G.

KENNETH JENKINS

COINS OF PUNIC SICILY

Part I »

Contents

Punic legends 26 3 Rsmlqrt-R'smlqrt 53

Abbreviations 26 Catalogue 61
1 Motya I and Panormos 27 4 Thermai-Solus 70
Motya II/III and Panormos 31 Catalogue 72
Catalogue: Motya I/II/III 5 Minor issues and bronze
and Panormos didrachms 34 (Motya, Solus, Panormos, Eryx) 74
2 Panormos tetradrachms 40 Key to plates 1-22 76
Catalogue

Foreword

This article is designed as a first instalment to cover rhe major issues of Motya,
Panormos and «Rashmelqart», together with related issues of Thermai and minor
coins of other mints. It is hoped to complete the picture in further insralments dealing
with the tetradrachm series of the Horse, Horse and palmtree and Horse's head types,
which I refer to in the present article as the «Carthage» series and which, I believe
represents the mint of Lilybaion (cf. p. 55). For the minor issues of the mints here
treated, no attempt has been made to collect the full material, and these are given in
summary form only, mainly on plates 23—24.
The initial collection of the material was made some years ago by E. S. G. Robinson,
and my debt to him is immense, for without the work he had already done, it
would hardly have been practicable to make a start. I have however been able to
augment his material from further sources '. Dr. Robinson has also been kind enough
to let me use his unpublished notes and to discuss many things with me, but of
course I must take responsibility for the results, such as they are. I am also extremely
grareful to Leo Mildenberg for the opportunity of publication in this form.

* Veröffentlicht mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der

wissenschaftlichen Forschung. / Publié avec l'aide du Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche scientifique.

1
My sincere thanks go to all who have helped in any way with the collection of material for this
publication: G. Dembski (Vienna), G. Foti (Reggio Calabria), S. Hurter (Zürich), CM.Kraay
(Oxford), H. Küthmann (Munich), J. Lallemand (Brussels), G. Le Rider (Paris), R.B.Lewis (London),

Dr. Maaskant-Kleibrink (Hague), A. Mini (Palermo), A. Moretti (Bellinzona), O.M0rkholm (Copenhagen),

O. Pennisi di Floristella (Acireale), E. Pozzi (Naples), M. Salton (New York), H.D.Schultz
(Berlin), P. Strauss (Basel), M.Thompson (New York), P. Tranchina (Syracuse), A. Tusa Cutroni
(Palermo), C.C.Vermeule (Boston), U. Westermark (Stockholm).

25
 Punic legends

mtv p. 34 (nos. 26, 37-38, 43-45, 48, pl. 23, 4 b)

'mtv p. 34 (no. 31)
hmtv' p. 34 (nos. 39-41)
sy? p. 38, 45
sb'l sys p. 38 (litra pl. 24, 12)
rsmlqrt p. 61 (nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, ii, 21, 26, 31,42, 48, 49, 54, 61, 65, 68)
rsmlqtt (reversed) p. 61 (no. 62)
r'smlqrt p. 61 (nos. 12, 18, 23, 25, 69, 71)
'g p. 73 (no. 73)
k p. 73 (Solus pl. 22)
kfr' p. 73 (Solus pl. 23, 16-18)
'rk p. 73 (Eryx pl. 24, 24)

Abbreviations
AC Ars Classica
Annali Annali dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica
Arch.&Trav. Archaeologist and Traveller (Sotheby sale 20. 1. 1898)
Atti e Mem. Atti e Memorie dell'Istituto Italiano di Numismatica
A-V Armand-Valton (Paris)
BMQ British Museum Quarterly
Contessa Contessa hoard (Palermo)
Glend. Glendining
H de Hirsch (Brussels)
Hamb. Hamburger
Hirsch Jacob Hirsch sales (Munich)
Holm Holm, Geschichte Siziliens III
I-B Imhoof-Blumer, Zur Münzkunde Großgriechenlands, Siciliens, Kretas usw.
(in NZ 1886)
Jenkins-Lewis Carthaginian gold and electrum coins (London 1963)
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
Kokalos KßKAAOS (studi pubblicati dall'Istituto di Storia Antica dell'Università di
Palermo)
Lederer Lederer, Die Tetradrachmenprägung von Segesta (Munich 1910)
McC McClean (Cambridge)
Met. Metropolitan Museum (New York)
MMAG Münzen und Medaillen AG (Basel)
Nav. Naville
Noe Noe, Bibliography of Greek coin hoards
NSc Notizie degli Scavi
NZ Numismatische Zeitschrift
PCG Guide to the Principal Coins of the Greeks (British Museum)
Rizzo Rizzo, Monete greche della Sicilia antica
RPK Richard Payne Knight collection (British Museum)
SC Sambon-Canessa
Soth. Sotheby
TRINC Transactions of the International Numismatic Congress (London 1936)
Weber L. Forrer, The Weber collection (London 1922)
WSM Newell, Western Seleucid Mints
ZfN Zeitschrift für Numismatik
 Motya I and Panormos

(Plates 1-2)

The early series of both mints are here collected as fully as possible apart from
the small coins (for which see plates 23—24). There are close connexions between
the didrachm series of the two mints, both of which show considerable dépendance
on Segesta. When the corpus of Segesta coins in preparation becomes available, surer
conclusions should be possible regarding the related Punic coinages.
Motya I begins2 with didrachms whose obverse is copied from those of Himera
(Rizzo xxi 9) while the reverse is very close to the Segesta type Rizzo lxii 8; this
reverse at Motya and Segesta depends on the Syracusan type Boehringer Reihe XXII
(c. 440 by his chronology, but more probably c. 430)3, and may fairly be considered
to begin in western Sicily c. 425. From Motya no. 14 the Himerean obverse is
replaced by a Segestan type, a dog with small female head above, such as occurs in a
large group of Segestan coins (Rizzo lxi 17, SNG II 1178, Luynes 1116-7, etc.), cf.
Plate 2 A, B here; rhis Segestan group clearly precedes a later group of which samples
are here illustrated on Plate 4 (A-F).
With the obverse of Segestan style (Motya no. 14 ff.) were used some reverses
(rev. 6, 7, 8) which had already appeared in the series of Motya, and also two other
dies Raa and Rbb which have the inscription s y s. Raa and Rbb have heads of more
or less current Segestan style, Raa being similar to Luynes 1116 (here Plate 2 B),
while Rbb seems to be modelled on the style of Segesta Rizzo lxi 17. Apparently,
Rbb was originally prepared for Segesta as traces of the Greek legend Segestazib
remain alongside the Punic legend; I understand that this die has not, so far at least,
been traced in its presumed original form. Rbb is further used (at Z3) with a
different obverse die (obv. 9) which in rurn is coupled with a purely Segestan reverse
(Plate 2, A).
Coins Zi and Z3 of the above series were known to Imhoof-Blumer when in
18864 he expressed his scepticism as to whether the sys legend really corresponded
to the place name of Panormos. Imhoof drew rhe conclusion that Z1, being die-linked
to Motya, must be of that mint, whereas Z3 must for similar reasons be of the
Segesta mint. This conclusion formed his prime argument against the sys-Panormos
equivalence. But it is clear that the question must now be viewed in another light,

2 Unless some earlier coins of Segestan type, without legend, represent a previous Motyan coinage,
as suggested by E. S. G. Robinson in SNG II 1131-2. The plant may perhaps be no more than a
die-break?
3 On this adjustment of
Syracusan chronology, cf. Jenkins, Gela, pp. 66 ff.
4 Zur Münzkunde Großgriechenlands, NZ 18, 1886, pp. 205-286.

27
since the discovery of Z 2 makes a direct link between Z1 and Z 3 and thus forms
an unbroken chain of die-linkages apparently beginning at Motya and ending at
Segesta.
In order to explain even in principle how this can be so we are compelled to
admit that somewhere along the line either one or more dies must have been
transferred between the mints in
question, or else that one mint was striking coins for the
other. Both of these possibilities are well attested in the field of Greek coinage and
some of the examples known were indeed mentioned by Imhoof himself in the
article of 1886 - those of Hyria-Fensernia (Imhoof, taf. V, 7-8) and of the Cam-
panians-Neapolis (ibid. taf. V, 16-17). We may cite also Rhegion-Messana (Robinson,
JHS 1948, p. 20, no. 6 Rhegion and no. 32 Messana), Syracuse-Leontinoi (Boehringer
Syrakus, taf. 30, A3), Corinth-Ambracia (Ravel NNM 37, no. 8 and p. 83 ff.),
Eleutherna-Hierapytna (Seltman, Greek Coins, pl. xxxvii, 9, 10; also mentioned by
Imhoof, p. 283), Priansos-Phaistos (Milne, TRINC 1936, p. 90, no. 2). Other cases,
from the Hellenistic period and later: Alexander, die-link between Sidon and Ake
(Newell, Dated Alexander Coinage of Sidon and Ake, p. 53); the Seleucids, die-
transfers between Abydus, Lampsacus, Ilium and Alexandria Troas (Newell WSM,
p. 327 ff., esp. nos. 1548-9, 1555, 1557, 1560, 1563-4); a shared obverse between
IIIc Alexanders of Priene and Miletus (Seyrig RN 1963, p. 37-38); Achaean league,
die-link between Elis and Patrae (Thompson NNM 159, p. 101); and innumerable
dies shared between coins of differenr cities in Roman Asia minor, attesting centralised
mintages, the subject of an important forthcoming work by the late K. Kraft.
The possibility of die-transference thus shows that, for the series of Motya — s y s -
Segesta with which we are here concerned, it would be difficult to derive any decisive
proof, from the evidence of the die-linkages alone, as to the place of mintage of the
specimens Z 1, 2, 3. In fact the style, and the remains of the Segestan legend on Rbb,
are facrors which would agree well enough with the hypothesis that these sys dies
were made by a Segestan engraver. But if so, it hardly seems plausible ro think that
the coins with the Punic legend sys were made for use at Segesta, since it was not
a Punic city. As for Motya, the other city involved in the series, we know that its
Punic name mtv' appeared shortly afterwards (in series II) so that it is most
improbable that coins marked sys should have have been intended for Motya either.
In brief, it seems to me that the die-links which we have between the coins of Motya
and Segesta, with the sys specimens Z 1, 2, 3, do not after all in any way preclude
the possibility that the latter were minted at or for Panormos and that sys can best
be interprered as the Punic name of that city.
The hypothesis that the word s y s is not a place-name is in any case quite gratuitous,
especially as no other convincing explanation of it has been offered5. We are
left with the only positive evidence for the meaning of s y s in the shape of the small
bilingual litrai bearing this Punic legend on the obverse and the Greek nANOPMOS

