sustainable impact of
harmonization among relevant will undertake all necessary results and activities on
stakeholders on the different measures for mitigating the risk target beneficiaries is not
initiatives ensured
Major policy changes that could The PSC and Embassy of Italy Low The achievement of the
jeopardize the timely and will undertake all necessary expected results is
effective implementation of measures for the re-orientation of hampered
activities occur the Project in order to mitigate the
risk
The new Regulation on refugees The PSC and Embassy of Italy High The achievement of the
working permit do not come will undertake all the necessary expected results in favour
into force in a reasonable time measures for the reorientation the of the refugees is
Project activities aimed towards hampered
refugees

For the OO level, special attention is given to irregular migration policies adopted by the
Ethiopian Government such as the correct enforcement of the 909/2015 ―Prevention and
Suppression of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants‖ Proclamation, which is
considered a key factor for the realization of the OO. Being migration a dynamic process,
impact can be easily influenced by external factors. It is then important to keep in mind that,
even if the SO is achieved, the OO may not if some factors change, such as a substantial
increase in the number of returnees. These monitoring assumptions are crucial to be
considered because SINCE is focused just on one, although very important, push factor while
migration is influenced by many other factors as explained in the description of the OO. For
this reason, it is essential a continuous analysis and coordination with other type of
interventions addressing specific target groups by creating synergies while enhancing SINCE
interventions.
Data quality gaps on migration research due to the insufficiency and unavailability of data is
another important assumption to consider. Due to the low quality of existing data it could
happen that even if a real reduction in irregular migration is in place, collected data could be
insufficient to observe any improvements evidence in the migration trends.

With respect to the SO level, several are the JIPR specific assumptions related to some target
groups which can be considered. This is particularly the case for the critical issue of work
permits for Eritrean Refugees as the main assumption is that the new proclamation on
refugees working permit has come into force. This is considered an essential condition for
creating job opportunities for this specific target group. In fact, Eritrean Refugees could

Page | 22
benefit from SINCE's activities, but this would depend on the evolution of the Government's
out of camp policy allowing them to work in the formal sector. This is a fundamental aspect,
which needs to be considered here but also at ER/IOc 1 level, as it is specifically affecting it.

Synergies and coordination with other interventions that offer specific support to some
target groups, is another essential assumption. Some actions are beyond the scope and core-
business of SINCE Programme, but without them the possibility for specific target groups to
access and keep employment could be put at risk. If these aspects are not properly addressed,
they can limit the achievement of the SO, which instead is under SINCE Programme
control. Therefore, they have to be considered as external factors that need to be
continuously monitored and the main assumption is that other external programmes are
going to take care of them.

2.5 Expected Results (ER)/Intermediary Outcomes (IOc)

As explained in the Introduction chapter, SINCE Programme LF also includes two ER (0&3)
that are not under the call for proposals and consequently are beyond the scope of this
document.
ER0 is about the identification of strategic value chains/clusters in most prone migration
areas as a preliminary step to decide where to focus the implementation of SINCE activities.
It was already accomplished through the Inception Phase in 2016; hence, corresponding
indicators were fully achieved in that phase. Before moving to the analysis of the other two
ER/IOc, the main elements of ER0 will be reported here below, as SINCE Programme is based
on its findings.
Conversely, ER3 looks at the enhanced capacity of local Public Employment Services (PES)
to provide effective employment services. It can be considered as cross-cutting to the other
two axes of intervention (ER1&2), though it is piloted in one specific geographical zone only
(Amhara).

ER0 Inception Phase

Identification of strategic value chains/clusters in most prone migration area where to focus
the implementation of SINCE activities.

First of all, it is important to explain what is behind the formulation of this ER0. During the
Inception phase, a technical assistance was requested to UNIDO and ILO to provide the
Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa and the EU Delegation with potential intervention areas
affected by irregular migration and key interventions to create greater economic and
employment opportunities for young women and men and other specific target groups. In
particular, UNIDO was requested to identify the most valuable industrial sectors/value-
chains segments that have greater potentials to create employment for the target groups; the
specific Woredas of intervention; and give indications on the main strategic sectoral
clusters.
In this process, SINCE Programme identified strategic areas of intervention in specific
woredas of five geographical areas of Ethiopia, namely: Tigray, Amhara, SNNP, Oromia, and
Addis Ababa City Administration. At the same time, the Embassy of Italy engaged ILO with
the task to undertake a comprehensive SEA with the goal to increase the knowledge base on

Page | 23
migration dynamics, but also to identify potential areas of intervention. The SEA focused on
specific Woredas showing a high incidence of irregular migration, both as origin and
transit, within the targeted four Regional States as well as the specific sub-cities of Addis
Ababa City administration. In parallel with the work of ILO, UNIDO in line with the national
Growth and Transformation Plan strategy 2015-2020 (GTP II) of Ethiopia, conducted its
assessment, and identified the most valuable sectors that have the capacity to effectively
create jobs (labour-intensity represents one of the key parameters). In this context and for
the project success, a deep assessment of the Ethiopian economic structure was conducted and
which delivered the following key identifications:
 The most important sectors in terms of employment and GDP contribution;
 The sectors with higher income and employment multipliers;
 The level of economic integration of the national economy in terms of forward and
backward linkages.
After the sectors identification, UNIDO further selected specific Woredas for the future
implementation of SINCE activities, as such SINCE Programme approach is based on the
value chain development/strengthening. For a better understanding of the concept, it is
useful to report its definition as taken from page 8 of the Guidelines for grant applicants:
Value chains development/strengthening. The value chain is a concept which can be simply described as the
entire range of activities required to bring a product from the initial input-supply stage, through various phases
of production, to its final market destination. The production stages entail a combination of physical
transformation and the participation of various producers and services (e.g. value chains involve numerous
interlinked activities and industries). As opposed to the traditional exclusive focus on the production, the
concept stresses the importance of value addition at each stage, thereby treating production as just one of
several value-adding components of the chain. More in details, the term ‗value chain‘ refers to the concept that
value is added to preliminary products through combination with other resources (for example tools, manpower,
knowledge and skills, other raw materials or preliminary products). As the product passes through the stages of
the value chain, its value increases.

In addition to the selection methodology, the JIPR clearly stresses that identified areas of
intervention should remain invariable as the Inception Phase assessment had clearly identified
them as the neediest for new employment. This process will be further explained in detail in
Chapter 4 related to the Monitoring Plan, as some of its parts can give useful hints for the
M&E system.
In the following table, extracted from the JIPR, the sectors/value-chains segments are
combined with the geographical Region, Zones and Woredas where the Action should be
carried out:

Regions Sectors Value chains Zones Woredas

Addis Leather Leather consumer goods Sub-cities Arada,
Ababa (footwear, leather garments, Addis Ketema, Yeka
leather goods, gloves) and Kirkos
Metal working Fabricated metal, metal equipment Sub-cities Arada,
and simple machineries Addis Ketema, Yeka
and Kirkos
Construction Construction material production, Sub-cities Arada,
Construction finishing works Addis Ketema, Yeka
and Kirkos
Amhara Textile Garment, Export-oriented North & South Wollo Kalu,Dessie and
production, and Traditional fabric RayaKobo
Metal Fabricated metal, Metal equipment North & South Wollo Kalu,
Working and simple machineries and Oromia zone Dessie,RayaKobo and

Page | 24
 Kemissie.

Construction Construction material production, North & South Wollo Kalu,Dessie, Habru
Construction finishing works
Oromia Agri-business Tomato and durum wheat Arsi, West Arsi, Bale Sinana, Adaba, Asella
production and Jimma and Sherka
SNNP Agri-business Tomato and durum wheat Silte, Gurage and Siltie, Meskan and
and production Jimma Setema
West Textile Garment, Export-oriented Silte and Gurage Siltie and Meskan.
Oromia production, and Traditional fabric
Tigray Textile Garment, Export-oriented Central and Eastern AtsbiWumberta,
production, and Traditional fabric Tigray Wukro; Mekelle,
RayaAlamata
Metal Fabricated metal, metal equipment Central and Eastern AtsbiWumberta,
Working and simple machineries Tigray Wukro; Mekelle,
RayaAlamata
Construction Construction material production, Central and Eastern AtsbiWumberta,
Construction finishing works Tigray Wukro; Mekelle,
RayaAlamata
A detailed value chain description and analysis was also carried out for each of the five
sectors and value chains segments and description extracts are found at page 40 of the JIPR
related to the Thematic Sectors Review. A synthesis, taken from page 9 of the Guidelines for
grant applicants is reported here below:

 The Textile sector is currently undertaking a rapid expansion driven by strategic interests of both, the GoE
and key international investors, and offers considerable opportunities to create employment of basic
operators, and middle management staff, labour in large factories, as well as medium and small
entrepreneurial activities. In particular, the sector is suitable to generate significant employment opportunities
for potential migrants and is naturally inclined to attract a significant number of women and youth. High
number of new firms is expected to enter the sector, which is going to provide additional jobs through the
development of new production lines.
 The Leather sector is a prominent sector for its coherence with the strategic objectives of GTP II, the on-
going and expected private investments (FDIs and local investors) and, the presence of already existing
cluster functioning or under construction. The sector can create additional opportunities for employment for
skilled workers, low and middle management staff. These opportunities will be especially available for
potential migrants as well as for youth and women that represent the large majority of the working force
employed in the sector.
 Agribusiness has a high potential to absorb a large number of jobless youth and women, mainly in the tomato
and durum wheat value chains and in the existing cooperatives.
 The Metal work sector offers a partial possibility to generate employment; it is sustained by a high policy
prioritization, as it is considered crucial to promote the growth of other labour intensive industries: these are
those who drive most of its market demand. The sector seems particularly attractive for youth, while
nowadays women employment in the sector is minor; it is nevertheless estimated to be on a growing trend.
Metal work is of particular interest for Eritrean refugees that, for several reasons, seem over-represented in
the sector, although in informal businesses. Furthermore, the products generated by the selected value chain
segments serve as inputs in other growing sectors, e.g. doors and windows are demanded for housing.
Construction for housing is a fast growing sector in most urban centres, and this increases the demand for
finishing items. This creates also a market for simple machineries for construction, such as elevators,
machines for the production of hollow concrete blocks, pre-cast mould machines, and concrete mixers.
 The Construction sector has been a leading sector in the Ethiopian economy over the last two decades, both
in terms of contribution to economic growth and in terms of employment generation. Construction is a
priority sector for the GTP II, which specifically sets targets for housing and road development. Most of the
employees in the construction sector are young; women are a minority in official statistics, but these are

Page | 25
 likely to underestimate their current presence. Construction is indicated as a relevant sector for (informal)
employment of refugees and potential employment for returnees‘ reintegration. Maintenance services (e.g. for
the metal working and construction sectors) can also be included as cross-cutting segments to the above-
mentioned sectors.

2.5.1 ER/IOc1: TVET institutions

Improved access of beneficiaries to TVET and employments opportunities through the

promotion of partnerships among TVET service providers and the private sector.

Within the framework of what was identified in ER0, the ER/IOc1 corresponds to the first axe
of intervention, the promotion of partnerships amongst TVETs and the private sector. One of
the major constraints for employment generation is the lack of properly skilled workers.
The TVET system should move from a narrow focus of vocational training towards a more
private sector demand-driven and lifelong learning-oriented system. On the other hand,
most of the time the private sector perceives gaps between employers and training
providers; therefore, partnerships between TVETs and the private sector emerge as crucial for
employment generation, through their role in developing and matching the competences
required in the labour market and the competences provided by the training system. In
particular, both of them need to work together in the design, development and delivery of
curriculum and/or training courses that prepare trainees for specific roles in their future
workplaces and according to the skills needed by the companies.

Within this context, ER/IOc1 aims at facilitating the access of specific beneficiaries of
SINCE Programme target groups to TVETs short term courses and, once formed, to
subsequent employment opportunities. This is done through the development of new TVETs
courses and the improvement of already existing ones, thanks to the promotion of
partnerships amongst TVETs, the private sector and thematic competent Government
Authorities (i.e. BoLSA). The concept of access can have various interpretations. For SINCE
Programme these courses will be conceived purposely for the specific target groups and
therefore it won‘t be necessary to have preferential channels or mechanisms to ensure the
access to them. Therefore, ER/IOc1 is similar in the approach to ER/IOc2 that aims at the
improvement of capacity of clusters to be able to offer new employment opportunities. In this
process, TVETs validation and assessment will be essential for the M&E perspective to verify
their starting level and build appropriate indicators and corresponding tools that can help to
measure their improvement in capacity. On this line, a specific TVET checklist has been
produced by UNIDO and it will be used by the ICs to register the status of involved TVETs in
their projects at baseline level, and then at endline, to capture project relevant data variations.

As explained at page 30 of the JIPR, the main challenges of the Ethiopian education system
in creating access to job creation and skill development, are due to several factors, and
specifically:
1) Low quality training and the trendy for ―massification‖ of education: the assessment shows that due to low
quality of education provided at higher institutions, the TVETs makes graduates less competitive in the labour
market both locally and abroad;
2) Mismatch between education/training and labour market demand/requirements: as a result, most
graduates do not possess skills demanded by the market and this reduces their competencies in the labour
market both nationally and internationally.

Page | 26
 3) Lack of integration and coordination between trainings institutions and the labour market information: the
assessment report shows that there is poor coordination among the skills training institutions and the labour
market.

The third point is particularly relevant as it recalls the importance of the specific focus of
SINCE Programme on having PPPs. The idea is to support and help TVETs in improving
their current performance (for instance in developing curriculum based on competences
approach) and capability in providing courses for specific target groups, addressed to the
needs of enterprises, and which respond to the requirements of the labour market and
others defined by law.21
What is not explicitly stated in this ER/IOc1, but it was already highlighted in the suggested
activities in the original LF, is that the attention of SINCE Programme is on those training
courses, mainly medium-short term, being carried out in a congruous time that can guarantee
employment opportunities within the life span of the Programme. This decision comes for
the findings of the SEA, given that the timeframe of the Projects is limited and that for long-
term courses employment results would not be achieved before their end.

The assistance to the selected TVETs shall be designed within the framework of PPPs,
involving all the relevant stakeholders (including private companies, TVET colleges, TVET
regional agencies, public institutions, service providers etc). In particular, it is necessary to
identify private enterprises that show a commitment/attitude to employ the future
graduates. This is in line with the overall approach of SINCE Programme.
The interventions with the TVETs are organized in the form of ―assistance packages‖. The
main types of services are clearly identified: those that can reduce the skill gap for different
specialization levels (e.g. basic operators, middle management staff, business management,
etc.); enhance a connection with the market and create a linkage between the trainee and
the enterprise already during the training phase. In addition, trainings should also embrace the
so-called supporting services, such as: career and personal counselling; occupational
assessment; employment placement/internship; on-the-job training and after-training
employment, including design and implementation of corresponding modules with firms. In
fact, the emphasis on this ER/IOc is on demand-driven training courses and curricula. In
this process, the involvement of the private sector is considered essential for strengthening
backward and forward linkages to the labour market and the value chains.

2.5.2 ER/IOc2: Industrial clusters

Improved capacity of selected industrial clusters to create additional job opportunities with a
special focus on the promotion of decent work.
The second axe of intervention is focused on industrial clusters/value chains. First of all, it
is important to report here their definition and classification found at page 10 of the
Guidelines for grant applicants:

21
That are within the framework of the TVET National Strategy and in accordance with the Proclamation No.
954/2016 (Technical and Vocational Education and Training Proclamation). National Technical, Vocational
Educational % Training – TVET Strategy, Ministry of Education, August 2008.

Page | 27
 Industrial clusters are generally defined as the geographic concentration of economic activities within a
certain sector producing similar and closely related goods22. Several types of clusters in Ethiopia can be
identified and classified according to the type of government intervention. The classification proposed is the
following:
- ―natural‖ clusters, (i.e. agglomeration of micro and small enterprises whose geographical proximity is not due
to the existence of government premises);
- Established clusters (government- promoted) that are created from scratch;
- Expansionary clusters (government- promoted) consist of buildings that are constructed in the proximity of
existing natural clusters. The aim of expansionary clusters is to provide spacious and clean working premises
to enterprises that were previously operating in homes or in other informal workspaces;
- Relocated clusters (government-promoted). They refer to the case where natural clusters are already congested
and there is not enough space to build working premises in their proximity. As a result, enterprises that used to
operate in the natural clusters are given working premises in another location.

Clusters are important approaches for an industry development strategy aimed at

employment generation and therefore important, but not essential, for the achievement of
SINCE Programme SO. The rationale behind SINCE intervention on the clusters is to
maximize the creation of employment opportunities in the short run. Therefore, it is
recommended that supported clusters need to be identified among the already organized ones
(established, expansionary or relocated clusters) as it gives higher insurance in achieving the
SO. It can be useful to recall also the main benefits for enterprises to work in clusters
described at page 72 of the JIPR:

Supporting the clustering of micro, small and medium enterprises allows these firms to:
- Enter into subcontracting arrangements with bigger firms on a sound contractual basis and being able to
deliver products of the requested quality;
- Scale up activities though the exploitation of scale economies, thus reducing the unit costs of some segment
of production;
- Share the costs of technological improvements, thus allowing for increased value addition;
- Coordinate in the search for forward market linkages, through bulking production and being able to reach
more distant markets;
- Bulk input purchase to reduce the unit costs;
- Share infrastructure, selected machineries and the cost of other factors of production, e.g. energy, logistics
etc.

As already explained in Chapter 1.4.2., and in details in the glossary of definitions, for the sake
of simplicity, when referring to SMEs it is intended the private sector more in general,
MSMEs, SMEs, Cooperatives, clusters and the specific cluster members. In fact, a cluster, by
definition (see above) is formed by its cluster members, which can be different type of
economic entities.
Likewise for the TVETs, among the validation activities to be carried out at the beginning of
the Implementation phase, selected clusters and SMEs with high potential for creating
employment opportunities need to be profiled. A diagnostic of the SMEs capacity has to be
carried out by the ICs, using some common tool designed for this purpose (see checklists in
attachment). This activity is also essential in the M&E perspective as ER/IOc2 is about
improving the capacity of SMEs, thus it is essential to gather information on their initial level

22
Ali, M. (2012), Government’s role in cluster development for MSEs. Lessons from Ethiopia, Chr. Michelsen
Institute (CMI), Bergen

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for measuring its increase at project endline. In Chapter 4 related to the Monitoring Plan, the
specific indicator for this measurement is further explained.

Again, in a similar approach to that already described for the TVETs, the suggested activities
concerning SMEs can be conceived as an ―assistance package‖ that can also rely on the
establishment of PPPs, where both small and big firms are involved together with public
bodies, research centres, TVETs etc. in the attempt of engaging themselves in subcontracting
or other agreements. The main interventions suggested as part of these packages, are
summarised at page 10 of the Guidelines for grant applicants and herewith below reported in
extract:

(i) the support for the establishing and strengthening of market forward linkages
(ii) the support to the strengthening of linkages between large and small companies, and/or cooperatives, in
view of expanding sub-contracting arrangements and create job opportunities in the short run;
(iii) the support aimed at improving the technical, managerial, and marketing capacity of enterprises; it is
observed that both technical and managerial skills of medium and small enterprises are often limited, and
that this hampers business effectiveness, including the capacity to expand forward linkages and
consequently production; This may happen through the involvement, within PP platforms, of TVETs and
business development service providers; it has to be noted that managerial and entrepreneurial skills can
be useful for those unemployed educated youths who are also the most prone to irregular migration;
(iv) the provision of shared equipment and support to equipment maintenance;
(v) the establishment of a training facility inside the cluster.

Besides the necessary requirements for developing clusters/SMEs in general, the JIPR
delivers some insights on challenges and consequent interventions for each of the selected
sectors and value chain segments. In this scenario, change depends on internal and external
factors, namely the capacity of ICs to develop the sector and the capacity of the target sector
to develop itself (which in turn depends on social and financial capital, market demand for the
products, etc.). For improvements to be made, the feasibility of stimulating change in an
industrial sector and value-chain needs to be specifically assessed. In each project proposal,
the overall strategy for developing the selected clusters/SMEs and corresponding sectors
was also redefined and starting from the valuable elements of the JIPR the ICs have re-
assessed the private sector mapping of their project specific intervention area.
Finally, it is important to consider the explicit accent of this ER/IOc2 on decent work. As
explained in the call for proposals, actions and activities should be guided by the principle of
value chain development and reinforcement aimed at promoting opportunities that are
productive and deliver a fair income, as well as promoting social integration of the target
population. A comprehensive definition of decent work and necessary interventions are well
summarised at page 10 of the Guidelines for grant applicants and herewith below reported:

Decent work sums up the aspirations of people in their working lives. It involves opportunities for work that is
productive and delivers a fair income, security in the workplace and social protection for families, better
prospects for personal development and social integration, freedom for people to express their concerns,
organize and participate in the decisions that affect their lives and equality of opportunity and treatment for all
women and men. Putting job employment at the heart of economic policy-making and development plans will
not only generate decent work opportunities but also more robust, inclusive and poverty-reducing growth. It is a
virtuous circle that is as good for the economy as it is for people and one that drives sustainable development.
Productive employment and decent work are key elements to achieving a fair globalization and poverty
reduction. The ILO has developed an agenda for the community of work looking at job creation, rights at work,
social protection and social dialogue, with gender equality as a crosscutting objective. When developing

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 applications, actions should be based on the principle of decent works by ensuring, not limited to: (i) promotion
and respect of fundamental principles at work; (ii) employment-intensive approach; (iii) social security policies;
(iv) strengthening labour administration and social dialogue; (v) strengthening the capacity of employers and
labour organizations.

2.6 ER/IOc monitoring assumptions

As already seen for the OO and SO, also ER/IOc assumptions included in the LF are all related
to the creation and maintenance of an institutional framework and coordination with
stakeholders, favourable to the smooth implementation of SINCE Programme. Specifically
the assumptions are:
 Policy dialogue with the relevant institutions, willingness and commitment to collaborate among
stakeholders;
 Creation of strategic collaborations among different stakeholders (associations of migrants, research
institutes, UN agencies, EU Member States, etc.);
 No major institutional changes that could jeopardize the timely and effective implementation of activities;
 Political stability and no relevant external factors that could hamper development interventions.

The LF assumptions are the same for all ER/IOc, while it would be appropriate to also consider
more specific monitoring assumptions. As we are going to analyse more in depth in Chapter
4 related to the Monitoring Plan, for this purpose it is important to keep in mind that at ER/IOc
level we are looking at a step before employment, establishing the conditions for TVETs and
for industrial clusters/SMEs for creating new employment opportunities.
With this consideration in mind it is useful to report here an extract of the JIPR risk and
assumptions analysis carried out in the Inception Phase for ER/IOc. This is just a starting
point which can be further integrated, by the specific strategies and corresponding monitoring
assumptions proposed by the ICs after having carried out their baseline and throughout
SINCE Programme implementation:
RISK MITIGATING MEASURES LIKELIHOOD OF IMPACT, IF RISK
OCCURRENCE OCCURS
The selected implementing The call for proposals is carried out Medium The expected results
partners do not have paying the proper attention to the to be achieved in
sufficient capacity and qualification of the bidders. In the the important
experience to work with call for proposal not only NGOs project pillars
TVETs and clusters are allowed to participate as related to TVETs
members of the consortia, but also and clusters are not
other organizations that have fully achieved
consolidated experience in
providing strategic and specific
support to the targeted
beneficiaries and GoE.
Some or all of selected In the call for proposal not only High The expected results
TVETs and clusters are not NGOs are allowed to participate as to be achieved in
willing to receive assistance members of the consortia, but also the important
through the SINCE project other organizations that have project pillars
consolidated experience in related to TVETs
providing strategic and specific and clusters are not
support to targeted beneficiaries partially or fully
and GoE. achieved

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The willingness of the private Introduction of specific incentives Medium The expected results
sector to participate in the for selected key private to be achieved with
PPP activities of the SINCE companies. the participation of
project is scarce the private sector
are not fully
achieved

Most of the above listed monitoring assumptions are connected with the capacity and
experience of the Implementing Consortia, in particular to work with clusters, being a
domain of intervention not very common among NGOs. As we have already seen, the
assumption about the new regulation on refugee work permit is appropriate both for the SO
and for ER/IOc23. In particular, at ER/IOc1 level, it is particularly significant to consider that
this external factor might affect the decision to create and promote access to training
schemes oriented to employment for this specific target group while for ER/IOc2 it depends
from specific rules/regulations aimed at facilitating their employment opportunities.

