QA Booklet

1 Testing Types and Techniques......................................................................................................3

1.1 Unit Testing.............................................................................................................................3
1.2 Smoke Testing and Sanity testing..........................................................................................3
1.2.1 Smoke Testing..............................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Sanity testing................................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Smoke Testing Vs Sanity Testing.................................................................................4
1.3 System testing........................................................................................................................5
1.4 Retesting and Regression testing...........................................................................................5
1.4.1 Re-testing......................................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Regression Testing.......................................................................................................5
1.4.3 Retesting Vs Regression Testing.................................................................................6
1.5 Integration testing...................................................................................................................6
1.5.1 Advantages of integration testing:................................................................................6
1.6 Interface testing......................................................................................................................7
1.7 Functional vs. Non-Functional Testing...................................................................................7
1.7.1 Functional Testing.........................................................................................................7
1.7.2 Non-Functional Testing.................................................................................................7
1.7.3 Functional Vs. Non-Functional Testing.........................................................................8
1.8 Performance testing................................................................................................................8
1.9 Load testing............................................................................................................................9
1.10 Stress testing.......................................................................................................................9
1.10.1 Difference between Load and Stress testing................................................................9
1.11 Recovery testing................................................................................................................10
1.12 Security testing..................................................................................................................10
1.13 Compatibility testing..........................................................................................................11
1.14 Exploratory testing.............................................................................................................11
1.15 Monkey testing..................................................................................................................11
1.16 Ad hoc testing....................................................................................................................12
1.17 Accessibility testing...........................................................................................................12
1.18 Usability testing.................................................................................................................12
1.19 Acceptance testing............................................................................................................12
 1.20 Alpha and Beta testing......................................................................................................13
1.20.1 Alpha Testing..............................................................................................................13
1.20.2 Beta Testing................................................................................................................13
1.21 Positive and Negative testing............................................................................................14
1.22 Dynamic and Static Testing...............................................................................................15
1.23 Black box testing...............................................................................................................16
1.24 White box testing...............................................................................................................16
1.25 Grey box testing................................................................................................................17
1.26 Equivalence Partitioning and Boundary Value Analysis...................................................17
1.27 Backend testing.................................................................................................................18
1.28 Test Case..........................................................................................................................31
2 Test Script.....................................................................................................................................33
2.1.1 Requirement collection and analysis:.........................................................................37
2.2 Requirement Analysis...........................................................................................................50
STLC Phases and Activities.........................................................................................................62

1 Testing Types and Techniques

1.1 Unit Testing

UNIT testing is defined as a type of software testing where individual units/ components of
software are tested.
Unit testing of software applications is done during the development (coding) of an application.
The objective of Unit Testing is to isolate a section of code and verify its correctness. Unit testing
is usually performed by the developer.
 In SDLC, STLC, V Model, Unit testing is first level of testing done before integration testing. Unit
testing is a WhiteBox testing technique that is usually performed by the developer. Though, in a
practical world due to time crunch or reluctance of developers to tests, QA engineers also do unit
testing.
Unit Tests fix bug early in development cycle and save costs. It helps understand the developers
the code base and enable them to make changes quickly.

1.2 Smoke Testing and Sanity testing

1.2.1Smoke Testing
Smoke Testing is a special type of testing performed on Software build to check the critical
functionalities of the program. It is done at the early stage before regression testing or any other
detailed testing is performed on the software build. The purpose of smoke testing is to reject badly
performing application so that the QA team does not have to waste time in the installation or
testing of a software application.
In smoke testing, the test cases are chosen to define the most critical functions of the application
or component of the system. The objective is clear here to verify the most critical functionalities of
the system either they are working fine or not.
For example, a typical smoke test involves:
 Verification of the application either it is launched successfully or not,
 Verify either GUI of the application is responsive or not,
 Verify either financial transactions are completed well and more….
In brief, Smoke Testing makes sure that build is testable or not received from the development
team. It is also named as the “Day 0” check and performed on the build level. It saves time as you
don’t have to test the whole application if the core functionalities of the program are not working.
So, the primary focus will be the core application workflow in case of the Smoke testing.

1.2.2Sanity testing
Sanity Testing is a special type of software testing performed after receiving a software build with
little changes in code or functionality to ascertain that certain bugs have been fixed in advance to
resolve functionality issues. The goal of sanity testing is to determine that the proposed
functionalities are working roughly as expected. If sanity testing fails then the build is rejected
directly to save time and costs that are involved in more rigorous testing.
The objective of sanity testing is not to verify the core functionalities thoroughly but to determine
that the developer has applied some rationality while building a software program. For example, if
your scientific calculator fives the result of 2+2=5! for the instance, then there is no need to check
the advanced functionalities like trigonometry calculations or more.
 Sanity testing is performed during the release phase to check the main functionalities of an
application without going into depth. It is named as the subset of regression testing. There are
certain cases when regression testing is not done to the build due to time constraints and sanity
testing is considered more suitable to check the main functionalities.
The major difference between both types of testing can be quickly understood by the diagram
given below.

1.2.3Smoke Testing Vs Sanity Testing

Smoke Testing Sanity Testing

Smoke Testing is performed to ascertain Sanity Testing is done to check the new
that the critical functionalities of the program functionality/bugs have been fixed
is working fine

The objective of this testing is to verify the The objective of the testing is to verify the
"stability" of the system in order to proceed "rationality" of the system in order to proceed
with more rigorous testing with more rigorous testing

This testing is performed by the developers Sanity testing is usually performed by testers
or testers

Smoke testing is usually documented or Sanity testing is usually not documented and is
scripted unscripted

Smoke testing is a subset of Acceptance Sanity testing is a subset of Regression Testing

testing

Smoke testing exercises the entire system Sanity testing exercises only the particular
from end to end component of the entire system

Smoke testing is like General Health Check Sanity Testing is like specialized health check
Up up

1.3 System testing

 System Testing is the testing of a complete and fully integrated software product. Usually,
software is only one element of a larger computer-based system. Ultimately, software is interfaced
with other software/hardware systems. System Testing is actually a series of different tests whose
sole purpose is to exercise the full computer-based system.
Two Category of Software Testing
 Black Box Testing
 White Box Testing
System Testing involves testing the software code for following
 Testing the fully integrated applications including external peripherals in order to check how
components interact with one another and with the system as a whole. This is also called
End to End testing scenario.
 Verify thorough testing of every input in the application to check for desired outputs.
 Testing of the user's experience with the application.

1.4 Retesting and Regression testing

1.4.1Re-testing
Re-testing is a type of testing performed to check the test cases that were unsuccessful in the
previous execution are now successfully passed after the defects are fixed.

1.4.2Regression Testing
Regression Testing is a type of software testing executed to check whether a code change has
not unfavorably disturbed current features & functions of an Application

1.4.3Retesting Vs Regression Testing

Regression Testing Re-testing

Regression Testing is carried out to Re-testing is carried out to confirm

confirm whether a recent program the test cases that failed in the final
or code change has not adversely execution are passing after the
affected existing features defects are fixed

The purpose of Regression Testing Re-testing is done on the basis of

is that new code changes should the Defect fixes
not have any side effects to existing
functionalities

Defect verification is not the part of Defect verification is the part of re-
Regression Testing testing

Based on the project and availability Priority of re-testing is higher than

of resources, Regression Testing regression testing, so it is carried out
 can be carried out parallel with Re- before regression testing
testing

You can do automation for You cannot automate the test cases
regression testing, Manual for Retesting
Testing could be expensive and
time-consuming

Regression testing is done for Retesting is done only for failed test
passed test cases cases

Regression testing checks for Re-testing makes sure that the

unexpected side-effects original fault has been corrected

1.5 Integration testing

Testing of all integrated modules to verify the combined functionality after integration is termed as
Integration Testing. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server
applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and
distributed systems. Integration testing is the process of testing the interface between two
software units or module. It’s focus on determining the correctness of the interface. The purpose
of the integration testing is to expose faults in the interaction between integrated units. Once all
the modules have been unit tested, integration testing is performed.