5
A.H.Lloyd, NC 1925, 129 ff.

28
on the reverse (Plate 2 Y). From these, it seems to me beyond reasonable doubt that
the Punic legend must be the equivalent of the Greek, in precisely the same way
that we have Punic and Greek legends combined on coins of Solus (Plate 23, 18).
It is also important to note that these bilingual litrai are by their epigraphy intimately
connected with the didrachms Z I, 2, 3: the rendering of the letter forms is almost
identical on the didrachms and on the litrai Plate 2 X, Y; and moreover it is a rendering
of sys which does not otherwise occur. From the table of legends (p. 38) it will
be seen that only here does the letter sade have this shape, whether written in the
normal direction or, as on the didrachm Z2, reversed. This epigraphic feature
strongly reinforces not only the connexion between the didrachms and the litrai,
which are thus presumably contemporary and quite probably by the same hand, but
also strengthens the conclusion that both denominations must pertain to Panormos —
irrespective of wherher the didrachm dies were made by Segestan engravers as
suggested above.
From the foregoing discussion of the die-linked series of the didrachms Z 1, 2, 3
and their connexions with rhe Motya I series and Segesta, and the perfectly feasible
explanation that dies can have been transferred between mints, it will be seen that
Imhoof-Blumer's main argument against the identification of sys as Panormos is
invalidared. His other arguments are in any case less significant, being concerned
with the possibility that certain other coins with the sys legend might belong to (a)
Eryx and (b) to Solus or Thermai. For Eryx, it is merely a case of a stylistic similarity
between some sys didrachms (our Panormos nos. 9—10) and didrachms of Eryx (of
which Imhoof gives as example a specimen similar to SNG II 942, cf. Rizzo
lxiv 8, 9)6: in view of the many such similarities berween the different mints of
western Sicily, of which others will be noted below, this argument cannot be given
very much weighr, and the same kind of argument from the similarity of the Eryx
litra (Plate 24, 24) to that of the sys mint (Plate 24, 12) would be no more cogenr.
In the case of Solus or Thermai, to which Imhoof (p. 266 ff. and p. 246 respectively)
suggests the attribution of the «cock» coins with sys (drachm, here Plate 6 A, bronze
Plate 24, 18), I have tried to discuss the question elsewhere7 in connexion with the
coinage of Himera. It turns on whether a specimen of the «cock» bronze could, as
Imhoof suggested, be read kf ra instead of sys; the evidence cited by Imhoof (p. 248)
from Landolina is not satisfactory, and so far as I know nothing has turned up to
confirm it. Neither here nor in the case of Eryx can I see rhat there are any argumenrs
which can stand up against the clear s y s Panormos equivalence already mentioned.
At this point it may be worth looking briefly at one other line of argument which
has been adduced in the attempt to explain away sys Panormos. This was the
argument of Lloyd in NC 1925, 129 ff., based on the diversity of types, original to a

8 Cf. also SNG II

1183 - «perhaps Eryx or Motya» -; this should be Eryx, as the obv. die seems
of
to be basically that Rizzo lxiv 9 with some alterations especially of the corn ears.
7 La monetazione arcaica di Himera, Annali, 16-17 suppl. (Rome 1971), pp. 34 ff.

29
number of different Greek minrs, which in fact occur in association with the sys
legend. It is obvious that the sys tetradrachms (here Plates 7-14) comprise many
types of Syracuse, although no one would try to assign them to that mint. Among
the other sys coins we have recollections of Gela (the man-faced bull, Plate 24, 2, 8,
11—16), of Syracuse (female heads, Plate 24, 3, 4), of Messana and Akragas respectively
(dolphin/eagle, Plate 24,9), of Kamarina (Athena/swan, Plate 24,10), possibly
of Thermai (Hera/manfaced bull, Plate 24, 20, cf. Plate 22 A), and of Himera
(«cock» Plate 6 A and Plate 24, 17; goat-rider, Plate 24, 5, 6 Plate 2 X, Y)8. To
believe, as Lloyd apparently did, that these sys coins were really minted at all
the various cities in question, under Punic domination, would really be very difficult
-
indeed especially when we already know from sure examples that the explanation
is very simple, that the Punic mints were very prone to imitate the types of the
Greek mints, and indeed did so for most of their coins. Thus we have Greek-inscribed
tetradrachms and didrachms of Panormos wirh types of Syracuse, Katana/Leontinoi,
Segesta and Selinus (Plates 6-7); coins of Eryx using the types of Segesta, Selinus,
Akragas and Himera9; and coins of Motya using the types of Himera and Segesta
(here Plates 1-4), Akragas and Syracuse (Plate 5), a small coin, similar to the sys
Plate 24, 9, suggesting Messana and Akragas (here Plate 23, 1), while the Gorgon
of Plate 23, 4, 5 8 may or may not owe something to the bronze coinage of Camarina.
At least it is clear that in numerous cases whose mints are derermined there is a
large repertoire of rypes culled from various Greek mints. Against this background it
can hardly be argued that the diversity of types used with the sys legend can show
anything, except that the sys mint too was very fond of such imirations. It certainly
does not prove what Lloyd thought it did.
Finally, the etymology of the word sys in itself could hardly help to determine
whether it is or is not a place name; it is generally admitted that the root of the
-
word means «shining», but it seems at least to a non-semitologist like myself very -
far fetched indeed to extend the meaning to «shining metal» and so to «metal plate»
and «mint». This last is exemplified by the explanation given by Honeyman10 of the
legend sb'l sys, which occurs on some small coins (here Plate 24, 13), and which
he translates «masters of rhe minr». It seems clear that this legend must be analogous
to those of similar form which are found at Tarsus (b'l trz), Gaziura (b'l gzwr),

8 Cf. Holm, Geschichte Siziliens III, Beschreibung der Tafeln, p. 18 ff.

9 Cf. e.g. SNG II 934, 935, 941: and an Eryx litra (in BM) with the types of Selinus, SNG II
1218.
10 A. M. Honeyman, AJPhil 1947, p. 81 ff.; approved by Sola Sole, Sefarad 1967, p. 27; but cf. also
H. D. McEwen, NC 1925, pp. 393-4.
- The equation between sys and the -zib termination of some Segestan legends, which has sometimes
been suggested, was accepted by R. Arena in Archivo Glottologico Italiano xliv, 1959, 17 ff.,
esp. 25 ff., but firmly rejected by U. Schmoll, Kokalos 7, 1.96s, 71 ff. and X. Durante, do. 86 ff.
- It hardly needs to be added that in accepting sys as the ancient name of Palermo one is under
no compulsion whatever to see any connexion with the medieval palace of La Ziza in that city.

3D
Gades (mb'l 'gdr), Sexsi and Tingis (mb'l tyng')11.
(mb'l sks), Lix (mb'l Iks),
In all of these we have the place-name, and thus also in the legend sb '1 sys the
element sys must designate the name of the city.
Summarising this discussion, I would say that it seems to me that an entirely
unnecessary amount of mystery has been allowed to surround the whole question of
the sys legend. The only clear evidence we have equates it with Panormos, and I
think that neither arguments derived from the die-linkages, nor from the types, nor
from the etymology, are in the least convincing as indications to the contrary. It
seems to me that the interpretation of sys as the Punic name of Panormos is
eminently recommendable and should be accepted.

Motya II-III and Panormos

(Plates 3-6)

The period covered by this section is probably 415/410-397 B.C. the latter
terminus being provided by the destruction of Motya by Dionysios. The general
influence of Segesta is still paramount for the didrachm coinage as both Segesta itself
and the other mints move on to a new style. At Segesta there are the new types of
the dog with stag's head (Plate 4 C, F), imitated at Motya, and the dog with corn ears
(Plate 4 A, B, D, E) which however was not imitated at the Punic mints but only at
Eryx.
The didrachms of Motya II go through two phases, a Greek issue (nos. 18-25)
followed by a Punic issue (nos. 26-36). After these comes Motya III (Plate 5) consisting

of Akragantine type tetradrachms, followed by a second series of tetradrachms and

didrachms with Syracusan heads copied from Kimon's decadrachms and facing
Arethusa; clearly this group must finish by 397 B.C. Working back from this it seems
likely that Motya II should come before 405 and may thus be dated c. 415/410-405,
leaving 405-397 for Motya III.
Motya didrachms of the Greek phase (nos. 18-25) show some close analogies with
Segesta, e.g. no. 20 with the litra Plate 4 F and no. 22 with Plate 4 A. Then in the
Punic phases at Motya we see the influence of the new Segestan prototype Plate 4 C, D,
which with its very characteristic tall head, either with or without an ivy leaf in the
field, remains dominant in Motya nos. 26-36.

11 E.g. Tarsus, BMC Lycaonia, etc., p. 167, no. 32; Gaziura, BMC Galatia, etc., p. 29, no. 1; Gades,
Vives La Moneda Hispanica, pl. IX, 13; Sexsi, ibid. pl. LXXXIII, 2 ff.; Lix, SNG (Copenhagen),
part 42, no. 692; Tingis, ibid., no. 720.