3. SINCE Programme indicators

3.1 Overall analysis of indicators
Before establishing a Monitoring Plan, it is essential to ensure that the LF and in particular its
indicators are in line with the monitoring requirements. Comments and observations on the
LF from the monitoring perspective can stimulate the thought in order to understand if the
chosen indicators are measurable and appropriate to assess the different levels of the result
chain and the corresponding strategy and logic of intervention. In this regard, it is essential to
come out with a clear description of the LF indicators, clarifying open issues connected to
their measurement. This is a crucial phase and ideally it should be done before the validation
of the LF. It is important to do this even before working on methods for data collection and
analysis, despite they are interrelated, as the revision of the indicators automatically produces
hints on their measurement methodology. This was done for SINCE Programme while
developing this M&E Handbook and it will be a continuous ongoing process throughout the
whole Programme life.
In this phase, we start the analysis from the SO level and its employment-related indicators.
From the monitoring perspective, it was important to clarify the meaning of each one of them
in order to help locating them in the appropriate level of the intervention logic. In fact, one of
the most important principles for building a functional Monitoring Plan is to avoid duplication
of the same indicator at different levels of the LF. First of all, because at each level of the LF a
different type of analysis has to be carried out. Secondly, it is needed to reducing the risk of
having contradictory measurements within the LF (i.e. different modalities of data
aggregation or frequency).
The appropriate level for measuring the achievements in terms of employment is
definitively the SO as it corresponds to SINCE Programme main goal. Through the chosen
indicators, its capacity to create new employment opportunities in the areas of intervention
(in particular through wage labour) is going to be assessed from various angles - including the
contribution of each axe of intervention - by reporting disaggregated data per ER/IOc. As

23
There is a negotiation between government (specifically ARRA, the Government Agency for Refugees) and
major stakeholders working with refugees (UNHCR, NGOs, etc.) in order to have the new law allowing
refugees to have a working permit approved soon.

Page | 31
SINCE is considered a pilot Programme, it is important to gather also this type of information
from each axe of intervention in order to compare the levels of contribution (regardless from
the fact that they are interrelated and knowing that some assumptions have to be drawn in
order to understand if they can be comparable).
The indicators for the upper and lower levels of the intervention logic have to be interrelated
to the SO (core of the Programme) through the results chain. At the OO level, the indicators
measure how the Action through employment contributes to the reduction of irregular
migration. In the description of the OO we have already analysed the correlation between
employment and migration and the potential challenges as the Action is working only on
one of the major irregular migration drivers (economic push factor). In fact, even if
appropriate, the OO indicators may not be able to disclose the impact of the Action as other
factors are affecting migration. On the other hand, there can be some problems with secondary
data availability for the chosen indicators, also depending on their geographical level of
measurement. This will be illustrated here below when talking about data disaggregation and
more in details in the Monitoring Plan for each of the OO indicators.
At ER/IOc level, the chosen indicators are assessing, instead, what happens a step before the
increase in employment, and specifically how SINCE interventions bring about a situation
that helps to create the conditions for increasing the employment rate, which is assessed at
SO level. This means increased employability of trainees coming out from the TVETs and
other training institutions supported by SINCE Programme and enhanced employment
potentialities of SMEs. However, at ER/IOc2 level there is also a specific indicator that
measures the increased employment level of SMEs as a result of SINCE Programme
interventions by comparing their situation at entry point and endline.

It is also important to recall the distinction underlined in Chapter 2: ER/IOc1 indicators have
to measure the improved access of beneficiaries, which implies multiple levels of analysis,
while in ER/IOc2 the accent is only on the improvement of capacity. For assessing these
aspects, ER/IOc properly include outcome and output indicators, while in SINCE Projects
LF, developed by the ICs, they are put at different levels of the intervention logic.

At Output and Activity levels, given the variety and diversification of interventions across
SINCE Projects, it was not possible to identify common indicators except for a few ones
(number of trainees and of multi-stakeholder platforms). However, technical assistance was
provided to ICs in selecting the most appropriate indicators for these levels and guarantee
coherent values between ICs. This preliminary work was necessary to allow their inclusion in
the specific part of the database for the Output and Activity Indicators.

3.2 Baseline, entry point, targets and endline values

Baseline and target values are necessary to guide a project, a programme, the monitoring
process and to have values against which reporting and measure achievements. SINCE
Programme indicators had been originally conceived without baseline and target values. This
was an expressed choice as it was difficult to predefine these values since the Programme
was going to be entrusted to multiple actors through the mechanism of a call for proposal.

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For this reason, instead of establishing these values and deliver them to the selected
Implementing Consortia, it was chosen to ask the ICs to define them for their own project
proposals indicators. A task facilitated by the adoption of the PRAG 2015 LF format, as it
includes columns for the baseline and target values.
For a better project impact, it was also foreseen that these values were going to be further
confirmed, defined or updated through a baseline study to be carried out by the ICs in the
first months of the Implementation phase. Therefore, to finalise the Monitoring Plan, it was
essential to wait for the completion of these baseline studies in order confirm both the
baseline and target values for all the projects‘ indicators and particularly for those included in
this M&E Handbook. In fact, as further explained in Chapter 4 related to the Monitoring Plan,
only the OO, SO and ER/IOc indicators are included in this document as the lower levels
(Outputs and Activities) are specific to each IC project, therefore cannot be reported, as not
common amongst the 5 Consortia.

For the OO indicators, a second round of baseline study was required to finalise the process,
as during the first round secondary data was not found to set the values; as such, a primary
data collection system was brought into place to overcome this issue and define a set of Proxy
Values (see subchapter 5.1). In parallel, a thorough process of revision of the indicators and
their values was carried out in order to ensure the highest level of harmonisation between IC
targets, as a reflection of the expected impact. In this context, the main functions of the OO
indicator baseline values are:
- to have proxy reference parameters in the target areas, as it is indicated in their
formulation, against which measuring the scope and the impact of SINCE intervention;
- to specify the baseline and target values, defined by the IC in their LF in general terms
of percentage of reduction and increase.

For the SO and ER/IOc1&2 (as well as Activity and Output) Indicators, most of the them have
a baseline value equal to zero as they are correlated to SINCE Programme implementation.
For some other indicators, it is however necessary to measure the entry point value (please
check the Glossary definition). For this purpose, the checklists attached to this Handbook were
designed and meant to be used as a common tool for all ICs in order to collect homogenous
data that can be aggregated and used to define specific common values.

3.3 Disaggregation
The main disaggregated data categories are already outlined in the formulation of most of
the indicators. There are some disaggregation requirements and critical issues that are
specific to the level of the logic of intervention. In particular, for OO indicators they are mostly
related to the geographical level of data disaggregation and the availability of secondary
data.
In fact, OO indicators have to assess the wider contribution of the Programme. Even if
considering the Woreda level only could be quite limiting, given the broad scope of SINCE
Programme, it‘s where SINCE Projects are actually intervening. Moreover, it could be difficult
to grasp a consistent impact on reduction of irregular migration at Regional level, as the
Programme is intervening in specific delimited areas. Conversely, given the wider external
factors out of control of SINCE Programme, measuring the impact at Regional level would
not really reflect the impact of the ICs projects brought at their geographical scale. As already
explained, being challenging to retrieve secondary data at Woreda level, during the second

Page | 33
round of baseline survey it was agreed to collect secondary data at Regional level, and apply
it per extension assumption at Woreda level, given the appropriate proportions (see Chapter 4 -
Monitoring Plan).
For a matter of simplification and easy reading, we report herewith below a brief analysis of
the main indicators data disaggregation categories:

Region:
each IC is going to report information about its area of intervention. As
there is only one IC per Region, the risk of producing overlapping
data or intervention is avoided; what is going to be reported it is
assumed that corresponds to the specific Region even if the IC is
working only in certain Woredas;

Sex and Age:

these disaggregation categories are important in general for gender and
generational analysis. Therefore, data should be always reported
disaggregated by sex and age. However, we are going to use a simple
disaggregation of 15-34 and 35-over for general reporting which
might underline some differences depending on the logic of
intervention level.

For instance for OO Indicators specific range of ages were used for collecting primary data
(for the OO indicator 1 and 2) during the second round of the baseline survey and for gathering
secondary data (for the OO Indicator 3 and 4); for the latter the official Central Statistics
Agency (CSA) range of ages, which are very detailed, were used. While for SO and ER/IOc
Indicators (related to people) age disaggregation was used for aggregating raw data in the
database;
Target groups (of beneficiaries):
the previous disaggregation categories are also used for identifying two
important target groups of beneficiaries for SINCE Programme: youth
and women, who combined are considered Potential Migrants. For
avoiding double counting and overlapping among target groups, it is
necessary to establish common criteria:
Youth (Potential Migrants): we are going beyond the strict Ethiopian Government definition
of youth (please see glossary of definitions) and considering male and female in the age 15-
34. This category prevails on women and therefore a female up to the age of 34 is considered
in this youth target group unless they fall in the Returnees or Refugees target groups, in which
case they will be counted under one of these two categories;
Women (Potential Migrants): all women 35-over are considered under this target group,
unless they fall under the other categories of Returnees or Refugees;
Returnees or Refugees: when youth and women are also part of other target groups, such as
Returnees or Refugees, the latter will prevail.

ER/IOc:

Page | 34
for the SO indicators, in order to better define the relative weight of the two axes of
intervention ER/IOc, indication if the signed labour contract (under the creation of new jobs)
concerns beneficiaries who have accomplished the TVETs trainings (ER/IOc1), including
apprenticeship, is needed. The remaining ones are considered as coming only from SMEs and
industrial clusters strengthening capacity interventions (ER/IOc2);

Value chain:
when required, IC should report disaggregated data also for the specific
value chain in order to carry out an analysis about the potential and
achievements of each sector and its specific segments;

Type of support:
when required, IC should report disaggregated data also for the specific
type of support to SME in order to carry out common analysis among IC;

SMEs:
when required, IC should report disaggregated data also for the specific
SME in order to assess what has been achieved by each of them.

4. SINCE indicators Monitoring Plan

The Monitoring Plan is organised following the different logic of intervention levels. It is
based on the indicators included in the October 2018 version of SINCE Programme LF,
which is the product of a participatory revision process with the ICs and the technical
assistance from UNIDO. This final version defines a set of common indicators acting as an
umbrella to the ICs projects. Due to the different nature of the activities across the ICs, it has
been possible to harmonize only the OO, SO and ER/IOc levels. For the Output and Activity
levels, given the variety and diversification of interventions across the projects, each IC
produced a specific individual and project related Monitoring Plan, which will be used for
monitoring and reporting requirements.

4.1 OO Indicators
OO indicators measure how the Action, through employment, contributes to the reduction of
irregular migration (its final aim). Impact can be assessed from various perspectives and
measured both at SO and OO level. At SO level we measure more specifically the impact on
our target beneficiaries, while at OO level we, given the right assumptions, measure the
impact on the wider population and in the target areas, i.e. the Woredas and Addis Ababa
Subcities 24(e.g. this is the substantial difference between OO Indicator 3 and SO Indicator 3,
even if both are related to income).

24
When referring to Woredas, we mean, by extension, both Woredas of the four targeted Regional areas and the
Subcities in Addis Ababa Administration.

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From the combination of primary and secondary data collected through the second round of
baseline survey and analysed by UNIDO, we were then able to calculate the baseline situation
for each IC. Then, the common value for SINCE Programme were found by summing up the
values for each IC in the target Woredas25 or by using the formula of weighted average, which
proportionates the IC values to the size of their respective target Woredas. In this approach, it
is important to keep in mind that the Number of Households (HH), the Total Population26and
the Economically Active Population, 27 used as parameters for making estimations for the
targeted Woredas, as well as the specific data used for measuring OO Indicator 3 (income) and
4 (unemployment), have been gathered from the most recent available sources. However, in
some cases, the most recent statistical data come from surveys carried out in 2015/2016.

4.1.1 OO Indicators 1 and 2

OO Indicator 1 (irregular migration) and 2 (propensity to irregular migration) were originally
supposed to be measured through secondary data collected by ICs from Zonal/Woreda level
BoLSA. Given the problems in data availability on irregular migration, which emerged during
the first round of baseline study, it was agreed to cope by collecting primary data. For the
second round of baseline study, a survey was hence jointly designed by UNIDO with the
ICs and the Embassy of Italy and carried out by ICs among a sample of around 300 selected
beneficiaries for each SINCE Programme Lot. By making adequate proportions and while
keeping in mind the above introduced secondary data limitations, estimations for the overall
population in the target Woredas and Subcities were inferred.

OO Indicator 1 % reduction of irregular migration from the target areas

(disaggregated by region, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator measures the % of irregular migrants among the
and disaggregation Economically Active Population in the target Woredas and its expected
reduction, thanks to SINCE intervention.
It is the most direct and appropriate indicator for assessing the OO and aims
at measuring the impact of employment opportunities (created by SINCE
Programme) on the reduction of irregular migration.
This indicator requires disaggregated data for the target areas
corresponding to Woreda or Subcities in the case of Addis Ababa (Lot 1).

25
The total No. of HH in the Woredas is 1,162,617, the Total population is 5,550,393 and the Economically Active
Population is 3,575,529. The latter was calculated by multiplying the Total population of the Woredas * each
Regional Activity Rate (see next notes).
26
The No. of HH and the Total Population was provided by each IC, using various sources for the baseline. For
PIN Lot 1: HH and Total population for Subcities in the 2015/16 CSA HCE Survey; Edukans Lot 2: HH and
Total population from 2017/2018 Woreda budget allocation for each Woreda; COOPI Lot 3: HH estimated and
Total population from Each Woreda Administration Office 2018 annual reports; IRC Lot 4: HH and Total
population from CSA Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions at Woreda Level from 2014 – 2017
August 2013; for VIS Lot 5: HH Bureau of finance and economic development 2016/2017, Mekelle and Total
population estimated.
27
The Economically Active Population for the target Woredas was estimated using the Regional Activity Rate
from 2016 CSA Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey, the most updated and available source of
information at Regional level. The economic Activity Rate or economic participation rate is computed as the %
of the economically active population over the total of active plus not active population aged ten years and
above (2016 CSA Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey definition).

Page | 36
 Further sex and age disaggregation are requested for the categories defined
in the previous parts (Chapter 3).

Data source  Baseline and endline reports.

 Zone/Woreda level BoLSA statistics on irregular migrants.
 Government, International Organizations, Socio-Economic Databases
and Surveys.
 Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat.
 Final evaluation reports.

Critical issues As for most of OO indicators, critical issues are related to the availability of
disaggregated secondary data at Zone/Woreda level and specifically on
irregular migration. Therefore, primary data, proxy indicators and other OO
Indicators can supplement the lack of specific information.
There can also be challenges related to the target value for this indicator, as
the Programme impact can be reduced quite substantially by external
factors (i.e. the increase of returnees, economic downturn, political and
social turmoil, environmental threats and climate change among other).

Data collection, This indicator is measured through primary data collected by ICs.
analysis and
An extended questionnaire on migration phenomena amongst the families
reporting
of the selected beneficiaries was designed for this purpose to collect
information on migration patterns amongst their family rankings. Findings
from this questionnaire have been used to develop the proxy indicator. The
questionnaire was administered at baseline level to a sample of around 300
beneficiaries per IC/Lot with the aim to collect data on irregular migration
related to direct family members. The extended questionnaire includes
various questions which can be found in annex to this M&E HB.
Question 1A) - ―Did any members of your family living in this Region
migrate in the last 2 years? If Yes How many?‖;
Question 2A) - ―Did they migrate regularly or irregularly?‖; and
Question 3A) - ―Can you tell us the age and gender of your family members
that migrated?‖ were chosen as the key elements to measure the proxy
indicator.
Through the data collected from these questions, and by making adequate
proportions to the population in their Woredas, a picture was developed on
the situation of irregular migration in the specific targeted areas and
adopted as baseline value.
At endline, the same questionnaire could be administrated to a similar
sample of the population of the target areas to assess the variations of
migration patterns and the impact of SINCE Programme. ICs will also need
to conduct frequent discussions with Zonal/Woreda Bureaus on the current
availability and reliability of existing irregular migration data during
project implementation in order to possibly complement collected primary
data.
Each IC will report data for their targeted areas (Woredas). As there is only
one IC per SINCE Programme targeted Region (including Addis Ababa),
what is going to be reported for the Woredas is going to be considered, by

Page | 37
 extension, the information for that Region.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way. The difference (increase,

decrease, or invariance) in % from endline compared to baseline
information.
We calculate the situation for each IC and then the aggregated value for
SINCE Programme. For this indicator, the aggregated value has been
obtained by weighting the values of each IC by the size of the economically
active population including the estimate of irregular migrants of each target
Woreda.
OO questionnaires respondents can be considered as a sample of the
households (HH) in the targeted Woredas. The No. of family members who
have irregularly migrated in the last two years from their households are
considered as representative figures for the given Woredas. Given this
assumption, we then use this information for making estimations for the
target Woredas.
On the one hand, we have the % of households with migrants (i.e. 49.05%),
the average number of migrants per household (i.e. 2.28) and the % of
migrants who migrates irregularly (i.e. 45.82%), which have been derived
from primary data collection. On the other hand, we have the total No. of
HH (i.e. 1,162,617), the Total population (i.e. 5,550,393) and the No. of
Economically Active Population (i.e. 3,575,529) in the targeted Woredas,
estimated from secondary data. From the combination of these primary and
secondary data, we can infer the following values:
First, we calculate the No. of irregular migrants in our targeted Woredas =
% of HH with migrants * average number of migrants per HH * % of
irregular migrants * No. of HH in our Woredas (i.e. 49.05% * 2.28 *
45.82% * 1,162,617 = 596,021).
Then, from this, we can calculate the baseline value, i.e. the % of irregular
migrants among the economically active population in our targeted
Woredas = No. of irregular migrants in our targeted Woredas /
Economically Active Population (including irregular migrants) (i.e. in %:
596,021 / 4,171,550 (=3,575,529+596,021) = 14.29%)
Hence, we can calculate the target value from the baseline value, by
applying the desired target reduction (i.e. 14.29 %*(1-11.75%) = 12.61%).
We can also provide the required disaggregation in terms of sex and age
(i.e. for all Regions/IC the value 14.29% = Male 32.78% and Female
67.22%; in the age range 15-34 approx. 97.60% and in 35-above approx.
2.40%).

Frequency Baseline and endline.

Baseline value 14.29%

Target value -11.75% (12.61%)

Page | 38
OO Indicator 2 % reduction of propensity to irregular migration in the target areas
(disaggregated by region, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator measures the propensity to (irregular) migration of our
and disaggregation beneficiaries in the targeted Woredas and its expected reduction, thanks to
SINCE intervention.
It is an indicator created specifically by SINCE Programme to triangulate
available data on irregular migration and assess its trends. The main
parameters are based on the push and pull factors, analysed in the JIPR at
page 36 (an extract is reported here below), that motivates youth and
women to migrate (including Returnees). The push factors are mainly
economic disadvantages, unemployment and lack of motivation.
This indicator can be quite significant to assess the contribution of SINCE
Programme in the target areas in terms of behavioural change, by assessing
the linkage of employment with migration through the result chain outlined
in the OO analysis under subchapter 2.2. This indicator also represents an
important measurement of the Programme impact if problems with data
availability for the OO Indicator 1 arise.
Rather than expecting a considerable reduction in propensity to (irregular)
migration, it is more interesting to assess its variance once a SINCE
beneficiary moves from the status of unemployed (at entry point) to
employed (at endline). Therefore, we consider propensity only for our
target beneficiaries, by inferring conclusions from our selected sample. If
required, by making adequate proportions to the population in the target
Woredas and by making the appropriate assumptions, a picture at baseline
and at endline can be applied to depict the situation of propensity to
(irregular) migration in the areas.
This indicator is measured among our beneficiaries in the target Woredas.
Sex and age disaggregation is requested for the categories of SINCE
Programme described under the disaggregation methodology in Chapter 3.

Data source  Baseline and endline reports (including Knowledge Attitude and Practice
-KAP- Survey).
 Final evaluation reports.

Critical issues Critical issues for this OO Indicator 2 are connected with the accurate
design of the indicator and corresponding KAP survey. Moreover, given
the time as well as the security situation of the country, the change may not
be visible in the short period.
Another critical issue can be the willingness of the people to respond
accurately during data collection/KAP survey.
During both the first and second round of baseline studies, propensity to
migration was witnessed much lower than expected. The majority of
respondents declared that migration is very negative, they have no intention
of migrating and they are fully aware of risks connected to irregular
migration. However, we assume that respondents provided with this
information in fear of social consequences. The only widespread
consideration among respondents, in line with our assumptions, is that
unemployment and poverty are forcing migration.

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 As explained in the OO analysis in subchapter 2.2, it is hard to prove that
there are specific drivers for irregular migration as opposed to regular ones.
Moreover, being this a sensitive information, collected data could be less
reliable, as key informants may not disclose full information on the
thematic.

Data collection, This indicator is measured through primary data, thanks to a KAP survey
analysis and designed for this purpose, which is the second part of the extended
reporting questionnaire used for measuring also the OO Indicator 1 and which also
can be found in annex to this M&E HB.
In this case, the propensity to irregular migration is assessed directly
amongst the sample of 300 selected beneficiaries per each IC/Lot, by
analysing their attitude and behaviour. For the above mentioned critical
issues, migration in general is assessed as a proxy as being irregular.
Further questions in the same questionnaire help to qualify the analysis and
triangulate data. All findings are reported in each IC specific baseline
reports.
The extended questionnaire includes various questions among which:
Question 7B) - ―Would you consider to live in another country after your
school/professional/TVET graduation?‖, which was selected as the key
element to measure our proxy indicator.
At endline level, the same process of the baseline will be repeated on a
sample of 300 youth per project, representative of the population of the
target areas. As for the other OO Indicators, data reported for the targeted
areas (Woredas) is considered by extension the information for that specific
Region.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way. The difference (increase,

decrease, or invariance) in % from endline compared to baseline
information.
We calculate the situation for each IC and then the common values for
SINCE Programme. For this indicator, the aggregated value has been
obtained by weighting the values of each IC by the size of the population of
each target Woreda.
OO questionnaires respondents are considered as a sample of all the
beneficiaries. To estimate the baseline value, we consider the valid %, i.e.
the ―yes‖ respondents to the question 7B) together with 50% of ―I don‘t
mind‖ respondents (i.e. 25.96%).
Hence, we can calculate the target value from the baseline value, by
applying the desired target reduction (i.e. 25.96% * (1-13.23%) = 22.52%).
We can also provide the required disaggregation in terms of sex and age
(i.e. for all Regions/IC the value is 25.96% = Male 53.34% and Female
46.66%; in the age range 98.80% fall within 15-34 age parameter, while
1.20% falls within the 35-above age group.

Frequency Baseline and endline.