1.5.1Advantages of integration testing:

 Integration testing provides a systematic technique for assembling a software system while
conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing.
 The application is tested in order to verify that it meets the standards set by the client as
well as reassuring the development team that assumptions which were made during unit
testing are correct.
 Integration testing need not wait until all the modules of a system are coded and unit
tested. Instead, it can begin as soon as the relevant modules are available.
 Integration testing or incremental testing is necessary to verify whether the software
modules work in unity.
 System Integration testing includes a number of techniques like Incremental, Top- down,
Bottom –Up, Sandwich and Big Bang Integration techniques.

1.6 Interface testing

Interface Testing is defined as a software testing type which verifies whether the communication
between two different software systems is done correctly. A connection that integrates two
components is called interface. This interface in a computer world could be anything like API's,
 web services, etc. Testing of these connecting services or interface is referred to as Interface
Testing. An interface is actually software that consists of sets of commands, messages, and other
attributes that enable communication between components. This testing ensures that end-users or
customer should not encounter any problem when using a particular software product.

1.7 Functional vs. Non-Functional Testing

1.7.1Functional Testing
Functional testing is a type of testing which verifies that each function of the software application
operates in conformance with the requirement specification. This testing mainly involves black box
testing, and it is not concerned about the source code of the application. Every functionality of the
system is tested by providing appropriate input, verifying the output and comparing the actual
results with the expected results. This testing involves checking of User Interface, APIs, Database,
security, client/ server applications and functionality of the Application under Test. The testing can
be done either manually or using automation.

1.7.2Non-Functional Testing
Non-functional testing is a type of testing to check non-functional aspects (performance, usability,
reliability, etc.) of a software application. It is explicitly designed to test the readiness of a system
as per nonfunctional parameters which are never addressed by functional testing.
A good example of non-functional test would be to check how many people can simultaneously
login into a software.
Non-functional testing is equally important as functional testing and affects client satisfaction.

1.7.3Functional Vs. Non-Functional Testing

Parameters Functional testing Non-functional testing

Execution It is performed before non- It is performed after the functional

functional testing. testing.

Focus area It is based on customer's It focuses on customer's expectation.

requirements.

Requirement It is easy to define functional It is difficult to define the requirements

requirements. for non-functional testing.

Usage Helps to validate the behavior Helps to validate the performance of

of the application. the application.

Objective Carried out to validate software It is done to validate the performance

actions. of the software.
Parameters Functional testing Non-functional testing

Requirements Functional testing is carried out This kind of testing is carried out by
using the functional performance specifications
specification.

Manual testing Functional testing is easy to It's very hard to perform non-
execute by manual testing. functional testing manually.

Functionality It describes what the product It describes how the product works.
does.

Example Test Check login functionality. The dashboard should load in 2

Case seconds.

1.8 Performance testing

Performance Testing is defined as a type of software testing to ensure software applications will
perform well under their expected workload.
Features and Functionality supported by a software system is not the only concern. A software
application's performance like its response time, reliability, resource usage and scalability do
matter. The goal of Performance Testing is not to find bugs but to eliminate performance
bottlenecks.
The focus of Performance Testing is checking a software program

 Speed - Determines whether the application responds quickly

 Scalability - Determines maximum user load the software application can handle.
 Stability - Determines if the application is stable under varying loads

1.9 Load testing

Load testing is a kind of Performance Testing which determines a system's performance under
real-life load conditions. This testing helps determine how the application behaves when multiple
users access it simultaneously.
This testing usually identifies -

 The maximum operating capacity of an application

 Determine whether the current infrastructure is sufficient to run the application
 Sustainability of application with respect to peak user load
 Number of concurrent users that an application can support, and scalability to allow more
users to access it.
 It is a type of non-functional testing. In Software Engineering, Load testing is commonly used
for the Client/Server, Web-based applications - both Intranet and Internet.

1.10 Stress testing

Stress Testing is defined as a type of Software Testing that verified the stability & reliability of the
system. This test mainly determines the system on its robustness and error handling under
extremely heavy load conditions.
It even tests beyond the normal operating point and evaluates how the system works under those
extreme conditions. Stress Testing is done to make sure that the system would not crash under
crunch situations.

1.10.1 Difference between Load and Stress testing

Load Testing Stress Testing

Load Testing is to test the system Stress testing is to test the system behavior
behavior under normal workload under extreme conditions and is carried out till
conditions, and it is just testing or the system failure.
simulating with the actual workload

Load testing does not break the Stress testing tries to break the system by
system testing with overwhelming data or resources.

1.11 Recovery testing

Recovery testing is a type of non-functional testing technique performed in order to determine how
quickly the system can recover after it has gone through system crash or hardware failure.
Recovery testing is the forced failure of the software to verify if the recovery is successful.
The life cycle of the recovery process can be classified into the following five steps:
1. Normal operation
2. Disaster occurrence
3. Disruption and failure of the operation
4. Disaster clearance through the recovery process
5. Reconstruction of all processes and information to bring the whole system to move to
normal operation
1.12 Security testing
Security Testing is a type of Software Testing that uncovers vulnerabilities of the system and
determines that the data and resources of the system are protected from possible intruders. It
ensures that the software system and application are free from any threats or risks that can cause
a loss. Security testing of any system is focuses on finding all possible loopholes and weaknesses
of the system which might result into the loss of information or repute of the organization.
The goal of security testing is to:
 To identify the threats in the system.
 To measure the potential vulnerabilities of the system.
 To help in detecting every possible security risks in the system.
 To help developers in fixing the security problems through coding.
Major Focus Areas in Security Testing:
 Network Security
 System Software Security
 Client-side Application Security
 Server-side Application Security

1.13 Compatibility testing

Compatibility Testing is a type of Software testing to check whether your software is capable of
running on different hardware, operating systems, applications, network environments
or Mobile devices. Compatibility Testing is a type of Non-functional testing.
For example, to test that the software runs successfully on operating systems like Windows, Unix,
Mac OS and in browsers like Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer etc.

1.14 Exploratory testing

Exploratory testing is all about discovery, investigation, and learning. It emphasizes personal
freedom and responsibility of the individual tester. It is defined as a type of testing where Test
cases are not created in advance but testers check system on the fly. They may note down ideas
about what to test before test execution. The focus of exploratory testing is more on testing as a
"thinking" activity.

1.15 Monkey testing

Monkey testing is a technique in software testing where the user tests the application by providing
random inputs and checking the behavior (or try to crash the application). Mostly this technique is
done automatically where the user enters any random invalid inputs and checks the behavior. As
 said earlier, there are no rules; this technique does not follows any predefined test cases or
strategy and thus works on tester’s mood and gut feeling.
Advantages of Monkey Testing:
 Can identify some out of the box errors.
 Easy to set up and execute
 Can be done by “not so skilled” resources.
 A good technique to test the reliability of the software
 Can identify bugs which may have higher impact.
 Not costly

1.16 Ad hoc testing

Adhoc testing is defined as an informal testing type with an aim to break the system. This
Software Testing type is usually an unplanned activity. It does not follow any test design
techniques to create test cases. In fact it does not create test cases altogether!
Ad hoc Testing does not follow any structured way of testing and it is randomly done on any part
of application. Main aim of this testing is to find defects by random checking. Adhoc testing can be
achieved with the Software testing technique called Error Guessing. Error guessing can be done
by the people having enough experience on the system to "guess" the most likely source of errors.
In Software Engineering, Ad-hoc Testing saves lot of time as it doesn't require elaborate test
planning, documentation and Test Case design.

