wd;aujd§ ixl,amh ke;slsÍu i|yd foAYs; w,.

oa¥mu iQ;%h

w,.oa¥mu iQ;% foaYkdj nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska ieje;a kqjr fÊ;jkdrdufha

jevjik iufhys .kaOndêmq;a; ^.scq ,sysKshka kik l=,fhys Wmka& wßÜG kï NsCIqjla
wrNhd foaYkd lrk ,oaols' fï foaYkdj isÿ lsÍug m%Odk fya;=j jQfha wßÜG kï NsCIqj
nqÿrcqka foaYkd l< zzhï wka;rdhlr O¾u flfkla ^iaj¾. fudaCI folg&
wka;rdhlrhehs hïfia jodrK ,o o ta O¾ufhda fiajkh lrkakdyg wka;rdh msKsi
fkdmj;skafka hehs hk fï ldrKh fyd¢ka oksñZZhkqfjka m%ldY l< úmÍ; mdm
oDIaáh ksidh' bkamiq fï ldrKh wfkl=;a NsCIQka jykafia,d weiQy' TjqyQ wßÜG NsCIqj
lrd t,U fï ldrKh Tn úiska orK ,oafoa oehs hkak úuiQy' túg zth tfiahZ
hkqfjka wßÜG NsCIqj úiska ms<sf.k we;' túg NsCIQka jykafia,d wßÜG NsCIqjg fodia
lshd tfia fkdlshk f,i;a nqÿrcqkag wNHlaLHdk ^wi;H fohska fodia fkdlshk f,i&
fkdlrkak hehs lshd" nqÿrcqka hï wka;rdlr O¾uhla foaYkd lrk ,oafoa kï th
wka;rdhlr u jkafka hehs lSy' tysÈ ;j ÿrg;a fuh úia;r lsÍï jYfhka fmkajd
fokafka Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia úiska ldufhda w,am wdiajdo iys;h' ÿla iy.;h' wd§kj
fndfydah' ldufhda wegiels,a,lg" udxY fmaYshlg" ;K yq,lg" .sKs w`.=re j,lg"
isyskhlg" msre¿jlg" rela M,hlg" wism; yd uia f,dUqjlg" wvhá yq,lg" i¾m
ysilg wdÈ fkdfhla foaj,aj,g Wmud fldg we;s nj olajñka lreKq wjfndaO lr§ug
W;aiy .;ay' tfy;a wßÜG NsCIqj úiska m%ldY lrkq ,nkafka uq,ska lS wdldrhg u
O¾ufhda wka;rdhlr fkdjk njh' bkamiq NsCIQka jykafia,dg wßÜG NsCIqjg lreKq
wjfndaO lr fokakg fkdyels jQ wjia:dfõ Wkajykafia,d ish¨ fokd u nqÿka jykafia
lrd t<U fï mqj; nqÿrcqkag ie, lr isáhy' bkamiq nqÿrcqka tla;rd NsCIQka jykafia
kula leojd wßÜG fj; f.dia ;ud iómhg muqKqjdf.k tkak hehs lSy' ta NsCIQka
jykafia wßÜG f;reka fj; f.dia Tyq iu`. meñK nqÿrcqka yuqúh' nqÿrcqka by; lS
ldrKh úpdrK ,ÿj zth tfiauZ hehs wßÜG f;ryq lSy' blaì;s nqÿrcqka wßÜG f;rekag
fkdfhla wdldrfhka fodia k`.d ;Èka wjjdo fldg wßÜG f;reka we;=¨ NsCIQka
jykafia,dg foaYkd lrkq ,nkafka fujeks jerÈ wdl,amhla flfkl= ;=< f.dv
kef`.kafka i¾mhd jerÈ f,i w,a,d .kakdla fuka O¾uh jerÈ f,i .%yKh lr .ekSu
ksid nj fmkajd foñka ish¨ NsCIQka jykafia,dg O¾uh lshd §ula jYfhka w,.oa¥mudj
^i¾mhl= ms<sn| Wmudj& flakaøfldg fuu iQ;%h foaYkd lrk ,È'1

uÊCêu ksldfha ´mïu j¾.hg wh;a fojk iQ;%h jk w,.oa¥mu iQ;%h jQ l,S
§¾> foaYkdjls' fuu iQ;% foaYkdjg wkqj ú.%y flfrk wka;rdhlr O¾ufhda fldgia
myla hgf;a úia;r l< yelsh' tkï" lïu" lsf,i" úmdl" Wmjdo" wdKdù;slalu
hkqfjks' 2 fuys zzlïu wka;rdhlrZZ hkq mxp wdkka;ßh mdml¾u yd ia;%S ¥Il hk
tajdh' fuu l¾u u.a.ka;rdh jk w;r i.a.ka;rdh fkdfõ' ñ:Hd oDIaáh fyj;a jerÈ
oelau zzlaf,aY wka;rdhslZZ fõ' mKavl ^kmqxil& ;srYaÖk.;sl ^;sßika&
WNf;dNH[ackl ^ia;%S yd mqreI& whf.a m%;sikaê ùu zzúmdl wka;rdhlrZZ kï fõ'
wd¾hhka jykafia,dg lrkakd jQ wmjdohka zzWmjdo wka;rdhslZZ fõ' th o wd¾hhka
lud lrk f;la muKs' bka u;=jg fkdfj;s' oek oek blaujk ,o ima; wdmia;siaLkaO
zzwd{d jHd;sl%u wka;rdhslZZ kï fõ' th o weje;a j,ska ke.S isàu yd foaYkd lsÍu jk
f;la muKs'3