Baseline value 25.96%

Page | 40
 Target value -13.23% (22.52%)

Push and Pull factors

Push Factors
There are considerable similarities about the push factors for migration across all the five regions covered in the
study in Ethiopia. The major push factor identified as economic reasons and cultural/attitudinal factors. Some of
the major push factors that emerged in the regional study reports are:
- Unemployment is one of the often-cited causes of migration in all of the five SEA reports. Indeed, as the CSA
2012 national urban employment and unemployment survey shows, there is a high rate of unemployment in the
urban areas. Assessments from all regions show that unemployment rates are closer to the national average,
17.5%.
- Agriculture is not only the dominant employer but also the main economic activity in Ethiopia yet there is a
scarcity of farming land. The average landholding has been declining due to higher level of population
growth and land degradation. Shortage of land and landlessness are, therefore, major problems that explain
unemployment/underemployment in the rural areas.
- The regional study clearly showed low payment (or wage differential) as another push factor. Soaring
prices/inflation exacerbates the problem of low income/wages which is compounded by absence of
minimum wage for people employed in the private sectors. Many people decide to migrate due to the
difficulty of supporting themselves and their families with the low salary they are receiving.
- Family pressure on young people to migrate on the basis that there are lots of opportunities for youth
abroad. The assessment shows that it becomes common for husbands to send their wives to work overseas
countries as domestic workers.
- There is wide spread belief among potential migrants that the only way to change their life is though
moving out of the country. In relation to this, Tigray SEA report found that there is a popular saying
among prospective migrants: ―Either my body will come in a coffin or I will come with a coffin/bag full of
money.‖
Pull Factors
The assessment report found that the pull factors are mainly related on the need to meet basic necessities,
ranging from decent housing and consumables, to saving and sending home considerable amount of money to
families, buying assets. Social networks (with family members and friends abroad) are also found as pull
factors. Traffickers are putting migrants at risk through propagating the positive aspects of migration to
potential migrants and their families.

4.1.2 OO Indicators 3 and 4

For OO Indicator 3 (income) and 4 (unemployment) it was also agreed for ICs to collect data
at Regional level, given the challenges of retrieving data at Woreda and Zonal level during the
first round of baseline study. In this process it was assumed that Regional values reflect
those of SINCE Programme targeted Woredas, through means of appropriate proportions.
However, the limitations illustrated under the introduction to OO Indicators apply also to
secondary data used for measuring OO Indicator 3 and 4. Retrieved data is not updated and
mostly refers to surveys carried out in 2015/2016 and released in 2018 by the CSA. As a result,
endline values will suffer from the same problems indicated for OO Indicator 1 and 2.
Moreover, being SINCE Programme addressed to specific target groups, only the average
income or the employment rate for these categories of beneficiaries (youth and women as
Potential Migrants, Returnees and Eritrean Refugees) should be in theory considered.
However, due to the unavailability of disaggregated data for all of these categories, data for
the overall population is hence used as proxy indicator with its due limitations.

OO Indicator 3 % increase in the average income in the target areas (disaggregated by

region, sex and age)

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Definition, purpose This indicator measures the increase in the average income (please see
and disaggregation Glossary of definitions for a better understanding of income concept) in the
target Woredas, as a consequence of employment creation. Given the
unavailability of secondary data at Woreda level for all ICs, we have used
instead an estimated individual income at Regional level and assumed that
this value is applicable to the Programme targeted Woredas and used it as a
proxy indicator.
At SO level we measure more specifically the increase in income among
our targeted beneficiaries. At OO level we use the wider population and the
targeted Woredas as reference parameters. Increase in income is an
essential component of impact for SINCE Programme. In fact, as explained
under subchapter 3.1, the purpose of including such indicator is to assess
the second part of the OO that concerns the improvement in living
conditions. From the monitoring perspective they are an important means
for reducing irregular migration and measure the impact in the area.
Sex and age disaggregation requested for the categories of SINCE
Programme described under disaggregation methodology in Chapter 3 can
be provided.

Data source  Woreda level BOLSA.

 Government, International Organizations, Socio-Economic Databases
and Surveys.
 Baseline and endline reports.
 Final evaluation reports.
In the second round of baseline survey, most of ICs have reported data
from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) 2015/16 Household
Consumption-Expenditure Survey, which is the most updated and available
source of information at Regional level to estimate individual income. This
was used per extension as a parameter for the Woredas.
The survey, conducted every four years by CSA, was lastly carried out in
2015/16 and reported in March 2018. Every report made by the
Government Authorities including the Ministry of Finance and Economic
Development (MoFED) on per capita income is based on this consumption-
expenditure data.
As such, this survey focuses on consumption-expenditure to measure the
income dimension of households and persons and 10% assumed saving rate
as a proxy to income. The survey excluded income questions to avoid
under reporting of income. Disaggregated data by age and sex is also
available.

Critical issues As explained in the introduction to the OO Indicator 3 and 4, available

secondary data is generally not updated.
Primary data on income was also collected from some Consortia on a
sample of population with characteristics similar to those of the target
beneficiaries. In some cases, the value is more realistic and updated but
unfortunately this data collection process was not made available from all
of the ICs as such, and for the sake of data harmonization process, it was
not possible to aggregate it to the used secondary data. However, needless

Page | 42
 to say, the made available information can be used to triangulate it and
deepen the analysis.
In general, it is important to consider that quality of income data is always
under question mark, as it is sensible information that people are usually
reluctant in releasing.

Data collection, This indicator is measured through the analysis of secondary data and
analysis and reflects the CSA 2015/16 Household Consumption-Expenditure Survey (or
reporting other sources which mainly refer to this official survey).
It is difficult to state that SINCE can consistently increase the average
income in the target Woredas of the overall population (being addressed to
specific target groups) as well as to prove it (given the problems related to
appropriate secondary data availability). Notwithstanding, it is important to
measure the magnitude of the intervention and getting some hints of impact
in the target Woredas thanks to the effects of increased employment
opportunities.
As we necessarily need to expand the analysis beyond the first pillar of
intervention (on the target group), we hence need to assess the effects
produced by the medium-long term measures under the second pillar of
SINCE Programme. This can help in setting up target values per each IC
and milestones that facilitate the monitoring of the achievements. Further
on, we need to consider the impact on the wider population, as it should be
when carrying out the analysis at OO level. 28 Likewise for the other OO
Indicators, data reported for the targeted Woredas is considered by
extension the information for that Region.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way. The difference (increase,

decrease, or invariance) in % of endline compared to baseline information.
We calculate the situation for each IC and then the common values for
SINCE Programme. For this indicator, the aggregated value has been
obtained by weighting the values of each IC by the size of the population of
each target Woreda.
The baseline value is a certain amount expressed in ETB, which
corresponds to the estimated individual income (i.e. 1,085 ETB).
Hence, we can calculate the target value from the baseline value, by
applying the desired target increment (i.e. 1,085 * (1+12.02%) = 1,215
ETB).
In this case, the required disaggregation in terms of sex and age is used
only for reporting and we keep the same value as reference parameter.

Frequency Baseline and endline.

Baseline value 1,085 ETB

Target value +12.02% (1,215 ETB)

28
This is why the SO Indicator 3 target value (35.50%) is much higher than the OO Indicator 3 one (12.02%).

Page | 43
OO Indicator 4 % reduction of unemployment in the target areas (disaggregated by
region, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator measures the Action‘s contribution to the reduction of the
and disaggregation unemployment rate in the target Woredas, as a consequence of SINCE
employment creation. Given the unavailability of secondary data at Woreda
level for all ICs, we have used the unemployment rate at Regional level for
the overall population and assumed that this value is applicable to the
targeted Woredas, therefore used it as a proxy indicator.
Compared to the other employment-related indicators in particular at SO
level, here the analysis should not only focus on the target group supported
by the Action, but it should also include the wider population of the
targeted areas. The same limitations in terms of SINCE intervention scope
and availability of updated and specific secondary data apply to this
indicator.
Employment rate is used first of all as a reference parameter for making
estimations and carrying out assessments on the impact. The analysis has to
start from the employment opportunities directly created by SINCE
Programme, under the first pillar of intervention. Then after, we necessarily
need to expand the analysis and consider the effects produced also by the
second pillar of SINCE Programme.
Sex and age disaggregation requested for the categories of SINCE
Programme described under the disaggregation methodology in Chapter 3,
can be instead provided.

Data source  Government, International Organizations, Socio-Economic Databases

and Surveys.
 Baseline and endline reports.
Final evaluation reports.
In the second round of baseline surveys, all ICs have reported data from the
CSA 2016 Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey, the most
updated and available source of information at Regional level. This was
used per extension as a parameter for the Woredas.
This survey is supposed to be conducted by CSA every year. However, this
Agency did not carry out the survey in 2017 and the 2018 one was only
conducted in May 2018 and the results will be made available at the end of
2018. Given these reasons, unemployment rate data is related to 2016 CSA
report.

Critical issues As explained above, available secondary data is generally not updated and
endline secondary data values will suffer from this.
Moreover, the most suitable source of secondary information, the 2016
CSA Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey, covers only Urban
areas as it did not include rural areas for which no specific survey exists.
Therefore, data in the survey are not fully appropriate to be used as
reference parameters for target Woredas of certain Consortia (e.g. Lot 4)
that predominantly implement their project activities in rural areas.

Page | 44
 During the course of SINCE Programme, Implementers should support
related Government offices to improve the registration process and
methodology of unemployed people. This might improve the quality data
and figures may change.

Data collection, This indicator is measured through the analysis of secondary data retrieved
analysis and from the 2016 CSA Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey.
reporting Likewise the other OO Indicators, data reported for the target areas
(Woredas) is considered by extension the information for that Region.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way. The difference (increase,

decrease, or invariance) in % of endline compared to baseline information.
We calculate the situation for each IC and then the common values for
SINCE Programme. For this indicator, the aggregated value has been
obtained by weighting the values of each IC by the size of the economically
active population of each target Woreda.
The baseline value is the unemployment rate (i.e. 16.05%).
Hence, we can calculate the target value from the baseline value, by
applying the desired target reduction (i.e. 16.05% * (1-8.97%) = 14.61%).
We can also provide the required disaggregation in terms of sex and age
(i.e. for all Regions/IC the value 16.05% = Male 26.48% and Female
73.52%; in the age range 15-34 approx. 97.60% and in 35-above approx.
2.40%).
In the 2016 CSA Urban Employment and Unemployment Survey, by using
the Activity Rate, the unemployment rate is expressed both in % and in
numeric values of unemployed against the Economically Active Population
in the Region. Therefore, given certain assumptions, we can use this
information for making estimations for the target Woredas.
On the one hand, we then have the unemployment rate (i.e. 16.05%) while
on the other hand, we have the No. of Economically Active Population (i.e.
3,575,529) in the targeted Woredas, estimated from secondary data. By
combining primary and secondary data, we can then calculate the baseline
value specified in numeric values, i.e. the No. of unemployed in our
targeted Woredas and hence, the baseline, target and endline values always
specified in numeric terms.
In the same way, we can correlate the actual number of SINCE
beneficiaries employed in the target Woredas, measured at SO level, with
the above-mentioned values specified in numeric values, and therefore
measure the first pillar of SINCE Programme. As we necessarily need to
expand the analysis and consider the effects produced also by the second
pillar of SINCE Programme, we can also quantify the expected reduction of
the unemployed in the target Woredas thanks to the medium-long term
measures brought by the second pillar. This can help in setting up target
values per each IC and milestones that facilitate the monitoring of the
achievements.

Frequency Baseline and endline.

Baseline value 16.05%

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 Target value -8.97% (14.61%)

As explained in Chapter 2 on the OO description, the SEA conducted by ILO in the Inception
Phase was very important to increase the knowledge base on migration dynamics as there is
lack of comprehensive data and research about migration, its determinants, and even more
about irregular migration in Ethiopia. As such, the SEA is an important document that gives
useful hints on how to put in place appropriate methodologies to gather migration related
data. What was done during the SEA can be partially replicated by the ICs in specific
moments of the Programme, in particular during the baseline, and more in depth in the
selected intervention areas. In particular, it is important to refer to the general analysis of
migration at page 25 of the JIPR, the specific trends on migration at page 34 and the
characteristics of migration at page 35. An extract of these main elements is reported here
below:

Analysis of migration
…Over the past decade, youth employment has gained significant prominence on the national and global
development agendas. Approximately three million young Ethiopians enter the labour force every year.
However, there is a challenge in ensuring productive employment opportunities in both rural and urban areas.
As a result, a growing number of Ethiopians look for job opportunities abroad. Migration out of Ethiopia has
showed a steady increase trend of 58%29between 2000 and 2015. In addition, between these two years30 the
share of male migration stock is relatively higher than the female migration stock. However, this differs from
one destination country to another; for instance, most migrant stock in Sudan and Saudi Arabia are found to be
females in the year 200031. The main destinations for Ethiopian migrants are mainly Sudan, Israel, Saudi
Arabia, South Africa, U.S.A, Canada, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Italy and the UK. However, Ethiopia is also
host to the largest refugee population in Africa32. Therefore, currently, Ethiopia has become a country of
origin, transit and destination of irregular migrants and refugees from the Horn of Africa.
In a nutshell, migration has become a major socio-economic phenomenon in Ethiopia due to its impacts on the
political, social and economic developments at national, regional and international levels. This has inevitably
created serious socio-economic and political challenges both in Ethiopia as well as in the receiving countries.
Youth unemployment and underemployment, lack or no access to land, poverty, peer and family pressure
poverty, the desire to be economically successful in a short period of time, availability of perceived
economic/job opportunities in the receiving countries and the presence of illegal brokers and traffickers are
found to be some of the major factors that drives Ethiopians towards migration mainly through irregular
channels.
Trends of migration
Inward Migration stock of Ethiopia has increased from 611,384 in 2000 to 1,072,949 in 2015. The numbers of
economically active migrants are higher than children and elderly migrants. In 2000, from the overall 611,384
international migrants to Ethiopia, 465,998 were economically active migrants. In 2015, from the 1,072,949
international migrants, the numbers of economically active migrants were 630,191(UNDSA, 2015). Significant
proportion of inward migrants is refuges. UNHCR reported that there are about 793,321 Refugees in the
country (UNHCR, 2016), which makes Ethiopia the largest country to host refuges in Africa. Over 98% of
refugees in Ethiopia live in the designated camps throughout the country except some Refugees who are
allowed to live in urban areas due to: serious medical conditions or protection concerns as well as students in
tertiary institutions. Minority ethnic groups like Yemeni refugees are also assisted in Addis Ababa. The
government of Ethiopia has introduced the ―Out of Camp Policy‖ (OCP) in 2010 to enable Eritrean refugees to

29
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015), ―Trends in
International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin‖ (United Nations database,
POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015)
30
Ibid
31
Ibid
32
UNHCR, March 2016, ‘Ethiopia, Refugees and Asylum-seekers‖.

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live in Addis Ababa, Mekelle and other urban areas. OCP beneficiaries must have the necessary means to
financially support themselves and not have criminal record(s) while being in refugee camp.
The same UNDSA report shows that migration out of Ethiopia has shown an increasing trend between 2000 and
2015. During 2000, the international Ethiopian migration stock was 442,161. This figure has reached 753,492 in
2015. Another report from MoLSA has estimated an increase in annual outmigration rate with an estimation of
20,000-25,000 people irregularly migrate from Ethiopia annually.
Most of migrant leave the country through illegal means by following three main migration routes. Most
Migrants from North-East part of the country, particularly from North and South Wollo and Southern Tigray
zones, travel to Galafi (border town between Afar region and Djibuoti). From there they have to walk for
several days through the desert to reach Djibouti town. There they wait for a few days until they get a boat to
cross the Red Sea to Yemen, whereas very few of them take the route to Sudan, Egypt or Libya to end up in
Europe or Israel.
Migrants from Oromia and Gurage and Silti Zones of SNNP regions follow the same root to migrate to Middle
East and Europe. Those who want to migrate to Middle East go to Diredawa-Harar- Jigjiga and then to
Togowochale (Somaliland). They travel to Hargessa (Somaliland) and then to Bossasso (Somalia). From
Bossasso they proceed to Yemen crossing Red Sea by boat. On the other hand, migrants from Jimma took the
route, to reach Saudi Arabia.
Significant proportion of migrants from Arsi, Bale, Wollo migrate to Europe. They travel from their homeland
to Metema woreda in Amhara region and later cross the border to Sudan. Then, they travel to Egypt or Libya to
cross the sea to Europe through boat. The third major route, which is popular for migrant from Southern part of
the country, is the route from SNNPR to Moyale, Kenya, Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi and making its
destination in South Africa.
Characteristics of Migration
The assessment report has shown that before the ban on regular migration to the Gulf by the Ethiopian
government, there was a significant level of regular migration, particularly of women to work as domestic
workers in the Gulf States, mainly Saudi Arabia. However, the trend was changed as consequence of the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) mass deportation of Ethiopian migrants in 2013. In fact, the Ethiopian
government banned legal labour migration. It has been reported that the lack of regular migratory channels is
pushing people to migrate through irregular channels to different gulf countries. The irregularity of this practice
difficult the collection of data, so there are no accurate figures on the numbers of migrants by region.
Characteristics of migrants can be differentiated based on their country of destinations. The SEA assessment
finding shows that most people who migrate to Middle East have no or little formal education, they are mostly
from rural areas, unemployed and have economical poor family background. This category of migrants migrate
to work temporarily in the destination countries with the aim of saving some amount of money that will enable
them to start decent work and living in their country. On the other hand, migrant to Europe and other countries
are mostly from urban areas, have a better education as compared to those who migrate to Middle East, and are
male. Most of them leave their home in pursuit of permanent stay or if possible, to get citizenship in the
destination countries. The assessment report has also shown that compared to the regular migration, which is
dominated by women, instead of men appear more prone to irregular migration. For instance, out of the 827
registered returnees in Sinana Woreda of the Oromia region, only 90 were females and the remaining 737 of
them were males. The Tigray SEA supported this fact that of the total irregular migrants from the region men
accounts 2/3 both at woreda and regional levels.

4.2 SO indicators

SO Indicator 1 No. of unemployed and/or inactive target beneficiaries who are

employed through job opportunities created by SINCE (disaggregated
by region, value chain, target group, ER/IOc, sex and age)

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 Definition, purpose This indicator measures the absolute number of new employees (thanks to
and disaggregation all interventions carried out under SINCE Programme) amongst the
Action‘s target groups.

Specifically, all beneficiaries need to be unemployed (which includes also

the underemployed, working either occasionally or in the informal sector or
at lower level compared to their education) or inactive (they were not
working at all and not looking for work either, although we are considering
only those in working-age) at entry point level.

As per common agreement among ICs, a person is considered as employed

when he/she signs a contract immediately after the apprenticeship and
therefore when he/she is accepted by the company with a signed
employment contract that is used as evidence of their engagement. This is a
crucial indicator for assessing the effectiveness of the Programme and its
overall capacity to create new employment opportunities. For this reason, it
is fundamental establishing target values and milestones, against which
reporting data that can guide the Programme and ensure an accurate
monitoring.
On this line, ICs have come up, after their baseline reports, with a common
definition of minimum standards to consider someone as being employed in
particular in terms of minimum amount of work hours/days and on how to
consider part-time, short-term jobs, etc. Please refer to the glossary for
further specifications.

It will also be assessed if the contract is respecting the decent work

principles established as minimum requirements in SINCE Programme 33
and more in depth under the project evaluation. A comprehensive definition
of decent work and necessary interventions are well summarised at page 10
of the Guidelines for grant applicants and is reported in the Glossary of
definitions annexed to this M&E Handbook. ―Work that is productive and
delivers a fair income, as well as promoting the social integration of the
target population‖ will be considered as decent employment.

This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories identified
under SINCE Programme (region, value chain, sex and age), for all of the
target groups of beneficiaries (youth and women as potential migrants,
returnees and Eritrean urban refugees) as well as for the axe of intervention
(ER/IOc1 or 2).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases (employment tracking
system to follow and record the number of employed) and surveys.
 SME and other company employment reports.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.

33
Written employment contract (including timing of salary payment); 2) Occupational safety and health standards
policy - OSHS; 3) Leave regulation according to labor law (sick leave, annual leave, maternity leave, mourning
leave, etc..); 4) Career advancement possibility and incentive policy; 5) Employees participation and complaints
response mechanism.33

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  Mid-term and final evaluation reports.

Critical issues Critical issues connected to this indicator are related to having a correct
counting system of new employees. This has to be based on defined criteria
(cross-shared amongst all Programme ICs) and attention has to be given in
avoiding double counting (following the indications in the part related to
disaggregation in Chapter 3). In particular, youth and women are counted
as Potential Migrants, but when they belong to other target groups, such as
Returnees and Refugees, these categories will prevail for their counting.
The Eritrean Refugees are not going to be considered in the target value to
be achieved, as for now the new Eritrean Refugees Labour Proclamation,
which would allow them to work, has not yet come into force. Only once
the Government of Ethiopia will issue the proclamation enabling Eritrean
Refugees to access work permits, ICs will then be able to include them in
the counting.
It can be a problem tracking employed youth and women when the
employment is away from the zone or region targeted by the Programme. It
is suggested for the ICs to have a full register of the beneficiaries with all
contact details in order to best track their employment situation.

Data collection, A system for data collection and reporting will be put in place for each
analysis and entity (i.e. TVETs, SMEs and other potential ones) involved in SINCE
reporting Programme that may be able to report new employees. Information has to
be accumulated on quarterly basis avoiding double counting and making
sure that job opportunities created are directly attributable to SINCE. In
addition, a 'decent work' check per company needs to be put in place.
Employment contracts will be used as an evidence for counting and the job
will be reported in the quarter when the contract is signed (in case of
apprenticeship, the contract is counted only after the end of apprenticeship).
To ease contract counting, it is suggested to request the employer to
indicate that the contract is signed under the support of SINCE Programme.
For the purpose of assessing the impact of the Programme, apprenticeship
and internship positions are not considered as jobs created, but rather as job
placements facilitated, which falls into the ER/IO1Indicator 4.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of new employees should be
reported (considering only the contract signed in that quarter, and after
apprenticeship). The total value will be the sum of the measurements of
each monitoring period.

Frequency Quarterly, in order to take in consideration seasonal fluctuations.

Baseline value 0

Target value 8,200

SO Indicator 2 No. of target beneficiaries who are still employed 3 months after

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 employment contract signed (disaggregated by region, value chain,
target group, ER, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator considers the beneficiaries who are still employed in the
and disaggregation same company or in others after a certain period (established in 3 months
after employment contract signature) in order to best track the employment
situation.
Its purpose is to assess the longer-term impacts/perspectives of
employment opportunities created by SINCE.
This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories (region,
value chain, sex and age) for all of the beneficiaries‘ target groups (youth
and women as potential migrants, returnees and Eritrean urban refugees) as
well as for the axe of intervention (ER/IOc1 or 2).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases (employment tracking
system to follow and record the number of employed) and surveys.
 SME and other company employment reports.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.

Critical issues There are several kinds of external factors that might have an impact on
whether the beneficiaries are still employed after 3 months. The beneficiary
might have chosen to leave within 3 months for different reasons and might
even have found a better job somewhere else that cannot be proved by
evidence as their tracking becomes impossible (i.e. change of contacts).
Given the high number of employees to track, this indicator might be
labour intensive to be measured.

Data collection, The same system for data collection put in place for each entity (i.e.
analysis and TVETs, SMEs and other potential ones) involved in SINCE Programme
reporting will be used. In particular, a proper tracking and follow-up will be done for
the employees identified through SO Indicator 1. All beneficiaries are in
fact registered in the Database and on quarterly basis, after employment,
the ICs should follow-up on their beneficiaries tracking process.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of employees with confirmed
status (after 3 months of employment) should be reported. The total value
will be the sum of the measurements of each monitoring period.
It will be calculated upon the number of beneficiaries who have been
employed by a company after the apprenticeship (SO Indicator 1) and who
are still employed 3 months after having signed the employment contract. If
the employee changes contract and moves to another company, but keeps
the employment status, they will be also counted.

Frequency To be reported quarterly, but data is collected after 3 months of

employment.

Baseline value 0

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Target value 6,650

SO Indicator 3 % increase in average income among target beneficiaries

(disaggregated by region, value chain, target group, ER, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator wants to measure the increase in the average income (please
and disaggregation check Glossary of definitions for a better understanding of income concept)
as consequence of employment creation among target beneficiaries (youth
and women as Potential Migrants, Returnees and Eritrean Refugees)
supported by SINCE Programme. The target beneficiaries were previously
unemployed and/or inactive and the income earned through the
employment will increase consequently and give them means to improve
their living conditions.
It is substantially different from the OO Indicator 3 that aims at assessing
the increase in income for the wider population in the target areas. In fact,
this SO Indicator looks specifically at the target beneficiaries, with the aim
of giving accurate and exact information on their income situation before
and after employment obtained through SINCE Programme. Therefore, it is
more correlated to the concept of wage.

