Cestodes and Trematodes - Reviewer

COLLEGE OF NURSING: 2ND SEMESTER FINALS
MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

 Disease: Cysticercosis – is the result of larval
encystation in tissues of the body
CESTODES AND TREMATODES  Laboratory Diagnosis: Microscopic
examination of stool specimen, Biopsy or CT
Properties of Cestodes (Tapeworms) scan
 Primitive worms with flat and consist of three  Treatment: Praziquantel, Surgical removal of the
distinct region larvae, Anti- convulsant
 Head contains organ of attachment Scolex
 Do not possess a digestive system Diphyllobothrium latum (Broad Fish Tapeworm)
 Classified under the subkingdom Metazoa,  eggs consist of ciliated larvae called Coracidia
phylum Platyhelminthes  uterine structure located and assumes a rosette
 A series of proglottids is called Strobila formation
 All cestodes are hermaphroditic  Definitive hosts – Human and fish-eating
 • Each Proglottids is capable of lying eggs mammals
 Oldest proglottids are found at the distal part of  Ingestion of improperly cooked or raw fish
the body containing plerocercoid
 Parasite may compete with the hosts for vitamin
Life Cycle of Cestodes B12 leading to deficiency of the vitamins
 Eggs excreted in the feces of infected Hosts →  Disease: Diphyllobothriasis
transmitted to the intermediate Hosts  Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool specimen
 Acquired through ingestion of undercooked or  Treatment: Praziquantel, Niclosamide
raw
 Ingested larvae transformed into adult worms Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)
 Does not require an obligatory intermediate
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm) animal hosts
 Definitive Hosts – Human feces  Ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water
 Intermediate Hosts – Cattle  ingestion of rice or flour beetles containing the
 Acquired by ingestion of improperly cooked or infective larvae
raw beef  Common in areas with inadequate sanitation and
 Mature into an adult worms within hygiene
approximately three months  children and persons living in crowded areas are
 Diagnosis: Taeniasis at risk of developing infection
 Clinical manifestation: Diarrhea, Abdominal  Clinical manifestation: Nausea, weaken, Loss
pain, Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Body of appetite, diarrhea, Abdominal pain
malaise, Itchiness in anal region  Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool examination
 Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool examination -  Treatment: Praziquantel, Niclosamide
fecal specimens
 Treatment: Praziquantel Extra-Intestinal Cestodes: Echinococcus granulosus
(Dog Tapeworm or Hydatid Tapeworm)
Taenia solium infection (Pork Tapeworm)  common in Africa, Europe, Asia, Middle East,
 Scolex contains a rostellum Central and South America
 square in appearance containing 7-15 uterine  Zoonotic type of infection
branches  Definitive Host – Dogs
 Prevalent in communities with poor sanitation  Intermediate Host – Sheep
and people who eat raw or undercooked pork  Accidental and dead-end Hosts – Humans
 Ingestion of improperly cooked or raw pork  Diagnostic stage – larval form encased in a cyst
 Ingestion of food or water contaminated with wall called Hydatid cyst
human feces  ingestion of food and water contaminated by dog
 Disease: Taeniasis – improperly cooked pork, feces
the disease produced by the adult worm  Disease: Echinococcosis, Hydatid Cyst Disease
Hydatid Disease: Hydatidosis
ANNA L. G.
COLLEGE OF NURSING: 2ND SEMESTER FINALS
MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY
 Laboratory Diagnosis: Examination of biopsy  Higher risk of developing Cholangiocarcinoma
specimen, Serologic test, Radiography associated with development of Cholelithiasis
 Treatment: Surgery, Medical management,  Disease: Clonorchiasis
Mebendazole, albendazole, praziquantel  Heavy worm burden – manifest upper abdominal
pain, anorexia, hepatomegaly, diarrhea, and
TREMATODES eosinophilia
 Chronic infection – liver dysfunction associated
General Properties of Trematodes with heavy worm burden
 known as flukes, belong to the class of  Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool examination,
Trematoda or Digenea Duodenal aspirates
 Hermaphroditic or dioecious except Schistosoma  Treatment: Praziquantel, Albendazole
 Flukes - are fleshy, leaf-shaped worms
 Oral type – beginning of an incomplete digestive Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Flukes)
system  First intermediate host – Snail
 Ventral sucker – serves for attachment  Second intermediate host – Edible aquatic
 Morphologic stage – eggs of trematodes plants (kangkong and watercress)
recovered from humans  Ingesting raw edible aquatic plants
 Mollusks (snails and clams) intermediate hosts  Drinking water contaminated by Metacercaria
 Ingestion of undercooked or raw second  Acute or invasive phase – necrotic lesions in the
intermediate hosts liver
 Skin penetration by the infective larvae  Chronic stage – obstruct the bile duct
 Disease: Fascioliasis or Sheep Liver Rot
Blood- dwelling Flukes: Schistosoma  Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool examination,
 found in fresh water contaminated with feces or Sample of patient’s bile, ELISA, Enterotest
urine  Treatment: Dichlorophenol (bithionol),
 acquired through skin penetration Triclabendazole
 Schistosomes – are obligate intravascular
parasite Paragonimus westermani (Oriental Lung Fluke)
 Reservoir - domestic animals (water buffalo,  Reservoir hosts – Pigs, Monkeys and other
pigs) animal that eat crayfish and crabs
 Eggs in the liver induce granuloma formation  Intermediate hosts – Snail
leading to fibrosis  Second intermediate – Crabs or crayfish
 Disease: Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)  Ingestion of raw or undercooked crabs or
 Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool examination, crayfish
Rectal biopsy, Urinalysis  Disease: Paragonimiasis (Pulmonary distomiasis,
 Treatment: Praziquantel 1-2 days, No vaccine Endemic hemoptysis, Parasitic hemoptysis)
available, Oxamniquine, Artemether and  Laboratory Diagnosis: Sputum exam, Stool
artemisinins exam, Chest Xray
 Treatment: Praziquantel, Bithionol
Tissue-dwelling Flukes Clonorchis sinensis (Asian
Liver Fluke, Chinese Liver Fluke) Fasciolopsis buski (Large Intestinal Fluke)
 First intermediate host – freshwater snail  Reservoir Hosts – Pigs and Dogs
 Second intermediate host – freshwater fish  F. buski – largest intestinal fluke that can infect
 Lifespan – 25-30 yrs. humans
 Miracidium – penetrates first intermediate host  Disease: Fasciolopsis
and develops Sporocyst contains larval stage  Laboratory Diagnosis: Stool examination ,
(Rediae) Examination of bile samples and duodenal
 ingesting raw or undercooked freshwater fish aspirates
 Parasites inhabit the bile ducts can damage  Treatment: Praziquantel
biliary tract
ANNA L. G.

Cestodes and Trematodes - Reviewer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cestodes and Trematodes - Reviewer

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cestodes and Trematodes - Reviewer

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COLLEGE OF NURSING: 2ND SEMESTER FINALS

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

You might also like