nqÿrcqka foaYkd lrk wkaoug mqoa.,hdf.a iir meje;aug fya;=jkafka by;ska

i|yka flreKq wka;rdhlr O¾ufhdah' nqoaO jpkfha mru ksIagdj jkafka ixidr.; ÿl
ke;fyd;a ñksidg Wreu ù we;s widr jQ w;Dma;slr jQ cd;s " crd" jHdê" urK" fYdal"
mßfoaj" ÿlaL" fodaukiai wdÈh ms<sn| j ienE wjfndaOhla we;s fldg iir ÿlska w;a
ñ£u msKsi jEhï lsÍu i|yd is; ÈhqKq lr,Suh' by; lS ÿlaLfhda we;s ùug m%Odk
jYfhka mqoa.,hd ;=< we;sjk ldud§ wdYdjka fya;= jk nj fmkajd Èhyelsh' tajd
wka;rdhlr O¾u jYfhka fmkajd Èh yelsh' ta wkqj iQ;%d.; f;dr;=j,g wkqj ldufhda
^u| jQ riú£ï we;s ksid& weg iels,a,lg" ^fndfyda fofkl=g idOdrK ksid& udxY
fmaYshlg" ^jyd Èrdm;ajk ksid& ;K yq,lg" ^fndfyda oeùï we;s ksid& .sks w`.=re
j,lg" ^;djld,sl meje;aula we;s ksid& isyskhlg" ^ish¨ w`.mi`. ìfok ksid&
relaM,hlg" ^úksúo fmfkk ksid& wdhqO W,lg" ^iel yd ìh iys; ksid& i¾m ysilg
wd§ fkdfhl=;a oE j,g Wmud fldg we;a;dy'4

fulS lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k wm úiska nqoaO jpkh ms<smeÈh hq;af;a ixidr
ÿlaLh ke;s fldg mru ksIagdj jk ksjk idCId;a lr,Su i|yd jEhï lsÍuh' ta i|yd
wksl=;a wd.ñl o¾Ykhkag fodia ke.Su" tjeks wd.ñlhka my;g fy<d lghq;= lsÍu
nqÿoyu fkdms<s.kshs' miqld,Sk j we;s jQ wfYdal Ys,d f,aLkhkays § mjd fï ldrKh
isÿ fkdl< hq;a;la f,i fmkajd § ;sfí'5 hï flfkla tfia isÿ lrkafka kï th O¾uh
jerÈ f,i .ekSuls' w,.oa¥mu iQ;%hg wkqj i¾mfhl= j,a.fhka w,ajd .ekSula jeksh'
hïfia i¾mhkaf.ka m%fhdack we;a;d jQ" i¾mhka fidhkakd jQ mqoa.,fhla uy;a
i¾mfhl= olskafkah' Tyq i¾mhd oel YÍrfhka fyda k`.=fgka w,ajd .kafkah' fuh jerÈ
w,ajd .ekSuls' i¾mhd jerÈ wdldrfhka w,ajd .ekSfuka isÿjkafka W! wdmiq yeÍ tfia
w,a,d .;a mqoa.,hdg oIag lsÍuh' ta fya;=fjka fyf;u urKhg fyda urKh jeks iudk
ÿllg fyda m;ajk nj fmkajd § ;sfí' i¾mhd w,ajd .; hq;af;a t¿ l=rhl yevh we;s
oKavla Wmfhda.S lrf.k b;d mßiaifuks' thska i¾mhdg oIag lsÍug we;s bv weysÍ
hkafkah'6

w,.oa¥mu iQ;%h nqoaO jpkfhys jákdlu wruqK fuka u iajNdjh o mila lrkq
jia bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk ;j;a Wmudjla jkafka l=,aÆmudjhs' w¨.oa¥mu iQ;%fha § o
l=,aÆmudfjka fmkajd § we;af;a o O¾uh mqoa., Ôú;hg fl;rï ÿrg n,mdkafka o
hkakh' fuys § O¾uh Wmud fldg we;af;a myqrlgh' myqrl wjYH;djh jkafka .`.lska
tf;r ùugh' tf;r jQ miq myqr ;udg tf.dvg hdug Woõ jQfha hehs is;d th lru;
;ndf.k hEu wkjYHh' ta wkqj u O¾ufhys wjYH;djh jkafka iir ÿlska tf;r
ùugh' ksjka ÿgq miq fï ^iu:úmiaikd§& O¾ufhda jeãu ;=<ska m%;sM,hla fkdjkafkah'
th wkjYHh' wO¾uhka .ek lshkq u ljf¾o@7

by;ska i|yka l< w,.oa¥mu iQ;%fhys i|yka jk Wmud folska wk;rej nqÿrcqka
úiska foaYkd lrk ,oafoa wd;au oDIAáh" tys wd§kj yd th ksiairKh l<hq;= wdldrh
ms<sn|j h' fuys fmkajd fok wkaoug wY%e;j;a mD:.ackhd fyj;a nqÿnK kEiQ wd¾hhka
fkdolakd wd¾h O¾ufhys woCI wd¾h O¾ufhys fkdyslauqKq i;amqreI O¾uh fkdokakd
jQ i;amqreI O¾ufhys woCI i;amqreI O¾ufhys fkdyslauqKq ;eke;a;d ;=< wd;au oDIaàyq 6
la WmÈkd nj lshfõ' rEm" fõokd" ix[d" ixLdr" ú[a[dK hk iaLkaO y;r o ÈÜÀ
iq;" uq;" ú[a[d;" jYfhka olajk ,o fodf<dia wdh;k fuka u fï f,dalh yd
mrf,dj ks;H" O%ej" Ydiaj;" wúmßkdu iajNdj we;af;a hehs i,ld lghq;= lsÍu hk
lreKq yh WmÈhs' ta ms<sn| j ;Kayd" udk" ÈÜÀ jYfhka fjk fjk u f.k zfuh
udf.ahZ ^t;x uu& zfï uu fjñZ ^tfidyuiañ& zfï uf.a wd;auh fõZ ^tfid fu w;a;d&
hkqfjka ie,lSu tu mqoa.,hdf.a iajNdjhhs' 8 fujeks woyia we;sùu wd;aujdoh f,iska
y÷kajkq ,efí' nqÿiuh fuhska neyer j wkd;au ixl,amh bÈßm;a lrkq ,nhs'