This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories (region,
value chain, sex and age), for all of the beneficiaries‘ target groups (youth
and women as potential migrants, returnees and Eritrean urban refugees) as
well as for the axe of intervention (ER/IOc1 or 2).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases (employment tracking
system to follow and record the number of employed) and surveys.
 SME and other company employment reports.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.

Critical issues A critical issue could be the income calculation prior to SINCE Action.
Despite the fact that target beneficiaries were unemployed and or inactive
they could nonetheless have had family income, especially in rural areas
where this is a common situation.
It is important to consider income disaggregated in terms of wage income
and other sources; this can facilitate the analysis, as in case of difficulty in
assessing other sources, it can be considered only wage as income increase.
Moreover, as income can be sensible information that beneficiaries may
pose resistance in sharing, this can be overcome by achieving the
information directly from employers who are part of SINCE Programme.

Data collection, This indicator is going to be measured through primary data collected from
analysis and the beneficiaries, y asking on their income when they enter the programme.
reporting Wage information for the beneficiaries can be also obtained directly from
employers, as they are part of the programme. Entry and final data shall be
registered in the database when a beneficiary opts out of the project or the

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 project is finalized.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way.

It will be first calculated the difference (increase, decrease, or invariance) in
% of income of each beneficiary at endline compared to the entry point
situation. Then the average will be calculated among all beneficiaries‘
value.

Frequency Data will be collected at entry point (selection of beneficiaries) and at

endline.

Baseline value (TBD at entry point)

Target value 35.50% (TBD at entry point)

As explained in Chapter 2 in the SO description, the Inception Phase was fundamental to

define the Labour Market and to assess problems connected with employment and
unemployment in general. Some information can be used for the projects baselines and to
define the framework where the Action is going to intervene. This is well summarised at page
31 of the JIPR of which an extract is reported here below:

Assessment of potential market at the local level

As per the National Labour Force survey conducted in 2005 and 2013, the working-age population increased by
3.9 per cent per year, from 41 million in 2005 to 55.6 million in 2013 and the labour force increased from 33.1
million to 44.4 million, at a growth rate of 3.8 per cent per year. However, in 2005, about 81 per cent of the
working-age population participated in the labour market, and 80 per cent in 2013.34 The number of employed
population increased from 31.4 million in 2005 to 42.4 million in 2013, at a lower rate than the labour force
growth. A plausible reason for the rise in participation and employment rates can be related to the entrance in
the labour market of a large number of youths who completed their education.

On the other hand, unemployment rate, according to the National Labour Force survey conducted by CSA, has
shown little change between 2005 (5.0%) and 2013 (4.5%). While focusing on the five selected regions, results
show decrease of unemployment rate in Oromia (from 4.1% in 2003 to 3.0 in 2013) and Addis Ababa (from
31.2% to 24.3% in 2013). Despite, the decrease of the level of unemployment in Addis Ababa, compared to
others, the City Administration has the highest unemployment rate of 24.2% in 2013. A plausible explanation
can be high migration towards Addis Ababa of unemployed in search of job opportunities. In addition, it is
noted that female unemployment and youth unemployment if higher at the national and regional level both in
2005 and in 2013.

Taking into account the potential of the labour market, according to the 2013 national labour force survey, the
agricultural sector is the major employment sector at the national level. During this period, the sector absorbed
72.7% of the employment; followed by the service (19.6%), the manufacturing (4.49%) and construction (1.95
%) sectors. The service sector becomes the major employment source at the urban areas (covering about 61% of
the urban employment) followed by agriculture (13.54%), manufacturing (14.4%) and construction (5.52%). In
rural areas, 83.1% of employment is in the agricultural sector while the share of other sectors (service 12.36%,
manufacturing 2.73% and construction 0.96%) is limited.
(...)

34
High labour force participation rates are common in developing economies, owing to the absence of social
security systems, low wages, and low income (International Labour Organization, 2010); (Broussard, et al., 2012).

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 According to CSA report from 2010-2015, national urban employment to population ratio has been showing an
increasing trend rising from 49.4% in 2010 to 52.6% in 2015. Urban employment to population ratio is higher
for males than females during the same period. Male employments are rose from 60.2 % in 2010 to 64.2 in 2015
where as for females increased from 40 % in 2010 to 42.8 % in 2015. This shows there is gender disparity on
employment in the urban areas which shows the need to have policies and programs that would create more
employment opportunities for women and girls.
(...)
When it comes to employment share of different economic sectors by region from the study area, as shown
below, except Addis Ababa, in all regions in the country, agriculture is the major source of employment.
Tigray, Amhara, Oromia are among the emerging regions from the study area that agriculture becomes the
highest employment sector where as service sector becomes the highest employment sector in Addis Ababa.
When looked at the percentage distribution of employment by main occupations, employment in private
enterprises, self-employment and employment in public institutions are the first three main occupations of
residents in the city in 2011 and 2015. The three occupations stated above account for more than three-fourth of
the employment opportunities in the city. (...)

4.3 ER/IOc indicators

As explained in Chapter 2 in the description of ER/IOc, ER0 was already accomplished
through the Inception Phase, hence corresponding indicators are not part of this Monitoring
Plan. However, some parts of the methodology used to identify suitable sectors, sub-sectors
and the most labour intensive value chains segments can give useful hints for the M&E
system, the ER/IOc indicators and the improved capacity assessment for both axes of
interventions. Therefore, an extract of the methodology described at page 21 of the JIPR is
reported here below:

Methods of Data Collection and Analysis for the Value Chain Assessment
UNIDO has collected data for the value chain analysis primarily through semi-structured interviews driven by
three different questionnaires prepared for the local government institutions, union and employer organizations
and microfinance institutions. The questionnaires have been included in Volume III. The full list of
institutions/persons interviewed and the relevant minutes have been included in Volume III.
The study analysed the data at three levels: national, regional and woreda levels in order to have a full insight
ranging from national level to local level (policy and institutional framework, and the socio-economic and
political factors) to clearly identify root causes of migration and come up with plausible recommendations.
(...)
(ndr. Different sources and methods for data collection were used, the main ones are the following ones):
 Analysis of policy documents, project reports, and relevant legislations;
 Review of the literature on migration and employment creation;
 Collection of existing baseline data;
 Collection of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders;
 Group discussion with key stakeholders.
(...)
The Inception Phase followed an identification methodology of sectors, sub-sectors, and specific value chains
through a cascade process in four stages, as described in the following paragraphs.
Identification of selection criteria of VCA
Identification of a set of selection criteria based on the project ToR, fitting the overall strategic priority defined
under GTPII for the next 5 years. Selection criteria were divided into 3 groups:
A) Coherence of each sector and sub-sector with the GoE socio-economic development strategy and existing
initiatives:
 Coherence with strategic objectives of GTPI and GTPII;

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 Presence of public and/or private investments;
 Presence of already existing initiatives and/or business activities on which prospective intervention can build
upon;
 Potential for stimulating positive change in each sector, sub-sector and value chain.
B) Relevance to target groups and to the specific objective of the SINCE Programme:
 Labour intensity and possibility to expand employment;
 Creation of decent job opportunities;
 Current presence of women in the sector;
 Current presence of youth in the sector;
 Current presence of returnees in the sector;
 Current presence of refugees in the sector.
C) Feasibility in relation to achievement of the SINCE Programme Specific Objective:
 The value chain or segment of the value chain selected encompasses potential interventions that have an
impact in the short term and within the timeframe of the SINCE Programme;
 Ability to build on existing interventions focusing on job creation and value chain development;
 Relevance to current and/or potential market demand;
 Availability of inputs;
 Presence and/or potential development of backward and forward linkages;
 Availability and/or potentiality for building capacity (e.g. skilled labour) and relevant institutional support;
 Potentiality for strengthening existing clusters that include portions of the value chain;
 Potentiality for integrating innovative segment of the value chain to create more jobs;
 Potential for creating or strengthening Public Private Partnerships (PPPs);
 Locations‘ proximity to the Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP), e.g. Agro-value chain.
Indicators 1-20 under the three groups are employed in the description and analysis of the Thematic Sectors
Reviews in Chapter 6. The coherence of each sector, sub-sector, and value chain to each indicator was assessed as
follows:
 Highly relevant;
 Relevant;
 Partly relevant;
 Not relevant;
 Not applicable.

Long-listing of industrial sectors

A long list of nine industrial sectors was identified based on the criteria under Group A, and mostly following
strategic priorities under GTPII. The selection was also based on the analysis of secondary literature, interviews
with key informants from public institutions, international organizations, donors, NGOs, and private sector
actors.35 The nine sectors are the following: Textile and Garment; Leather and Leather Products; Metal
Engineering; Wood Working; Chemical and Construction; Agro Industry; Food and Beverage; Pharmaceutical
industry; Meat and Diary.

Short listing of industrial sectors

Based on the criteria under Group B, as well as further consultations with key informants, the initial nine sectors
were shortlisted and grouped in six sectors. The analysis took into consideration the coherence with the
development of the Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks, as well as other recent interventions under implementation
by the AICS and the EU. The five short-listed sectors are the following:
 Agro-industry;
 Textile and Garment;
 Leather and leather products;
 Construction and construction material;

35 The list includes, inter alia, the Ministry of Industry (MoI), the Institutional Setup and Capacity Building Sub-
Programme (ISCBP), the International Organization of Migration (IOM), the Federal Medium and Small
Enterprise Development Agency (FSMEDA), the Agriculture Transformation Agency (ATA), the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MOLSA), the Women Entrepreneurship
Development Program (WEDP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

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 Metal Working.

Description and Analysis of the value chains within the selected sectors of VCA
A detailed value chain description and analysis was carried out for each of the five short-listed sectors. This is
indicated under paragraph 6, ‗Thematic Sectors Reviews‘. The analysis of the value chains and segments of value
chains was carried out through data collection at Federal level, and then further specified through additional
information collected in the Regional and Zonal governmental bodies, private and public sector institutions, and
international and local organizations. The list included the following institutions: Regional Small and Medium
Enterprise Agency; regional micro-finance institutions; union federations; employer organizations; regional/zone
Agricultural Marketing Promotion Agency; Regional Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs; Cooperative Unions
and Cooperative Development Branch.

Selection of value chains or segments of value chain for potential intervention

Based on the criteria under Group C, as well as each value chain analysis, specific segments of the value chains
were selected for intervention. These are identified in the Thematic Sector Review in paragraph 6 and are then
further elaborated through potential suggested intervention in Part III.

4.3.1 ER/IOc1indicators (TVETs)

ER/IOc 1 Indicator 1 No. of new or improved TVET trainings based on market demand
(disaggregated by regions and value chain)

Definition, purpose This indicator considers the absolute number of new additional as well as
and disaggregation improved training courses, offered by TVETs and other training
institutions, which have the characteristics of being based on the actual
labour market demand at Regional, Zonal and Woreda Level. Therefore,
it‘s a quantitative indicator with a qualitative definition. As explained in
Chapter 2 in the description of ER/IOc1, for all its indicators we are only
considering the new or strengthened existing TVETs courses specifically
operated for the selected beneficiaries and that are short-term based so to
guarantee employment opportunities within the timeframe of the Projects.
Only the trainings with specific characteristics will be counted, such as:
 review of training curriculum according to market relevance; active
learning and teaching method of training delivery;
 availability of adequate facilities, materials, machineries;
 duration of training; etc..).
A market analysis can help to select the courses to be introduced and to
review the ones already carried out by TVETs.
This indicator requires data disaggregated by region and value chain
categories, identified under SINCE Programme, as well as by new and
improved courses.
For each training, it is important to report also the number of trainees
enrolled, taking care of avoiding contradiction with corresponding
indicators at Op level.
Moreover, an assessment should be conducted during baseline for
collecting data for the number of trainees in training courses, with similar
characteristics, already carried out by the TVETs and training institutions
that will be supported. This data collection can be done through the TVET
Checklist in annex to this M&E Handbook. This will be kept as a reference
point of analysis for the new and improved trainings.

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Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Report from Regional TVET office.
 Training attendance and photos of the training courses.
 Post-training evaluation.

Critical issues Critical issues for this indicator could be related to the assessment of the
training‘s specific characteristics in order to be considered under SINCE
Programme and in particular for those who are going to be considered as
improved.

Data collection, A system for data collection will be put in place for each TVET and
analysis and training institution involved in SINCE Programme (to be harmonized
reporting across the Implementing Consortia in order to have a common tool with
common collected data). This will complement the TVET existing one to
make these institutions able to report on new as well as improved trainings.
Information has to be reported only at quarterly basis when the training
starts in order to avoid double counting. The trainings will be assessed
through checklists (same criteria among the Consortia).
This method can be complemented and information triangulated with other
modalities of data collection: a comprehensive questionnaire covering
different areas of potential/current improvement (TVET Checklist in annex
to this M&E Handbook), key informant interviews (KII), use of facilities
observation, and documents review.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of new and improved trainings
(with specific characteristics defined) that start in that period should be
reported. The total value will be the sum of the measurements of each
monitoring period.

Frequency Quarterly.

Baseline value 0

Target value 33

ER/IOc1 Indicator 2 No. of trainees who complete the SINCE supported TVETs trainings
and who receive a certificate (disaggregated by region, value chain,
target group, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator considers the absolute number of trainees who have fully
and disaggregation registered, attended and completed (both skill development schemes and
life skills) the new and improved trainings run by SINCE and who get a
certification from the institution to demonstrate this, including a Certificate
of Competences (COC) when available and possible. The latter can take

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 more time to be obtained and therefore it is not a requirement to be counted
under this indicator.
This figure includes the period of internships and apprenticeships necessary
to conclude the training.
This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories identified
for SINCE Programme (region, value chain, sex and age) and for all the
beneficiaries‘ target groups (youth and women as Potential Migrants,
Returnees and Eritrean Refugees).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Report from Regional TVET office.
 Training attendance and photos of the training courses.
 Post-training evaluation.
 TVET Certifications and Certificates of Competence (CoC).

Critical issues Critical issues connected to this indicator are related to having a correct
system for counting trainees. This has to be based on defined criteria and
attention has to be given in avoiding double counting (following the
indications in the part related to disaggregation in Chapter 3). In particular,
youth and women are counted as Potential Migrants, but when they belong
to other target groups, such as Returnees and Refugees, these categories
will prevail for their counting.

Data collection, A system for data collection (the same for ER/IOc1 Indicator 1) will be put
analysis and in place for each TVET and training institutions involved in SINCE
reporting Programme (Implementing Consortia need to harmonize on a common
tool).This will complement the TVET existing one to make these
institutions able to report trainees who have completed new and improved
trainings and have received a certification. In order to avoid double
counting, information needs to be reported only in the quarter upon
achievement of the certification.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of trainees who receive a
training completion certificate should be reported. The total value will be
the sum of the measurements of each monitoring period.

Frequency Quarterly.

Baseline value 0

Target value 7,200

ER/IOc 1 Indicator 3 No. of job creation oriented PPPs supported and created by SINCE
actions (disaggregated by region and value chain)

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Definition, purpose This indicator wants to assess the Public Private Partnership (PPP)
and disaggregation supported and created by SINCE interventions by considering only those
that have the characteristics of being job creation oriented. This
qualification will be further analysed during the evaluation when it will be
assessed if and how they have propelled job creation.
As explained in the Guidelines for grant applicants at page 12, partnership
refers to long term, task oriented, and formal relationships. In this indicator,
PPP is meant as a joint commitment between Technical education,
Vocational system, Universities, Enterprises, Research centres, SMEs,
cooperatives, clusters and public institutions, i.e. Public Employment
Services (PES), BoLSA and/or other concerned public authorities.
The aim of these PPPs is to assist target group categories in acquiring
portable and marketable skills and industry-recognized credentials through
better alignment of training and employment, as well as to promote public
employment policies addressed to unemployed people. In other words, the
aim is to create networks between local government (i.e. PES and BoLSA),
private sector and TVET institutions to improve job linkages for youth and
women.
This indicator counts the PPP agreements/signed MOUs between TVETs
and Private companies and Public Institutions (i.e. PES and BoLSA),
through the assessment of physical documents, when they are signed.
This indicator requires disaggregated data by region and value chain.

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Report from Regional TVET office.
 PPP Meeting minutes and agreements.

Critical issues There aren‘t particular critical issues related to this indicator as the criteria
for defining PPPs are already well established. It is only necessary to have
evidence documents that can prove them.

Data collection, A system for data collection and reporting (the same for the other ER/IOc
analysis and indicators) will be put in place for each supported/engaged TVET and
reporting training institution involved in SINCE Programme. This will complement
the TVET existing one to make these institutions able to report about PPPs.
Information has to be reported only in the quarter when the PPP is signed,
for avoiding double counting.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of PPPs supported and created
that can be proved through a signed document in the quarter should be
reported. The total value will be the sum of the measurements of each
monitoring period.

Frequency Quarterly.

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 Baseline value 0

Target value 112

ER/IOc 1 Indicator 4 No. of job placements facilitated through SINCE (disaggregated by

region, value chain, target group, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator aims at assessing the improved employability36 capacity of
and disaggregation the beneficiaries thanks to SINCE interventions, while the creation of
proper employment opportunities is assessed at SO level. Employability is
translated in the possibility to have direct access to the labour market for
the trainees, as they are an entry point to employment opportunities.
Various forms of job placements, like internship and apprenticeship, that
are facilitated through the payment of incentives, allowances or stipends are
here considered.
Job placements are considered both during and after the end of the training
period in TVETs and training institutions. To this end, attention needs to be
put in the beneficiary as he/she can receive this support only once in order
to avoid double counting beside the dispersion of the programme funds and
efforts. This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories
identified for SINCE Programme (region, value chain, sex and age) and for
all the target group beneficiaries (youth and women as potential migrants,
returnees and Eritrean urban refugees).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Report from Regional TVET office.
 Post-training evaluation.
 Apprenticeship/internship acceptance letter.
 SME and other company apprenticeship/internship reports.

Critical issues The critical issues for this indicator are connected with the common
definition of job placements (internship, apprenticeship, etc.); to this end,
please check the Glossary of definitions to have a better understanding of
the two terminologies.

Data collection, A system for data collection and reporting for each entity (i.e. TVETs,
analysis and SMEs/cluster members and other potential ones) involved in SINCE
reporting Programme that may be able to report about job placement facilitated needs

36
Concept developed by Sumantra Goshal in 1997 and also stated in the objectives of Valletta Action Plan:
 Enhance employment opportunities and revenue-generating activities in regions of origin and transit of
migrants to enhance the professional skills and employability of young people.
 Facilitate responsible private investment in Africa agriculture, agri-business and agro-industries and boost
intra-African trade and exports of agricultural products through agricultural financial activities.

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 to be commonly set up among the Implementing Consortia (SINCE
Database). Information has to be reported only in the quarter when the job
placement starts, in order to avoid double counting.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of job placements starting in
that quarter should be reported. The total value will be the sum of the
measurements of each monitoring period. It is important counterchecking
the information coming from different sources in order to avoid double
counting.

Frequency Quarterly.

Baseline value 0

Target value 7,800

As explained in Chapter 2 under the ER/IOc 1 description, a comprehensive analysis of

TVETs is reported in ILO’s SEA. Like for the other levels of the intervention logic, some
useful hints about data to be collected and the corresponding methodology, in particular for
the baseline, can be found in this report. To facilitate the process, an extract of the main
elements outlined at page 28 of the JIPR is reported here below:

Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET)

(...)
The data from the Ministry of Education (MoE) indicates that regions with relatively highest share of
population have highest number of TVET enrolment. In addition, taking into account the five target regions, in
2007 Oromia has the highest TVET enrolment with 149,573 male and female students at all levels, while Addis
Ababa registered the list number of students with 17,476 students. The assessment has found that TVET
enrolment is concentrated in the five target regions as they constitute 91.9% of the total TVET students in the
country (Tigray 6.9%, Amhara 13.8%, Oromia 42.5%, SNNP 23.7% and Addis Ababa 5.0%)37. Unlike for
primary and secondary level educations, the gross enrolment in TVET showed some decline in the period from
2011 to 201538.
(...)
The type of training provided (regular, evening and distance learning) and the duration of the training (from one
year to three years) depends on the kind of courses that the trainees will be interested to attend. Most skills
trainings have levels from I to V. For short term trainings, the duration of the trainings will be from one month
to three months, but usually according to the newly adopted TVET curriculum, the duration of the training will
be decided by the instructor (trainer) taking in consideration various factors as mainly trainees‘ competence.
TVET curriculum is no more centralized in fact each training institution is accountable for developing its
training materials based on the centralized occupational standards. It is facilitated, monitored and evaluated by
regional TVET Bureaus.
It is also found that all the skills training provided in formal TVET institutions have occupational standards
developed with the involvement of the stakeholders. The Ministry of Education has also facilitated the
development of occupational standards for vocational trainings provided by the Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Defence, and Road Authority. The
performance of trainees is continually assessed using checklists and other techniques developed to evaluate
their practical performance. The cost of the training might be different according to the training centre and
regions and usually decided by the colleges. The available data didn‘t enable to calculate the unit cost in the

37
Ministry of Education (MoE) (2015). Education Statistics Annual Abstract 2007 E.C. (2014/15).
38
Ibid.

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training institutions because the unit cost and the length of training depends on the nature of the training. To get
information of the unit cost, it is necessary to conduct a detail survey.

As per the findings of the assessment on TVET Curriculum, in Oromia region the 74.6% of the TVET graduates
were incompetent as measured by COC assessment. Weak preparation of teaching learning materials, poor
implementation of principles of competency based training, poor TVET teachers training and poor TVET
institutions and industry linkage were found as the factors students‘ incompetence (Lemma, 2014). The Youths
that don‘t pass the COC are not able to be employed in the public service. This shows the need to invest on
equipping TVET facilities and the strengthen TVET institutions link with the industries in order to enhance the
skill and employability of the trainees and to produce need based labour force to the local market.

4.3.2 ER/IOc2 indicators (Industrial clusters)

ER/IOc 2 Indicator 1
No. of SMEs supported by SINCE (disaggregated by region, value
chain and type of support)

Definition, purpose This indicator considers the absolute number of SMEs (please refer to the
and disaggregation Glossary for the SME extended definition) supported by SINCE through
assistance packages recommended by the Project or demanded by the same
SMEs. The type of support takes origin from the suggested interventions
identified in the JIPR and outlined in Chapter 2 in the description of
ER/IOc2 and other type of interventions proposed by the ICs, i.e.:
 supply chain strengthening,
 marketing and management plan development,
 decent work application,
The type of support needs to be strictly connected with the SMEs need
assessment to be carried out during the initial diagnostic at entry point.
This indicator requires disaggregated data by region and value chain
categories identified under SINCE Programme. Moreover, the type of IC
support provided to SMEs will be classified in categories disaggregated by
SME.

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industries Development
Agency (FSMMIDA) and other local government reports.
 SME Capacity Assessment.
 SME and other company reports.

Critical issues Critical issues for this indicator are related to setting-up a correct system
for accounting the type of support provided and being able to differentiate
the level of support received in the case that an SME benefits from
different assistance packages.

Data collection, A system for data collection (the same for SO Indicator 1) will be put in
analysis and place to keep track of all the support provided to SMEs. Information has to
reporting be reported in the quarter when the Project starts to support the SME, in
order to avoid double counting and make sure that the support is attributed

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 to SINCE.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of supported SMEs should be
reported. A SME is counted only in the quarter when the Project starts to
provide support to that specific SME. The total value will be the sum of the
measurements of each monitoring period.
If an extra or different type of support will be provided later on to the same
SME, the latter won‘t be counted another time, but only the disaggregated
type of support provided to the same will be updated. The details will be
instead outlined in the narrative reports.

Frequency Quarterly.