31
 The date of the group of Segesta coins represented by Plate 4 A—F remains
to be determined closely, but it is necessary for the moment to form at least some
preliminary view. Much depends in any case on the date we assign to Plate 4 E,
with the dog and corn-ears obverse and the reverse head in sphendone which is
the same die used on a Segestan tetradrachm (Lederer 7). On Lederer's chronology
this tetradrachm would be c. 416 B.C.; bur by analogy with Syracusan styles the
other tetradrachms linked with it (Lederer 5, 6) would be much more likely to be
after 410 B.C. Also I can see no cogency in Lederer's argument that the Segesta
mint must have closed in 409 12. It seems to me that these tetradrachms can well
be placed in rhe final decade of the fifth century, so rhat the didrachm Plate 4 E
should be of the same time, perhaps 405-400, a dating that is in any case
necessary for this didrachm on account of the Pennisi specimen, itself overstruck
on a didrachm of Camarina which is probably not long before 405 13. Naturally
it is possible to envisage that the Segestan group represented here by Plate 4 A—F
may extend from e.g. 415-400 B.C., but for the present purpose it is neither
possible nor necessary to try to be more precise. For the Motya II didrachms,
Greek and Punic, nos. 18-36, we can well suppose 415/410-c. 405, still leaving
room for the succeeding Motya III issues at c. 405 (nos. 37-44) and c. 400 (nos. 45-
50) respectively.
There are three varieties of the Punic legend; 'mtv (as no. 26), mtv' (as no. 33,
etc.) and hmtv' (as no. 39). In the case of hmtv' at no. 39 the first letter is added
in rhe die of no. 38 which has only mtv'. The variations are mentioned by Sola Sole
in Seferad 27, 1967, pp. 19—20, note 25, and the parallel variations at Gades (hgdr /
'gdr) are noted by him. The form of the legend at no.44 is rather uncertain,
depending on a single specimen of which I have not seen the original.
The Panormos didrachms of the present period are fewer in number than those of
Motya and almost all have the Greek legend; the only exceptions being nos. 9—10.
No. 1 stands rather apart from the resr, and seems ro correspond ro the previous
stylistic phase of Segesta as Plate 2 B, though whether no. 1 is really before or after
the sys didrachms Z 1, 2, 3 which have been discussed above, is hard to determine.
With no. 2 however we have a piece which is extremely close in style to Motya
no. 20 and surely by the same hand — if indeed it is not really one and the same die
with some small alterations, thought it is impossible to be sure of this. In any case
Panormos no. 2 and Motya no. 20 must fall in the same period which can be roughly
defined as c. 415-410. The engraver of both is likely enough to have been a Segestan,
and the author of the Segesta litra Plate 4 F. Panormos no. 5 seems a weak imitation
of this type. With regard to the crayfish behind the head, it would be impracticable to

Lederer, Segesta, pp. 14-15. Segesta was the ally of Carthage then and remained loyal to
12

at the time of Dionysios' expeditions in 397—396 B.C. It seems merely an assumption that
Carthage

Segesta lost her autonomy in 409.

13 Rizzo, p. 287, fig. 90.

32
try to associate it with the similar symbol which appears below on tetradrachm no. 23
(Plate 9) which must be after 400 B.C.
Panormos no. 3 shows a head derived from the Segestan «tall head» (Plate 4
C-D), and no. 6 has the ivy leaf: but otherwise there is no great dépendance on the
new Segestan styles, and there is no copy here, as at Motya, of the dog with stag's
head obverse type. Panormos no. 8 has on the obverse a shell above the dog which
recurs on the Punic coin no. 9. No. 8 still has a Greek legend, but with it a swastika
symbol which later is echoed on a tetradrachm, no. 70 (Plate 13) and a litra (Plate
24, 13)-
It is difficult to
be sure how precisely the Punic didrachms fir in with the
series, but presumably nos. 9, 10, 11 belong roughly to the 410—390 phase.
tetradrachm

We cannot, however, easily suggest any firm date for didrachms nos. 12, 13; clearly
rhey must find some place alongside the sys tetradrachms series bur neither the style
nor the epigraphy (the precise letter forms are not clear enough to include in our
drawings) give much help, and the free horse type has its analogy both in the
«Carthage» series before c. 380 B.C. and in the bronze coins of Panormos in the late

fourth century.
To sum up the development of the Panormos mint so far: one would except coins
in Greek to come generally before those in Punic but this is not apparently the
straightforward criterion after all. The first issue may be the «cock» type (Plate 6 A
and Plate 24, 18) which as I have suggested elsewhere could be of c. 430 B.C.14.
Then there are the didrachms Z 1, 2, 3 (Plate 1-2) which have been discussed above
and which must be before 415 B.C. since they belong to that phase of Segestan style
and are die-linked with Motya I, so that they must precede the Greek didrachms of
Panormos (Plate 6, 1-8) which correspond to Motya II. No doubt the Greek
didrachms of Panormos correspond also, to some extent, to the Greek phase of the
Panormos tetradrachms (Plate 7, 1-9) and the final change to Punic legend was
probably made, as suggested below for the tetradrachms, at about 405 B.C. (below,
P- 40).

Note
In the catalogue sections, an asterisk * marks the specimen illustrated; where there is more than
one, they appear on the plate in the same sequence as listed.
On the plates, the die-numbers are given, for simplicity, as plain numbers without the prefix O
and R respectively.

14 La monetazione arcaica di Himera, Annali, 16—17 suppl. (Rome 1971) pp. 34 ff.

33
 Catalogue: Motya I, II, III and Panormos didrachms

Motya - Legendi
26
Wi TOT
fwi
41

10lf 43

fl»*
31

37
f10"f 44

38
ÏW9 45
fiföi
39
f7074 48 "MOI
Plat 523,4 k r«(-)Ht

Plates 1-2

MOTYA I didrachms nos. 1-17 / PANORMOS Z 1,2,3

Obv Horseman (apobates); 6 03 Fish in ex.

legend MOTVAION R4
Rev Female head with dolphins. 8.57 * London (Bank)
Rizzo lxv. 7
1 Oi 8.55 Nav. 5, 976
R 1
8.48 AC 16, 581
8.59 * Berlin
8.19 Brussels H 502 7 O4
R ¦;
¦^- 5
2 Oi* Leaf added in ex. 8.23 * Hirsch 32,95= Nav. 5,977
R2 8 O4
- * Syracuse R6
8.10 Hamb. 98, 20
3 Oi" added above ex. line
8.03 Hess-Leu 1962, 75
R2 * Priv. coll. Y
8.43 * Berlin
9 O5
O2 No legend
R6
4
8.24 * Woodward 72
R3
* Paris Luynes 1041 8.07 Hirsch 30, 378
8.65
Bunbury 240
5 O2 10 O6 Pistrix in ex.
R2 R7 Swastika in front of neck
8.47 Copenhagen 478 8.67 Hess-Leu 1956, 129
Egger46, 75 8.00 Berlin
* Paris 861 8.30 * Palermo, NC 1931 pi. vi. 8

34
n 07 16 O8
R8 R8 No dolphins; corn grain
8.36 * Berlin 8.57 * Copenhagen 480 IB vii. 3
12 07 17 O8
R7 8.51 * London Lloyd 1135 (rev. R9 No dolphins or corn grain.
worn) 8.60 * Egger 7.1. 1908, 65
8.02 Berlin (obv. worn) Zi O8
— Landolina, IB vii. 1 Raa Segestan type head with dolphins
Rizzo lxv. 6 and Punic legend sys (p. 38)
8.45 Walcher Molthein 482 8.49 * Berlin (Plate 1)
8.42 Boston 299 Warren 269 8.44 * Priv. coll. Y (Plate 2 above;
8.36 Weber 1461 AC 16. 582 enlargement of rev. below)
8.6o Jameson 665 * IB vii. 4 (Plate 2)

13 07 Z2 O8
R4 Rbb Similar head with dolphins and
8.02 * Berlin Punic legend (reading left to right)
(p. 38)
engraved over remains of Greek
legend (Segesta) zib
Obv. Dog standing r.; small female head above. 8.32 * Oxford 2139 Hess-Leu
1964, 62
No legend
Rev. Female head r., with or without dolphins. Z3 O9
Rbb
14 O8 Î.41 * Paris Luynes 1076
R6 IB vii. 11
8.23 * Egger 7.1.1908,69
15 O8
Plate 2 A-B Segesta, X-Y Panormos

R7 A O9
8.12 Berlin Rcc Segestan head with Greek legend
8.46 * Berlin IB vii. 2 * Berlin IB vii. 10
(rev. worn) B Segesta, Paris Luynes 1116
8.37 Copenhagen 479 X Panormos litra (BM) Plate 24, 5

8-33 * SC 1907 Ciccio 233 Y Panormos litra (Hunter)

(rev. much worn) Plate 24, 6

Plates 3-4
MOTYA II (didrachms nos. 18-36) / Segesta A-F
Obv. Dog standing r. Oio
Rev. Female head r. R12 Head with topknot, crayfish behind,
18 O 10 Corn grain above legend MOTVAION
Rio Branch behind, legend 8.10 Paris Luynes 1042
MOTVAION 8.20 London Lloyd 1134
8.10 * Copenhagen 476 Benson 241
8.08 Paris 859
19 Oio
R11 Traces of legend? 8.20 Priv. coll. X
8.44 Hess-Leu 1962, 76
8.40 * Copenhagen 477
8.36 * Jameson 664
8.54 AC 16, 609
8.02 Hirsch 15, 1104

35
 On Plant below 29 O 15 Similar, but no plant
Ru R 18 No leaf or legend
8.20 * London Lloyd 1133 8.26 London
7.93 Berlin 8.58 Priv. coll. X
On 8.51 * ANS
R13 Legend MOTVAION
AC 16, 583
30 015
8.57
R 19 Similar
8.72 * London BMC 4
8.13 * London BMC Segesta 40
7.98 Palermo NC 1931 vi, 9
8.41 New York Met., Ward 230
23 On
R14 Cf. R 11, possibly reçut from it. 31 O 16 Dog with stag's head
Legend? R 20 Ivy leaf, Punic legend 'mtv
8.02 * Cambridge McC 2461 8.26 * London BMC 3
Egger 7. 1. 1908, 70 8.57 Oxford 1859 Egger, 46,
8.04 Berlin 74
Priv. coll. X
24 On 8.42
Weber 1451
R12 8.31
5.61 * Nav. 12, 787 (fourrée)
32 O 16
8.51 Berlin R Similar to R 20
21
8.26 London BMC
8.33 * Egger 7. 1. 1908, 50
3
7.36 Nav. 1, 500
8.55 AC 16, 614
25 On
R15 Crayfish, legend (retrograde) 33 O17 Similar to O 16
MOTVAION R22 Ivy leaf, no legend
_ * Pennisi 8.57 * Berlin
26 O12 Dog standing, plant below O17
34
R16 Ivy leaf, Punic legend mtv' R23 As R22
8.42 * London BMC 5 7.85 * Hirsch 33, 401
8.55 Paris Luynes 1046
8.60 Walcher Molthein 481 35 O18 As O16-17
8.37 Jameson 666 Hess-Leu R22
1956, 128 8.20 * SC 1907 Ciccio, 258
8.56 Berlin
36 O18
27 O13 Similai but no plant R24 Similar
R16 8.42 * Hamburger 98, 290
8.61 Oxford SNG 1858
SNG III 2503 Nav. 5,
972 AC 16, 576
8.72 London (flaw on neck)
8.07 Paris 865 Plate 4 A-F Segesta
8.57 Leu Sicilia 68 A London Lloyd 1184
8.31 Berlin B London BMC 37
8.75 * MMAG43, 1970,38 C London BMC 41
28 O14 Dog with plant below D London BMC 39
R17 Ivy leaf, no legend E London BMC 38
8.22 * Cambridge McC 2460 F London Lloyd 1196