nqÿrcqka úiska f,dalfha ienE iajrEmh fmkajd §ula jYfhka foaYkd lrkakg
fhÿK fya;=M,jdoh fyj;a máÉpiuqmamdo foaYkdj ;=<ska mqoa.,hdf.a urKska miq ks;H
wd;auhla we;ehs hk u;h bÈßm;a l< Ydiaj;jd§ oDIaáh;a" urKska ish,a, fl<jr fõh
hk u;h oerE WÉfþo oDIaáh;a neyer lrkq ,nhs' nqÿrcqka my< ùug fmr hq.fha mgka
u fuu oDIaájdo mej;=Ks' tjeks oDIaájdo 62 la ms<sn| j lrKq §' ks' n%yaucd, iQ;%fha
fmkajd § ;sfí'9 fï ish¨ u oDIaájdo nqÿrcqka fldgia folla hgf;a ú.%y lr we;' tkï
Ydiaj;jdo yd wYdiaj;jdo ^WÉfþojdo& hkakhs' fuh mokï lrf.ku nqÿrcqka
iïfndaêh ,eîu i|yd o wkq.ukh lrk ,oafoa uOHu m%;smodjhs' tys § YÍrhg oeä ÿla
f.k fokakd jQ Ydiaj; oDIaáhla jQ w;a;ls,u:dkqfhd.h;a" oeä iem f.k fokakd jQ
wYdiaj; oDIaáhla jQ lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h;a w;ay< nj;a bkamiq uOHu m%;smodj fyj;a
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h jevQ nj;a lshfõ'10

ta wkqj uOHu m%;smodj hkq ish¨ wka;jd§ oDIaàka neyer fldg uOHia: nj
rlsk ksoyia Ñka;khla f,i fmkajd Èh yelsh' tfy;a n%dyauK yd WmksIoa hq.j,§
wd;aujdoh fnfyúka ixj¾Okh jQ ksid fkdfhla khska ú.%yhg ,la jQ od¾Yksl
m%ia;=;hla úh' wd;auhla fkdms,s.kakd ;ek wd.ula" O¾uhla" o¾Ykhla ìys fkdjk nj
Tjqyq l,amkd l<y' Bg wu;r j urKska miq u;= meje;aula fkdue;s nj o Tjqyq fmkajd
ÿkay' ta ksid Ôj;a j isák ld,fha Kh ù fyda .sf;,a ld i;=áka" úfkdaofhka ld,h
.; l<hq;= nj m%ldY l<y' Bg fya;=j kï fï w¿ lrk ,o YÍrfha kej; meje;aula
we;s fkdjk nj i¾j o¾Yk ix.%yfha oelafõ'11 nqÿrcqka wkd;au O¾uh bÈßm;a lrkafka
tn÷ miqìula ;=<h' tu ksidu nqÿrcqka o WÉfþojdÈfhla hehs we;eï iuld,Skhkag
fmkS .sh nj fm< oyñka fy<sfjhs' zzY%uK Nj;a f.!;uhka ish¨ l¾u wlsßh hehs
mKjñka f,dalhg WÉfþojdohla .ek lshkafkahZZ 12 kuq;a fuys wkd;au hehs lS
muKska th wd;au fõ hehs .uH fkdfõ' th uOHu m%;smodjuh' ta nj ixhq;a; ksldfha
w;a:;a; iQ;%fhka meyeÈ,s fõ' tys i|yka jk wkaoug Èkla jÉPdf.d;a; kï
mßn%dclhd nqÿrcqka fj; meñK wd;auhla we;aoehs úpdrhs' túg nqÿka ksyvj isáhs'
kej; mßn%dclhd tfiakï wd;auhla ke;soehs úuid isáhs' nqÿysñfhda tys§ o ksyvj
isáhy' jÉPf.d;a; msg;a j .sh miq wdkkao ysñhka úuikafka tfia ms<s;=re fkd§ isáfha
l=ula ksido@ hkqfjks' túg nqÿrcqka m%ldY lrkafka wd;auhla ;sfíoehs hk m%Yakhg
;sfí hehs lSjdkï Ydiaj;jdohg jefgk njh' wd;auhla ke;ehs lSfõkï WÉfþojdohg
jefgk njh' 13 wdd;aujdoh ms<sn| j ;j;a m%ldYhla ixhq;a; ksldfha lÉpdkf.d;a;
iQ;%fha i|yka fõ' tys§ lÉpdkf.d;a; úuikafka zzTn jykafia iïudÈÜÀ iïudÈÜÀ
hkqfjka foaYkd lrhs' fï iïud ÈÜÀh l=ulao@ZZ túg nqÿrcqka foaYkd lrkafka zzfï
f,dalfha isák mqoa.,hka wia;s;ajh yd kia;s;ajh hk fofldgi f.k jdoújdo lrñka
isák njh'ZZ tfy;a ta ksIaM, fohls' ;uka jykafia fï fol u ukdfldg wjfndaO
lrf.k zzish,a, we; ke; hk wka; folgu fkdjeà uOHia;j oyï foik njh' tu
O¾uh kï máÉpiuqmamdohhs' thu iïudÈÜÀh jkafkah'ZZ14