Baseline value 0

Target value 322

ER/IOc 2 Indicator 2 % of average improvement in capacity of SMEs supported by SINCE

(disaggregated by region and value chain)

Definition, purpose This is a qualitative indicator that can be measured by using a value scale
and disaggregation from Level 1 (very weak) to Level 5 (excellent), for assessing the
improvement of capacity (please refer to the Glossary of definitions for a
better understanding of this concept) in a quantitative way.
Improvement in capacity cannot be considered in absolute terms, but it is
very specific to each SME and related to the need diagnostic carried out at
entry point through the initial SME Capacity Assessment in annex to this
M&E Handbook.
Improvement in capacity has to be oriented through the assistance packages
provided by the ICs in order to overcome blockages that prevent businesses
from hiring new employees.
This indicator tries to capture the improvement in capacity (technical and
managerial) of the targeted private sector in terms of either production
quantity, quality, introducing new products, job creation/new employment,
etc. as a result of the project intervention.
This indicator requires disaggregated data by region and value chain
categories identified under SINCE Programme.

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industries Development
Agency (FSMMIDA)and other local government reports.
 SME Capacity Assessment.

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  SME and other company reports.

Critical issues Critical issues for ER/IOc2 Indicator 2 are connected with the accurate
design of the indicator, its parameters and corresponding assessment.
For this indicator it is essential to have entry point data for each
SME/cluster member against which comparing endline value and therefore
improvement.

Data collection, This indicator is measured through primary data, thanks to a rapid Capacity
analysis and Assessment carried out by IC using a specific tool designed for this
reporting purpose, with the contribution of all the ICs. The tool is a
questionnaire/checklist (see attachment), which considers the current
situation and common patterns in support and improvement capacity. The
areas of analysis are the following ones:
a. general information;
b. labour;
c. sales and supplies;
d. capacity (production);
e. performance;
f. decent work principles.
This tool can be part of a more comprehensive Capacity Assessment as
well as it can be complemented and information triangulated with other
modalities of data collection (e.g. observation, KII, documents review,
proper survey).
The Capacity Assessment is conducted at entry point and replicated at
endline.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way.

It calculates the average improvement in capacity of SMEs. At baseline, the
expected average target value has been defined by each IC for the SMEs
supported in its area of intervention (the average for the whole SINCE
Programme, which means for all SMEs and for all ICs is 18.00%).

Each SME is assessed at entry point, and this is translated into a score
(point system), considering all the areas of analysis. There are 5 levels of
capacity, based on the different scores, which are herewith below
represented:
Level 1(very weak): from 80 to 130 points
Level 2 (insufficient): from 131 to 180 points
Level 3 (sufficient): from 181 to 230 points
Level 4 (good): from 231 to 280 points
Level 5 (excellent): from 281 to 325 points

For assessing the improvement of each SME, the entry point value is
matched against the endline value. As the value scale is from 1 to 5, there
are 4 possible levels of improvement of capacity, each one corresponding
to 25%. The maximum improvement in capacity is 100% (from 1 to 5, i.e.
if a SME moves from a level of capacity 2 to a level 5, there is an
improvement of 3 levels, that corresponds in percentage to an improvement

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 of 75%).
Then, it is calculated the average of improvement in capacity for all SMEs
supported by a certain IC (i.e. the average between 75% of improvement of
the SME of the previous example and 1 level of improvement, or 25%, of
another SME, gives an average of 50%) and then aggregated for all the ICs.

The actual average of improvement in capacity is matched against the

expected target value, both for the specific IC (e.g. 50% against 20% for
that specific IC) and for all ICs aggregated.

Frequency The Capacity Assessment is administrated at entry point (when the support
to SMEs starts) and then at endline. Each IC can decide whether further
assessments are to be carried out more frequently.

Baseline value (TBD at entry point)

Target value +18.00% (TBD at entry point)

ER/IOc 2 Indicator 3 No. of agreements with private sector that include obligations to
adhere to decent work principles (disaggregated by region and value
chain)

Definition, purpose This indicator considers the absolute number of agreements with the private
and disaggregation sector, which have the characteristics of including obligations to adhere to
decent work principles (refer to the definition of decent work reported in
Chapter 2 in the ER/IOc2description). Therefore, it‘s a quantitative
indicator, but with a qualitative definition that determines the counting.
This indicator demands to provide concrete evidence of its adoption
through agreements and the will to adhere to decent work principles (i.e.
reporting the decent work principles in employment contracts).
In this context, a set of 5 decent work principles have been adopted by the
SINCE Programme from those promoted by the Government of Ethiopia
and in particular by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MoLSA).
The decent work principles have been selected through a participatory
process coordinated by the Contracting Authority and supported by ILO
and UNIDO. The following 5 decent work principles (Annex 4) have been
hence signalled out by the Consortium as the most appropriate to include
for this indicator and pertinent to their projects:
1. Written Employment Contract (including timing of salary
payment)
2. Occupational Safety and Health Policy (OSH)
3. Leave Regulation according to Labour Law (i.e. sick leave, annual
leave, maternity leave, mourning leave)
4. Career advancement possibility and incentives policies
5. Employees participation and complaint response mechanisms
This indicator requires data disaggregated by region and value chain.

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 Moreover, it would be important to collect data on the employees that will
benefit from these agreements, which should be disaggregated for the other
categories identified under SINCE Programme (sex, age and target groups).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industries Development
Agency (FSMMIDA) and other local government reports.
 SME Capacity Assessment.
 SME and other company reports.

Critical issues There aren‘t particular critical issues related to this indicator. Once defined
the format of the agreement, it can be easily assessed, and data source in
itself will be used for measuring the indicator.
It is also important to deposit the agreements within a governmental
entity/authority (i.e. BoLSA or FSMMIDA), so that they can ensure the
application of decent work principles across the signing
SMEs/Cooperatives and private sector in general.

Data collection, A system for data collection (the same for ER/IOc2 Indicator 1) will be put
analysis and in place to keep track of all the agreements signed by SMEs. Information
reporting has to be reported in the quarter when the agreement is signed in order to
avoid double counting. Moreover, we have to be sure that the agreements
can be attributed to SINCE. For this reason it is suggested ICs to ensure
that agreements related to decent work principles report SINCE linkages.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, on quarterly basis the absolute number of the agreements signed
in that specific quarter should be reported. The total value will be the sum
of the measurements of each monitoring period.

Frequency Quarterly.

Baseline value 0

Target value 131

Private sector involvement

Its engagement will guarantee the access to job opportunities for existing and new businesses within the value
chain, sectors and the market system, creating jobs and raising revenues for vulnerable populations, in particular
for women and youth. Allowing employers to have an active role first in designing and then in delivering
actions, will ensure that actions will meet demand needs, and could be attractive to other local employers. In
other words, the involvement of the private sector should guarantee and support the continuum: actions on (i)
skill development, (ii) matching demand/supply and (iii) employment. To guarantee the employment of the
target population, actions should also include financial incentives schemes and/or subsidies to enterprises.
Guaranteeing the involvement of the private sector during the lifespan of the project will help not only to reduce
the gap between labour market supply and labour market demand at the local level, but also to promote decent
and sustainable work. The private sector should therefore support and ensure all the conditions to create an

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enabling environment. Interactive planning, innovative programming and decision making processes are needed
to guarantee private sector participation, and to co-ordinate this participation.

ER/IOc 2 Indicator 4 No. of subcontracting arrangements between SMEs supported and

larger enterprises (disaggregated by region, SME and value chain)

Definition, purpose This indicator wants to assess the absolute number of subcontracting
and disaggregation arrangements and joint action plans with larger enterprises developed by
SMEs supported within the SINCE targeted value chain. The arrangements
refer to long term, task oriented and formal relationships. They will be
facilitated by SINCE intervention.
The purpose for measuring this indicator is to assess on one hand, the
reinforcement of capacity of SINCE intervention towards the SMEs
supported; on the other hand, to assess the potentialities for new
employment opportunities that can have origin from these subcontracting
arrangements as well as the increased managerial capacity of the
benefitting company.
This indicator requires data disaggregated by region and by value chain.

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners‘ databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industries Development
Agency (FSMMIDA) and other local government reports.
 SME Capacity Assessment.
 SME and other company reports.
 Subcontracting arrangements document.

Critical issues There aren‘t particular critical issues related to this indicator, as the criteria
for defining arrangements are already well established. It is only necessary
to have evidence documents that can prove them (i.e. MoUs or agreement
contracts).

Data collection, A system for data collection (the same for ER/IOc2 Indicator 1) will be put
analysis and in place (SINCE Database) to keep track of all the arrangements signed by
reporting SMEs. Information has to be reported in the quarter when the arrangements
are signed in order to avoid double counting; moreover, we have to be sure
that the arrangements can be attributed to SINCE, as such it is suggested to
ICs to ensure that agreements related to subcontracting report SINCE
linkages.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a cumulative way.

Therefore, each quarter the absolute number of arrangements signed in that
quarter should be reported. The total value will be the sum of the
measurements of each monitoring period.

Frequency Quarterly.

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Baseline value 0

Target value 122

ER/IOc 2 Indicator 5 % increase in employment in SMEs reinforced by SINCE

(disaggregated by region, value chain, target group, sex and age)

Definition, purpose This indicator measures how SINCE interventions contribute to an increase
and disaggregation in employment in supported SMEs and at the same time, by reporting
disaggregated data, the contribution of the second axe of intervention of the
Action in creating employment. In fact, it is directly connected to the
improved capacity of SMEs to employ.
This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories identified
for SINCE Programme (region, value chain, sex and age) and for all the
target group beneficiaries (youth and women as Potential Migrants,
Returnees and Eritrean Refugees).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 Federal Small and Medium Manufacturing Industries Development
Agency (FSMMIDA) and other local government reports.
 SME Capacity Assessment.
 SME and other company reports.

Critical issues Also for this indicator it is essential to have entry point data against which
compare the variations in employment. There will be a continuous
observation of the employment opportunities created directly by SMEs, so
it shouldn‘t be difficult to gather the information.
Critical issues are connected to having a correct system for counting new
employees and avoid double counting. Moreover, attributing to SINCE
Programme employment amongst SMEs might be difficult to prove. To
overcome this, ICs will try to get qualitative information also on how
SINCE Programme has contributed to SMEs.

Data collection, This indicator is measured through primary data collected directly from
analysis and SMEs through the Capacity Assessment (see the detailed explanation about
reporting this tool under ER/IOc2 Indicator 2), where section B is specifically
dedicated to Labor. In particular, the variance in number of employees is
assessed.

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way

The difference (increase, decrease, or invariance) in number of employees
at endline compared to the entry point situation will be calculated and the
value will be then translated in percentage. Then, the average will be
calculated among all reinforced SMEs.

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 Frequency Data will be collected at entry point (when the SME enters into SINCE
Project) and then at endline.

Baseline value (TBD at entry point)

Target value +16.00% (TBD at entry point)

4.3.3 Common Indicators - CO

Through a synergic coordination with Lots 1,2,3,4 & 5 SINCE Consortia and the Contracting
Authority, it was decided to include amongst the highest level of common indicators also two
Common Outputs collected from the 5 SINCE Projects Logframes. The decision was made on
the relevance basis of strengthening the information around two of the key strategic elements
of SINCE Progamme and underpinned in its logic of intervention:
A - Linkages to improve PES and the specific value chain stakeholders capacity of 1) levelling
labour supply vs labour demand; 2) setting up a self reliant multi-stakeholder sectoral platform
where market needs and linkages are fine tuned.
B – To assess the level of improvement of the supported TVETs in increasing quality trainings
to a wider section of trainees which include and expand from the direct beneficiaries.

CO Indicator 1 No. Of trainees of the SINCE supported TVETs trainings

Definition, purpose This indicator measures how SINCE interventions contribute to an increase
and disaggregation in trainees in the supported TVETs by including the direct beneficiaries and
expanding to all indirect beneficiaries.
This indicator requires disaggregated data for all the categories identified
for SINCE Programme (region, value chain, sex and age) and for all the
target group beneficiaries (youth and women as Potential Migrants,
Returnees and Eritrean Refugees).

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.
 TVETs Capacity Assessment.
 TVETs reports.

Critical issues Also for this indicator it is essential to have entry point data against which
compare the variations in trainees. There will be a continuous observation
of the trainees enrolment in the TVETs, so it shouldn‘t be difficult to gather
the information.
Critical issues are connected to having a correct system for counting new
trainees and avoid double counting. Moreover, attributing to SINCE
Programme new trainees amongst TVETs thanks to the Programme support
might be difficult to prove. To overcome this, ICs will try to get qualitative

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 information also on how SINCE Programme has contributed to TVETs.

Data collection, This indicator is measured through primary data collected directly from
analysis and TVETs through the TVETs Capacity Assessment (see Annex 6).
reporting

Calculation The indicator is calculated in a progressive way

The difference (increase, decrease, or invariance) in number of trainees at
quarterly compared to the entry point situation will be calculated.

Frequency Quarterly.

Baseline value (TBD at entry point)

Target value 11.000

CO Indicator 2 No. Of multi-stakeholders platforms established by the project to

facilitate dialogue between the public and the private sector on the
issue of job placement.

Definition, purpose This indicator measures the absolute number on how SINCE interventions
and disaggregation contribute to job placement through the setting up of sector (Agribusiness,
Metal Works, Construction, Leather, and Textile) multi-stakeholder
platforms. The purpose for measuring this indicator is to assess on one
hand, the reinforcement of capacity of SINCE intervention towards the
SMEs and PES supported; on the other hand, to assess the potentialities for
new employment opportunities that can have origin from these multi-
stakeholder platforms. This indicator requires data disaggregated by region
and by value chain.

Data source  SINCE Projects and Programme monitoring and progress reports.
 SINCE and implementing partners databases and surveys.
 Baseline, entry point and endline reports.
 Mid-term and final evaluation reports.

Critical issues Critical issues are connected to ensure the sustainability of these multi-
stakeholder platforms especially in ensuring that once constituted they will
routinely and methodologically continue their role after project completion.

Data collection, This indicator is measured by enumerating the absolute number of new
analysis and sectoral multi-stakeholder platforms established by the project.
reporting

Calculation The indicator is calculated in an absolute way

Only new multi-stakeholder platforms established will be recorded on
quarterly basis.

Frequency Quarterly.

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 Baseline value 0

Target value 15

5. M&E key moments

5.1 Baselines and endlines
Baselines and endlines are fundamental moments of SINCE Programme. In this part of the
Handbook we mainly focus attention on the baseline, as endline will use the same baseline
methodology to assess the indicators’ values and to gather data that can be used for the
overall evaluation of the Programme. Prior delving into the baseline approach, it is important
to keep in mind that endline can be anticipated some months before the end of the Programme
in order to provide consistent data to the final evaluation, which will be able to focus on
qualitative and in-depth analysis.

As explained in the Introduction, the JIPR itself contributes with a consistent part of the
overall baseline of SINCE Programme, which was then integrated and completed with the
specific baseline studies carried out by the ICs in their areas of intervention determining the
baseline values for all of the indicators included in their project LF. In so doing, the baseline
studies provided with elements used for a refined definition of the Programme logic of
intervention.
In this context, the Baseline study and then endline, followed the recommendations of this
M&E Handbook. Collected data was closely related to the Project Objectives and was
disaggregated following the specific requirements of the reported indicators. Both
quantitative and qualitative data, from different sources and methods (triangulation), was
also collected in order to ensure higher standards of information. In the preparatory phase of
baseline studies, a baseline TOR model was proposed by UNIDO (see attachment) and then
adapted by each IC. Most of baseline studies were then internally realised, and then generally
conducted in the first months of the implementation phase approximately started in March
2018. Therefore, ICs used their own methodology, survey formats and other tools designed
for the baseline, while being requested to share them in order to harmonise the work
conducted in each Region. In so doing, ICs received technical assistance during the whole
process by SINCE team and in particular by UNIDO. In the Monitoring Plan, possible surveys
for specific indicators (KAP survey for OO Indicator 2, capacity assessment of TVETs for
ER/IOc1 Indicator 2, diagnostic about industrial clusters for ER/IOc2 Indicator 2) were also
outlined as part of the wider baseline and endline analysis.

Another important principle for the baseline study was the focus on missing information.
During the contracting phase, ICs were supposed to provide already with baseline
information, but a full survey was requested for each component of the Project during its
initial phase to integrate information that was not available. Therefore, the scope of the
baseline also depended on secondary data at disposal that ICs had already collected and the
preliminary activities performed by them during the project proposal preparation. In fact,
ICs had already pre-identified the TVETs and clusters to involve in the implementation phase
and broadly defined their needs and the budget to allocate for specific activities. To insure a
higher level of data quality, during the implementation phase, ICs re-assessed the TVETs and
the clusters in their areas of intervention in order to finally identify the best performing ones

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and establish agreements with them. These preliminary activities had been essential for posing
the basis of the Projects. Awareness raising/launching workshops among the main
stakeholders present in their area of intervention were also organised during the project
preparation with the scope to clearly inform them about goals, results and activities of SINCE
intervention.
Baseline development is part of the preliminary activities, and it is the first one to be carried
out during the implementation phase. During baseline, ICs investigated more in depth the
specific areas where they wanted to intervene, while better defining beneficiary’s selection
criteria. In so doing, the ICs collected employment and socioeconomic baseline data used to
measure the increased number of employees in the areas of intervention and provide
information on the specific target beneficiaries.

While data collection and analysis techniques have already been reported as examples in
subchapter 1.3 related to SINCE M&E Approach, it is important to report herewith below
some extracts from the JIPR methodology related to baselines and further detailed at page 17
of the SEA. These are just hints and suggestions, as it is not expected the whole process to be
repeated at baseline or at endline. In fact, a clear framework for the interventions has
already been defined in the guidelines to the call for proposal, which fixes the approach.

Overall methodology
The SEA used purposive sampling methods to select target zones and woredas from each region. The study used:
a) prior studies on prevalence of migration; b) profile and number of returnees from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; c)
ad hoc data from Regional Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs showing intensity of irregular migration and
related socio-economic problems; d) youth unemployment as a proxy indicator to select target zones and woredas
from each region. The SEA analysed basic demographic, social and cultural, economic and political situations in
depth in a purposely-selected target zones and woredas to look into the root causes for migration. It also examined
the existing labour market with emphasis on public employment schemes, the potentials for labour market or
employment creations in the target areas.
To get information on the productivity and market linkages, UNIDO has conducted a value chain analysis.
UNIDO has employed a methodology to identify priority sectors and sub sectors. The identification of suitable
sectors, sub-sectors and value chains was crosschecked with the migration prone-areas broadly identified by ILO
socio economic assessment.
(...)
Another aspect requiring careful consideration was the relationship between public sector and private sector
actors, especially in relation to the creation of critical skills, establishing an institutional environment suitable for
business development and scale-up, as well as strengthening potential synergies between public and private sector
actors. For instance, the Inception Phase specifically looked into activities potentially twinning industry and
vocational trainings.
(...)
It was agreed to consider the SEA as a major determinant to identify target areas for the project implementation.
Based on first recommendation provided by ILO while its Socio-Economic Assessment was ongoing, UNIDO
conducted the value chain analysis. The SEA used purposive sampling methods to select target zones and
woredas from each region. The study used: a) prior studies on prevalence of migration; b) profile and number of
returnees from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; c) ad hoc data from Regional Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs
showing intensity of irregular migration and related socio-economic problems; d) youth unemployment as a proxy
indicator to select target zones and woredas from each region. Accordingly, the study selected 12 zones and three
sub cities as target areas for the socio economic assessment.
(...)
During the field assessment the research team in consultation with regional and zonal offices selected 15 woredas
on the basis of the magnitude of potential migrants and returnees and then one woreda was selected per zone for

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in depth analysis of socio economic situations and to understand migration dynamics with an assumption that the
findings are representative enough to reflect the facts at zonal level.
(...)
The data and information for the SEA was collected using conventional scientific methodology. To ensure that all
required information are captured and properly addressed, a comprehensive checklist that shows details of the
information and their possible sources was developed and data collection tools. All regional teams met the
Regional Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs (BoLSA) as entry point for the assessment. BoLSA contact persons
in the regions were used as entry points for the fieldwork. All regional teams started their work from the regional
level and then proceeded to zonal and woreda levels.

Despite the IC baseline studies provided very interesting information about the context,
needs and that it helped to better define the IC strategy, it has encountered various
problems.39 Baselines reports evidenced the challenges, for the majority of ICs, of retrieving
reliable data at Woreda, Zonal or Regional level with respect to irregular migration.
Inconsistent OO indicators related collected data stemmed the need to review the process
by integrating the first round of baseline studies with a second round characterized by primary
data collection approaches. This was done by ensuring less interference possible with the
baseline studies already carried out by the ICs at the initial stage and avoiding duplication of
efforts, while maintaining the highest quality level of indicators for the Programme.

5.1.1 Second round of baseline study

During 18th of June 2018 Workshop (see minutes), it was agreed that ICs had to carry out a
second round of baseline study specific for the OO indicators in order to finalise the process
of setting baseline values, indicators‘ targets and enable impact assessment and evaluation
of the Programme. The aim was to integrate missing information as well as to collect and
analyse homogenous data among ICs by using the same methodology. With regards to OO
Indicator 1 (irregular migration) and 2 (propensity to irregular migration) a survey was hence
jointly designed with UNIDO‘s technical assistance and endorsed by the Embassy of Italy.
Once the survey tool was designed, it was then administrated by the ICs among a sample of
around 300 selected beneficiaries for each IC/Lot. Conversely, for OO Indicator 3 (income)
and 4 (unemployment) ICs collected secondary data made available by the CSA at Regional
level as at Woreda/Zonal level it was not available or reliable.

5.2 Periodic reports and M&E Database

ICs need to report to the Contracting Authority, the Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa, on a
quarterly basis and at all times required, while UNIDO is in charge of supervising the correct
monitoring methodologies implementation by the ICs. As explained in the Introduction,
there are two types of M&E: the one carried out by the ICs for their own projects and that of
UNIDO towards the ICs. In this context, the M&E system is structured by specific project
M&E tools and reports, facilitated and/or developed in the initial stage of the implementation
phase and shared amongst the ICs. These M&E tools and reports are structured to be used as
requested by the contractual obligations and to act as main source of information for the
M&E system. In particular, the format of the intermediate report established by PRAG 2015

39
The baseline study implementation took much longer than expected and agreed with IC, thus consistently
delaying the revision process of this M&E Handbook which required validated baseline and target values to be
finalised. In particular, VIS was the only IC that subcontracted the baseline study to an external consultancy
firm and had to restart the processin May-June 2018 with another Consultant and was able to finally provide the
first draft of the baseline study only in September 2018.

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is further adapted in the monitoring report.
Together with the periodic/monitoring reports, an M&E Database has been developed where
ICs can methodically enter data concerning the indicators, enabling, hence, a regular
measurement of the progress of Objectives, ER/IOc, Outputs and Activities. Moreover, this
Database allows automatic and easy aggregation of information for the common indicators
among the 5 SINCE Projects, thus facilitating the monitoring of the overall SINCE
Programme. UNIDO, in joint synergy with the Contracting Authority, developed the
Database (Microsoft Access), retailed to each IC LF. Each IC is then responsible for entering
data and sending the periodic/monitoring report and other M&E tools (i.e. Quarterly
Indicators Achievement Matrix and the updated Database) required by SINCE Team and
UNIDO, who is in charge of aggregating the information and monitoring its quality.

UNIDO provides support and technical assistance, facilitates the process of aggregation of
different SINCE Projects and their analysis. On this basis, the Organization provides to the
Embassy of Italy guidance and recommendations. It is then the Contracting Authority to
have the responsibility to trickle down the monitoring findings to the key stakeholders and
ICs, unless otherwise agreed.

5.3 Field missions

Field missions are carried out following the main principle outlined in the Introduction. In
fact, SINCE M&E system is based on the selection of some project activities to be monitored
and on the control by exception on critical aspects that need further consideration. The field
missions are normally carried out by the Contracting Authority in synergy with UNIDO and in
other moments independently or jointly with the European Union when required.