1.17 Accessibility testing

Accessibility Testing is defined as a type of Software Testing performed to ensure that the
application being tested is usable by people with disabilities like hearing, color blindness, old age
and other disadvantaged groups. It is a subset of Usability Testing.
People with disabilities use assistive technology which helps them in operating a software product.
Examples of such software are:

 Speech Recognition Software - It will convert the spoken word to text, which serves as
input to the computer.
 Screen reader software - Used to read out the text that is displayed on the screen
 Screen Magnification Software- Used to enlarge the monitor and make reading easy for
vision-impaired users.
 Special keyboard made for the users for easy typing who have motor control difficulties

1.18 Usability testing

 Usability Testing is defined as a type of software testing where a small set of target end-users, of
a software system, "use" it to expose usability defects. This testing mainly focuses on the user's
ease to use the application, flexibility in handling controls and the ability of the system to meet its
objectives. It is also called User Experience (UX) Testing.

1.19 Acceptance testing

Acceptance Testing is a level of software testing where a system is tested for acceptability. The
purpose of this test is to evaluate the system’s compliance with the business requirements and
assess whether it is acceptable for delivery.
It is formal testing with respect to user needs, requirements, and business processes conducted to
determine whether or not a system satisfies the acceptance criteria and to enable the user,
customers or other authorized entity to determine whether or not to accept the system.

1.20 Alpha and Beta testing

1.20.1 Alpha Testing
Alpha testing is a type of acceptance testing; performed to identify all possible issues/bugs before
releasing the product to everyday users or the public. The focus of this testing is to simulate real
users by using a black box and white box techniques. The aim is to carry out the tasks that a
typical user might perform. To put it as simple as possible, this kind of testing is called alpha only
because it is done early on, near the end of the development of the software, and before beta
testing.

1.20.2 Beta Testing

Beta Testing of a product is performed by "real users" of the software application in a "real
environment" and can be considered as a form of external User Acceptance Testing.
 Beta version of the software is released to a limited number of end-users of the product to obtain
feedback on the product quality. Beta testing reduces product failure risks and provides increased
quality of the product through customer validation.
It is the final test before shipping a product to the customers. Direct feedback from customers is a
major advantage of Beta Testing. This testing helps to tests the product in customer's
environment.

Alpha Testing Beta Testing

Alpha testing performed by Testers  Beta testing is performed by Clients or

who are usually internal employees of End Users who are not employees of the
the organization organization
 Alpha Testing performed at Beta testing is performed at a client
developer's site location or end user of the product

Reliability and Security Testing are Reliability, Security, Robustness are

not performed  in-depth Alpha Testing checked during Beta Testing

Alpha testing involves both the white Beta Testing typically uses Black Box
box and black box techniques
Testing

Alpha testing requires a lab Beta testing doesn't require any lab
environment or testing environment environment or testing environment. The
software is made available to the public
and  is said to be real time environment

Long execution cycle may be required Only a few weeks of execution are
for Alpha testing required for Beta testing

Critical issues or fixes can be Most of the issues or feedback is

addressed by developers immediately collected from Beta testing will be
in Alpha testing implemented in future versions of the
product

Alpha testing is to ensure the quality of Beta testing also concentrates on the
the product before moving to Beta quality of the product, but gathers users
testing input on the product and ensures that the
product is ready for real time users.

1.21 Positive and Negative testing

Positive testing is the type of testing that can be performed on the system by providing the valid
data as input. It checks whether an application behaves as expected with positive inputs. This test
is done to check the application that does what it is supposed to do.
Negative Testing is a variant of testing that can be performed on the system by providing invalid
data as input. It checks whether an application behaves as expected with the negative inputs. This
is to test the application does not do anything that it is not supposed to do so.
Following techniques are used for Positive and negative validation of testing is:
 Boundary Value Analysis:
This is one of the software testing technique in which the test cases are designed to include
values at the boundary. If the input data is used within the boundary value limits, then it is said to
be Positive Testing. If the input data is picked outside the boundary value limits, then it is said to
be Negative Testing.
Equivalence Partitioning:
This is a software testing technique which divides the input data into many partitions. Values from
each partition must be tested at least once. Partitions with valid values are used for Positive
Testing. While partitions with invalid values are used for negative testing.
Testing helps deliver quality software application and ensures the software is bug-free before the
software is launched. For effective testing, use both - Positive and Negative testing which give
enough confidence in the quality of the software.

1.22 Dynamic and Static Testing

Under Static Testing, code is not executed. Rather it manually checks the code, requirement
documents, and design documents to find errors. Hence, the name "static".
The main objective of this testing is to improve the quality of software products by finding errors in
the early stages of the development cycle. This testing is also called a Non-execution technique or
verification testing.
Static testing involves manual or automated reviews of the documents. This review is done during
an initial phase of testing to catch Defect early in STLC. It examines work documents and
provides review comments.
Under Dynamic Testing, the code is executed. It checks for functional behavior of software
system, memory/CPU usage and overall performance of the system. Hence the name "Dynamic"
The main objective of this testing is to confirm that the software product works in conformance
with the business requirements. This testing is also called an Execution technique or validation
testing.

Static Testing Dynamic Testing

Testing was done without executing the
program Testing is done by executing the program
This testing does the verification
process Dynamic testing does the validation process
Static testing is about prevention of Dynamic testing is about finding and fixing
defects the defects

Static testing gives an assessment of Dynamic testing gives bugs/bottlenecks in

code and documentation the software system.
 Static testing involves a checklist and Dynamic testing involves test cases for
process to be followed execution

This testing can be performed before Dynamic testing is performed after

compilation compilation

Static testing covers the structural and Dynamic testing covers the executable file
statement coverage testing of the code

Cost of finding defects and fixing is less Cost of finding and fixing defects is high
Return on investment will be low as this
Return on investment will be high as process involves after the development
this process involved at an early stage phase

More reviews  comments are highly More defects are highly recommended for
recommended for good quality good quality.

Requires loads of meetings Comparatively requires lesser meetings

1.23 Black box testing

Black box testing is defined as a testing technique in which functionality of the Application Under
Test (AUT) is tested without looking at the internal code structure, implementation details and
knowledge of internal paths of the software. In Black Box Testing we just focus on inputs and
output of the software system without bothering about internal knowledge of the software program.

1.24 White box testing

White Box Testing is defined as the testing of a software solution's internal structure, design, and
coding. In this type of testing, the code is visible to the tester. It focuses primarily on verifying the
flow of inputs and outputs through the application, improving design and usability, strengthening
security. White box testing is also known as Clear Box testing, Open Box testing, Structural
testing, Transparent Box testing, Code-Based testing, and Glass Box testing. It is usually
performed by developers.

Black Box Testing White Box Testing

The main focus of black box testing is White Box Testing (Unit Testing)
on the validation of your functional validates internal structure and working of
requirements. your software code
 Black box testing gives abstraction To conduct White Box Testing,
from code and focuses on testing effort knowledge of underlying programming
on the software system behavior. language is essential. Current day
software systems use a variety of
programming languages and
technologies and its not possible to know
all of them.

Black box testing facilitates testing White box testing does not facilitate
communication amongst modules testing communication amongst modules

1.25 Grey box testing

Gray Box Testing is a software testing technique which is a combination of Black Box
Testing technique and White Box Testing technique. In Black Box Testing technique, tester is
unknown to the internal structure of the item being tested and in White Box Testing the internal
structure is known to tester. The internal structure is partially known in Gray Box Testing. This
includes access to internal data structures and algorithms for purpose of designing the test cases.
Gray Box Testing is named so because the software program is like a semitransparent or grey
box inside which tester can partially see. It commonly focuses on context-specific errors related to
web systems.