fï lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k ne,Sfï§ meyeÈ,s jkafka wd;au oDIaáfhka neyer jQ

wkd;au ixl,amh m%lg flfrk f,dalfha we;s úúO wd.ñl o¾Ykhka w;ßka tlu
O¾uh jkafka nqÿoyu jk njh' ia:úrjd§ka fuka u uydhdkslhka úiska o
wújdod;aulj ms<s.kakd jQ th nqÿ iufhys iqúfYaIs wkkH;djhls' 15 máiïNsodu.a.fha
úm,a,di l:djg wkqj i;ajhd i;H jQ foh i;H jYfhka fkdoekSu fyj;a wúoHdj
ksid úmÍ; jQ woyia fuka u Ñka;k we;s lr.kS' Tyq fjkiajk foa fjkia fkdfõ hehs
o" ÿla iys; foa iem f,i o" wkd;au foa wd;au hehs o" wiqN foa iqN hehs o is;hs' fufia
fjkia jkakd jQ ÿla iys; jQ foh iqL iy.; f,i wjfndaO fldgf.k zuuZ h zudf.aZ h
hkqfjka i,lhs' fufia is;Su nqÿ oyug wkqj zwd;auZ hkqfjka y÷kajhs'16 fuu wd;aujd§
ixl,amh nqÿiuh yer wfkl=;a ish¨ u Ndr;Sh iuh iuhdka;rhkays olakg
,efnkakls' zzuu isáfhñ' fmr meje;aula ug ;snqKs' j¾;udkfha o tfiauh' uu u;=jg
o isáñ' ug u;= meje;aula we;' uu fyj;a wd;auh iaÓrh' iodld,slhZZ hehs .ekau
wd;aujdofha mokuhs' ta wkqj nqÿ oyu fkdfhla wjia:dj,§ fukau w,.oa¥mu iQ;%fhka
o fmkajd §ug W;aiy .kafka wkd;auh u.ska tys we;s úmÍ; nj m%ldY lsÍugh' tys§
m%Odk jYfhka wd;au ixl,amh neyer lsÍu i|yd foaYkd flÍ we;s O¾u ú.%yh jkafka
;%s,CIKhhs'

by;ska i|yka jQ úmÍ; woyiaj,ska i;ajhd uqojdf.k wks;H ÿlaL wkd;au hk

;%s,CIKdjfndaOh ;=<ska h:d¾:h fmkajd §u nqÿ oyu w.h lrhs' nqÿjre wks;H foa
wks;H hehs o ÿla iy.; foa ÿla hehs o wkd;au O¾uhka wkd;au f,iska o jgyd .ekSug
u. fmkaj;s' tu ud¾.h jgyd .ekSu u úuqla;sh ,nd .ekSulehs o fmkajd fo;s' 17 fufia
fmkajd fok ;%s,CIKh muKla fkdj máÉpiuqmamdoh" p;=rd¾h i;Hh hk O¾u lreKq
úYaj idOdrK jQjls' th nqÿ flfkla f,dj my< jqj;a fkdjQj;a mj;skakd jQ fmdÿ
O¾u;djhls' 18 tfy;a iuh iuhdka;ßlhka wkd;au ms<sn| j jerÈ újrKhla §ug
W;aiy .;a ksid nqÿrcqka kshu újrKh imhd we;s nj meyeÈ,sh' fuu lreK ;yjqre
lsÍu msKsi nqÿrcqka fkdfhla iQ;%hkays wkd;au ixl,amh m%lg flfrk foaYkd bÈßm;a
lr we;s whqre oel .; yelsh' u' ks' pq,a, iÉpl iQ;%fha§ wkd;au ixl,amh bÈßm;a
flfrk ;%s,CIKh meyeÈ,s fldg we;af;a O¾u ixl,amhg iu.dójh' tkï f,dalh yd
i;ajhd ms<sn| uQ, idOl fyj;a kdurEm O¾u tlsfkl f.k ;%s,CIKh foaYkd lr
we;' úfgl iaLkaO úNd.hg wkqj zzrEmh wks;Hh' fjokdj wks;Hh' ix{dj wks;Hh'
ixialdrh wks;Hh' ú[a[dkh wks;Hh' hula wks;H kï th ÿlh' hula ÿla iy.;
kï th wkd;auhZZ hkqfjka olajd ;sfí'19

tfiau ixhq;a; ksldfha kLisld iQ;%fha i|yka jk wkaoug jrla nqÿrcdKka

jykafia ksh w.ska mia ì|la f.k NsCIQka wu;d zzuyfKks jeämqr mia we;af;a uf.a
kshf.yso@ uyfmdf<dfjys oehsZZ m%Yak l<y' iajdóks kshf`.ys we;af;a mia iaj,amhls'
uy fmdf<dfjys mia fndfyda hehs ms<s;=re ÿkay' túg nqÿrcqka mjikafka fï kshf`.ys
we;s mia ì| ;rïj;a i;ajfhda ñksiqka f,i kQmÈk njh' tuksid fjkia fkdjk iq¿
iodld,sl lsisjla uu fkdmkjñ' fuf<dj t;rïj;a ks;H hula we;akï ÿl ke;s lsÍu
msKsi nUir jikak hehs uu f;dmg fkdlshñ' uu nUir jikak hehs jodrkafka
ish,a, wks;H ksidhZZ hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y'20 fuhska fmfkkafka
f,dalfha mj;sk ish,a,la u fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkia jk njh' mqoa.,hdf.a
meje;au o tfiah'