The initial field missions are more dedicated to analysing the ICs operational system, the set-
up of the specific M&E and the data collection methodologies that became operational
during the implementation phase of the project‘s activities. In this process, UNIDO guarantees
wider technical assistance on the projects implementation according to the findings emerged
from the missions. Also in this scenario, UNIDO acts as a technical assistant body to the
Embassy of Italy, by providing them with the key operational and systemic findings and
suggestions on how to overcome critical bottlenecks. It is then the Contracting Authority‘s
responsibility to provide guidance on the issues. In this framework, field missions are
focused on assessing the achievement of the Objectives and ER/IOcs and to ensure that all the
appropriate information has been collected in order to properly measure the required
indicators.

5.4 Programme review meetings/workshops

The first SINCE Programme review workshop will be organised one year after the
beginning of SINCE Projects by the ICs and the main aim will be to assess the progress of the
Projects and bring about the necessary adjustments and corrections. It will also be an
important moment to favour exchange of best practices and methods of intervention among
the ICs.
A second workshop will be organised six months after the first one, to assess the level of
implementation of actions recommended during the first workshop. It will also be dedicated
to defining the exit strategy of the Programme.

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A third and final workshop will be then organised close the end of the Projects‘
implementation period, to assess the results achieved by SINCE Programme, prepare the
ground for the final evaluation, capitalize the experience and define actions for ensuring its
sustainability and possible scaling-up.

5.5 Final evaluation

The Embassy of Italy will perform a final evaluation on the overall programme activities. .
Detailed ToRs for the evaluation will be developed with the technical assistance of UNIDO
and ILO.
Beyond assessing SINCE Programme and the specific Projects using the standard
DAC/OECD evaluation criteria, it will be important that the final evaluation assesses also
potentialities for replicating and scaling-up SINCE pilot initiatives.

6. Gender Mainstreaming
Gender is a strong cross-cutting issue across SINCE Programme, as 50% of targeted
beneficiaries are women by contractual obligation.

To ensure higher impact on gender balance, UNIDO has recently hired a Gender Expert to
support the ICs to develop their gender matrix and subsequent action plan. This process is
currently ongoing, and it is foreseen by the end of November beginning of December 2018,
for UNIDO to organize a Gender Workshop where the ICs will be able to share their gender
matrix and define a common action plan, which will overhaul the Programme.

Once this planning will be made available, it will be integrated in Annex to this M&E
Handbook.

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ANNEXES

Annex 1: SINCE M&E Glossary of definitions 76

Annex 2: SINCE Programme Logical Framework (revision 24 October 2018) 86
Annex 3: SINCE Result chain and indicators 91
Annex 4: Decent work SINCE enterprises MINIMUM requirements 92
Annex 5: Overall Objective Indicators Questionnaire 93
Annex 6: TVET Capacity Assessment Checklis 99
Annex 7: SME Capacity Assessment Checklist 103
Annex 8: SINCE Narrative Quarterly Report template 107
Annex 9: Quarterly Indicator Achievement Matrix 119

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Annex 1: SINCE M&E Glossary of definitions
This glossary contains terms (including abbreviations) likely to be found in the implementation process of
SINCE Programme. Where a term has a broader general meaning, the definition given refers to its use in
the SINCE context.

Glossary - A

Apprentice: a person undertaking training under an apprenticeship.

Apprenticeship:40 a system of training regulated by law or custom which combines formal Off-the-Job Training
and On-the-Job Training OJT while in paid employment. There shall be a contract of apprenticeship when an
employer agrees to give a person complete and systematic training in a given occupation related to the function of
his undertaking in accordance with the skills of the trade and the person in turn agrees to obey the instructions
given to carry out the training and works related thereto. The contract of apprenticeship shall be concluded with
the person whose age is not less than 14 years.

Apprenticeship Contract:41A contract of apprenticeship shall specify at least the following:

 the nature and duration of the training of apprenticeship;
 the remuneration to be paid during the training; and
 the conditions of work.
The employer shall not assign the apprentice on an occupation which is not related and does not contribute to his
training.

Apprenticeship Certificate:42 The employer shall, upon the termination of the contract of apprenticeship, give to
the apprentice a certificate which indicates the occupation he has been trained in, the duration of the training and
other similar particulars.

Glossary - B

Baseline: Data that describes the situation to be addressed by a programme, sub-programme, or project and that
serve as the starting point for measuring performance. A baseline study would be the analysis describing the
situation prior to the commencement of the programme or project, or the situation following initial
commencement of the programme or project to serve as a basis of comparison and progress for future analyses. It
is used to determine the accomplishments/ results and serves as an important reference for evaluation. 43

Business: the collective term used to describe small and large businesses (in both private and public sectors),
associations and unions and the individuals operating within them.

Beneficiary selection criteria: For the beneficiaries‘ identification it is essential to gather firstly available data on
the population of the target project area. This could include data on population, land tenure, economic activities,
income, (un- and under-) employment, housing, etc. With this information an overall direct assessment can be
obtained of the numbers, proportions, etc., of the various categories of the beneficiaries. Beneficiary selection
criteria should then include but not limited to: Effectively income-less, i.e. having no or little (including land) to
support oneself and dependants; Unemployed; Married or widowed with dependants; Aged 15 to 55 years (this
includes youth gap 15-36); A returning Ethiopian migrant; Availability or less of production assets of a family
such as types and amounts of arable land, land tenure conditions, labour, animals, equipment, tools, etc.; Health
conditions in a family; presence of disabled dependents, incidence of diseases, etc.; Lack or poor access to water,
inputs, credit, markets, education, training, extension and other services (the "rural excluded").44
Glossary – C

40
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/31977/64870/E93ETH10.htm
41
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/31977/64870/E93ETH10.htm
42
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/31977/64870/E93ETH10.htm
43
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/publications/Planning%20Toolkit_Web%20Version.pdf
44
http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad817e/ad817e06.htm

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Capacity Development for SMEs/Clusters: For SMEs/Cluster Capacity Development it is intended a
strengthened production/management process of the private sector where they may use the same suppliers of raw
materials and other inputs, especially when they are active in the same industrial sector. Enterprises/Cluster with a
reinforced capacity development, have better understanding of: infrastructure and capital access,45 linkages
between cluster stakeholders, consensus building, industrial/commercial relationships, trust building amongst its
own employees, clients and partners, governance mechanism, cluster‘s institutional network amongst other.
Promote business to business linkages as well as between firms and institutions.

Career Counselling: (also called Guidance Counselling or Vocational Counselling) the process of assisting and
guiding people (employees, trainees and students) in their career choices.

Class Based Training: (also known as Off-the-Job Training or Instructor Led Training ILD) - training which
takes place in class away from a person‘s job.

Certificate of Competence - CoC: The TVET CoC Test is administered to TVET graduates by every Regional
State and City Government TVET Agency through its Occupational Competency Assessment and Certification
Center (OCACC). A TVET graduate has to pass this test which has knowledge and practical parts and is
administered by professionals both from academia and the world of business and industry. It is only when a TVET
graduate is successful in the test that he/she will be certified and is able to be employed or continue higher
education at undergraduate degree level in the future. Therefore, it is of prime importance that a TVET graduate
sits for CoC Test and gets certified.46

Coach: a person who provides training to individuals in order to facilitate their learning experience. The coach‘s
main role is to plan activities that will help the individual grow and develop in the workplace. The coach helps the
individual attain the desired outcome and then assess their progress. In some cases, the coach may be the person‘s
direct supervisor. It is preferred that the assessor be an individual other than the coach to ensure fair and valid
assessment.

College: an institution providing post-secondary education, especially technical and professional training (a
school, especially a non-government school or a senior secondary school).

Competencies: term which refers to multiple units of competency

Competency: the individual‘s ability to use, apply and demonstrate a group of related awareness, knowledge,
skills and attitudes in order to perform tasks and duties successfully and which can be measured against well-
accepted standards (levels) required in employment as well as assessed against provided evidences at work
location. The competency affects both individual‘s job responsibility and performance on the job and usually fall
into two categories, namely technical and behavioural.

Competency Based Assessment - CBA: the gathering and judging of evidence in order to decide whether a
person has achieved a standard (level) of competence.

Competency Based Training - CBT: training which develops the awareness, skills, knowledge and attitudes
required to achieve certain competency standards (levels).

Competency Development Framework - CDF: document describing the required competencies for specific
disciplines / professions and made up of modules, units and elements of competence along with criteria for certain
number of competency levels (standards).

Competency Element: the fundamental component or part or basic building block of a unit of competency
(competence standard) and which describe the key activities or elements of the work covered by a particular
occupation / trade / job. Assessments are carried out at the element level by virtue of the corresponding criteria for
each.

45
https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2014-01/UNIDOs_CLUSTER_APPROACH_0.PDF
46
http://www.smuc.edu.et/index.php/programs-and-durations/18-clubs/117-coc-style-test

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Competency Module: (also called Subject) a unit of education or training which can be completed on its own or
as part of a course and which is considered as component parts that make up a Competency
Competency Module is an aggregation of the awareness, knowledge, skills and attitudes of the tasks which reflect
what a competent person in a particular role should be able to perform. Competency Modules may also result in
the attainment of one or more units of competency. The Competency Modules should include guidance for
assessors pertinent to the related standards. A Competency Module should describe:
1. distinct work activity
2. work outputs expected, not what is put into the work
3. outputs that can be demonstrated and assessed at work
4. precise criteria
5. scope of the standard
6. guidelines for assessors on how to assess against the standard

Competency Standard: an industry-determined specification of performance which includes a composite list of

units and elements that apply to a designated job family and which sets out the awareness, skills, knowledge and
attitudes required to operate effectively in employment. Competency Standards are made up of units of
competency, which are themselves made up of elements of competency, together with performance criteria, a
range of variables, and an evidence guide. The competency Standard enables an individual assessment to be
carried out to identify gaps and related development needs. Competency standards are an endorsed component of
a training package.

Competency Transfer: the transfer of competency or competencies from one work context to another.

Competent: properly or sufficiently qualified or fit to perform tasks associated with the job.

Contextualization: the addition of industry or enterprise specific information to a unit of competency to improve
the standards relevance to industry.

Continuing Learning: (also called Lifelong Learning) Job-related Continuing Learning or Lifelong Learning is
the process in which different craftsmen and adults take part to acquire and / or learn new awareness, knowledge,
skills or attitude competencies throughout life via all organized, systematic education, training, work and general
life experiences in order to improve their opportunities for advancement and promotion. Continuing Learning or
Lifelong Learning programmes are educational programmes usually offered to adults as part-time or short courses
in professional fields, personal, academic or occupational subject areas to update and improve occupational skills.

Continuous Improvement: a planned process which allows a TVET Institution to systematically review and
improve the quality of its products, services and associated processes.

Cooperative Learning: a learning method in which apprentices or trainees or students work together in small
groups.

Cooperative Training: Co-operative Training integrates TVET studies with related work experience. After
completing or while completing all required theoretical learnings, students will get a chance to gain practical work
experience in engaged and partnering SMEs and Cooperatives. Trainees will alternate classroom studies with real
life training environments.

Core Competencies: the most important specific technical competencies required to be acquired by a particular
discipline as core competencies to carry out the roles covered by the Competency Development Framework CDF.
Core competencies identify the core units of competency within a competency standard that an industry has
agreed are essential to be achieved if a person is to be accepted as competent at a particular level. All units may be
core, but in many cases competency at a level will involve core units plus optional support, general and personal
units of competency. Core competencies are normally those central to work in a particular industry.

Core Curriculum: that part of the curriculum which is considered essential for all students and is usually
compulsory.

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Course: a structured and integrated programme of education or training, usually consisting of a number of
modules (subjects) or shorter programmes and leading to the award of a qualification.

Course Content: the subject matter, activities, units of competency, etc. of a course of study.

Curriculum: the specifications for a course or subject (module) which describe all the learning experiences a
student undergoes, generally including objectives, content, intended learning outcomes, teaching methodology,
recommended or prescribed assessment tasks, assessment exemplars, etc.

Glossary – D

Decent Work: Decent work is central to sustainable poverty reduction and is a means for achieving equitable,
inclusive and sustainable development. The ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization
recommends the establishment of appropriate indicators to monitor the progress made in the implementation of
the ILO Decent Work Agenda. Decent work sums up the aspirations of people in their working lives. It involves
opportunities for work that is productive and delivers a fair income, security in the workplace and social
protection for families, better prospects for personal development and social integration, freedom for people to
express their concerns, organize and participate in the decisions that affect their lives and equality of opportunity
and treatment for all women and men. SINCE Programme actions should be based on the principle of decent
works by ensuring, not limited to: (i) promotion and respect of fundamental principles at work; (ii) employment-
intensive approach; (iii) social security policies; (iv) strengthening labour administration and social dialogue; (v)
strengthening the capacity of employers and labour organizations.47

Degree: a qualification conferred in the higher education sector on successful completion of a course of study or
as an honour.

Demand Occupation: (also called Occupation in Demand) an occupation in which there is an actual or expected
shortage of qualified workers.

Development: the process of an individual undertaking and / or participating in learning events of various types
that is part of the individual‘s Personal Development Plan PDP and which is aiming at closing an individual‘s
competency gap.

Diploma: a qualification in the TVET and Higher Education (HE) sectors.

Disability: a physical or mental incapacity, either congenital or resulting from an injury or illness etc.

Disciplines: the functional grouping of jobs / job titles or branches / areas of learning e.g. the Mechanical
Engineering is a job family or discipline that typically covers few jobs / job titles.

Discipline Group: a classification which describes the primary content of a module, independently of the course
or context in which it may be taught.

Dropout: a person who discontinues a programme of education or training.

Glossary - E

Education: the process of imparting awareness, knowledge, skills and attitudes or behaviours. It is the field of
study concerned with teaching and learning.

Educational Institution: any establishment providing education, including universities, colleges, institutes,
centres, TVETs and schools.

Education Provider: an organization which administers or delivers education programmes particularly, but it
may also deliver training programmes.

47
https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---integration/documents/publication/wcms_229374.pdf

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Entry Point: For certain indicators and data that require first a selection process (e.g. target beneficiaries, SMEs
to be supported), we consider the entry point value (when they enter into the Project), as the starting point for
measuring performance, instead of baseline value.

Equal Employment Opportunity - EEO: employment base on the prohibition of the discrimination in its
programmes and which could be based on race, colour, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political
beliefs, and marital or familial status.

Employed Person: a person who works in a job or business or on a farm, either as an employee, employer, own
account worker, or contributing family worker.

Enrolment: the registration of a person with an education or training provider for the purpose of undertaking a
course or module.

Enterprise Agreement: a collective agreement between the employer and employees in an enterprise or
workplace, about the employee‘s wages and conditions of employment. Agreements can be negotiated directly
with employees or with their representatives, e.g. unions.

Enterprises and Training Providers Partnerships - ETPPs: arrangements to describe the cooperation between
Enterprises and Training Providers in the area of TVET

Entry Level Skill - ELS: a skill required to commence employment in an organization or more generally, to gain
entry into the workforce.

Entry Level Training - ELT: training undertaken to gain entry into the workforce or further vocational
education and training.

Entry Requirements: the awareness, knowledge, skills and experience required for entry to a qualification or
training programme.

Employee: an employee is a person who works for a public or private employer and receives remuneration in
wages, salary, a retainer fee by their employer while working on a commission basis, tips, piece-rates or payment
in kind, or a person who operates his or her own incorporated enterprise with or without hiring employees.

Employer: an employer is a person who operates his or her own unincorporated economic enterprise or engages
independently in a profession or trade and hires one or more employees.

Employment: a person‘s work, occupation, job or business under contract.

Experiential Learning: learning through experience, either in a real situation such as a workplace or in role play.

Glossary - F

Formal Sector or Formal Economy: defined by governments as the part of an economy that has annual
accounts, taxed, monitored by any form of government, belonging to the chamber of commerce and included in
any Gross National Product GNP, unlike the informal economy. The GNP is defined as the market value of all
products and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by the residents of a country.

Glossary – G

General Competencies: the minimum general technical competencies required to be acquired by all occupations
/ trades during their training and career development period. They are not specific to work in a particular
occupation, job, trade or industry, but is important for work, education and life generally, e.g. communication and
information skills, planning and organizational skills, mathematical skills, solving problems, computer literacy,
interpersonal competence, and analytical skills.

Group Training Provider: a training provider which employs apprentices and trainees, and places them with one

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or more host employers who are usually small to medium-sized businesses. The host employers provide on-the-
job training and experience, while the group training provider organizes off-the-job training, and handles
recruitment, rotation and payroll.

Glossary – H

Health, Safety and Environmental Protection - HSEP Assessments: assessments undertaken to define how
much the organization is complying with Health, Safety and Environmental Protection HSEP regulations.

Health, Safety and Environmental Protection - HSEP Regulations: regulations for Health, Safety and
Environmental Protection HSEP.

Higher Education: post-secondary education offered by a university or other recognized higher education
institution, or through Open Learning, leading to the award of a degree or higher level qualification.

Glossary – I

Impact Assessment - IA: the process of identifying the main options for achieving the objectives of a project or a
programme, assessing the new interventions (initiatives) required to solve problems and analysing the likely
impacts of those interventions (initiatives) on the social, economic and environmental factors which the
interventions (initiatives) are developed and designed to affect or may affect without knowledge or intention. It
outlines advantages and disadvantages of each option and examines possible synergies, changes and
compromises.
Impact assessments may take place before approval of an intervention, after completion, or at any stage in
between. The pre-assessment forecasts potential impacts as part of the planning, design and approval of an
intervention. The post assessment identifies actual impacts during and after implementation, to enable corrective
action to be taken if necessary, and to provide information for improving the design of future interventions.

Income: According to OECD, Income, as it is generally understood in economics, is theoretically defined as the
maximum amount that a household, or other unit, can consume without reducing its real net worth.48
According to the Ethiopian Government, Source of Income under the Proclamation NO. 286/2002 shall include,
but not limited to: (a) income from employment; (b) income from business activities; (c) income derived by an
entertainer, musician, or sports person from his personal activities; (d) income from entrepreneurial activities
carried on by a non-resident through a permanent establishment in Ethiopia; (e) income from movable property
attributable to a permanent establishment in Ethiopia; (t) income from immovable property and appurtenances
thereto, income from livestock and inventory in agriculture and forestry, and income from usufruct and other
rights deriving from immovable property if such property is situated in Ethiopia; (g) income from the alienation of
property referred to in (e); (h) dividends distributed by a resident company; (i) profit shares paid by a resident
registered partnership; (j) interest paid by the national, a regional or local Government or a resident of Ethiopia, or
paid by a non-resident through a permanent establishment that he maintains in Ethiopia; (k) license fees
(including lease payments, and royalties paid by a resident or paid by a non-resident through a permanent
establishment that he maintains in Ethiopia.49
This list of possible income composition serves as possible suggestions and hints for the Implementing Consortia
to develop their own common checklist in order to assess income increase amongst the beneficiaries. This entail
that all ICs are detached from this list.

Incompetent: not qualified or fit to perform tasks associated with the job.

Industrial Organization / Enterprise: organization or enterprise represents an industry, including peak business
and employer organizations or enterprises, as well as specific industry advisory bodies including industry skills
councils.

48
http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1313
49
http://ethiopianchamber.com/Data/Sites/1/downloadables/tax%20laws/INCOME%20TAX%20PROCLAMATI
ON%202862002.pdf PROCLAMATION NO. 286/2002 .' INCOME TAX PROCLAMATION

Page | 81
Intern: a student or a TVET Institution‘s graduate undergoing supervised practical training

Internship: the position of being an intern (student or a TVET Institution‘s graduate undergoing supervised
practical training) or the period during which a person is an intern.

Glossary - J

Job: any employment, full-time or part-time.

Job Evaluation / Analysis: a systematic way to gather and analyse information about the content and human
requirements of the job, and the context in which the job is performed. This process identifies the existing tasks,
duties and responsibilities of the job and what awareness, knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes are needed to
do the job.

Job Network: a network of private, community and government organizations assisting people to find jobs.

Jobseeker: a person looking for and available for work.

Job Specifications: the awareness, knowledge, skills, abilities and attitudes required by an individual to perform
the job.

Job Standard: the level of achievement that an individual is expected to reach by reference to specified rating
levels (standards) and criteria that have been decided for each task / activity within a job / job title.

Glossary – K

Key Performance Indicators - KPIs: also known as Key Success Indicator - KSIs Indicators help an
organization define and measure progress toward organizational goals. Once an organization has analysed its
mission, identified all its stakeholders, and defined its goals, it needs a way to measure progress toward those
goals. Key Performance Indicators are those measurements.

Knowledge Level (Standard): the second level in the Scales of Competency Standards (Levels) used when
applying Competency Based Education and Training CBET. A person at the Knowledge Level is characterized
by:
 Knows how to do and can work independently without supervision.
 Describe, participate, contribute, explain, work with guidelines, and know when to refer to guidance

Knowledge Criteria: key statements about tasks or activities in a job which enable the trainer / instructor /
teacher to train and the individual and the assessor to judge an individual‘s awareness, knowledge, skills, mastery
and attitude.

Glossary - L

Labor Force: any group, persons who were employed or unemployed.

Labor Market: the system of relationships between the supply of people available for employment and the
available jobs.

Learning: the process of acquiring awareness, knowledge, skills or attitude competencies from study, instruction,
or experience.
Glossary – M

Minimum Competency Level (Standard) Required: is the minimum level (standard) of competency that is
required to be achieved for each element or task of the job and which is selected from identified Scales of
Competency Levels (Standards) and compared against a defined requirement. An individual is competent if he /
she achieves or exceeds the Minimum Competency Level (Standard) Required.

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Modular Course: a course composed of modules.

Module: (also called Subject) a unit of education or training which can be completed on its own or as part of a
course and which is considered as a component that makes up a Competency Development Framework CDF for a
given discipline or profession. Module is an aggregation of the awareness, knowledge, skills and attitude
competencies which reflect what a competent person in a particular role should be able to perform. Modules may
also result in the attainment of one or more units of competency. The modules should include guidance for
assessors pertinent to the related standards. A module should describe:
 Distinct work activity
 Work outputs expected, not what is put into the work
 Outputs that can be demonstrated and assessed at work
 Precise criteria
 Scope of the standard
 Guidelines for assessors on how to assess against the standard(level)

Multi-skilling: training the students, trainees or workers in a number of skills, enabling them to perform a variety
of tasks or functions across traditional boundaries.

Glossary – N

Non-standard Employment: employment other than permanent full-time employment, including part- time,
temporary, casual, on-call, self-employed, freelance, consulting and contracting arrangements.
Not Yet Competent: not yet qualified or fit to perform tasks associated with the job.

Glossary – O

Occupational Health and Safety - OHS Assessments: Assessments undertaken to define how much the
organization is complying with Occupational Health and Safety OHS regulations.

Occupational Health and Safety - OHS Regulations: regulations for Occupational Health and Safety OHS.

Off-the-Job Training: (also known as Class Based Training or Instructor Led Training ILD) - training which
takes place in class away from a person‘s job.

OHS - Critical Tasks / Elements: tasks / elements involving the identification, assessment, control and recovery
functions dealing with Occupational Health and Safety major hazards and include key accountability for activities
where incompetent actions by an individual could create unacceptable risk and lead to serious injury, illness and
fatality to individuals or significant loss and major damage either to the assets, facilities or the environment. All
competencies must be demonstrated in accordance with the OHS Policy (Industrial Safety Policy) applied by the
different sectors of industry and for each work location, where site / operation specific OHS-critical activities
occur. In case that the Industrial Safety Policy is referred to as Health, Safety and Environmental Protection
HSEP, then these tasks / elements are called HSEP - Critical Tasks /Elements.

Glossary – P

Participation: taking part in an activity e.g. participation in vocational education or training.

Partnership: (in TVET) an association between an organization / enterprise and a training provider to achieve
recognized training.

Part-time Job: A part-time contract is a form of employment that carries fewer hours per week than a full-time
job. They work in shifts. The shifts are often rotational. Workers are considered to be part-time if they
commonly work fewer than 30 hours per week.
Performance Criteria: the part of a competency standard specifying the required level (standard) of performance
in terms of a set of outcomes which need to be achieved in order to be deemed competent.

Performance Standards: precise and clearly defined indicators of what needs to be done to perform the job

Page | 83
successfully.