36
 Plate 5

MOTYA III (nos. 37-50)

Tetradrachms: obv. eagle; rev. crab 46 O6 Head 1., three dolphins, no legend
R8
37 Oi Legend mtv' 16.38 London Lloyd 1138
Ri Nav. 6, 415 SC 1907
- * Palermo
Ciccio 236
38 O2 Legend mtv' 15.57 Hunter xv, 5
R2 16.74 Oxford 1861 SNG III
17.11 * Paris 836 Nav. 4, 281
Priv. coll. Y 17.00 Hess-Leu 1956 130
39 O 2' Legend hmtv' (h added in die) 16.10 Hess-Leu 1964 57
R3 Weber 1452
17.16 * London BMC 1 16.57 AC 16, 577
- Munich 16.62 * AC 14, 99
40 O 2' 16.41 Copenhagen 481
R4 17.04 * New York Met., - Palermo Rizzo lxv, 9
Ward 356 — Munich
- Cefalu 17.52 MMAG43,1970, 40
41 O3 47 O6
R4 R9
17.20 * London Lloyd 1137 16.32 Jameson 667

- Palermo, Contessa xvii, 16 - Egger 26. 11. 1909, 178

15.99 AC 17, 171
42 O3
R Fish below 17.07 * London Montagu
5
17.12 Paris 865
16.95 * Berlin Holm viii. 8
- Palermo, Contessa xvii, - Palermo, Contessa xvii, 18
17.13 Berlin Löbbecke
15 Rizzo lxv, 8
16.28 Berlin Imhoof-Blumer
17.16 Hirsch-Ciccio
43 O4 Legend mtv' Didrachms: obv. facing Arethusa head, six
R6 Fish below dolphins; rev. crab, fish above, legend mtv'

17.18 * London BMC 2 48 Oi

Ri
Didrachm: same types 7.32 * London Lloyd 1139
44 O 1 Weber 1453
R1 Legend mtv' 8.30 Paris Luynes 1044
7.55 * 1907 Ciccio, 231 7.90 Palermo NC 1931 vi, 7
- Palermo Rizzo lxv, 10
7.83 Berlin
Tetradrachms: obv. Syracusan head; rev. crab 49 O2
45 O 5 Head r., copied from Kimon's Ri
decadrachms, no dolphins, 8.13 Paris Luynes 1045
legend mtv' 8.46 * London BMC 8
R7 50 O3
15.89 Paris Luynes 1043 Ri
- * Hirsch-Ciccio * Priv. coll. Y
17.16 Paris 863
- Palermo, Contessa xvii, 17 Motya, see also plate 23, 1-14

37
 Panormos drachm I didrachms I litrai — Legends

Drachm, Plate 6 A Ml* Didrachm, 9

Didrachm, Z i Didrachm, 10

Didrachm, Z 2 Didrachm, 11-12

Litra, Plate 2 X
Litra, Plate 24, 12
Litra, Plate 2 Y

Plate 6

Panormos didrachms

A Drachm: cock sys/ Crab and dolphin 03

(3.91 g. Palermo Imhoof-Blumer, R4 Head r., no legend
taf. VII, 14) 8.40 * London BMC 4
Z 2 Didrachm Plate 2, Z2 - Pennisi
O3
R5 Head r., crayfish behind
Didrachms: obv. dog, rev. female head
8.30 * London Lloyd 1163 SC
1 O 1 Dog snuffling, r. 1907 Ciccio 249
R 1 Head 1., legend retrograde — Pennisi Rizzo lxiv, 22
nANOPMITIKON 8.32 London BMC 3
- Six cast 8.67 Paris Luynes 1075
8.24 Priv. coll. X 7.29 Jameson 688
* Priv. coll. Y 8.50 AC 17, 180 Hess-Leu
- Pennisi Rizzo lxiv, 23 1964 60
8.26 Palermo NC 1931 vi, 4
O 2 Dog standing r., legend 8.35 Strozzi 1350
nANOPMOS
Head with topknot, r.; crayfish
O3
R2
R6 Head r., ivy leaf in front
behind, no legend
8.62 * Jameson 687 MMAG 43,
Cf. Motya 20 (same die altered?)
1970,43
7.90 Weber 1474 Locker-
8.24 Palermo NC 1931 vi, 6
Lampson 81
8.28 * MMAG43, 7 O4 Wheel above, legend nANOPMO
1970,42
R4
03 As0 2 8.36 * Palermo NC 1931 vi, 5
R3 Head no legend
1., 8 O5 Dog looks back, shell above
8.51 Copenhagen 497 R7 Swastika behind, legend
8.47 * London Lloyd 1162 nANOPMITIKON retrograde
7.96 Berlin Hirmer 194 8.52 London BMC 2
7.96 Oxford 1872 7.84 * Oxford 1872 a Jameson
8.29 SC 1907 Ciccio 250 692

38
 9 O6 As O 5, but Punie legend sys Obv. Horse prancing r.; above Punic legend sys
R8 Rev. Male bead r. with dolphins.
8.00 * London BMC i8 IB vi, 12 Oi
2 (Eryx) Ri
8.36 MMAG 43, 1970, 45 8.32 Jameson 693
7.65 Egger 45, 323
8.61 London Lloyd 1589
8.08 * London BMC 20
10 O7 Dog standing r., legend sys below 8.35 Nav. 13, 241
R9 7.70 Nav. 13, 242 Walcher
8.27 * London BMC 19 IB vi, Molthein 427
3 (Eryx) 8.37 Nav. 4, 291
13 Oi
R2
7.64 Cambridge McC 2489
n O7 8.12 Hamb. 29. 5. 1929
Rio 8.45 MMAG 43,1970, 52
7.80 * Hirsch 32, 97 8.77 * Vienna

39
 Panormos tetradrachms

i-io (Plate 7)
This first group has already been discussed by Kraay in Schweizer Münzblätter
51/54, 1964, 61 ff.15, and to his material there are two significant additions to make.
First, no. 3, where the standing river-god of Selinuntine type is accompanied by a
ram instead of a bull; the precise interpretation of this must remain speculative
though it inevitably recalls the Zeus Ammon with ram on the gold coins of Cyrene10.
A ram alone occurs on later bronzes of Panormos17. The female head of no. 4 is
copied from Syracuse, apparently from the type of Boehringer Reihe XVIII; while
that of a newly-discovered specimen no. 4 A (p. 44, fig,) is clearly modelled the
Syracusan
type with the sakkos Boehringer Reihe XX. Next come nos. 5-6 with an
Apollo head of the Leontinoi-Katana type; and finally nos. 7-10 are copied from
Syracusan coins by Eumenes, complete with the Syracusan legend and even the signature
of the engraver. The addition of the Punic legend sys to obverse die 2 (no. 10)
forms a further element in the evidence for this legend; the obverse die in quesrion
is also used wirh reverses inscribed Panormitikon (Plate 7, 5—6). So far as this goes,
it tends to reinforce our previous discussion (p. 29—31 above).
Kraay places no. 10 at 410 B.C.; it may have to be a little later in view of the
dating necessary for the following group (see below) which seems to continue
closely from rhe Eumenes sryle of the present group.

11-21 (Plate 8)
In this group there O3 and O4 linked by R 13. The
are two obverse dies
«Eumenes» style and the arrangement of dolphins as seen in R 10 (no. 11) forms a
natural continuation to the reverse dies of the previous group. Important for the
chronology are two reverses copied from Syracusan coins of the period after 412 B.C.:
R 13 is based on a head by Eukleidas, Tudeer reverse 35 with sphendone and fivefold
earring, and R 14 is clearly derived from Tudeer reverse 38 with the topknot. The
last-mentioned Syracusan coin must be of c. 410-405, so that as the Punic imitation
cannot be earlier it seems most feasible to start rhe presenr group at c. 405 at earliest;
this may indicate that the previous group (nos. i-io) should finish a little later
than 410, where Kraay placed no. 10 with the first Punic legend. The remaining

15 Kraay, nos. 1-2 my nos. 1-2; Kraay, nos. 3-9 my nos. 4-10.
16 L. Naville, Monnaies d'or de la Cyrénaique, nos. 69-76. - The resemblance may perhaps go
further, if it is conceivable that the new Panormos coin (no. 3) might be intended to represent Baal
Hammon, who may, in turn, have been to some extent assimilated with Ammon (on which cf. Gsell,
Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord, IV, pp. 281 f.).
17 Gabrici, Monetazione del bronzo,
tav. VIII, 13 (II—le B.C.?).

40
reverses seem to show a further adaptation of the «Eumenes» style but without close
Syracusan parallels. The direction of the sequence is indicated by the absence of the
shell in the exergue of O4 (no. 16) though it is present on O4 (nos. 17-21). It is
noteworthy that the dolphin above the head is replaced by a fish on R 17 and R 19
(nos. 19 and 21 respectively).

22-24 (Plate 9)
This short group contains only one obverse die O 5 which is I think basically the
same at no. 22 and at nos. 23-24; though if so there are numerous alterations, the
most important of which is the addition of the column suggested by the Catana die
Rizzo xiv 6. The single surviving specimen of no. 22 does not permit any certainity
as to whether the crayfish was already present in the exergue. The reverse of no. 22
links by its style to the reverses of the previous group. R 21 however (no. 23) is an
original head not closely copied from any obvious Greek prototype, though the hair
flowing out behind recalls the head by IM at Syracuse (Tudeer, rev. 45). The
epigraphic form of the legend, nowhere completely preserved, is interesting and unusual.
Most original is the way in which the dolphin looking out below the neck is for
some reason transformed into a corn grain at no. 24; the addition of corn grains can
be seen again at nos. 43 and 51, and often at the Rsmlqrt mint. A newly-discovered
specimen, no.24A (p. 44, fig.) combining obverse O 5 with reverse R22 (of no. 25)
creates a direct link with the following group and satisfactorily confirms the
sequence already adopted.