1.26 Equivalence Partitioning and Boundary Value Analysis

Boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning both are test case design strategies in black
box testing.
Equivalence Partitioning:
In this method, the input domain data is divided into different equivalence data classes. This
method is typically used to reduce the total number of test cases to a finite set of testable test
cases, still covering maximum requirements.
In short, it is the process of taking all possible test cases and placing them into classes. One test
value is picked from each class while testing.
E.g.: If you are testing for an input box accepting numbers from 1 to 1000 then there is no use in
writing thousand test cases for all 1000 valid input numbers plus other test cases for invalid data.
Using equivalence partitioning method above test cases can be divided into three sets of input
data called as classes. Each test case is a representative of a respective class.
So in above example, we can divide our test cases into three equivalence classes of some valid
and invalid inputs.
 Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and 1000 using Equivalence Partitioning:
1) One input data class with all valid inputs. Pick a single value from range 1 to 1000 as a valid
test case. If you select other values between 1 and 1000 the result is going to be same. So one
test case for valid input data should be sufficient.
2) Input data class with all values below the lower limit. I.e. any value below 1, as an invalid input
data test case.
3) Input data with any value greater than 1000 to represent third invalid input class.
So using equivalence partitioning you have categorized all possible test cases into three classes.
Test cases with other values from any class should give you the same result.
We have selected one representative from every input class to design our test cases. Test case
values are selected in such a way that largest number of attributes of equivalence class can be
exercised.
Equivalence partitioning uses fewest test cases to cover maximum requirements.
Boundary value analysis:
It's widely recognized that input values at the extreme ends of input domain cause more errors in
the system. More application errors occur at the boundaries of input domain. ‘Boundary value
analysis' testing technique is used to identify errors at boundaries rather than finding those exist in
center of input domain.
Boundary value analysis is the next part of Equivalence partitioning for designing test cases where
test cases are selected at the edges of the equivalence classes.
Test cases for input box accepting numbers between 1 and 1000 using Boundary value analysis:
1) Test cases with test data exactly as the input boundaries of input domain i.e. values 1 and 1000
in our case.
2) Test data with values just below the extreme edges of input domains i.e. values 0 and 999.
3) Test data with values just above the extreme edges of input domain i.e. values 2 and 1001.
Boundary value analysis is often called as a part of stress and negative testing.

1.27 Backend testing

Backend testing is defined as a type of testing that checks the server side or Database. It is also
known as Database Testing. The data entered in the front end will be stored in the back-end
database. The database may be SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, DB2, etc. The data will be
organized in the tables as record, and it is used to display the contents of the page.
Database or backend testing is important because if it is not done it has some serious
complications like deadlock, data corruption, data loss, etc.
Advantages for back end testing
  Full control of Test coverage and depth
 In early development stage, many bugs can be effectively found
In order to do the back end testing, tester is expected to have strong background in database
server and knowledge of structured query language.

1.28 Penetration testing

Penetration testing, also called pen testing or ethical hacking, is the practice of testing a computer
system, network or web application to find security vulnerabilities that an attacker could exploit.
Penetration testing can be automated with software applications or performed manually. Either
way, the process involves gathering information about the target before the test, identifying
possible entry points, attempting to break in -- either virtually or for real -- and reporting back the
findings.
The main objective of penetration testing is to identify security weaknesses. Penetration testing
can also be used to test an organization's security policy, its adherence to compliance
requirements, its employees' security awareness and the organization's ability to identify and
respond to security incidents.

1.29 Experience based testing

The experience based testing technique is based on the skill and experience of the testers,
experts, users etc. It is conducted in an Ad-hoc manner because proper specifications are not
available to test the applications. Here the tester depends on the past experiences with same
technologies. The tester as per his experience focuses on the important areas of the software like-
the areas mostly used by the customer or the areas most likely to be failed. This kind of testing is
done even when there is no specifications or have inadequate specification list.

The different types of experience based techniques are:

 Error guessing techniques

 Exploratory Techniques

 Checklist based testing

Some of the expected situations to use experience based techniques are

 Non –availability of requirements and specifications.

 Limited knowledge of software product

 Inadequate specification

 Restricted amount of time

 All the members in the IT team can involve in experience based testing

2 Quality assurance and Quality Control

2.1 Quality Assurance

Quality Assurance is popularly known as QA Testing, is defined as an activity to ensure that an
organization is providing the best possible product or service to customers. QA focuses on
improving the processes to deliver Quality Products to the customer. An organization has to
ensure, that processes are efficient and effective as per the quality standards defined for software
products.

 Quality Control
Quality control popularly abbreviated as QC. It is a Software Engineering process used
to ensure quality in a product or a service. It does not deal with the processes used to
create a product; rather it examines the quality of the "end products" and the final
outcome.

1.1. Difference between quality assurance and quality control

Quality Assurance (QA) Quality Control (QC)

 It is a procedure that focuses on  It is a procedure that focuses on

providing assurance that quality fulfilling the quality requested.
requested will be achieved

 QA aims to prevent the defect  QC aims to identify and fix

defects

 It is a method to manage the  It is a method to verify the

quality- Verification quality-Validation

 It does not involve executing the  It always involves executing a

program program

 It's a Preventive technique  It's a Corrective technique

 It's a Proactive measure  It's a Reactive measure

 It is the procedure to create the  It is the procedure to verify that
deliverables deliverables

 QA involves in full software  QC involves in full software

development life cycle testing life cycle

 In order to meet the customer  QC confirms that the standards

requirements, QA defines are followed while working on
standards and methodologies the product

 It is performed before Quality  It is performed only after QA

Control activity is done

 It is a Low-Level Activity, it can  It is a High-Level Activity, it can

identify an error and mistakes identify an error that QA cannot
which QC cannot

 Its main motive is to prevent  Its main motive is to identify

defects in the system. It is a less defects or bugs in the system. It
time-consuming activity is a more time-consuming
activity

 QA ensures that everything is  QC ensures that whatever we

executed in the right way, and have done is as per the
that is why it falls under requirement, and that is why it
verification activity falls under validation activity

 It requires the involvement of the  It requires the involvement of the

whole team Testing team

 The statistical technique applied  The statistical technique applied

on QA is known as SPC or to QC is known as SQC or
Statistical Process Control Statistical Quality Control
(SPC)
 1.2. Software Quality
Quality is extremely hard to define, and it is simply stated: "Fit for use or
purpose." It is all about meeting the needs and expectations of customers with
respect to functionality, design, reliability, durability, & price of the product.
Software quality: The totality of functionality and features of a software product
that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Software quality is the characteristic of the software that defines how well the
software meets the customer requirements, business requirements, coding
standards etc. It can be divided into two categories:
Software Functional Quality:  characteristics that define how well the software
meets functional requirements, and how well it satisfies the end-users.
Software Non-Functional Quality:  characteristics that define how well
structural requirements are met that support the delivery of functional
requirements. It is usually related to software code and internal structure.

1.3. Software Quality Parameters

Following are the different attributes (parameters) that are used to measure the
software quality:
Testability – How easy it is to test the software and to what extent it can be tested.
Usability – It defines how user friendly the software is.
Understandability – How easily the software can be made understood to a layman
about its functions/purpose
Consistency – How far the software is consistent / uniform in terms of GUI,
terminologies, conventions.
Efficiency – It defines the amount of work that the software can do in defined
timeframe with minimum resources used.
Effectiveness – The extent to which the software satisfies the user and meets user
requirements
Accuracy – How accurately the software works with gives the correct results.
Maintainability – How easily the software can be maintained in terms of
enhancements/new features/bug fixes.
Reliability – How reliable the software is in performing required functions under
different scenarios/conditions.
 Portability – How easily the software can be transported and run in different
environments e.g. platforms like operating systems (Linux, Mac, Windows),
machines it can run on.
Security – How secured the software is in terms of access authorization and
personal data like passwords.
Robustness – How robust the software is under unexpected events like software
crash, power-off etc and saves its data.

1.4. Software Testing

Software testing is defined as an activity to check whether the actual results
match the expected results and to ensure that the software system is Defect free. It
involves execution of a software component or system component to evaluate one
or more properties of interest.
Software testing also helps to identify errors, gaps or missing requirements in
contrary to the actual requirements. It can be either done manually or using
automated tools. Some prefer saying Software testing as a White Box and Black
Box Testing.
In simple terms, Software Testing means Verification of Application under Test
(AUT).
Why is Software Testing Important?
Testing is important because software bugs could be expensive or even dangerous.
Software bugs can potentially cause monetary and human loss, and history is full of
such examples.
 Some of the Amazon’s third party retailers saw their product price is reduced to 1p
due to a software glitch. They were left with heavy losses.
 Vulnerability in Window 10. This bug enables users to escape from security
sandboxes through a flaw in the win32k system.
 In 2015 fighter plane F-35 fell victim to a software bug, making it unable to detect
targets correctly.
 China Airlines Airbus A300 crashed due to a software bug on April 26, 1994, killing
264 innocent live
 In 1985, Canada's Therac-25 radiation therapy machine malfunctioned due to
software bug and delivered lethal radiation doses to patients, leaving 3 people dead
and critically injuring 3 others.