Personal Development Plan PDP: a plan that specifies development activities and priorities that are aimed at
identified competence gaps where an individual does not meet the job standard.

Personal/Behavioural Competences: (or Attitude Competencies) the minimum common and non-technical
competencies required to be acquired by all trades from different disciplines during their training and
development period. They are the opinion or way of thinking that is reflected in a trainee / student's personality or
behaviour and can be adapted and acquired by training but they are based on deep seated values held by the
individual.

Polytechnic: an institution in some countries offering vocational or higher education courses in technical areas.

Potential migrant: Characteristics of migrants can be differentiated based on their country of destinations. The
SEA assessment finding shows that most people who migrate to Middle East have no or little formal education,
they are mostly from rural areas, unemployed and have economical poor family background. This category of
migrants migrate to work temporarily in the destination countries with the aim of saving some amount of money
that will enable them to start decent work and living in their country. On the other hand, migrant to Europe and
other countries are mostly from urban areas, have a better education as compared to those who migrate to Middle
East, and are male. Most of them leave their home in pursuit of permanent stay or if possible, to get citizenship in
the destination countries.

Pre-apprenticeship Course: (also pre-traineeship course) a course which provides initial training in a particular
industry or occupation. Successful completion of the course can assist participants in obtaining an apprenticeship
or traineeship and may enable the term of the apprentice‘s training agreement to be reduced.

Pre-requisites: a requirement for the attainment of a particular unit or units in a Competency Development
Framework CDF prior to commencement of another unit of competency.

Public-Private Partnerships - PPPs: PPPs present a framework that—while engaging the private sector—-
acknowledge and structure the role for government in ensuring that social obligations are met and successful
sector reforms and public investments achieved. A strong PPP allocates the tasks, obligations, and risks among the
public and private partners in an optimal way. The public partners in a PPP are government entities, including
ministries, departments, municipalities, or state-owned enterprises. The private partners can be local or
international and may include businesses or investors with technical or financial expertise relevant to the project.
Increasingly, PPPs may also include nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and/or community-based
organizations (CBOs) who represent stakeholders directly affected by the project. Effective PPPs recognize that
the public and the private sectors each have certain advantages, relative to the other, in performing specific tasks.
The government‘s contribution to a PPP may take the form of capital for investment (available through tax
revenue), a transfer of assets, or other commitments or in-kind contributions that support the partnership. The
government also provides social responsibility, environmental awareness, local knowledge, and an ability to
mobilize political support. The private sector‘s role in the partnership is to make use of its expertise in commerce,
management, operations, and innovation to run the business efficiently. The private partner may also contribute
investment capital depending on the form of contract.50

PPPs in the form of formal or informal cooperative arrangements in the field of TVET assist the TVET
institutions engaged in skills training to be in close connection with the entities which absorb their graduates with
a view to successfully mobilize resources and provide the workforce needs of the labour market.
Glossary - Q

Qualification Certification: awarded to a person on successful completion of a course in recognition of having

achieved particular awareness, knowledge, skills or attitude competencies.

Quality in TVET: the level of satisfaction with and effectiveness of TVET Systems and TVET Institutions, their
products and services, established through conformity with the requirements set by clients and stakeholders.

50
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/31484/public-private-partnership.pdf

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Glossary – R

Refresher Course: a course which revises or updates previously acquired knowledge and skills.

Registered Training Provider - RTP: a Training Provider registered by a state or territory recognition authority
to deliver training and / or conduct assessments / verifications and issue nationally recognized qualifications.
Training Providers include institutes, colleges, centres, schools, adult and community education providers, private
providers, community organizations, higher education institutions, commercial and enterprise training providers,
industry bodies and other organizations meeting the registration requirements.

Registration: the authorization of training providers to deliver training and / or conduct assessments /
verifications and issue nationally recognized qualifications.

Glossary – S

Short Duration Course - SDC: a TVET course which stands alone and does not usually lead to a full
qualification. A statement of attainment may be issued on successful completion. Within SINCE Programme a
short duration course spans from 1 to 3 months training.

Skill Level (Standard): the third level in the Scales of Competency Standards (Levels) used when applying
Competency Based Education and Training CBET. A person at the Skill Level is characterized by:
 Skilled and able to train and coach others
 Plan and analyse, take accountability for own work area, deal with range of activities and tasks, find ways
to increase own and others‘ contribution, provide guidance and coaching to others, begin to take an external
perspective and demonstrate competence to others

Small Business: a business conducted on a small scale generally identified by management units with small
number of employees in different sectors of industry.

Small and Medium Size Enterprises - SME: According to OECD, private sector are all those Organizations that
engage in profit-seeking activities and have a majority private ownership (i.e. not owned or operated by a
government). This term includes financial institutions and intermediaries, multinational companies, micro, small
and medium-sized enterprises, co-operatives, individual entrepreneurs, and farmers who operate in the formal and
informal sectors. It excludes actors with a non-profit focus, such as private foundations and civil society
organisations51.For the purpose of the SINCE programme we refer to SMEs as the private sector (Cooperatives,
clusters, MSMEs & SMEs). In addition, SMEs are companies whose headcount or turnover falls below certain
limits e.g. Some countries categorize companies with fewer than 10 employees as "micro", those with fewer than
50 employees as "small", and those with fewer than 250 as "medium".

SMEs Support: Private sector support refers to the substantive nature of particular development activities in the
form of assistance packages. Activities within these packages and which are sourced from the JIPR and
summarized at page 10 of the Applicants guidelines include:
(i) the support for the establishing and strengthening of market forward linkages
(ii) the support to the strengthening of linkages between large and small companies, and/or cooperatives,
in view of expanding sub-contracting arrangements and create job opportunities in the short run;
(iii) the support aimed at improving the technical, managerial, and marketing capacity of enterprises; it is
observed that both technical and managerial skills of medium and small enterprises are often limited,
and that this hampers business effectiveness, including the capacity to expand forward linkages and
consequently production; This may happen through the involvement, within PP platforms, of TVETs
and business development service providers; it has to be noted that managerial and entrepreneurial
skills can be useful for those unemployed educated youths who are also the most prone to irregular
migration;

51
http://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/Inventory-1-Private-Sector-Engagement-Terminology-and-Typology.pdf

Page | 85
 (iv) the provision of shared equipment and support to equipment maintenance;
(v) the establishment of a training facility inside the cluster.

Stakeholder: a person or organization with an interest or concern in SINCE Programme and generally include
governments, ministries, purchasers of training, training providers, industry, industry training advisory bodies and
the community.

Standard: a level or measure of achievement; a statement of performance or outcome criteria.

Statement of Attainment: certification issued to a student for partial completion of a qualification, including,
where relevant, the units of competency achieved under nationally endorsed standards. Achievements recognized
by statements of attainment can accumulate towards a qualification within the National Qualifications
Framework.

Glossary - T

Technical and Vocational Education and Training - TVET: non-academic technical education and practical
training that develop the skills and knowledge of apprentices (learners of trades or crafts) working in different
sectors of industry and trainees / students trained in different TVET Institutions (TVET Institutes, Centres &
Schools). The TVET is that part of the education system that provides courses and training programmes related to
employment with a view to enable the transition from Secondary Education to work for young trainees / students
(social objective) and supply the labour market with competent apprentices (economic objective). The TVET is
used as a comprehensive term referring to those aspects of the educational process involving, in addition to
general education, the study of technologies and related sciences, and the acquisition of awareness, knowledge,
skills, and attitudes relating to occupations in various sectors of economic and social life.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training Providers - TVET Providers: organizations which
delivers Technical and Vocational Education and Training TVET programmes such as adult and community
education providers, agricultural colleges, TVET operations of some universities, schools, private providers,
community organizations, industry skill centres, commercial and enterprise training providers.

Trainee: an individual receiving training or undertaking a traineeship and being in the process of acquiring
awareness, knowledge, skill and attitude competencies required to successfully perform the job assigned to the
Trainee / Developee. The individual must demonstrate competence in the position before being allowed to
perform the job without supervision.

Traineeship: a vocational training system combining Off-the-Job Training, conducted by an approved training
provider and accompanied by On-the-Job Training OJT and practical work experience.

Trainer: a one who makes other persons proficient with specialized instruction and practice.

Training: the development of awareness, skill, knowledge and attitude competencies through instruction /
teaching (Off-the-Job Training) or practice (On-the-Job Training OJT).

Training Lifecycle: (or Training Matrix) is the progression of a training system through a series of stages of
development.

Training Plan: a plan containing the basic guidelines and elements required to suit the training needs of any
Enterprise or TVET Institution such as the Training Goals, Learning Objectives & Learning Methodology.

Training Package: an integrated set of nationally endorsed standards, guidelines and qualifications for training,
assessing and recognizing people‘s skills, developed by industry to meet the training needs of an industry or group
of industries. Training packages consist of core endorsed components of competency standards, assessment
guidelines and qualifications, and optional non-endorsed components of support materials such as learning
strategies, assessment resources and professional development materials.

Training Programme: a set of education and training activities designed to achieve a specific vocational

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outcome, e.g. a course, module (subject), on-the-job training, etc.

Training Providers: organizations which provide TVET and / or assessment and verification services such as
institutes, colleges, centres, schools, adult and community education providers, private providers, community
organizations, higher education institutions, commercial and enterprise training providers, industry bodies and
other organizations meeting the registration requirements.

Glossary - U

Unemployed Person: a person who is not employed but is available to work and actively seeking full- time or
part-timework

Unemployment Rate: the number of unemployed persons expressed as a percentage of the labour force in the
same group.

Glossary – V

Vocational Education: education designed to develop occupational skills.

Vocational Education and Training - VET: the merging between the Vocational Education and the Vocational
Training. It is a post-compulsory education and training, excluding degree and higher level programmes delivered
by higher education institutions, which provides people with occupational or work- related awareness, knowledge,
skills and attitude.

Vocational Education and Training Providers - VET Provider: organizations which deliver Vocational
Education and Training VET programmes such as adult and community education providers, agricultural colleges,
VET operations of some universities, schools, private providers, community organizations, industry skill centres,
commercial and enterprise training providers.

Vocational Education and Training - VET Institution: an establishment providing Vocational Education and
Training VET, including colleges, institutes, centres and schools.

Vocational Qualification: an externally recognized qualification of an approved standard, accredited by an

Awarding Body

Glossary - W

Wage: Articles 53 and 54 of the Ethiopian Labour Proclamation define ―Wages‖ as the regular payment to which
the worker is entitled in return for the performance of the work that he performs under a contract of employment.
Overtime pay, allowances, bonuses, etc. are not considered as ―wages‖. The Proclamation establishes the principle
that wage is only paid for work done, except in cases, when the source of the impossibility to work was in the
sphere of the employer (i.e. non supply of working material).52

Work Based Learning: programmes for both secondary and post-secondary students which provide
opportunities to achieve employment-related competencies in the workplace. Work-based learning is often
undertaken in conjunction with classroom or related learning, and may take the form of work placements, work
experience, workplace mentoring, instruction in general workplace competencies, and broad instruction in all
aspects of industry.

Work Based Training: (also known as Work Based Training or In-service Training or On-Site Training) defined
as the training undertaken at work place or on site as part of the practical training, productive work and
professional development of either the trainees and students enrolled in TVET institutions (institutes, centres and
schools) and conducted by the relevant instructors and teachers or the workers employed by industrial

52
http://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/information-resources/national-labour-law-profiles/WCMS_158894/lang--
en/index.htm (Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003)

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organizations / enterprises and conducted by the relevant trainers and first line supervisors

Work Experience: a period of unpaid work undertaken by TVET institutions trainees / students as part of their
careers education, to provide some insight into the world of work.

Work Placement: (also called field placement, vocational placement, structured work placement) a period of
unpaid work with an employer undertaken by TVET students / trainees in order to satisfy the requirements of a
course or module, with supervision provided by the employer, the training provider or both.

Glossary - Y

Youth: Ethiopia's national youth policy (2004)53 defines youth as those aged between 15-29. Within SINCE
Programme it has been adopted a wider definition of youth which spans from 15 to 34 years of age.

53
https://chilot.me/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/fdre-youth-policy.pdf

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 Annex 2: SINCE Programme Logical Framework (revision 24 October 2018)
Baseline Target Value
Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators Sources and means of verification Assumptions
(2018) (2018)

Overall Objective  % reduction of irregular migration from 14.29% -11.75%  Baseline and endline reports The overall assumption for
the target areas (disaggregated by (12.61%) (including Knowledge Attitude the effective
To contribute to the reduction of
region, sex and age) and Practice -KAP- Survey) implementation of the
irregular migration from
 Zonal and Woreda level BOLSA project is the institutional
Northern and Central Ethiopia by  % reduction of propensity to irregular 25.96% -13.23% support and harmonization
improving the living conditions of statistics.
migration in the target areas (22.52%)
among relevant
the most vulnerable population, (disaggregated by region, sex and age)  Government, International
Organization, Socio-Economic stakeholders on the
including potential migrants and
 % increase in the average income in the Databases and Surveys in different initiatives to
returnees with specific focus on 1,085 ETB +12.02%
target areas (disaggregated by region, particular: Central Statistical ensure a sustainable
youth and women. (1,215)
sex and age) Agency (CSA) Household impact on target
Consumption-Expenditure Survey beneficiaries.
 % reduction of unemployment in the 16.05% -8.97%
and Urban Employment and
target areas (disaggregated by region, (14.61%)
Unemployment Survey
sex and age)
 Final evaluation report
Specific Objective  No. of unemployed and/or inactive 0 8,200  SINCE Projects and Programme
To establish inclusive economic target beneficiaries who are employed monitoring and progress reports.
programs that create through job opportunities created by  SINCE and implementing
employment opportunities for SINCE (disaggregated by region, value partners’ databases (employment
potential migrants, returnees chain, target group, ER, sex and age) tracking system to follow and
record the number of employed)
and refugees, especially women  No. of target beneficiaries who are still 0 6,650
and youths, in the most and surveys
employed 3 months after employment
migration prone regions of contract signed (disaggregated by  SME and other company
Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, Amhara, region, value chain, target group, ER, employment reports.
Oromia, SNNPR and Tigray) by sex and age)  Baseline, entry point and endline
strengthening the capacities of reports.
local vocational training  % increase of average income among (TBD at entry point) +35.50%
 Mid-term and final evaluation
(TBD at entry point)
providers (TVET) and promoting target beneficiaries (disaggregated by reports.
public private partnerships region, value chain, target group, ER,
(PPPs) in strategic economic sex and age)
clusters.

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 Baseline Target Value
Intervention logic Objectively verifiable indicators Sources and means of verification Assumptions
(2018) (2018)

  Policy dialogue with

ER0 Identification of the most prone NA Most prone areas  SINCE Joint Inception Programme
migration areas identified in the the relevant
Identification of strategic clusters JIPR
54 Report (JIPR) prepared jointly by
institutions,
in most prone migration area ILO and UNIDO
 Identification of main clusters for NA Value chains and willingness and
where to focus the potential clusters commitment to
each of the identified area identified in the JIPR
implementation of SINCE collaborate among
activities. Needs and potential stakeholders
 Identification of needs and potential NA
activities for each selected cluster
activities identified
 Creation of strategic
in the JIPR
collaborations among
 No. of new or improved TVETs different stakeholders
ER1 0 33  SINCE Projects and Programme
trainings based on market demand (associations of
Improved access of beneficiaries monitoring and progress reports.
(disaggregated by region and value migrants, research
to TVET and employments chain)  SINCE and implementing
institutes, UN
partners’ databases and surveys.
opportunities through the  No. of trainees who complete the agencies, EU Member
promotion of partnerships among SINCE supported TVETs trainings and
0 7,200  Baseline, entry point and endline States etc.)
TVET service providers and the reports.
who receive a certificate  No major institutional
private sector. (disaggregated by region, value chain,  Mid-term and final evaluation changes that could
target group, sex and age) reports. jeopardize the timely
 No. of job creation oriented PPPs 0 112  Report from Regional TVET office and effective
supported and created by SINCE  Training attendance and photos implementation of
actions (disaggregated by region and of the training courses activities
value chain)  Post-training evaluation  Political stability and
 No. of job placements facilitated 0 7,800  TVET Certifications and no relevant external
through SINCE (disaggregated by Certificates of Competence (CoC) factors that could
region, value chain, target group, sex  PPP Meeting minutes and hamper development
and age) agreements. interventions
 Apprenticeship/internship
acceptance letter.
 SME and other company
apprenticeship/internship
reports.

54
There were no target values defined for the ER0 Indicators.
Page | 90
ER2  No. of SMEs supported by SINCE 0 322  SINCE Projects and Programme
Improved capacity of selected (disaggregated by region, value chain monitoring and progress reports.
industrial clusters to create and type of support)  SINCE and implementing
additional job opportunities with  % of average improvement in capacity (TBD at entry point)
+18.00% partners’ databases and surveys.
(TBD at entry point)
a special focus on the promotion of SMEs supported by SINCE  Baseline, entry point and endline
of decent work. (disaggregated by region and value reports.
chain)  Mid-term and final evaluation
 No. of agreements with private sector 0 131 reports.
that include obligations to adhere to  Federal Small and Medium
decent work principles (disaggregated Manufacturing Industries
by region and value chain) Development Agency (FSMMIDA)
 No. of subcontracting arrangements 0 122
and other local government
between SMEs supported and larger reports.
enterprises (disaggregated by region,  SME Capacity Assessment.
SME and value chain)  SME/other company reports.
 % increase in employment in SMEs (TBD at entry point) +16.00%
 Procurement of equipment and
(TBD at entry point)
reinforced by SINCE (disaggregated by handover documents.
region, value chain, target group, sex
 Subcontracting arrangements
and age)
document.
 No. of graduates and unemployed
ER3 0 500  Review of beneficiaries
youth supported through career
Enhance smooth school to work registration and follow up
guidance services and 10-15%
transition for university and TVET database, case studies, progress
successfully integrated into the labour
women and men graduates. reports, interview and discussion
market per year
with beneficiaries.
 Pilot youth employment services 0 1
 Physical visit to youth
(YES) centre established
employment unit, interview
 New services and products 0 3 and discussion with youth,
focussing on labour market government officials and
information sharing, career stakeholders at various levels.
counselling guidance, jobs
registration are offered by PES to
youth
 Fresh graduates and unemployed 0 100
youth placed in apprenticeships
 Fresh graduates and unemployed 0 200
youth placed in decent job

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Activities
ER0 Means
 Primary and Secondary data collection and analysis
Programme Staff:
 Assessment of the socio-economic condition of migration prone areas in Ethiopia (ILO) Programme Coordinator
 Economic analysis of the clusters in the preselected target areas (UNIDO) Finance and Contract Administrator
 Systematization of the learning in one join inception phase report Field coordinator
 Organization of a national workshop to disseminate the findings of the report. Executive Secretary
Technical experts/consultants
ER1
Technical Assistance:
Activities under ER1 are designed and implemented through sub grant agreements to 5 consortia (see specific
ILO & UNIDO
consortia log frames)

Grants to NGOs
ER2
Activities under ER2 are designed and implemented through sub grant agreements to 5 consortia (see specific Logistic
consortia log frames) Office supplies and equipment
Vehicles

ER3
Costs
Activities under ER3 are implemented by ILO as part of their technical assistance agreement (see specific ILO log
1 Coordination and Management 1,344,000.00
frame)
2 Technical Assistance 3,156,000.00
3 Grants 14,000,000.00
4 Audit & Evaluation 300,000.00
5 Communication and Visibility 100,000.00
6 Indirect Management Fee (5%) 945,000.00
Total Eligible costs of the Action EUR 19,845,000.00

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Annex 3: SINCE Result chain and indicators

Result chain & indicators

OP ER/IOc SO OO
N of trainees
N of completed training % reduction in
trainees & certificate irregular
N of new or N of target N of migration/
improved beneficiaries % increase
employed propensity to
trainings N of job employed income target
after 3 migration
creation beneficiaries
N of job months /employment
oriented PPPs placements
facilitated
TVETs

Reduction
Employment
irregular
opportunities
migration
SMES
% increase in
% improvement in N of agreements average
capacity of SMEs decent work income

N of sub- % increase in
N of SMEs
supported
contracting employment in
arrangements SMEs
SME/larger ent.

14

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Annex 4: Decent work SINCE enterprises MINIMUM
requirements

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ANNEX 5: Overall Objective Indicators Questionnaire

2018

SINCE Programme
Overall Objective Questionnaires for
Indicators:

% reduction of irregular migration from

the target areas

% reduction of propensity to irregular

migration (disaggregated by region,
sex and age) in the target areas

Prepared by:
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization – UNIDO

Stemming Irregular Migration in Northern and Central Ethiopia - SINCE

Overall Objective Indicators Questionnaire 31-Jul-18

Page | 95
 UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION

SINCE PROGRAMME
OVERALL OBJECTIVE QUESTIONAIRE

The purpose of this Questionnaire is to provide with concise baseline data on the higher levels of the SINCE
PROGRAMME Indicators and specifically related to the Overall Objective.
This Questionnaire in particular refers to the indicators:
% reduction of irregular migration from the target areas; &
% reduction of propensity to irregular migration (disaggregated by region, sex and age) in the target
areas
With respect to these indicators, it is suggested to utilize an extended questionnaire on migration
phenomena amongst the families of the selected beneficiaries.300 beneficiaries per LOT will be used as
sample proxy indicator where information on migration patterns and propensity amongst their family rankings
will be used, in terms of %, as baseline data indicator. Endline process will follow the same format. The
differences in % among baseline and endline will represent the proxy impact of SINCE Programme on reduction
of Irregular Migration from the Target Areas with the assumption they reflect Regional patterns.
The Questionnaire is structured as follows:

 Multiple choice questions: Please tick the boxes that are most appropriate according to the information
collected.

 Tables: Please complete every cell in the tables. If you cannot provide the data requested for each cell,
please indicate whether the data is ‘not available' (NA).

Types of potential migrants considered

Family members of the selected beneficiaries: All family members up to second grade (cousins), living in the
targeted Region and Woreda.

Notes on interpretation: If you need to provide any notes to facilitate interpretation of your answers,
please provide them in a clear and concise manner directly underneath the answer concerned.

Page | 96
 SINCE QUESTIONNAIRE ABOUT IRREGULAR MIGRATION

Region:

Woreda:

Kebele:

Name:

Age:

ID type and N⁰:

Contact:

SECTION A
% reduction of irregular migration from the target areas

1A) Did any members of your family living in this Region migrate in the last 2 years? If Yes How many?

Yes (total N………….)

No
I don’t know

1A1) If you have answered Yes What were their reasons to migrate?

Political Reasons
Economic Reasons
Religious Reasons
Environmental Reasons
Social reasons (eg. Not been accepted well by the community/family, stigma... etc)

2A) Did they migrate regularly or irregularly?

Regularly
Irregularly (through borders)
I don’t know

Page | 97
3A) Can you tell us the age and gender of your family members that migrated?
For the surveyor, please tick the boxes below according to the information. You may add multiple ticks in a
single box.

Age group Female Male

15-18
18-25
25-36
36 -65 (only for women)

4A) Have they had problems because of migrating?

Yes
No
Partially

4A1) If you have answered Yes the problems are related to

The different culture

The different lifestyle
The different language
Physical/Sexual abuse
Work permit
Labor exploitation
Health conditions
Others

5A) Did they migrate in Ethiopia or in other Countries?

5A1) If in other Countries, where?

6A) Who decided on their migration?

Migrants themselves
Family
Brokers
Friends
Others

Page | 98
SECTION B
% reduction of propensity to irregular migration (disaggregated by region, sex and age) in the target
areas

1B) In your opinion, what do you think is the migrants’ education level?
Primary
Secondary
Higher
Vocational
No Education

2B) Have you got friends with the same migration background?

Yes
No
I don’t know

3B) How do you perceive the migration phenomenon?

As a threat
As an opportunity
Both an opportunity and a threat

4) Do family and friends relations deteriorate when a family member migrates to another country?

Yes
No
Partly

5B) What are the changes in life you are not willing to do?