25-43 (Plates 9-10)

This group contains three obverses, of which O6 is linked to O7 by R23, and
O 7 to O 8 by R 27. O 6 has no legend, though this is supplied by the reverse, and
instead of the normal exergual line there is a maeander pattern. R22 (no. 25) is a
clear copy from the late Eukleidas head with floating hair (Tudeer R 60, etc.), with
the addition of a bunch of corn ears behind and the legend s y s in f ronr between the
dolphins. The style of the next reverses, R 23-27, is interesting as apparently a free
adaptation from the type of Kimon's decadrachms, with a triple-drop earring but
without a hair net, and emphasising the characreristic curls on the top of the head.
The result admittedly seems remote from Kimon, whereas the final reverses of this
group, R 28-29 are in fact closely copied from the Kimonian types. On the obverses
O 7 and O 8 the legend is accompanied by a hippocamp which does not come direct
from any Greek prototype, though it could conceivably have been suggested by the
ketos on the last Himera coin, Rizzo xxi 23, or by the earlier Syracuse ketos.
This group is well represented in the Contessa hoard, buried c. 390—380 B.C. and
in the very similar Vito Superiore hoard of similar date18; this gives a satisfactory

18 Contessa hoard, NSc, 1888, pp. 302 ff. - Vito Superiore hoard, G. Procopio, Rendiconti dell'
Academia dì Archaeologia, Lettere e Bette Arti di Napoli 27, 1953, 3 ff.

41
terminus for the series so far examined. The Ognina hoard, buried perhaps a little
earlier, apparently contained a specimen of no. 21 from the previous group (by the
reference given in Atti e Mem. 5, 1925, p. 18, «Hill Sicily x, 10») but this cannot be
confirmed19.

35-41 (Plate 10)

Here there are three obverses, of which the first two O9 and O 10 are linked by
R30. On, the only die of this group on which the legend sys occurs, is not die-
linked with the rest of the group, but the close resemblance between R 33 (no. 39)
and R 34 (no. 40) seems to me to establish a sufficiently reliable connexion. O 9 and
Oio have no legend but symbols, ketos and swan respectively. On account of the
swan, Lederer (ZfN 1924, 284) wished to assign this group of coins to the mint of
Camarina. But O 9 and Oio must nevertheless belong to a Punic mint, as is evident
from the addition of a Tanit symbol to O 10 (no. 39), and as has been said the
connexion with the sys coin (no.40) seems adequately indicated. The style of the
reverses in this group is extremely «Greek»; but as so often it is difficult to point
to any precise model, though R 33 (no. 39) seems to me to recall strongly the style
of Phrygillos at Syracuse (Tudeer, obv. 16) but without the sphendone which is
however present on R 35 (no. 41). There is no direct indication of the chronology of
this group as none of the specimens have appeared in any hoard. However there
may well have been a gap after the previous group, and a reasonable date might be
c. 370-360.

42-51 (Platen)
Here there are only two obverse dies of which the first, O12, is exceptional for
depicting a standing or walking quadriga. It is linked to 013 by means of R 37 and
R 39; and in fact both these obverses may have been in use at once, as the sequence
contains some contradictory indications (see catalogue at no. 49). The dolphin in the
exergue of O 13 is picked up again by O 14 of the next group. R 36, to which a corn
grain is added (no. 43), seems to be a distant derivative of the Kimon style, but
perhaps we
may also see some affinity to a style present in the Carthage series (e.g.
McClean 3035) which should be of the mid-fourth century. R37 may be regarded
as a rather strange copy from the late Eukleidas style already used more recognisably
at no. 25 above, and it undergoes some peculiar alterations (see catalogue nos. 45,46).
R 38, 39, 40 also seem to be remote descendants of the Kimonian style, also having
some relation to a Carthage style (e.g. SNG II 1625) which may be rather after the
mid-century. R 40 has a prominent corn grain.
The resemblances to Carthage styles noted here should give us at least a rough
indication for chronology, showing that this group belongs at about the middle or

19 Another hoard, from Termini Imerese (Noe 1092, NSc 1900, 205 f.) contained specimens
which appear to have been of my group nos. 11-21 and nos. 27-34; but as the burial was much
later, probably c. 320 B.C., it gives no useful indications.

42
even third quarter of the fourth century. This is to some extent confirmed by the
presence of two specimens of this group (nos. 43, 50) in the Megara Hyblaea hoard
of 1949, probably buried, as Vallet-Villard rightly suggest, «vers la fin du 3e
quart»20. The hoard specimen of no. 43 is quite worn however, and the coins of this
group need not be quite so late as the hoard limit suggests. Perhaps c. 360-340
might be a reasonable approximation, though probably too wide a bracket.

52-56 (Plate 12)

The two obverses O 14 and O 15 are not directly linked but the homogeneous
style of all the reverses attests that the group must be placed together. The dolphin
of 014 seems to link back to the dolphin of O 13 in the previous group. Little can
be said of the style of the reverses; it has no very obvious derivation, and a certain
likeness to such a Carthage style as that of e.g. SNG II1638 may well be misleading,
as the latter can hardly be before the last quarter of the century. A style similar to
our R 41-45 continues into the next group at nos. 57—58.

57-68 (Plates 12-13)

In this group there are three obverses O 16-18. O 16 has at first two dolphins
alone (no. 57) and then at no. 58 two dolphins with the legend sys added; it is
linked to 017 by R49, in the latest of that die's transformations. Whether O 17 is
directly linked to O 18 depends on whether R53 and R54 are basically the same
die or not. In this group the style of Euainetos first makes its appearance, as it does in
the Carthage series only during the third quarter of the century. It is interesting to
observe that one of the first dies of this style, R 49, is remodelled once to make a more
plausible imitation of Euainetos (no. 61) and then remodelled again (no. 62). No. 63
however gives a very authentic and Greek version of the Euainetos decadrachm style
(based in this case on the issue with the dot as Gallatin J III, etc.), and no. 68 another
version based on the issue with the shell, Gallatin E I, etc. but with the shell
transferred from behind the head
to below the chin. This latter occurs also in the
Carthage series e.g. MMAG43, 1970, 23 (with the horse rev.) and SNG III 1051 (with

horse's head rev.) at a point which should be c. 325-320. Probably then the present
group of sys should be of comparable date, and we may suggest as the limits c. 340-
320 B.C.21. The regular style of the obverses O 17 and O 18 is equally due to the
influence of the Euainetos prototype and leads on to that of the next groups22.

2» Kokalos 4, 1958, p. 105.

21 The only hoard specimens which I
can trace are those from the Mineo hoard (Noe 697, NSc
1905, 438 f.); by the reference there given to Hill, Sicily pl.X, 11, the coins should be my no. 66
but the hoard is not indicative for the date as the burial must be of the early third century B.C.
22 Perhaps at about this same time should be placed the late Syracuse tetradrachm of the Euainetos

style (Tudeer 106) together with the very similar coin of Morgantina (Rizzo lx, 6); on the latter,
the pellet is transferred to between the dolphins in the same way as on the sys coins no. 63, 69.

43
 69-74 (Plates 13-14)
This group comprises a single obverse die whose style is anticipated by that of
the preceding dies. The star in the field above, which reappears on O20, does
not seem to be copied from any Greek prototype. Of the reverses, R 56 and 57
(nos. 69-70) are of the pure Euainetos style already found at nos. 63 and 68; R 56
with the pellet recalls R 50 (no. 63) and its Greek model, whereas R 57 has a
swastika below rhe chin recalling earlier didrachms of Motya (no. 10) and Panormos
(no. 8), as well as a sys lirra (Plate 24,13). The relative condition of O 19 seems
to show that after these coins of pure Greek style there comes a group of dies in a
later and harder style, R 58-61 (nos. 71-74). This style has some affinity, though
distant, with such dies in the Carthage series as SNG II 1635, 1632, which should
be of the last quarter of the century. A related style is found in some of the sys
bronze as Plate 24, 19.

75-82 (Plate 14)

The two obverse dies of this group are not linked, but the reverses of the group
are very homogeneous. O20 has the same star above the quadriga as O 19 of the
previous group; it also has the legend flanked by dolphins in the exergue, and this
serves as a furrher connexion to O 21, which however lacks the star. The style of the
reverses is clearly late as it recalls very intimately that of the quadriga with triskelis
tetradrachms of Agathokles of Syracuse (e.g. Kraay-Hirmer 134). This comparison
must serve as the only evidence for rhe date of this group, since none of the coins is
represented in any hoard.

83 (Plate 14)
This single specimen is not easy to place accurately in the series, as some of the
details are not clear. The style of the head resembles that of R 58 (no. 71), but the
weight is low and it may be an irregular issue.

0f
¦

(Tr.