fndfyda wjia:dj, m%Yafkda;;r l%uhlg iaLkaO úNd.h wkqj ;%s,CIKh foaYkd

lr ;sfí' zzuyfKks rEmh ks;H o@ wks;H o@ wks;Hhhs iajdñks" hula wks;Hh kï th
ÿl o@ iem o@ iajdñks ÿla iy.;h' hula ÿl kï fjkia jk iq¿ kï fï zuuZ h zudf.aZ
h hkafjka lsisjla wd;au jYfhka .; yelso@ iajdñks tfia fkdlsj yelsh'ZZ 21 hk
idlÉPdj yuqfõ' iaLkaO m[aplh u wks;H ÿlaL wkd;au hehs mámqÉPd l%uhlg
Y%djlhkaf.ka u m%ldY lrùu fujeks wjia:dj, § nqÿrcqka wkq.ukh lr we;' fuys§
úfYAIfhka u nqÿrcqka wfmaCId lr we;af;a wkd;au hkak ;yjqre lsÍuh' wks;H" ÿlaL
hk fol iuld,Skhka o hï muKlg ms<s.;a kuq;a wk;a; hkak lsisfjla ms<sf.k
fkd;snqKs' óg wu;rj m[apj.a.sh iQ;%fha § iaLkaO m[aplh fjka fjka j f.kyer
mdñka iEu iaLkaOhla u wkd;au hehs wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí' 22 ;jÿrg;a th úia;r
lrñka foaYkd lr we;af;a zzuyfKks rEmh wd;auh fkdfõ' rEmh wd;auh fõkï th
wdndOj,g ,la fkdúh hq;=h'ZZ23 hkqfjks'

ixhq;a; ksldfhys wiaiq;jka;= iQ;%fha § o wd;au ixl,amh neyer lsÍu i|yd

O¾uh foaYkd flÍ we;' zzuyfKks mqyqÿka mqoa.,hd i;r uyd N+;hkaf.ka yg.;a fï
YÍrh wd;au jYfhka i,lhs' th jrols' is; wd;au jYfhka .ekau Bg;a jvd jrols'ZZ 24
fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka i;ajhdf.a yg.ekau yd meje;au ú.%y flÍ we;af;a zmGúZ
^;o.;sh& zwdfmdaZ ^je.sfrk iajNdjh& zf;afcdaZ ^iS; yd WKqiqï nj& zjdfhdaZ ^jd;h& hk
i;r uyd N+;hka mokï lrf.kh' tfia we;sjk fï m[apiaLkaOh iys; mqoa.,hd ;=<
zuuZ h zudf.aZ h hkqfjka .;yels lsisjla fkdue;' tuksid wd;aujd§ ixl,am ms<sn| j
is;Su mjd isÿ fkdl< hq;a;la f,i fmkajd fohs'

fï khska n,k l, mqoa.,hd fï f,dal jYfhka ne| ;nkq ,nkafka

m[apiaLkaOh ms<sn| j Wmdodkhla we;s lr .ekSu ksidh' tfia fkdùug kï mqoa.,hd
úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a l=ulao@ hkakg o w,.oa¥mu iQ;%h lreKq olajhs' tkï
by;ska i|yka lrkakg fhÿk iaLkaOd§ O¾uhka ms<sn| j we;slr.kakd jQ wd;au oDIaáh
ms<sn| j mj;skakd jQ ;DIAKdj ke;slsÍuh' tys§ fuh uf.a fkdfõ ^fk;x uu& fï uu
fkdfjñ ^fkfidyuiañ& fï uf.a wd;auh fkdfõ ^fkfid fu w;a;d& hkqfjka l,amkd
l< hq;=h' túg uu;ajh uq,a fldg .;a lsisjla ke;ehs wkd;au jYfhka i,lk Tyq ;=<
wd;au oDIAáhla we;s fkdfõ' fufia kqjKska oelSu ;=<ska rEmd§ka flfrys we;sjkakd jQ
;e;s .ekau o ke;s ù hhs'

wd;au oDIAáh ms<sn| j foiQ oyu wjidkfha ;jÿrg;a NsCIQkaf.a .eg¨

ksrdlrKh l< whqre w,.oa¥mu iQ;%fha fmkajd fohs' tys§ tla NsCIQka jykafia kula
úpdrkafka ndysr foaj,a ke;s l,ays ;e;s .ekaula we;s jkafkao@ hkakhs' túg nqÿ rcqka
foaYkd lrkafka Ok" OdkHd§ ndysr jQ foa ke;ehs ie,lSfuka hful=g ;e;s .ekaula we;s
jk nj o" ;j flfkl=g tfia fkdjk nj o fmkajd fohs' tfiau we;eful=g ;ud
ms<sn| j wdOHd;añl jQ foa ke;s l,ays ;e;s .ekaula jk nj o" we;eful=g tfia fkdjk
nj o fmkajd fohs' f,dalh o" wd;auh o" ks;H Ydiaj; hehs we;eful=g yef`.a' ish¨
oDIaá" oDIaá fya;=" oDIaá msysgk ;eka" oDIaá ke.S isàï" oDIAàkag nei.ekSï wdÈh jk úg
;e;s .ekaul=;a ;e;s fkd.ekaul=;a we;s jk nj fmkajd fohs' ;e;s .kakd úg mqoa.,hd
;=< fYdalh WmÈhs' je<fmhs' <h w;a.id y`vhs' uq,djg meñfKhs' fufia ;ud ms<sn| j
jQjla ke;ehs is;ñka ;e;s.ekSug m;afjhs' fï mqyqÿka mqoa.,hdf.a .;s iajNdjhhs' tfia
l,amkd fkdlrk mqoa.,hdg ;e;s.ekaula fYdal lsÍula wdÈh we;s fkdfjhs' hkqfjka
foaYkd lr we;'25