Changing Religion
Giving up my Native Citizenship
Marrying someone who doesn’t belong to my native nationality
working in a not decent work

Page | 99
6B) Do you think people should migrate?

Yes
No
I don’t mind

6B1) If you have answered Yes Why?

To link with family members
To link with friends
To find better economic opportunities

Can you further detail why people should migrate?

7B) Would you consider to live in another country after your school/professional/TVET graduation?

Yes
No
I don’t mind

8B) In case you migrate, would you ever think to come back to your home country once solved the
problems which took you abroad?

Yes, definitely
No, even if I don’t get a good job
It depends on how I feel in the new Country

Thank you!

ORGANIZATION ……………………………………………….

NAME OF SURVEYOR………………………………………………………………………………….

Page | 100
Annex 6: TVET Capacity Assessment Checklist

The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

TVET capacity Assessment Questionnaire

Question Question wording Response type

A. FINANCE
A.1 How much did you invest in improving the TVET structure in Number
the last fiscal year? (In terms of building workshops/classrooms,
Entry
preparing new curriculum etc.)
End line
A.2 On Average How much is the training cost per trainee? Number
A.3 If there is trainee fee How much is the fee? Number
B. ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
B.1 What is the enrolment number by sectors/value chain in the last Number
Academic year?
Entry
Endline
B.2 What is the gender enrolment percentage (gender breakdown) percentage
by type of Sectors/Value chains?
Entry
Endline
B.3 What is the dropout rate in the last fiscal year? (percentage out Percentage
of total enrolled)
Entry
Endline
B.4 How many trainers does the college have by Sectors/Value Number
chains?
Entry
End line
C. QUALITY
C.1 On average what is the trainees to trainer ratio of the collage by Ratio
Sectors/Value chains?
Entry
End line

Page | 101
C.2 What is the success rate for the regular and short-term training Percent per
programmes in the last Academic year? programme
Entry
End Line
C.3 How many companies did they provide apprenticeships and Number
other work based types of pre-employment training for the
Entry
trainees of the collage in the last Academic year (disaggregated
for the sectors where SINCE intervenes). End line
C.4 How many trainees have completed the apprentices programmes Number
(by type of sectors (SINCE intervention), age and gender) in the
Entry
last Academic year?
End line
C.5 What is the proportion of qualified teachers/Certified teachers in Number per Level (A, B&C)
TVET programmes disaggregated by the three levels in the last
Academic year?
Entry
End line
C.6 How many times did you train your trainers in the last academic Number
year?
Entry
End line
C.7 What is the employment rate of your college graduates (by Percent
sector & gender) in the last academic year?
Entry
End line
C.8 What is the level of satisfaction of employers with TVET Categorical
graduates in the last academic year? (rate with: high, good,
Entry
medium, low)
End line
D. RELEVANCE
D.1 How many training program/occupation do you have for the Number (Regular & Short
regular & short-term trainings in the last Academic year? term)
Entry
End line
D.2 How many training curricula did you develop for the Regular & Number (Regular & Short
Short term trainings in the last Academic year? term)
Entry
End line
Question Question wording Response type
A. FINANCE
A.1 How much did you invest in improving the TVET structure in Number

Page | 102
 the last fiscal year? (In terms of building workshops/classrooms, Entry
preparing new curriculum etc.)
End line
A.2 On average, how much is the training cost per trainee? Number
A.3 If there is trainee fee, how much is the fee? Number
B. ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
B.1 What is the enrolment number by sectors/value chain in the last Number
Academic year?
Entry
Endline
B.2 What is the gender enrolment percentage (gender breakdown) percentage
by type of Sectors/Value chains?
Entry
Endline
B.3 What is the dropout rate in the last fiscal year? (percentage out Percentage
of total enrolled)
Entry
Endline
B.4 How many trainers does the college have by Sectors/Value Number
chains?
Entry
End line
C. QUALITY
C.1 On average what is the trainees to trainer ratio of the collage by Ratio
Sectors/Value chains?
Entry
End line
C.2 What is the success rate for the regular and short term training Percent per
programmes in the last Academic year? programme
Entry
End Line
C.3 How many companies did they provide apprenticeships and Number
other work based types of pre-employment training for the
Entry
trainees of the collage in the last Academic year (disaggregated
for the sectors where SINCE intervenes). End line
C.4 How many trainees have completed the apprentices programmes Number
(by type of sectors (SINCE intervention), age and gender) in the
Entry
last Academic year?
End line
C.5 What is the proportion of qualified teachers/Certified teachers in Number per Level (A, B &C)
TVET programmes disaggregated by the three levels in the last
Academic year?
Entry
End line
Page | 103
C.6 How many times did you train your trainers in the last academic Number
year?
Entry
End line
C.7 What is the employment rate of your college graduates (by Percent
sector & gender) in the last academic year?
Entry
End line
C.8 What is the level of satisfaction of employers with TVET Categorical
graduates in the last academic year? (rate with: high, good,
Entry
medium, low)
End line
D. RELEVANCE
D.1 How many training program/Occupation do you have for the Number (Regular & Short
regular & short term trainings in the last Academic year? term)
Entry
End line
D.2 How many training curricula did you develop for the Regular & Number (Regular & Short
Short term trainings in the last Academic year? term)
Entry
End line

Page | 104
Annex 7: SME Capacity Assessment Checklist

The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

SME CAPACITY ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE

Min Max
Question Question wording Response type Response Scoring Criteria
Points Points
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
How many are the owners of the firm and from these 1 to 3= 5 points; over 3= 10
A.1 Number 5 10
how many are females? points
1 to 3= 10 points; over 3 = 15
Female 10 15
points
In fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], which of
Local-5 pnts, Local to
the following was the main market in which this
A.2 Categorical National-10 pnts, National to 5 15
establishment sold its main product? {Local, National,
International- 15 pnts
International}
B. LABOR

How many full-time employees does the establishment 1to10=5pnts, 10 to 20=10

B.1 Number 5 15
have now? And how many of them are females? pnts, 20-over=15 pnts

1to10=5pnts, 10 to 20=10
Female 5 15
pnts, 20-over=15 pnts

Page | 105
 How many temporary employees did this
1to10=5pnts, 10 to 20=10
B.2 establishment employ in fiscal year [insert last Number 5 15
pnts, 20-over=15 pnts
complete fiscal year]? And how many are females?
1to10=5pnts, 10 to 20=10
Female 5 15
pnts, 20-over=15 pnts
What was the average length of employment of all full-
up to 6 months= 5pnts; up to
B.3 time temporary employees in fiscal year [insert last Number 5 10
12 months=10pnts
complete fiscal year]? (Months)
What is the percentage of full-time permanent workers
1 to 10%=5pnts; 11 to 20%=10
B.4 who completed TVET College short or long term Percent 5 15
pnts; 21 and above=15 pnts
trainings? How many are females?
1 to 10%=5pnts; 11 to 20%=10
Female % 5 15
pnts; 21 and above=15 pnts
No. of formal trainings given
Over fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], did by the company/SME is if
Yes/No &
B.5 this establishment have formal training programs for none=0pnts; 1 to 2=5pnts; 0 15
categorical
its permanent employees? 3=10pnts; 4 and & above=15
pnts
C. SALES AND SUPPLIES
up to 1.000.000 ETB= 5 pnts;
In fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], what 1.000.001 to 3.000.000 ETB=
C.1 Number 5 15
were this establishment’s total annual sales? 10pnts; 3.000.001 and above=
15 pnts
Please also write out the number (i.e. 50,000 as Fifty
NA
Thousand)
D. CAPACITY (Production)
In fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], has the up to 20%= 5 pnts; 21 to
D.1 establishment used its full production Capacity if no Yes/No 40%=10 pnts; 41 and above= 5 15
what percentage of its capacity is using? 15 pnts

Page | 106
 If none=0 pnts; 1 to 3 = 5 pnts;
In the last fiscal year how many market linkages (under Yes/No &
D.2 4 to 8 = 10 pnts; 9 and 0 15
the form of partnerships agreements) did you have? categorical
above=15 pnts
E. PERFORMANCE
up to 100.000 ETB = 5 pnts;
For fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], please
100.001 to 300.000 ETB = 10
E.1 provide the following information about this Number 5 15
pnts; 300.001 and above = 15
establishment: {Total annual cost of labor}
pnts
For fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], please up to 20.000 ETB = 5 pnts;
E.2 provide the following information about this Number 20.001 to 30.000 = 10 pnts; 5 15
establishment: {Total Cost of Electricity and fuel} 30.001 and above = 15 pnts
For fiscal year [insert last complete fiscal year], please up to 100.000 ETB = 5 pnts;
provide the following information about this 100.001 to 300.000 ETB = 10
E.3 Number 5 15
establishment: {Total annual cost of finished goods and pnts; 300.001 and above = 15
cost of materials purchased} pnts
F. DECENT WORK PRINCIPLES
if none=0pnts; if they have
written employment
How many written employment contracts are Number &
agreement for up to 25%
F.1 registered at this moment? Is the salary timely paid categorical 0 15
employees=5pnts; 50% =
according to the contract agreement? (yes/No)
10pnts; 75% and
above=15pnts

if none=0pnts; if salary is
timely paid for up to 25%
Timely salary 0 15
employees = 5 pnts; 50% = 10
pnts; 75% and above = 15 pnts

if none=0pnts; if Yes and if

Do you have any system of Occupational Safety and
Yes/No & applied to 25% employees = 5
F.2 Health Policy? If so which type is it (included in the 0 15
categorical pnts; 50%10 pnts; 75% and
contract or external statute)?
above = 15 pnts

Page | 107
 Type of OSH NA
if none=0pnts; if Yes and if
Do you have any system of leave regulation? If yes
Yes/No & they apply: 1 type = 5pnts; 2
F.3 which types of leaves do you have? Are they specified 0 15
categorical types = 10pnts; 3types and
in the contract?
above = 15pnts
Do you have any policies of career advancement? Are
Yes/No &
F.4 there any company incentives for the workers? If yes, if none=0pnts; if yes =10pnts 0 10
categorical
please state
Do you have any complaint mechanism in place for the Yes/No &
F.5 if none=0 pnts; if yes= 10 pnts 0 10
workers? If yes, which type? categorical
Min Total score: 80 Max Total score: 325 80 325

SCORE RANGES
Level 1(very weak) from 80 to 130
Level 2 (insufficient) from 131 to 180
Level 3 (sufficient) from 181 to 230
Level 4 (good) from 231 to 280
Level 5 (excellent) from 281 to 325

Page | 108
 ANNEX 8: SINCE Narrative Quarterly Report Template

The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

QUARTERLY REPORT
[Pick the date]

Programme Lot

Project Title

Contract Number

Consortium Members

Start date and end date of the reporting period

Name of Coordinator/Manager of the grant

contract

Contacts of Coordinator/Manager of the grant

contract

Page | 109
1. Executive summary of the Implemented Activities
Please give a short update of the project progress (not more than 500 words) including facts

and figures for the reporting period.

This overview needs to include the following paragraphs:

 Update on the status of the institutional arrangements needed for implementing the
foreseen activities (agreements, steering committees, etc.)
(5 lines maximum)

 Update on the status of organizational aspects (recruitment of staffs, logistic, etc)

(5 lines maximum)

 Summary of the activities implemented during the quarter

(15 lines maximum)

 Justification of possible changes to the intervention logic (if applicable)

(10 lines maximum)

2. Description of Results and Implemented Activities

NOTE: for all indicators please refer to the SINCE M&E Handbook

A. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE and INTERMEDIARY OUTCOMES

Please fill in the yellow parts (which shall be removed) as indicated.

Specific Objective:

Indicator 1: No. of unemployed and/or inactive target beneficiaries who are employed

through job opportunities created by SINCE (disaggregated by region, value chain, target

group, sex and age)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by sex, age, target group and value

chain)

Indicator 2: No. of target beneficiaries who are still employed 3 months after employment

contract signed (disaggregated by region, value chain, target group, sex and age)

Page | 110
Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by sex, age, target group and value

chain)

Indicator 3: % increase of average income among target beneficiaries (disaggregated by

region, value chain, target group, sex and age)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by sex, age, target group and value

chain)

Intermediary Outcome (IO) 1:

Indicator 1.1: No. of new or improved TVETs trainings based on market demand

(disaggregated by region and value chain)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by value chain)

Indicator 1.2: No. of trainees who complete the SINCE supported TVETs trainings and

who receive a certificate (disaggregated by region, value chain, target group, sex and age)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by sex, age, target group and value

chain)

Indicator 1.3: No. of job creation oriented PPPs supported and created by SINCE actions

(disaggregated by region and value chain)

Page | 111
Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by value chain)

Indicator 1.4: No. of job placements facilitated through SINCE (disaggregated by region,

value chain, target group, sex and age)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by sex, age, target group and value

chain)

Intermediary Outcome (IO) 2:

Indicator 2.1: No. of SMEs supported by SINCE (disaggregated by region, value chain

and type of support)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by value chain and type of support)

Indicator 2.3: No. of agreements with private sector that include obligations to adhere to

decent work principles (disaggregated by region and value chain)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by value chain)

Indicator 2.4: No. of subcontracting arrangements between SMEs supported and larger

enterprises (disaggregated by region, SME and value chain)

Target: Numerical/Percentage only

Achievement: Numerical/Percentage only

Page | 112
Narrative: 4 lines maximum (including disaggregation by value chain)

B. ACTIVITIES and OUTPUTS

Please provide a description of the implemented activities (by Intermediary Outcomes), and

quantify results based on selected Outputs indicators.

Please fill in as indicated. (the yellow parts shall be removed) Please replicate Outputs and

activities to your needs.

Output 1.1:

Indicator:

Target:

Achievement:

Narrative: 4 lines maximum

Output xxxxx:

Indicator:

Target:

Achievement:

Narrative: 4 lines maximum

Activity 1.1.1:

Indicator:

Target:

Achievement:

Narrative: 4 lines maximum

Activity xxx:

Indicator:

Page | 113
 Target:

Achievement:

Narrative: 4 lines maximum

Activity xxxx:

Indicator:

Target:

Achievement:

Narrative: 4 lines maximum

Activity xxxx:

Indicator:

Target:

Achievement:

Narrative: 4 lines maximum

3. Gender Mainstreaming (youth & women)

Please indicate. (the yellow parts shall be removed)

 Total progressive women beneficiaries in number

 Total progressive women trainees enrolled in number
 How you promoted gender inclusion (max 4 lines)
 In which project outputs you mainstreamed gender (max 4 lines)

4. Updated list of direct selected beneficiaries (youth, women & returnees)

Please register only all beneficiaries selected for the Quarter

Page | 114
 Total Returnees

Sectors Female Male Incl.

Female Male Total
Returnees

Construction
Leather
Metal
Textile and Garment
Agribusiness
Others (specify)
Total
5. Updated Trainees List

Total Returnees

Sectors Female Male Incl.

Female Male Total
Returnees

Construction
Leather
Metal
Textile and Garment
Agribusiness
Others (specify)
Total

6. Jobs Created (contract signed)

Page | 115
 Total Returnees

Sectors Female Male Incl.

Female Male Total
Returnees

Construction
Leather
Metal
Textile and Garment
Agribusiness
Others (specify)
Total
7. TVET strengthening during the quarter

Type of strengthening. Please insert number of trainers capacitated with gender

breakdown and list of equipment procured (if procured).

No of
TVET Name
Staff capacitated Equipment No new improved Others

& Materials Curricula existing (specify)

Curricula

Female Male Total

8. Companies engaged during the quarter

PPPs Apprenticeships

Company Yes No N. of jobs Female Male Total

Value Chain Type of engagement committed
Name

9. Multi Stakeholder Platform during the quarter

Page | 116
Type of Platform Date of Participants N. of M F

Meeting Participants
(i.e. value chain, (i.e. BoLSA, BoFED, Private
with Gender
woreda, multi etc.) Company)
Breakdown

10. Steering Committee during the quarter

Date of Level of Participants/Organization N. of M F

Meeting Steering Participants

Committee with Gender

Breakdown

11. Public Employment Service (PES)

Date of Participants Type of support N. of M F

Meeting Participants

with

Gender

Breakdown

Page | 117
12. Challenges and Corrective Measures faced during the Quarter
Provide a description of 3 key problems (e.g. delay, cancellation, postponement of activities)

which have arisen and how they have been addressed (if applicable)

Maximum 5 lines per challenge

13. Best Practices and Lessons Learned in the Quarter time

Describe 3 key best practices which have arisen, lessons learned

Maximum 5 lines per Best practice/Lesson Learned

14. Synergies with other ongoing projects

Describe in 6 lines maximum any ongoing synergies with other projects from same Donor or

other Donors

Page | 118
15. Updated Work Plan
Please include in the following table the activities already accomplished in the reported period and the detailed work plan for the next six months).

Activities Planned Done Next quarter Subsequent Quarter

Example 1 2 3 4 5 6
Activity 1(title)
Activity 2 (title)
Activity 2 (title)
Etc.

Please provide with a narrative explanation of any changes of the work-plan in comparison with the planned one.
Maximum 2 lines per change
Please annex to the report the Milestones plan with tentative dates of main events (steering commetees, platforms meetings, graduations, job fairs etc
...)

Page | 119
 16. Expenditure (estimates of expenditure)

Approved total Cumulative expenditure until % of expenditure

Budget headings budget the end of the current quarter against total budget

1. Human Resources

2. Travels

3. Equipment & Supplies

4. Local Office

5. Other costs, Services

6. Other

7. Total

17. Visibility
How was the visibility of the Contracting Authority and the EU contribution ensured?

Narrative: 3 lines maximum

Please provide a list of any communication activities carried out during the quarter and of any material produced (to
be sent by MEGA platform to the Embassy of Italy).

1. Milestone events, trainings and seminars (description, date and place).

2. Communication and promotional material produced (N. of material produced and who benefited from it)
3. Social Media updates (Posts links of social media with brief description – 2 lines max per link + screenshot of
social media page)

Please provide also:

 List of quarterly photo album sent by MEGA platform to the Embassy of Italy (10-20 photos of decent
quality, including descriptive captions the photographer‘s name, date of production, place of production and
a short description of the image etc.).

 Title of quarterly short video clip (1-2 minutes maximum) sent by MEGA platform to the Embassy of
Italy (e.g. video clip of a project activity or interviews with beneficiaries/partners even if it is produced with
basic equipment such as a smartphone). Please make sure that video clip has a well-defined story telling
approach. EU Disclaimer at the end of the video is required.

Page | 120
  Human interest stories, either per video or in the text form, including quotes from beneficiaries (and in the
case of stories in text form, photos highlighting the impact of the funding on beneficiaries). 500 words
maximum. (if video, it has to be sent by MEGA platform to Embassy of Italy). EU Disclaimer at the end of
the Human interest story is required.

ANNEX A
Please attach Database and Quarter Indicator Matrix

ANNEX B
Please attach the Milestones Plan for the next Quarter

This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility
of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union nor that of the Contracting Authority
(Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa).

Page | 121
 ANNEX 9: SINCE Quarterly Indicators Achievement Matrix

The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

SINCE PROGRAMME AGGREGATE DATA - Quarter 3: July - Total achieved Total values achieved disaggregated (from beginning of % of Total achievement (from beginning
September 2018 (from beginning Project to September 2018, All Consortia, total values of Project to September 2018, All
of Project to achieved disaggregated) Consortia, % of total achievement
September disaggregated)
2018, All
Consortia)

achievement

Target group

Target group
Intervention

Target value

Value chain

Value chain
Objectively

Total value
Level of LF

indicators
verifiable

achieved
Baseline

35-over

35-over
Female

Female
15-34

15-34
value

Male

Male
logic

% of

%
To contribute % reduction of
to the irregular
reduction of migration from
irregular the target areas 14% 12%
migration (disaggregated by
from region, sex and
Overall Northern and age)
Objectiv Central % reduction of
e Ethiopia by propensity to
improving the irregular
living migration in the
conditions of 26% 13%
target areas
the most (disaggregated by
vulnerable region, sex and
population, age)

Page | 122
 including
% increase in the
potential
average income
migrants and
in the target
returnees
areas 1.085 12%
with specific
(disaggregated by
focus on
region, sex and
youth and
age)
women.
% reduction of
unemployment in
the target areas
16% 9%
(disaggregated by
region, sex and
age)

To establish No. of
inclusive unemployed
economic and/or inactive
programs that target
create beneficiaries
employment who are
opportunities employed
for potential through job 0 8200
migrants, opportunities
returnees and created by SINCE
refugees, (disaggregated by
especially region, value
Specific chain, target
women and
Objectiv group, ER, sex
youths, in the
e and age)
most
migration No. of target
prone regions beneficiaries who
of Ethiopia are still employed
(Addis Ababa, 3 months after
Amhara, employment
Oromia, contract signed 0 6,650
SNNPR and (disaggregated by
Tigray) by region, value
strengthening chain, target
the capacities group, ER, sex
of local and age)

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 vocational
% increase of
training
average income
providers
among target
(TVET) and
beneficiaries
promoting
(disaggregated by
public private 0% 36%
region, value
partnerships
chain, target
(PPPs) in
group, ER, sex
strategic
and age)
economic
clusters.

No. of new or
improved TVETs
trainings based
on market
0 33
demand
(disaggregated by
region and value
chain)
Improved
access of No. of trainees
beneficiaries who complete
to TVET and the SINCE
employments supported TVETs
opportunities trainings and who
through the receive a
ER1 0 7,200
promotion of certificate
partnerships (disaggregated by
among TVET region, value
service chain, target
providers and group, sex and
the private age)
sector.
No. of job
creation oriented
PPPs supported
and created by
0 112
SINCE actions
(disaggregated by
region and value
chain)

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 No. of job
placements
facilitated
through SINCE
(disaggregated by 0 7,800
region, value
chain, target
group, sex and
age)

No. of SMEs
supported by
SINCE
(disaggregated by 0 322
region, value
chain and type of
support)
% of average
improvement
Improved incapacity of
capacity of SMEs supported
selected 0% 18%
by SINCE
industrial (disaggregated by
clusters to region and value
create chain)
ER2
additional job
opportunities No. of
with a special agreements with
focus on the private sector
promotion of that include
decent work. obligations to
0 131
adhere to decent
work principles
(disaggregated by
region and value
chain)
No. of
subcontracting
0 122
arrangements
between SMEs

Page | 125
 supported and
larger enterprises
(disaggregated by
region, SME and
value chain)
% increase in
employment in
SMEs reinforced
by SINCE
0% 16%
(disaggregated by
region, value
chain, sex and
age )

No. of trainees of
the SINCE
supported TVETs
trainings
(disaggregated by 0 11,000
region, value
chain, target
group, sex and
EXTRA age)
INDICATORS Number of multi-
Common
USED BY ALL stakeholder
OP
CONSORTIA platforms
AT OP LEVEL established by
the project to
facilitate
0 15
dialogue
between the
public and
private sector on
the issue of job
placement

Page | 126
 This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole
responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.

Acknowledgments
UNIDO has formulated this comprehensive SINCE Monitoring Handbook through the technical expertise of
Mrs. Silvia Favaron and in close cooperation with the Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa, and SINCE
Programme Implementing Consortia.
A special mention and thanks goes to the European Union Delegation, Donor of SINCE Programme, and all
the Government of Ethiopia engaged counterparts, TVETs and Private Sector who made this work possible.

DISCLAIMER
This technical paper has been produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO) and has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and
the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever
on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
concerning the legal status on any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. The opinions,
figures, and estimates set forth should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying
endorsement of UNIDO. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not imply endorsement by
UNIDO.

Page | 127
 The Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa

Contacts:
UNIDO Office in Ethiopia Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa EU Delegation in Ethiopia

P.O. Box 5580 or 14771 P.O. Box 1105 P.O.Box: 5570

UNECA Compound, II Menilik Avenue Villa Italia Kebenà Cape Verde Road
Congo Building 3rd floor North wing Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Telephone: +251 (0) 115 514 245, Telephone: +251 (0) 111 235 684, Telephone: +251 (0) 11 661 25 11
Fax: +251 (0) 11 551 27 33 Fax: +251 (0) 111 235 689 Fax: +251 (0) 11 661 28 77
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

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