4 A 24 A

44
 Catalogue: Panormos tetradrachms

io (O2")
Feit 52 (O14)
Nr
II (03)
rar (O15)
r-oir
r^r
53

15 (04)
57 (O16)
r*r
23 (R2I)
incomplete
p~ 62 (O17)
p*r
25 (R22)
r~r 67 (O18) r*Oìi>-
27 (07)
r*r 69 (O 19)
?<*?
32 (O8)
ynr 75 (O20)
r-^r
40 (On)
Ul p***
f<
77 (O21)

42 (O12) 83 (O 22) indistinct

49 (O13)
mi*
Plate 7

i Ol Galloping quadriga 1., dolphin 5 O 2 Walking quadriga r., Nike above

above; dog in ex. R 5 Head of Apollo r., legend
R 1 River-god sacrificing at altar, as on 1TANORMIT
coins of Selinus; behind, bull and 17.14 * Paris Luynes 1074
palm-tree. Legend nANOPMOS 6 O2
16.94 * Nav. 4, 285 R6 Same, but nANORMITIKON
2 Oi (retrograde)
R2 Similar 17.18 * London BMC 1

16.90 * Bordonaro NC 1931 17.10 Palermo NC 1931 vi,2

vi, i Rizzo lxiv, 25 16.71 Priv. coll. Y
3 Oi — Pennisi
R 3 Similar, but instead of bull, ram 7 O2
standing in 3A facing position. R7 Female head with rolled hair;
17.26 * Priv. coll. Y dolphins; STPAKOEION
4 Oi 16.70 * Cambridge McC 2678
R4 Female head r. with hair in top¬ 16.14 Hamburger 98, 383
knot; four dolphins. 16.72 Oxford 2136 Hirsch S,
nANOPMITON 984 Hirsch 14, 202
16.53 Hirsch 18, 2262 Jameson 787 Hess-Leu
16.71 Palermo Hirsch 19, 1957,107; also Tudeer
216 NC 1931 vi, 3 108a Boehringer Syrakus,
16.10 * MMAG 43,1970,41 Taf. 29 B 13

45
 02 O2' Same die somewhat reçut
R8 Similar, but OEIflNM top and 1. R9 Similar, ampyx;OSION? above
EVMENOV below 17.18 * Nav. 4, 333
16.97 Hirsch 19, 252 Tudeer O2" Same die; grain added in ex., Punic
107a legend sys added above
16.53 * Jameson 1913 Hirsch R9
32, 298; also Tudeer 17.01 Cambridge McC 2481
107 b Boehringer Syrakus, 17.21 * London Lloyd 1579
Taf. 19 B, 12 16.91 Paris Luynes 1086

Plate 8

O 3 Fast quadriga 1., with Nike above; 16 O4 In y s ; no shell

ex. Punic legend s

in ex. Punic legend sys R 14 Head with topknot; dolphins

Rio Head with ampyx, r., similar to 16.00 * London Lloyd 1582
R 9; no legend
17 O4' Die now completed by addition of
17.17 Egger 45, 322
shell in ex.
17.20 Hague
16.66 * Nav. 4, 287 do. 10, R15 Similar to R 10, etc.
241 Priv. coll. Y - * Syracuse
— Pennisi O4'
16.40 Reggio, Vito Superiore R16
no 16.90 Egger 7.1.1908, 59
16.96 Lewis Hess-Leu 1962,
12 O3
Ru 126
Lewis
16.88 Egger 7.1.1908, 61 16.90
Glend. xii 1963, 136 17.00 * Nav. 4, 286 Hirsch 19,
17.15 Hess 18. 3.1918, 186 217
Helbing 1928,124 17.23 MMAG43, 1970, 44
17.15 * Hess-Leu 1966, 174 19 04'
17.21 Paris 947
Ri? Fish abo ve instead of dolphin
13 O3 17.16 * Paris 948
R12 16.95 * Nav. 10, 242
16.50 Cambridge McC 2486 17.15 London Lloyd 1580
17.13 London BMC 7 Egger 45, 321
16.83 * London Lloyd 1581 16.78 Priv. coll. X
Nav. 6, 423
04'
14 O3 RI8 Head of fifth dolphin appears
R 13 Female head with sphendone and
below neck
pendant earring; dolphins
17.31 * New York Met., Ward
16.90 Hague
364
Berlin London 1949
17.10 Egger
17.20 * Priv. coll. Y Hess-Leu
7. 1. 1908, 60
i960, 103 London 1938
17.20
15 O4 Fresh state of die, but exergue off 17.03 Boston 323
flan; therefore uncertain whether 17.71 Berlin
shell (cf. 17 below) present or not - Berlin
R 13 - * Pennisi - Pennisi

46
21 0 4' (21) 17.2Ï: Rosenberg 72, 176
Ri9 Fish above instead of dolphin Cahn 71,206 Cahn 80,
17.66 Cambridge SNG IV 1117 in
Lewis
17.57 Hirsch 33, 405 Ciani 17.23
1929, 57 Ognina hoard, Atti e Mem.
17.45 Paris Luynes 1081 V, p. 18 «as BMC 6»
17.42 * London BMC 6 Hill Leu 1965
Sicily x, 10

Plate 9

22 O 5 Quadriga r.; in ex.: uncertain (off 27 O7 Quadriga r., in ex. hippocamp and
flan), see 23 Punic legend sys
R 20 Similar to previous dies R23
17.54 * Hirsch 32, 96 16.98 * Paris 936
23 O 5' Altered die, column on r., added. - Berlin
Crayfish in ex. 17.10 Jameson 689 Egger
R 21 Head with hair fluttering behind; 7. 1. 1908, 55
dolphins, one of which appears 16.62 Cambridge SNG IV 1118
below neck. Top r., Punic legend
?y? 28 O7
16.90 * London BMC 5 R24
17.20 Benson 249 Sartiges 17.16 * London BMC 8
113 MMAG 43, 1970, 17.07 Lewis
46 17.52 Egger 7.1. 1908, 56
17.10 Hague AC 17, 181
16.84 Paris 2390 17.73 Reggio, Vito Superiore
24 O5' 113
R21' Altered die; corn grain replaces 16.76 MMAG 43, 1970, 48
dolphin below
17.22 * Berlin 29 O7
25 O6 Quadriga 1.; maeander below R25
R 22 Head 1. with sphendone and flutter¬ 17.35 * Oxford 2137 SNG III
ing hair above, spiral earring. Three 845
dolphins in front, two corn ears 16.84 ANS
behind. Top L, Punic legend sys 17.53 New York Met., Ward
— * Palermo, Contessa 69, 364a Late collector 112
pl. xviii, 33 Rizzo lxv, Hamburger 1894, 157
14 17.44 Berlin
17.24 * Egger 7. 1. 1908 - Palermo Contessa 73,
92
Sartiges MMAG 43, pl. xviii, 37
1970, 47 17.56 * Hess-Leu 1964, 61
17.44 Jameson 1902 Hess- Hirsch 33,406
Leu 1957, 136 17.68 Hirsch 33, 407
16.28 London Lloyd 1585 15.41 London 1939 Nav. 4,
Hirsch 33,475 289 Hess 15.2. 1934,
26 O6 163 Ratto 24. 6. 29,
R 23 Head 1. with ampyx, triple-drop 140 SC 1927, i142
earring; three dolphins 16.17 Reggio, Vito Superiore
16.85 * Brussels in
47
30 O? (30) 17.24 * Naples 7761
R26 16.17 Reggio, Vito Superiore
16.89 * London Lloyd 1583 112
Egger 45, 319 Nav. 6,
422

Plate io
31 O7 34 08
R27 R 29 Head copied from Kimon deca¬
17.37 Hirsch 13, 356 Colli- drachm, second type; three dolphins
gnon 149 17.14 * Jameson 690 Egger
17.25 Egger 45, 320 7. 1. 1908, 54 MMAG
17.67 Hirsch 34, 173 Nav. 4, 43, 1970,49, fromGiarre
288 Riposto
18.04 Egger 7. 1. 1908, 57 - Palermo, Contessa 71,
Sartiges 114 pl. xviii, 35
17.49 * Brussels
17.82 Hess-Leu 1958, 112 35 09 Quadriga 1.; in ex. ketos
R 30 Head r., triple pendant earring;
32 O 8 Similar, but horses lower to ground four dolphins
line, ex. smaller, sys
17.92 * Hague
R27 16.50 AC 14, 103 Nav. 12,
17.23 Hirsch 15, 1083 Arch.
79
and Trav. 112
17.08 * AC 16, 595 Nav. 5,
16.82 London BMC 9 SNG III 1031
985
17.22 Paris Luynes 1083
16.92 Cambridge McC 2485 —
16.78 Cambridge McC 2488 Benson 251
16.96 * Brussels H 826
17.41 London BMC Syracuse
17.04 Bunbury 529
215
- Palermo, Contessa 72,
pi. xviii, 36 (5 specimens) 36 Oio Similar; in ex. swan with flapping
33 08 wings
R 28 Head copied from Kimon first R30
decadrachm; four dolphins 17.08 London BMC Syracuse
17.67 Berlin 216
16.78 * Woodward 52 AC 15,
17.07 Brussels H 825
16.97 Hirsch 19, 219 274
16.89 Nav. 4, 290 O 10
37
16.60 * London Lloyd 1584 —
R 31 Similar head, but1.; three dolphins
Nav. 6, 421 Weber 16.73 * London 1963, BMQ
1475 1965, pl. xxii, 6
- Palermo, Contessa 70,
- Naples 5324 Rizzo lxv,
pl. xviii, 34 (2 specimens)
13
17.41 Paris Luynes 1084
17.01 MMAG 43, 1970, 51
- Paris 938
17.21 Hess-Leu 1966, 173 38 Oio
Ratto 4.4. 1927, 385 R32
- Siila, Alicante, Spain (A. 16.56 Jameson 731 MMAG
Garcia y Bellido, Hispania 43, 1970, 50
Graeca, 1948, p. 226, 9) 17.05 * Munich

48
39 Oio' Sign of Tanit added in front of (39) in Cronica del IV Con-
charioteer greso arqueologico del
R 33 Head with ampyx r., single-drop sudeste espanol, Elche
earring 1948, p. 261 ff.)
16.51 Jameson 730 Hess-
Leu 1956, 135 40 On Quadriga 1., double ex. line; Punic
16.91 Benson 250 legend s y s in ex.
16.95 * London Weber 1476 R 34 Similar to R 33
- Palermo 17.10 Berlin
* Copenhagen
16.70 Berlin 17.23 499
17.16 Paris 961
Priv. coll. Y 41 O 11
- Llano de la Consolacion, R 35 Head r., with sphendone
Spain (J. Sanchez Jimenez 16.60 * Egger 7. 1. 1908, 58

Plate 11

42 O 12 Walking quadriga 1.; Nike crown¬ 47 O 12 Die flaw below Nike

ing horses. In ex. Punic legend R 38 Head r., triple earring, four
?y? dolphins
R 36 Head 1.,four dolphins 16.54 * Cambridge McC 3054
— Berlin 48 O 12 Die flaw larger
* Berlin R 39 Similar head r., triple earring, five
dolphins
43 O12 ANS
R 36' Corn grain added below 17.15 Ratto 24. 6. 1929, 141
17.30 * Hague Baranowsky IV, 343
16.10 Syracuse, Megara 17.28 * London 1908 Sambon
Hyblaea hoard 1949, 19. 12. 1907,495
55854 17.04 Hess-Leu 1956, 136