fufia m[apiaLkaOh ms<sn| j mj;skakd jQ wd;au oDIaáh jerÈ iy.; f,i oelSu
yd ;%s,CIKdjfndaOh ukdj oek.;a miq ta mqoa.,hd tkï ry;ka jykafia lreKq mylska
iukaú; jk nj fmkajhs' iirg uq,a jQ wúoHd§ uq,a Wÿrd oeuQ neúka" Tijd ;nk
neúka" m%ySK lrk ,o neúka" uqÿk is¢k ,o ;,a rella fuka lrk ,o neúka thska u;=
bm§ula fkdjk ksid zWlaÅ;a;m,s>Z kï fõ' Èh w.,la fia .,d hk ÿla iys; jQ
mqk¾Njh fokakd jQ cd;s ixydrh m%ySK l< ksid zixlsKAKmßLZ kï fõ' iirg uq,a jQ
;DIAKdÈ uq,a Wÿrd oeuQ neúka" is¢k ,o neúka zwínQ<ayislZ kï fõ' ilaldhÈÜÀ"
úÑlsÉPd" iS,ín;mrdudi" ldurd. yd má> hk m[ap ´rïNd.sh ixfhdack ì| oeuQ
neúka zksr.a.<Z kï fõ' iaLkaO nr" flf,ia nr" wNsixialdr nr nyd ;enQ neúka
zmkakdNdrZ kï fõ' 26 tfiau rEm" fõokd" ix{d" ixLdr" ú[a[dK hk m[apiaLkaOh
flfrys we;s lr.kakd jQ zzuu fjñZZ wdÈ jYfhka jkakd jQ udkh ì| fyÆ ksid
zudkoajcZ hkq o óg kuls'27

fï wdldrhg ;ukag we;s jkakd jQ flf,ia O¾uhka CIh fldg W;=ï jQ

ksfrdaOhg meñK jdih lrkakd jQ ry;ka jykafia ms<sn| j lreKq w,.oa¥mu
iQ;%djidkfha olajd ;sfí' wÜGl:dj fï lreK Wmudjl iajrEmfhka j¾Kkd lr we;'
fpdar k.rh yd fÄu k.rh hkqfjka k.r folla ;sfí' tl< uyd fhdaOfhl=g fun÷
is;la my< fjhs' fï fpdar k.rh ;sfnk;dla fÄu k.rh Nhska fkdñfohs' tu ksid
ikakdy ikakoaO ù fpdar k.rhg meñK we;=¨ kqjr msysá tlageï l=¿K úkdY fldg
chmeka ìhhq;= njh' fuys i;aldh fpdar k.rh fuks' ks¾jdKh fCIau k.rh fuks'
hï;dla i;aldh mj;S o ta;dla fo;sia lï lfgd¨" wg wkQ frda." miaúis uyd Nh"
wdÈfhka ñ§ula ke;' ta wkqj iS, keue;s ikakdyh f.k m%{d keu;s lvqfjka ;DIA Kdj
keu;s tlageï l=¿K .,jd fodrm¿j yd kqjr ljq¿j fuka jQ m[ap TrïNd.sh
ixfhdack keu;s w.=¿ .,jd wúoHdj keu;s leKsuv, Tijd mjqr ì¢ñka Èh w., fuka
jQ l¾udNsixialdrhka ì| cd;s ixidr keu;s Èh w., úiqrejd k.rd,xldrh i|yd ti jQ
fldä fuka jQ udk keu;s Oc m;dl .,jd ilaldÈÜÀ keu;s k.rh ojd flf,ia rys;
jQ ksjka mqrfhys M, iuj;aj iqj ú¢ñka l,a hjkafkah'28 fï ry;ka jykafia flf,ia
is|,k wdldrh Wmudjlska f.kyer oelaùuls'

fun÷ b.ekaùï we;s nqÿrcdKka jykafia zzi;a;aj úkdYh mKjkafkah'

i;ajhdf.a yg fkd.ekau mKjkafkah' WÉfþojdofhka lreKq lshkafkahZZ29 hehs we;eï
uyK nuqfKla wi;Hfhka fpdaokd lrk nj w,.oa¥mu iQ;%fhys i|yka fjhs' tfy;a
;uka jykafia fmr fndauev§ m%ldYl< hï ldrKhla fõkï tu lreK u oekq;a olajk
nj iQ;%djidkfha oelafõ' tkï fï f,dalh ÿlaL" ÿlaL iuqoh" ÿlaL ksfrdO" ÿlaL ksfrdO
.dñks mámod jYfhka isõiia oyu mokï lrf.k mj;sk njh' tuksid tu uyK
nuqKka lshkakd jQ foh wid ;uka jykafia ;=< lsisu wdldrhl oafõIhla" ffjrhla
ke;a;d fia u f;dmg o hï flfkla fufia fodia mfrdia lshdkï ta ;=< ffjrhla we;s
fkdfldg bjiSu m%.=K l< hq;= nj NsCIQkag okajhs' th yqfola ;udf.a fuka u
wkHhkaf.a o fndfyda ld,hla ys; iqj msKsi mj;skakla hehs fmkajd fohs'30