Types of Software Testing

Typically Testing is classified into three categories.
 Functional Testing
 Non-Functional Testing or Performance Testing
 Maintenance (Regression and Maintenance)

Testing Category Types of Testing

Functional Testing  Unit Testing

 Integration Testing
 Smoke
 UAT ( User Acceptance Testing)
 Localization
 Globalization
 Interoperability
 So on

Non-Functional Testing  Performance

 Endurance
 Load
 Volume
 Scalability
 Usability
 So on

Maintenance  Regression
 Maintenance

This is not the complete list as there are more than 150 types of testing types and
still adding. Also, note that not all testing types are applicable to all projects but
depend on the nature & scope of the project.

1.5. Verification and Validation

Verification is the process of checking that software achieves its goal without any bugs.
It is the process to ensure whether the product that is developed is right or not. It
verifies whether the developed product fulfills the requirements that we have.
Verification is static testing.
Verification means Are we building the product right?
 Validation is the process of checking whether the software product is up to the mark or
in other words product has high level requirements. It is the process of checking the
validation of product i.e. it checks what we are developing is the right product. it is
validation of actual and expected product. Validation is the dynamic testing.
Validation means Are we building the right product?

Verification Vs Validation: Key Difference

 Verification Validation

 The verifying process includes checking  It is a dynamic mechanism of testing

documents, design, code, and program and validating the actual product

 It does not involve executing the code  It always involves executing the code

 Verification uses methods like reviews,  It uses methods like Black Box
walkthroughs, inspections, and desk- Testing, White Box Testing, and non-
checking etc. functional testing

  Whether the software conforms to  It checks whether the software meets

specification is checked the requirements and expectations of a
customer

 It finds bugs early in the development  It can find bugs that the verification
cycle process cannot catch

 Target is application and software  Target is an actual product

architecture, specification, complete
design, high level, and database design
etc.

 QA team does verification and make  With the involvement of testing team
sure that the software is as per the validation is executed on software
 requirement in the SRS document. code.

 It comes before validation  It comes after verification

1.6. Requirement Traceability Matrix

Requirement Traceability Matrix or RTM captures all requirements proposed
by the client or software development team and their traceability in a single
document delivered at the conclusion of the life-cycle.
In other words, it is a document that maps and traces user requirement with test
cases. The main purpose of Requirement Traceability Matrix is to see that all test

cases are covered so that no functionality should miss while doing Software testing.
Why RTM is Important?
The main agenda of every tester should be to understand the client’s requirement
and make sure that the output product should be defect-free. To achieve this goal,
every QA should understand the requirement thoroughly and create positive and
negative test cases.
This would mean that the software requirements provided by the client have to be
further split into different scenarios and further to test cases. Each of this case has
to be executed individually.
 Parameters to include in Requirement Traceability Matrix
 Requirement ID
 Requirement Type and Description
 Test Cases with Status
1.7. Defect lifecycle
Defect Life Cycle or Bug Life Cycle is the specific set of states that a Bug goes
through from discovery to defect fixation.
Bug Life Cycle Status
The number of states that a defect goes through varies from project to project.
Below lifecycle diagram, covers all possible states
 New: When a new defect is logged and posted for the first time. It is assigned a
status as NEW.
 Assigned: Once the bug is posted by the tester, the lead of the tester approves the
bug and assigns the bug to the developer team
 Open: The developer starts analyzing and works on the defect fix
 Fixed: When a developer makes a necessary code change and verifies the change,
he or she can make bug status as "Fixed."
 Retest: Tester does the retesting of the code at this stage to check whether the
defect is fixed by the developer or not and changes the status to "Re-test."

 Verified: The tester re-tests the bug after it got fixed by the developer. If there is no
bug detected in the software, then the bug is fixed and the status assigned is
"verified."
 Reopen: If the bug persists even after the developer has fixed the bug, the tester
changes the status to "reopened". Once again the bug goes through the life cycle.
 Closed: If the bug is no longer exists then tester assigns the status "Closed." 
 Duplicate: If the defect is repeated twice or the defect corresponds to the same
concept of the bug, the status is changed to "duplicate."
  Rejected: If the developer feels the defect is not a genuine defect then it changes
the defect to "rejected."
 Deferred: If the present bug is not of a prime priority and if it is expected to get fixed
in the next release, then status "Deferred" is assigned to such bugs
 Not a bug: If it does not affect the functionality of the application then the status
assigned to a bug is "Not a bug".

1.8. Difference between severity and priority of a defect

Severity
Severity is defined as the degree of impact a Defect has on the development or
operation of a component application being tested.
Higher effect on the system functionality will lead to the assignment of higher severity
to the bug. Quality Assurance engineer usually determines the severity level of
defect.

Priority

Priority is defined as the order in which a defect should be fixed. Higher the priority
the sooner the defect should be resolved.
Defects that leave the software system unusable are given higher priority over
defects that cause a small functionality of the software to fail.
Defect Severity and Priority Types
In Software Testing, Defect severity can be categorized into four classes
 Critical: This defect indicates complete shut-down of the process, nothing can
proceed further
 Major: It is a highly severe defect and collapses the system. However, certain parts
of the system remain functional
 Medium: It causes some undesirable behavior, but the system is still functional
 Low: It won't cause any major break-down of the system
Defect priority can be categorized into three classes
 Low: The Defect is an irritant but repair can be done once the more serious Defect
has been fixed
  Medium: During the normal course of the development activities defect should be
resolved. It can wait until a new version is created
 High: The defect must be resolved as soon as possible as it affects the system
severely and cannot be used until it is fixed
Priority Vs Severity: Key Difference

Priority Severity

 Defect Priority has defined the order in  Defect Severity is defined as the
which the developer should resolve a degree of impact that a defect has on
defect the operation of the product

 Priority is categorized into three types  Severity is categorized into five types
o Low o Critical
o Medium o Major
o High o Moderate
o Minor
o Cosmetic

 Priority is associated with scheduling  Severity is associated with

functionality or standards

 Priority indicates how soon the bug  Severity indicates the seriousness of
should be fixed the defect on the product functionality

 Priority of defects is decided in  QA engineer determines the severity

consultation with the manager/client level of the defect

 Priority is driven by business value  Severity is driven by functionality

 Its value is subjective and can change  Its value is objective and less likely to
over a period of time depending on the
 change in the project situation change

 High priority and low severity status  High severity and low priority status
indicates, defect have to be fixed on indicates defect have to be fixed but
immediate bases but does not affect the not on immediate bases
application

 Priority status is based on customer  Severity status is based on the

requirements technical aspect of the product

 During UAT the development team fix  During SIT, the development team will
defects based on priority fix defects based on the severity and
then priority

1.9. Test case lifecycle

1.10. Difference between Test scenario, Test case and Test script
Test Scenario
A Test Scenario is defined as any functionality that can be tested. It is also called Test
Condition or Test Possibility. As a tester, you may put yourself in the end user’s shoes
and figure out the real-world scenarios and use cases of the Application under Test.
Tips to Create Test Scenarios
 Each Test Scenario should be tied to a minimum of one Requirement or User Story as
per the Project Methodology.
 Before creating a Test Scenario that verifies multiple Requirements at once, ensure you
have a Test Scenario that checks that requirement in isolation.
 Avoid creating overly complicated Test Scenarios spanning multiple Requirements.
 The number of scenarios may be large, and it is expensive to run them all. Based on
customer priorities only run selected Test Scenarios
2.2 Test Case

A Test Case is a set of actions executed to verify a particular feature or functionality of

your software application. The Test Case has a set test data, precondition, certain
expected and actual results developed for specific test scenario to verify any
requirement.