44 012
- Pennisi
49 O 13 Fast quadriga 1., double ex. line;
R 37 Head 1. with ampyx, short flutter¬
in ex., dolphin and Punic legend
ing hair above; three
sys
dolphins
R 37 Original state of this die (n. b. the
17.23 Priv. coll. Y Hess-Leu
relative states of this die would
1957,137 indicate that O 13 precedes O 12;
17.04 * London Weber 1478
but the contrary indication is given
O12 by the relative states of R 39, with
45
R 37' Die worn and altered as regards which O 13 is used later than O 12)
the hair, necklace and earring 16.97 * London 1938 Helbing
16.46 * Paris Vogué 658 1927,1657
- Paris 945
46 O12 50 O 13
R 37" Die now further altered, especially R 39 Small alterations in the hair; viz.
as regards the hair and nose; later state of die than with O 12
dolphins unchanged (48 above)
16.66 * London 1938 Nav. 5, - Berlin
987 17.11 Boston add. 29

49
(50) I7-20 Vienna 51 O13
i6.83 * London 1936 (found at R40 Similar head r., uncertain number
Sandbanks, Poole harbour, of dolphins; corn grain below
1922) - * Salton
16.15 Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea
hoard 1949, 55855
16.91 * Leu 1965

Plate 12

52 O 14 Quadriga 1., double ex. line; in ex. 57 O 16 Quadriga r., double ex. line; in ex.
dolphin and sys two dolphins (but no legend)
R 41 Head 1., ampyx, triple earring; R 46 Similar head 1., but no dolphins
three dolphins 17.00 * SC 1927, 1144
17.31 * AC 16, 593 Cahn 84,
183 O 16' Die completed by addition of legend
58
17.11 * London 1938 s y s in ex. between dolphins
Priv. coll. Y R 47 Similar head 1., three dolphins
- Syracuse visible (one of which below neck)
53 O 15Similar, but ex. line more widely 17.01 * London 1926
spaced, and in ex. only legend sys
R42 Similar, no ampyx; four dolphins 59 O16'
16.78 * ANS Schulman 26. 1. with wreath and triple
R48 Head 1.

1913, 2002 earring; behind, star and uncertain

16.10 Hague mark; two dolphins visible in front
- Luneau 224
17.00 * Berlin
17.43 London BMC 10
54 O 15 60 O16'
R 43 Similar to R 42, four dolphins R49 Similar head 1.; six dolphins
(but not below neck) 17.04 ANS Walcher Molt-
15.65 * London 1938 Nav. 5, hein 426 Hess 27. 10.
872 GIend.28.6.1938, 1902, 559
192 (obv. tooled) 17.16 Berlin
55 O15 17.39 * London Lloyd 1588—
R 44 Head generally similar, with
1., Nav. 6, 425
ampyx;
*
three dolphins visible - Pennisi
17.07 Priv. coll. Y Hess-Leu
1957,135 61 Oi6'
56 O15 R49' Same die with head much altered
R45 Similar; two dolphins visible in and enlarged throughout; dolphins
front, probably another behind unchanged
- * Syracuse 17.33 * Boston 327

50
 Plate 13
62 O17 Quadriga I.; double ex. line, legend (68) good style; four dolphins, shell
sys in ex. below chin
R49" Same die further altered; head 17.22 * Jameson 2421
but dolphins fattened
unchanged 69 O 19 Quadriga 1., thick ex. line; star
16.51 * Oxford 2138 Soth. above horses; in ex., legend sys
9. 3.1936, 22 R 56 Head 1., similar to last, four dol¬
Berlin phins; in front, dot
Priv. coll. Y 17.13
* Brussels
63 O17 - Berlin
R50 Larger head, of good style, with 17.12 Hess-Leu 1966, 172
wreath and earring; three dolphins. 17.II Merzbacher 2. n. 1909,
Dot in front 2489 White King 66
17.10 * Berlin 70 OI9
16.87 Boston 325 R57 Head 1.; similar, four dolphins;
17.22 MMAG 43, 1970, 54 below chin, swastika
16.23 * London Lloyd 1586 16.94 * Boston 324 Warren
Benson 54 253 425
64 O17 - Berlin
smaller and inferior style; 16.07 London Lloyd 1587
R51 Head 1.,
wreath and earring; three dolphins Hirsch 29, 101
visible 16.78 Jameson 691
17.22 * Berlin
16.86 MMAG 32, 1966, 68
65 O17 - Paris 941
17.21 MMAG 43, 1970, 53
R52 Similar head 1., wreath with corn-
ear; triple earring; behind, star
71 OI9
R58 Head with wreath and earring,
1.
and monogram (incomplete). Two
simpler style; four dolphins
dolphins visible
16.76 ANS Schulman 8.6.
17.22 AC 16, 594
* 1931, 54 Hamb. 96,
16.76 London 1938 (BMQ
44 Schulman 7. 6.
1938, xliv, 1) Nav. 6,
1937, 98
424 16.75 Berlin
17.25 Hirsch 30, 380
17.00 Hirsch 19, 156
- Pennisi
15.90 Van Vleuten, Lempertz
66 O17 Köln 1926
R53 Head smaller with normal wreath
1.,
16.78 * London BMC 13
and earring; three dolphins. Dot in
16.84 New York Met., Ward
front 365
17.06 Cambridge McC 2484 16.90 Paris Luynes 1085
* London BMC 17 Hill
17.21
- Priv. coll. Y

67
Sicily pl. x, 11
O18 Similar, but thick ex. line, horses
- Pennisi
72 OI9
lower. In ex. legend sys R59 Similar head; four dolphins
R54 Closely similar to R 53 and 17.00 Hirsch 32, 61
perhaps altered from it; if so, alterations
Hindamian 177
include dolphins in front ANS
17.26 * Leu Sicilia 143 16.53 Cambridge, SNG IV 1119
68 O18 16.62 do., 1120
R55 Head 1., wreath and earring normal, 17.37 * London BMC 16

51
 Plate 14

73 O19 (78) - Martinetti-Nervegna

R60 Similar 1907, 794 Engel-Gros
16.52 * London BMC 14 21

74 O19 79 O 21
R61 Similar R 66 Similar
16.92 * London BMC 15 16.16 Hess-Leu 1968 115
17.02 Naples 4384 16.50 * Paris Luynes 1082
75 O20 Similar, but ex. line of two paral¬ 80 O21
lel lines; star above; in ex., dolphins R 67 Similar
flanking legend sys 16.17 AC 16, 952 Wotoch
R62 Head 1. with normal wreath and 238 Stiavelli 179
earring; smooth and elaborate style; C. Clark 91
four dolphins 16.52 Lockett SNG III 846
17.20 Berlin Nav. 1,513 Hirsch 14,
16.72 * Paris A-V 272 174 Nav. 5, 986
16.83 Nav. 1, 514 16.63 * London BMC 11
76 O20 81 O21
R63 Similar R 68 Similar
16.44 * Cambridge McC 2483 16.75 * Cambridge McC 2482
Hirsch 15, 1084 Benson 248
77 O21 Similar to O 20, but no star above; 82 O21
dolphins and legend in ex. R 69 Similar
R64 Similar 16.78 Hess-Leu 1956, 137
16.38 * London BMC 12 16.39 * Berlin
78 O21 - Syracuse
R65 Similar 83 O 22 Similar; possibly star above;
16.94 * Boston 326 legend only in ex.
16.91 Brussels H 824 R 70 Similar to R 58-61
16.99 Paris 944 14.60 * Brussels

52
 Rsmlqrt - R'smlqrt
The entire coinage of this mint seems to belong to the second half of the fourth
century. This is indicated by the occurrence of early specimens (no. 18) in the Nis-
soria and Gibil Gabib hoards (seebelow,p. 56—57) and by the numerous specimens of
the later groups buried in hoards during the time of Agathokles (below, p. 59); it
seems unlikely that the coinage continued later than c. 305-300 however, as virtually
all the coins are accounted for by the date of the Pachino hoard (cf. p. 59).
The question of where rhis mint was situated is a very difficult and indeed for the
present insoluble problem. The main difficulty to be faced is, that the series consisrs
of nothing but tetradrachms, and there are no smaller coins or bronze coins which
might, from the evidence of local finds, help to locate the mint. The coins occur
in a number of hoards from almost every parr of Sicily though few are from the
western part of the island; in any case there are no indications to be obtained
from any local predominance in one area rather than another. The meaning of the
name Rsmlqrt Cape of Melqart is not decisive as there are many possible
capes, and different places associated with Melqart-Herakles; and little reason to
prefer one to another. The favourite proposals have usually been either Kephaloidion
(Cefalü) or Herakleia Minoa, but neither of these is convincing.
Cefalü has the merit of an excellent cape or headland, one of rhe most impressive
and well known in Sicily. But it was a Sikel town and not Punic, though friendly with
Carthage, and in 396 made a treary with Himilco; after this it was captured by
Dionysios and there is no evidence rhat it ever returned to the Carthaginian side. The
fact that it was captured by Agathokles in 307 proves almost nothing about the
situation there in the intervening period. It musr be emphasised at once, that the
presence of specimens in the Cefalü hoard published by Lloyd in NC 1925 is merely
typical of the distribution in several other hoards of this period, and proves nothing
about the location of the mint, as Lloyd thought; the coins are in fact equally
represented in the
1957 hoard from Pachino.
The earlier phase of Cefalü is illustrated by the coins inscribed «Herakleiotan ek
Kephaloidiou», which have been discussed by Consolo Langher in Kokalos 7—8,
1961—1962, 166 ff. That these coins are undoubtedly coins of Cefalü, and not, as
has been supposed by others, of refugees from Cefalü settled at Herakleia Minoa, is
I think amply demonstrated by Mrs. Langher. Her conclusion is further reinforced by
the existence of an unpublished coin in the Pennisi collection23, inscribed «Kepha-
loiditan» (Plate 21 C). However the Pennisi coin seems to be appreciably later in
style than the «Herakleiotan» coins, and I would think it likely that the «Kepha-

23 After a photo which the late Barone Agostino Pennisi

gave me some years ago. Unfortunately
I do not have any note of the weight. As reproduced here the photo is about twice natural size.

53
loiditan» coin should be of the second half of the fourth century, without attempting
to suggest too precise a date. If this is correct, it would certainly diminish the possibility
of Cefalü being under Punic control at the period when rhe Rsmlqrt
tetradrachms were being minted.