iQ;%djidkfhaÈ;a nqÿrcdKka jyakfia kej;;a wjOdrKh lr we;af;a ;ukaf.a

fkdjkakd jQ hï fohla jkafka kï ta ish,a, w;a y< hq;= njh' tkï rEm fõodk§
m[apiaLkaOh o hï ojil w;ay< hq;= njh' ta ;=<ska mqoa.,hdg §¾> ld,hla ys; msKsi
iqj msKsi lreKq fhfok nj okajhs'

fï wdldrfhka ;ud úiska ukdfldg foaYkd lrk ,o hï O¾uhla fõkï th

mokï lrf.k úuqla;.
s dó mqoa.,hdg we;ehs lsjyels iir jfgla fkdue;' TrïNd.sh
ixfhdack m%ySK l< hï Y%djlfhla fõ kï ta ;eke;a;d Tmmd;slj Y=oaOdjdi n%yau
f,dalj, W;am;a;sh ,n;s' wdmiq fuf<djg fkdmeñfK;a ilAldhÈÜÀ wdÈ ;=ka
ixfhdackhka m%ySK l< Y%djlfhda ilod.dñ M,fhys msysg;a' tla jrla muKla
fuf,djg meñK ÿlska ñ§ ksjka ols;a' wjidkfhys Wka jykafiaf.a ry;a nj ksh;h'

fï wdldrhg w,.oa¥mu iQ;% foaYkdj ;=<ska NsCIQka jykafia,dg oyï foid we;s
nqÿrcqka tys§ fï iir ne| ;nk wdd;au oDIaáh w;ay< hq;= nj fmkajd fohs' hï
flfkla .kaOndêmq;a; f;reka fia jerÈ wdldrfhka wd;au oDIaáh ;=< neif.k ;uka
jykafia foaYkd lrk ,o O¾uh ú.%yhg ,la lrkafka kï fyda wjfndaO lr.kafka
kï th i¾mhd jerÈ wdldrhg w,a,d .ekSula yd iudk j nj fmkajd fohs' thska
mqoa.,hdg isÿjkafka i¾mhd oIag lsÍfuka isÿjk ydksh yd iudk ÿllg m;aùugh'