A test case includes specific variables or conditions, using which a test engineer can
determine as to whether a software product is functioning as per the requirements of
the client or the customer.

 Test Cases should be transparent and straightforward

 Create Test Case by keeping the end user in the mind
 Avoid test case repetition
 You need to make sure that you will write test cases to check all software requirements
mentioned in the specification document
 Never assume functionality and features of your software application while preparing a
test case
 Test Cases must be readily identifiable

 Description of the test case

Test case ID: The ID of the test case

Test case
The objective or summary of the test case
description:

Any preconditions which need to be executed before starting

Prerequisites:
the test

Test steps: Procedure to execute the test

Test data: Data required while executing the test

 Expected Result: The expected output of the test

Actual Result: The actual output of the test

Pass, Fail, ‘Not executed’ when test case is not executed and
Status:
‘Blocked’ when high severity bug is found

Created By: Name of the person who wrote the test case

Date of creation: The date on which the test case was authored

Executed By: Name of the person who ran or executed the test case

Date of execution: The date on which the test case was executed

Types of test cases

There are two types of test cases as mentioned below:

 Formal test cases: Formal test cases are those test cases which are authored as per
the test case format. It has all the information like preconditions, input data, output data,
post conditions, etc. It has a defined set of inputs which will provide the expected
output.
 Informal test cases: Informal test cases are authored for such requirements where the
exact input and output are not known. In order to test them the formal test cases are
not authored but the activities done and the outcomes are reported once the tests are
run.

3 Test Script
A TEST SCRIPT is a set of instructions (written using a scripting/programming
language) that is performed on a system under test to verify that the system
performs as expected. Test scripts are used in automated testing.
Sometimes, a set of instructions (written in a human language), used in manual
testing,  is also called a Test Script but a better term for that would be a Test Case.
Some scripting languages used in automated testing are:

 JavaScript
 Perl
 Python
 Ruby
 Tcl
 Unix Shell Script
 VBScript

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.
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used in used in number
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test attributes combination when th
such as (id, of multiple set no time
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 5. It is classified It is classified It is also
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negative test and approach
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test cases.
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execution. repeatab

1.11. Difference between build and release

Build in Software Testing
After developing the software module, developers convert the source codes into a
standalone form or an executable code. Then the development team hands over the
build to the testing team to perform testing. Build is in the testing phase; it may have
already undergone testing or not. Software testing team checks this build. If it consists
of multiple bugs and if it does not meet the requirements, then the software testing
team rejects that build.  Builds occur prior to the release, and they are generated more
frequently.
 Release in Software Testing
The release is the final application after completing development and testing. After
testing the build, the testing team certifies that software and delivers it to the customer.
It is possible for one release to have several builds. Therefore, it is the software
delivered to the customer after completing the development and testing phases.
Moreover, the release is based on builds, and it can have several builds.
2. SDLC Phases and Models
2.1. What is SDLC
The Software Development Lifecycle is a systematic process for building
software that ensures the quality and correctness of the software built. SDLC process
aims to produce high-quality software which meets customer expectations. The
software development should be complete in the pre-defined time frame and cost.
SDLC consists of a detailed plan which explains how to plan, build, and maintain
specific software. Every phase of the SDLC lifecycle has its own process and
deliverables that feed into the next phase.
 SDLC Phases
The entire SDLC process divided into the following stages:

 Phase 1: Requirement collection and analysis

 Phase 2: Design:
 Phase 3: Coding/implementation
 Phase 4: Testing:
 Phase 5: Installation/Deployment:
 Phase 6: Maintenance

3.1.1  Requirement collection and analysis:

The requirement is the first stage in the SDLC process. It is conducted by the senior team
members with inputs from all the stakeholders and domain experts in the industry.
Planning for the quality assurance requirements and recognition of the risks involved is
also done at this stage.
This stage gives a clearer picture of the scope of the entire project and the anticipated
issues, opportunities, and directives which triggered the project.

Requirements Gathering stage need teams to get detailed and precise requirements. This
helps companies to finalize the necessary timeline to finish the work of that system.

 Design:

In this phase, the system and software design documents are prepared as per the
requirement specification document. This helps define overall system architecture.

This design phase serves as input for the next phase of the model.

Coding:

Once the system design phase is over, the next phase is coding. In this phase, developers
start build the entire system by writing code using the chosen programming language. In
the coding phase, tasks are divided into units or modules and assigned to the various
developers. It is the longest phase of the Software Development Life Cycle process.

In this phase, Developer needs to follow certain predefined coding guidelines. They also
need to use programming tools like compiler, interpreters, debugger to generate and
implement the code.

 Testing:

Once the software is complete, and it is deployed in the testing environment. The testing
team starts testing the functionality of the entire system. This is done to verify that the
entire application works according to the customer requirement.

During this phase, QA and testing team may find some bugs/defects which they
communicate to developers. The development team fixes the bug and sends back to QA
for a re-test. This process continues until the software is bug-free, stable, and working
according to the business needs of that system.

Installation/Deployment:
Once the software testing phase is over and no bugs or errors left in the system then the
final deployment process starts. Based on the feedback given by the project manager, the
final software is released and checked for deployment issues if any.

 Maintenance:

Once the system is deployed, and customers start using the developed system, following 3
activities occur

 Bug fixing - bugs are reported because of some scenarios which are not tested at all.
 Upgrade - Upgrading the application to the newer versions of the Software.
 Enhancement - Adding some new features into the existing software.

The main focus of this SDLC phase is to ensure that needs continue to be met and that
the system continues to perform as per the specification mentioned in the first phase.

2.2. Models
2.2.1. Waterfall

Waterfall – is a cascade SDLC model, in which development process looks like the
flow, moving step by step through the phases of analysis, projecting, realization,
testing, implementation, and support. This SDLC model includes gradual execution
of every stage completely. This process is strictly documented and predefined with
features expected to every phase of this software development life cycle model.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Simple to use and understand The software is ready only after the
stage is over

Management simplicity thanks to its High risks and uncertainty

rigidity: every phase has a defined
result and process review

Development stages go one by one Not the best choice for complex and
oriented projects

Perfect for the small or mid-sized Inappropriate for the long-term proje
projects where requirements are clear
and not equivocal
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Easy to determine the key points in the The progress of the stage is hard to
development cycle measure while it is still in the develo

Easy to classify and prioritize tasks Integration is done at the very end, w
does not give the option of identifyin
problem in advance

2.2.2. V-shaped
V-shaped SDLC model is an expansion of classic waterfall model and it’s
based on associated test stage for the every development stage. This is a very
strict model and the next stage is started only after the previous phase. This is also
called “Validation and verification” model. Every stage has the current process
control, to make sure that the conversion to the next stage is possible.
 ADVANTAGES DISAD

Every stage of V-shaped model has strict results so it’s Lack o

easy to control

Testing and verification take place in the early stages Bad c

projec

Good for the small projects, where requirements are Relati

static and clear

2.2.3. Iterative
The Iterative SDLC model does not need the full list of requirements before the project
starts. The development process may start with the requirements to the functional part,
which can be expanded later. The process is repetitive, allowing to make new versions
of the product for every cycle. Every iteration (which last from two to six weeks)
includes the development of a separate component of the system, and after that, this
component is added to the functional developed earlier. Speaking with math
terminology, the iterative model is a realization of the sequential approximation method;
that means a gradual closeness to the planned final product shape.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Some functions can be quickly Iterative model requires more resources

developed at the beginning of the waterfall model
development lifecycle

The paralleled development can be Constant management is required

applied

The progress is easy measurable Issues with architecture or design may o

because not all the requirements are for
during the short planning stage
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

The shorter iteration is - the easier Bad choice for the small projects
testing and debugging stages are