wdka;sl igyka

1
u' ks' Tmïu j.a.h" w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 325-354'
2
wka;rdhsld - f; lïulsf,iúmdl Wmjdo wKdù;slalujfik m[apúOd"
mm[apiQokS kdu uÊCêuksldhÜGl:d" fya' ú' uq' 1948" ms' 85'
3
;;A: m[apdkka;rshOïud lïuka;rdhsld kdu" ;:d NslaLqkS¥ilïux' ;x mk fudlaLiafij wka;rdhx
kfrd;s" k i.a.iai' ksh;ñÉPdÈÜÀOïud lsf,ika;rdhsld kdu' mKavl ;srÉPdk.;
WNf;dnH[ackldkx máikaêOïud úmdlka;rdhsld kdu' wßhQmjdoOïud Wmjdoka;rdhsld kdu' f; mk
hdj wßfh k Ludfmka;s" ;djfoj" k ;f;d mrx' i[aÑÉp ù;slalka;d i;a; wdm;a;slaLkaOd
wdKdù;slaLuka;rdhsld kdu' f;ms hdj NslaLqNdjx jd mácdkd;s" k jqÜGd;s jd" k fofi;s jd" ;djfoj" k
;f;d mrx'
-tu- ms' 85'
4
wÜÀlxLÆmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d" udxifmiQmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d" ;sKqlal+mud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d"
wx.drldiQmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d" iqmskQmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d" relaLMÆmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d"
wisiQKQmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d" i;a;siQÆmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d" imamisrEmud ldud jq;a;d N.j;d"
nyqÿlaLd nyqmdhdid wd§kfjd t;a: NsfhHdZZ;s
u' ks' Tmïu j.a.h" w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 326'
5
;:d w: mdYxv mQcd jd m,mdYxv.,yd jd fkd ishd"
wfYdal Ys,d f,aLk" ;=kajk uqøKh" fn,a,k {dkúu, ysñ" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," urodk" ms' 44
6
u' ks' Tmïu j.a.h" w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 334'
7
l=,aÆmfud fu Oïfud foisf;d ks;a:rK;a:dh fkd .yK;a:dh' l=,aÆmux fjd NslaLfj Oïux fois;x
wdcdkkaf;ys Oïudms fjd myd;índ" mf.j wOïud'
u' ks' w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 338'
8
u' ks' w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 338'
9
§' ks' n%yaucd,iq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2004" ms' 20'
10
oaafõ fu NslaLfõ wka;d mínðf;k k fiú;índ" fhd pdZhx ldfuiqlduiqL,a,sldkqfhdf.d ySfkd
.ïfud fmd:qÊcksfld wkßfhd wk;a;ixysf;d" fhd pdZhx w;a;ls,u:dkqfhdf.d ÿlafLd wkßfhd
wk;a;ixysf;d' tf; f; WfNd wkaf;a wkqm.ïu uÊCêud mámod ;:d.f;k wNsiïnqoaOd'''''''
 ix' ks' v, Oïuplalmamj;a;kiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 270'
11
hdj;a Ôfj;a iqLx Ôfj;a - RKx l;ajd >D;x msfn;a
NiaólD;iH foyiH - mqkrd.uKx lD;#
wßhúu, ysñ" fldiaj;af;a" nqoaO O¾uh" iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,h" urodk" 1996" ms' 81'
12
iufKd L¨ fNd f.d;fud iín lïudkx wlsßhx m[a[fm;s' iínlïudkx fLd mk wlsßhx
m[a[fmkaf;d WÉfþox wdy f,dliai
wx' ks' p;=lalksmd;" ;;shlïuiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' 2005" ms' 448'
13
wy[apdkkao jÉPf.d;a;iai mßíndcliai w;a:;a;d;s mqÜfGd iudfKd w;a:;a;d;s jHlfrhHx fh f;
wdkkao iuKn%dyauKd iiai;jdod f;ifu;x ,oaê wNúiai' wyx p wdkkao jÉPf.d;a ;iai mßíndcliai
k;a:;a;d;s mqÜfGd iudfKd jHdlfrhHx fh f; wdkkao iuKn%yauKd WÉfþojdod f;ifu;x ,oaê
wNúiai ix' ks' iv w;a:;a;iq;a;x" nq' c' uq' 2005" ms' 704'
14
oajhksiaisf;dZhx fNd lÉpdk f,dfld fhN=fhHk w;aÓ;[afpj k;aÓ;[ap iínu;aÒZ;s fLd lÉpdk
whfufld wkaf;d' iínx k;aÒZ;s whx ÿ;sfhd wkaf;d' tf; f; lÉpdk WfNd wkaf; wkqm.ïu uÊCOk
;:d.f;d Oïux fofi;s' wúÊcd mÉphd ixLdrd" ixLdr mÉphd ú[a[dKx'''''
ix' ks' ii" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 28'
15
rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd," nqÿka jod< O¾uh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" fld<U" 1195" ms' 79'
16
Zzp;a;dfrd fu NslaLfj i[a[d úm,a,did" Ñ;a; úm,a,did" ÈÜÀ úm,a,did" l;fu p;a;dfrd@ wksÉfÉ
NslaLfj ksÉpka;s" ÿlafL NslaLfj iqLka;s" wk;a;ks NslaLfj w;a;d;s wiqfN NslaLfj iqNka;sZZ
máiïNsodmlrKx" úm,a,dil:d" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 506'
17
iífn ixLdrd wksÉpd;s - hod m[a[dh miai;s''''''
iífí ixLdrd ÿlaLd;s - hod m[a[dh miai;s''''''
iífí Oïud wk;a;d;s - hod m[a[dh miai;s
w: ksíìkaO;s ÿlafL - ti u.af.d úiqoaêhd
Lqoaol ksldh" Oïumoh" u.a.j.a." nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" .d' 277-279' ms' 94'
18
l;fud p NslaLfj máÉpiuqmamdfod cd;s mÉphd NslaLfj crd urKx Wmamdod jd ;:d.;dkx wkqmamdod
jd ;:d.;dkx À;dj id Od;= OïuÜÀ;;d" Oïukshdu;d'''''''
ix' ks' wNsiuh ixhq;a;x" mÉphiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' ms' 66'
19
rEmx NslaLfj wksÉpx" fjokd wksÉpd" i[a[d wksÉpd" ixLdrd wksÉpd" ú[a[dKx wksÉpx" hoksÉpx
;x ÿlaLx" hx ÿlaLx ;ok;a;d u' ks' I , pq,a, iÉpl iq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2004" ms' 542'
20
ix' ks' ii, kLisldiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 406'
21
;x lsx u[a[: NslaLfj rEmx ksÉpx jd wksÉpx jd;s@" wksÉpx Nkaf;" hx mkdksÉpx ÿlaLx jd ;x iqLx
jd;s@" ÿlaLx Nkaf;" hx mkdksÉpx" ÿlaLx úmßKduOïux l,a,x kq ;x iukqmiais;=x t;x uu" tfidyuiañ"
tfid fu w;a;d;s@ fkdfy;x Nkaf;" m[apj.a.shiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 116'
22
rEmx wk;a;x" fjokd wk;a;d" i[a[d wk;a;d" ixLdrd wk;a;d" ú[a[dKx wk;a;x;s
-tu- ms' 116'
23
rEmx NslaLfj wk;a;d" rEm[ap ysox NslaLfj w;a;d wNúiai' khsox rEmx wdndOdh ixj;af;hH
-tu- ms' 116'
24
jrx NslaLfj wiaiq;jd mq:qÊcfkd bux pd;=ïuydN=;slx ldhx w;a;fkd Wm.ÉfPhH' k;afjjx Ñ;a;x
ix' ks' ii, wiaiq;jka;=iq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 148'
25
u' ks' w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 340 -342
26
-tu- ms' 348'
27
mm[apiQokS kdu uÊCêuksldhÜGl:d" fya' ú' uq' 1948" ms' 85'
28
-tu- ms' 126'
29
u' ks' w,.oa¥muiq;a;x" nq' c' uq' keÈud," 2005" ms' 348'
30
-tu- ms' 350'

iyldr lÓldpd¾h"
rdclSh mKaä; je,súg fidr; ysñ"
B.A. (Hons.) M.A. (Kel)
NdId wOHhk wxYh"
nqoaOY%djl NsCIq úYajúoHd,h"
wkqrdOmqr