It is easier to control the risks as The process is difficult to manage

high-risk tasks are completed first

Problems and risks defined within The risks may not be completely determ
one iteration can be prevented in even at the final stage of the project
the next sprints

Flexibility and readiness to the Risks analysis requires involvement of th

changes in the requirements highly-qualified specialists

2.2.4. Incremental
What is the Incremental Model?

incremental-
model
 The incremental build model is a method of software development where the
model is designed, implemented and tested incrementally (a little more is added
each time) until the product is finished. It involves both development and
maintenance. The product is defined as finished when it satisfies all of its
requirements. This model combines the elements of the waterfall model with the
iterative philosophy of prototyping.
The product is decomposed into a number of components, each of which are
designed and built separately (termed as builds). Each component is delivered to
the client when it is complete. This allows partial utilisation of product and avoids a
long development time. It also creates a large initial capital outlay with the
subsequent long wait avoided. This model of development also helps ease the
traumatic effect of introducing completely new system all at once.
There are some problems with this model. One is that each new build must be
integrated with previous builds and any existing systems. The task of decomposing
product into builds not trivial either. If there are too few few builds and each build
degenerates this turns into Build-And-Fix model. However if there are too many
builds then there is little added utility from each build.
Advantages of Incremental Model
 Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle.
 More flexible – less costly to change scope and requirements.
 Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
 Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during its
iteration.
 Each iteration is an easily managed milestone.

2.2.5. Prototype model

Prototype methodology is defined as a Software Development model in
which a prototype is built, test, and then reworked when needed until an
acceptable prototype is achieved. It also creates a base to produce the final
system.
Software prototyping model works best in scenarios where the project's
requirements are not known. It is an iterative, trial, and error method which take
place between the developer and the client.

Requirements gathering and analysis

A prototyping model starts with requirement analysis. In this phase, the
requirements of the system are defined in detail. During the process, the users of
the system are interviewed to know what their expectation from the system is.
Quick design
The second phase is a preliminary design or a quick design. In this stage, a simple
design of the system is created. However, it is not a complete design. It gives a
brief idea of the system to the user. The quick design helps in developing the
prototype.

Build a Prototype

In this phase, an actual prototype is designed based on the information gathered

from quick design. It is a small working model of the required system.
Initial user evaluation
In this stage, the proposed system is presented to the client for an initial
evaluation. It helps to find out the strength and weakness of the working model.
Comment and suggestion are collected from the customer and provided to the
developer.
Refining prototype
If the user is not happy with the current prototype, you need to refine the prototype
according to the user's feedback and suggestions.
 This phase will not over until all the requirements specified by the user are met.
Once the user is satisfied with the developed prototype, a final system is
developed based on the approved final prototype.
Implement Product and Maintain
Once the final system is developed based on the final prototype, it is thoroughly
tested and deployed to production. The system undergoes routine maintenance for
minimizing downtime and prevents large-scale failures.
Advantages of the Prototyping Model
Here, are important pros/benefits of using Prototyping models:
 Users are actively involved in development. Therefore, errors can be detected in the
initial stage of the software development process.
 Missing functionality can be identified, which helps to reduce the risk of failure as
Prototyping is also considered as a risk reduction activity.
 Helps team member to communicate effectively
 Customer satisfaction exists because the customer can feel the product at a very
early stage.
 There will be hardly any chance of software rejection.
 Quicker user feedback helps you to achieve better software development solutions.
 Allows the client to compare if the software code matches the software specification.
 It helps you to find out the missing functionality in the system.
 It also identifies the complex or difficult functions.
2.2.6. Agile / Scrum
In the agile methodology after every development iteration, the customer is
able to see the result and understand if he is satisfied with it or he is not. This is
one of the advantages of the agile software development life cycle model. One of
its disadvantages is that with the absence of defined requirements it is difficult to
estimate the resources and development cost. Extreme programming is one of the
practical uses of the agile model. The basis of such model consists of short weekly
meetings – Sprints which are the part of the Scrum approach.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Corrections of functional requirements are Difficulties with measuring the fin

implemented into the development process because of permanent changes
to provide the competitiveness

Project is divided by short and transparent The team should be highly profe
iterations and client-oriented

Risks are minimized thanks to the flexible New requirements may conflict w
change process existing architecture

Fast release of the first product version With all the corrections and chan
there is possibility that the projec
exceed expected time
 2.2.6.1.https://blog.trello.com/beginners-guide-scrum-and-agile-
project-management
2.2.6.2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)
3. STLC Phases
3.1. What is STLC
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is defined as a sequence of activities
conducted to perform Software Testing.
Contrary to popular belief, Software Testing is not a just a single activity. It consists of
a series of activities carried out methodologically to help certify your software product.

3.2. Phases of STLC

Below are the phases of STLC:

 Requirement Analysis
 Test Planning
 Test case development
 Test Environment setup
 Test Execution
 Test Cycle closure

3.2 Requirement Analysis

During this phase, test team studies the requirements from a testing point of view to identify
the testable requirements.
The QA team may interact with various stakeholders (Client, Business Analyst, Technical
Leads, System Architects etc) to understand the requirements in detail.

Requirements could be either Functional (defining what the software must do) or Non
Functional (defining system performance /security availability )

Activities
 Identify types of tests to be performed. 
 Gather details about testing priorities and focus.
 Prepare Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM).
 Identify test environment details where testing is supposed to be carried out. 
 Automation feasibility analysis (if required).
Deliverables
 RTM
 Automation feasibility report. (if applicable)
Test Planning
Typically, in this stage, a Senior QA manager will determine effort and cost estimates
for the project and would prepare and finalize the Test Plan. In this phase, Test
Strategy is also determined.
Activities
 Preparation of test plan/strategy document for various types of testing
 Test tool selection 
 Test effort estimation 
 Resource planning and determining roles and responsibilities.
 Training requirement
Deliverables 
 Test plan /strategy document.
 Effort estimation document.
Test Case Development
This phase involves the creation, verification and rework of test cases & test
scripts. Test data, is identified/created and is reviewed and then reworked as well.
Activities
 Create test cases, automation scripts (if applicable)
 Review and baseline test cases and scripts 
 Create test data (If Test Environment is available)
Deliverables 
 Test cases/scripts 
 Test data
Test Environment Setup
Test environment decides the software and hardware conditions under which a work
product is tested. Test environment set-up is one of the critical aspects of testing
process and can be done in parallel with Test Case Development Stage. Test team
may not be involved in this activity if the customer/development team provides the
test environment in which case the test team is required to do a readiness check
(smoke testing) of the given environment.
Activities 
 Understand the required architecture, environment set-up and prepare hardware and
software requirement list for the Test Environment. 
 Setup test Environment and test data 
 Perform smoke test on the build
Deliverables 
 Environment ready with test data set up 
 Smoke Test Results.
Test Execution
During this phase, the testers will carry out the testing based on the test plans and the
test cases prepared. Bugs will be reported back to the development team for correction
and retesting will be performed.
Activities
 Execute tests as per plan
 Document test results, and log defects for failed cases 
 Map defects to test cases in RTM 
 Retest the Defect fixes 
 Track the defects to closure
Deliverables 
 Completed RTM with the execution status
 Test cases updated with results
 Defect reports
Test Cycle Closure
Testing team will meet, discuss and analyze testing artifacts to identify strategies that
have to be implemented in the future, taking lessons from the current test cycle. The
idea is to remove the process bottlenecks for future test cycles and share best
practices for any similar projects in the future.
Activities
 Evaluate cycle completion criteria based on Time, Test coverage, Cost,Software,
Critical Business Objectives, Quality
 Prepare test metrics based on the above parameters. 
 Document the learning out of the project 
 Prepare Test closure report 
 Qualitative and quantitative reporting of quality of the work product to the customer. 
 Test result analysis to find out the defect distribution by type and severity.
Deliverables 
 Test Closure report 
 Test metrics

4. Reviews
A review in a Static Testing is a process or meeting conducted to find the potential
defects in the design of any program. Another significance of review is that all the team
members get to know about the progress of the project and sometimes the diversity of
thoughts may result in excellent suggestions. Documents are directly examined by
people and discrepancies are sorted out.
During the Review process four types of participants that take part in testing are:
 Moderator: Performs entry check, follow up on rework, coaching team member,
schedule the meeting.
 Author: Takes responsibility for fixing the defect found and improves the quality of the
document
 Scribe: It does the logging of the defect during a review and attends the review
meeting
 Reviewer: Check material for defects and inspects
 Manager: Decide on the execution of reviews and ensures the review process
objectives are met.

4.1. Formal Vs Informal review

Attribute Informal Formal

Identify
errors and
issues.
Evaluate conformance to specification and
Objective Examine
plans. Ensure change integrity.
alternatives.
Forum for
learning.

Delegated Controls

The
designer
makes all
decisions. Review team petitions management or
Decision
Change is technical leadership to act on
Making
the recommendations.
prerogative
of the
designer.

Change
verification Leader verifies that action items are
Change
left to other documented; incorporated into external
Verification
project processes.
controls.

Group Dynamics
 Recommended
2-7 people. 3 or more people.
Group Size

The
designer
and any
Attendance Management and engineering leadership.
other
interested
party.

The
Leadership designer or Lead engineer.
designate.

Procedures

Moderate to high, depending on the specific

Artifact Volume Low
"statement of objectives" for the meeting.

The
Presenter Engineering team lead or representative.
designer.

Data Collection As desired. Meeting minutes.

Outputs and
As desired. Review report.
Artifacts

4.2. Types of review

. Walkthrough
A walkthrough is conducted by the author of the ‘document under review’ who takes
the participants through the document and his or her thought processes, to achieve a
common
understanding and to gather feedback. This is especially useful if people from outside
the software discipline are present, who are not used to, or cannot easily understand
software
development documents. The content of the document is explained step by step by the
author, to reach consensus on changes or to gather information. The participants are
selected from different departments and backgrounds If the audience represents a
broad section of skills and disciplines, it can give assurance that no major defects are
‘missed’ in the walk-through. A walkthrough is especially useful for higher-level
documents, such as requirement specifications and architectural documents.
The specific goals of a walkthrough are:-
• to present the document to stakeholders both within and outside the software
discipline, in order to gather information regarding the topic under documentation.
• To explain and evaluate the contents of the document.
• To establish a common understanding of the document.
• To examine and discuss the validity of proposed solutions and the possible
alternatives.
2. Technical review
A technical review is a discussion meeting that focuses on technical content of a
document. it is led by a trained moderator, but also can be led by a technical expert.
Compared to inspections,
technical reviews are less formal and there is little or no focus on defect identification
on the basis of referenced documents. The experts that are needed to be present for a
technical review
can be architects, chief designers and key users. It is often performed as a peer review
without management participation.
The specific goals of a technical review are:
• evaluate the value of technical concepts and alternatives in the product and project
environment.
• establish consistency in the use and representation of technical concepts.
• ensuring at an early stage, that technical concepts are used correctly;
• inform participants of the technical content of the document.
3. Inspection
Inspection is the most formal review type. It is usually led by a trained moderator
(certainly not by the author).The document under inspection is prepared and checked
thoroughly by the
reviewers before the meeting, comparing the work product with its sources and other
referenced documents, and using rules and checklists. In the inspection meeting the
 defects found are
logged. Depending on the organization and the objectives of a project, inspections can
be balanced to serve a number of goals.
The specific goals of a Inspection are:
• help the author to improve the quality of the document under inspection.
• remove defects efficiently, as early as possible.
• improve product quality, by producing documents with a higher level of quality.
• create a common understanding by exchanging information among the inspection
participants.
 

http://learnthebasicsofsoftwaretesting.blogspot.com/2013/04/types-of-
review.html
http://tryqa.com/what-are-the-types-of-review/
10. Automation Testing

Manual Testing is performed by a human sitting in front of a computer carefully

executing the test steps.
Automation Testing means using an automation tool to execute your test case suite.
The automation software can also enter test data into the System Under Test, compare
expected and actual results and generate detailed test reports. Test Automation
demands considerable investments of money and resources.
Successive development cycles will require execution of same test suite repeatedly.
Using a test automation tool, it's possible to record this test suite and re-play it as
required. Once the test suite is automated, no human intervention is required. This
improved ROI of Test Automation. The goal of Automation is to reduce the number of
test cases to be run manually and not to eliminate Manual Testing altogether.

4.3. Benefits of automated testing

Following are benefits of automated testing:
 70% faster than the manual testing
 Wider test coverage of application features
 Reliable in results
 Ensure Consistency
 Saves Time and Cost
 Improves accuracy
 Human Intervention is not required while execution
 Increases Efficiency
 Better speed in executing tests
 Re-usable test scripts
 Test Frequently and thoroughly
 More cycle of execution can be achieved through automation
 Early time to market

4.4. Selenium components

4. Selenium
It is a software testing tool used for Regression Testing. It is an open source testing
tool that provides playback and recording facility for Regression Testing.
The Selenium IDE only supports Mozilla Firefox web browser.
 It provides the provision to export recorded script in other languages like Java, Ruby,
RSpec, Python, C#, etc.
 It can be used with frameworks like JUnit and TestNG
 It can execute multiple tests at a time
 Autocomplete for Selenium commands that are common
 Walkthrough tests
 Identifies the element using id, name, X-path, etc.
 Store tests as Ruby Script, HTML, and any other format
 It provides an option to assert the title for every page
 It supports selenium user-extensions.js file
 It allows to insert comments in the middle of the script for better understanding and
debugging

Selenium is not just a single tool but a suite of software's, each catering to different testing
needs of an organization. It has four components.

 Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

 Selenium Remote Control (RC)
 WebDriver
 Selenium Grid
4.5. Selenium IDE
Brief Introduction Selenium IDE
Selenium Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is the simplest
framework in the Selenium suite and is the easiest one to learn. It is a Firefox
plugin that you can install as easily as you can with other plugins. However,
because of its simplicity, Selenium IDE should only be used as a prototyping
tool. If you want to create more advanced test cases, you will need to use either
Selenium RC or WebDriver.

 Selenium Remote Control (Selenium RC)

Selenium RC was the flagship testing framework of the whole Selenium project for a
long time. This is the first automated web testing tool that allowed users to use a
programming language they prefer. As of version 2.25.0, RC can support the following
programming languages:
 Java
 C#
 PHP
 Python
 Perl
 Ruby

4.6. Selenium Web Driver

The WebDriver proves itself to be better than both Selenium IDE and Selenium
RC in many aspects. It implements a more modern and stable approach in automating
the browser's actions. WebDriver, unlike Selenium RC, does not rely on JavaScript for
Automation. It controls the browser by directly communicating with it.

The supported languages are the same as those in Selenium RC.

 Java
  C#

 PHP

 Python

 Perl

 Ruby

Software Testing Lifecycle

STLC Phases and Activities
Phase Activity Deliverables

Requirements/Design You review the  ‘Review Defect’

Review software Reports
requirements/design
(Well, if they exist.)

Test Planning Once you have  Test Plan

gathered a general  Test Estimation
idea of what needs to  Test Schedule
be tested, you ‘plan’
for the tests.

Test Designing You design/ detail  Test Cases/Test

your tests on the Scripts/Test Data
basis of detailed  Requirements
requirements/design Traceability
of the software Matrix
(sometimes, on the
basis of your
imagination).
Test Environment You setup the test  Test Environment
Setup environment (server/
client/ network, etc)
with the goal of
replicating the end-
users’ environment.

Test Execution You execute your  Test Results

Test Cases/ Scripts in (Incremental)
the Test Environment  Defect Reports
to see whether they
pass.

Test Reporting You prepare various  Test Results

reports for various (Final)
stakeholders.  Test Metrics
 Test Closure
Report
 Who Worked Late
& on Weekends
(WWLW) Report
[Depending
on how
fussy your
Management is]