The other currenr favourite for Rsmlqrt, Herakleia Minoa, is likewise not
without difficulties. The earlier settlement seems to have been destroyed in 409 B.C.
but was restored by Timoleon in 345. At this period it seems to have flourished,
as is attested by the recent excavations and discoveries on the site — from all
of which one would not get the impression that Herakleia — with its notable
-
Greek theatre was anything but a Greek city at the time. However as has been
remarked above, the coins inscribed «Herakleiotan ek Kephaloidiou» must no longer
be reckoned as part of the evidence. In other respects, however, it seems to me
perfectly reasonable to follow the opinion of De Miro in Kokalos 4, 69-81, that Herakleia

was in fact in the Greek zone, since it lies on the east side of the river Halykos
which formed the boundary between Greek and Punic Sicily. The coins found at
Herakleia are admittedly mostly Punic24, but this, it seems to me, is readily explained
by the proximity of the city to the Punic zone, and such coins do form quite an
element in the finds even from Greek sites much further easr, such as Gela.
Of other possible sites for Rsmlqrt, we must, I think rule out cities which,
though within the Punic zone and having associations with Herakles, have other
coinages already assigned to them — Solus, Thermai; Eryx too has some Punic coins
of the period with the legen 'rk (e.g. Plate 24,23-24). As for Trapani (Drepana), the
harbour of Eryx, rhere seems little if any reason for rhinking of an important mint
there in the fourth century. But another place which was securely in the Punic zone,
and also has the association with Herakles, is Selinus25; the Greek city was destroyed
in 409 B.C., but in the reconstruction which took place in the fourth century Punic
elements seem to have assumed great imporrance26. In this connexion it may be
worth making the bare suggestion that Selinus could be considered as a possible site
for the Rsmlqrr mint. It must be admitted that there is nothing in the copious
finds of coins (mainly Punic) from the site '" which could directly support this hypothesis
(a single tetradrachm was included in a hoard from Selinunte in 1877, cf.
Kokalos 7, tav. XX, 2), though this, for reasons already ourlined above, namely the
non-existence of bronze coins of the mint, will be a difficulty whatever site we choose.
In the meantime, and merely by a process of elimination, Selinus seems to me to have
a certain attraction and although the Akropolis of Selinunte may seem an insignificant
feature of the landscape when compared with the mighty rock of Cefalü, it
does nevertheless form a small promontory which could conceivably have attracted
the name of Rsmlqrt.
24 NSc 1958 and Annali 5I6, pp. 296 ff.
25 On Herakles at Selinus, cf. L. Lacroix, Monnaies et colonisation, pp. 34 ff.
26 A. di Vita, Archaeologia Classica V, pp. 39—47.
27 Annali 5/6, pp. 306 ff.

54
 It must be added that Lilybaion (Marsala) would have been a possible candidate
for Rsmlqrt except that it is, in my opinion at least, needed as the most probable
site for the main Sicilian «Carthage» series. The fact that the earlier coins of that
series are inscribed qrthdst does not necessarily or even probably mean Carthage
itself, or if so only by extension as implying the «Carthaginian state». In any case the
«Carthage» series is of undoubted Sicilian mintage and as such seems to be most
appropriate to the city which became, after the destruction of Motya, the chief
Carthaginian base in the island. The legend qrthdst is accordingly susceptible of
another shade of meaning, and «new city»
may aptly be thought to refer to the new
foundation at Lilybaion which replaced Motya. There is good analogy for such a
usage, and from quire anorher conrext, that of Cyprus in the eighth to seventh
century B.C., where in some inscriptions the expression qrthdst refers to a city of

Cyprus, probably Kition28. Possibly the legend on the «Carthage» coins of Sicily may
contain some degree of ambiguity and refer at once to the new city of Lilybaion as
well as to the Carthaginian state. At all events, it seems to me that this was the likeliest
mint for the «Carthage» series, rhus ruling out any chance of putting Rsmlqrt
there.

Rsmlqrt

1-4 (Plate 15)

This rather heterogeneous group is placed ar the beginning of the series largely
because there is no other obvious place for ir. Nike does not appear on the obverses
as she does everywhere else in the series, and rhe firsr die O 1 has insread a caduceus
above in the field. The caduceus symbol occurs again at no. 23, and also in the
«Carthage» series (e.g. SNG II 1620, McClean 3045), as one of the symbols associated

with Tanit, by analogy with its occurrence on many Punic stelai (for which see Anna
Maria Bisi, Le stele puniche, Rome 1967).
The most interesting coin of this first group is undoubtedly no. 1, where instead
of the expected female head on the reverse there is a bearded head of Melqart,
wearing a wreath and an earring (cf. Plate 21). The earring is paralleled by a coin
of Solus (Plate 23, 21) and by the Siculo-Punic bronzes, SNG Cop. 94, also at Motya
(Plate 23, 13). So far as I can trace, this coin with the Melqart head is unpublished
although it has been in the B. M. since 1874. The other two reverses of this group
are the usual female head with dolphins, and on R2 (no. 3) a corn grain is added
to the die, as in the case of Panormos no. 24,43.

28 S. Moscati, World of the Phoenicians (London 1968), pp. 104-105 and references on pp. 259-
260.
G. Cavallaro, Panormos pre-romana (Palermo 1950), p. 109 ff., however, equates qrthdst with
Panormos; if we accept the sys coin series for Panormos, as I do, then this must surely exclude
the possibility suggested by Cavallaro.

55
 5-10 (Plate 15)
Three obverse dies O4-6 occur in rhis group, and each has the regular Nike
above. O 4 is not linked, but O 5 and O 6 are linked by R 6. The group has a certain
homogeneity on account of the style of R4, 5, 8 (nos. 5, 6, 10 respectively) which
all follow an identical prototype with sphendone and stars. However the treatment of
R 6 (no. 7-8) is interesting, with the hair rendered in a knobbly pattern, which has a
considerable affinity to cerrain dies of Thermai (Piare 22, 4, 5, 6): these must be
contemporary wirh R 6 and thus give a date in the third quarter of the century (see
below 70)29, No. 9 (R7) has another hair rendering but the face is similar to that
of R 6. In the obverses of this group we see a style that is very typical for this mint,
with its exaggerated upward surge of the horses, which is to be seen again at no. 21
(Plate 16) and no. 31 (Plate 17).

11-25 (Plates 16-17)

This group contains five obverses, four of which are linked in the manner
indicated in the
following diagram.
08 O9 Oio Oii
Rio Rio
R12 R12
R14 R14

The obverses are of quite disparate character and only Oio shows the really
rypical upward surge of the horses. On On the caduceus symbol appears in front of
the horses, as has been mentioned above (cf.Oi). The most typical style of reverse
is that of R9, 11, 13, a rather large and exuberant development of a basically
Euainetan style, though without the wreath. There is no direct prototype or close
parallel to be found in the «Carthage» series. The type of R9 (no. 11) is adapted
with a grearer degree of srylisation when it comes to nos. 15—17, 21, 23—25. A corn
grain appears on nos. 17, 23-25 replacing the dolphin behind the head. A quite
different style is seen in R 10 (nos. 12, 20) and R 15 (no. 18), based on the model
of Eukleidas' head with the five-fold earring (Tudeer rev. 35), a prototype which also
seems to have pleased the engravers of the sys series (nos. 14-15, Plate 8) at a
much earlier date.
This varied but closely-linked group is important for the chronology of the mint
owing to the presence of specimens of no. 18 in two hoards, those of Nissoria and
Gibil Gabib. The date of the Nissoria hoard has been set, on other grounds, at about

29 A specimen of from the Mineo hoard (Noe2 697) whose burial date however
no. 8 comes
should be early in the third century B.C., so that this is not indicative for the early part of the
series.

56
330 B.C.30; that of Gibil Gabib (in Syracuse museum) must be the same, as it has
the same latest coins, the N-series of Corinth and the «Carthage» series as far as
the type represented by Jenkins-Lewis, pl. 26, 4. Thus the two hoards agree in
essentials and give a good indication for the chronology of the Rsmlqrt mint, which
can only have begun to operate in the second half of the fourth century; and this is
further in agreement with the indirect indication already derived from our
comparison of Rsmlqrr no. 7-8 (R6) with Thermai nos. 3-5, specimens of which were

also contained in the Gibil Gabib hoard.

26-30 (Plate 17)

In this short group a single obverse is coupled with four reverses. Of these,
R 20-21 are of a rather hard and stylised aspect; noteworthy is the replacement in
the die of the dolphin behind the head by a large fish, recalling another fish on sys
nos. 19-2031. R 22-23 are quite different and more like the regular Greek-Carthage
style; here for the only time in this series is there a wreath with corn ears, so
characteristic of «Carthage» as e.g. SNG III 1048, Jenkins-Lewis, pl. 26,2-6.

31-68 (Plates 17-21)

This large group comprises almost all the rest of this mint's output, with no less
than eleven obverse dies; of these, only one, O 17 (no. 48), has so far not appeared
in a definite linkage of dies, but there is no doubt that it too is embedded in this
group by the style of its reverse, and it is therefore provisionally placed next to no. 47
whose reverse is closely similar (Plate 19). The scheme of the linkages is as follows:

OI3 OI4 OI5 OI6 OI8 OI9 020 O21

1
O22 O23
R26- -R26 R32- -R32 R39- -R39
R27- -R27 R45- R45 R51 — R51
R3I- -R3I- -R3I R46- -R46 R49 — R49

On the whole the obverse dies display the rather wildly upward-rearing horses so
typical for this mint, though the style is far from even as berween O 13, 15, 17, 18,
22, 23 (nos. 31, 41, 48, 49, 65, 68). As against these, O 14, 16 (nos. 35, 42) are
more restrained and placid, as is O20 (no. 61). O 19 (no. 54) is another variant,
harking back ro the early style of Eumenes at Syracuse; while O 21 (no. 62), with its
sagging horses, is also remarkable for having the legend reversed (viz. reading from
left to right).

30 ANS Centennial Publication, pp. 372-374.

31 The same or similar fish on the coins of Akragas (Rizzo i, 16) has been discussed by the late

Prof. F. E. Zeuner in Numismatic Circular 1963, pp. 142-143, concluding that it is probably a
species of the giant sea-perch known as the mero.

57
 The reverses likewise offer a great variety of style and treatment. The predominant
style of head, equipped with a wreath but without corn ears, derives ultimately from
the Euainetos model, but only at some removes; in fact, the pure Euainetos style,
which appears sometimes at Panormos (e.g. Plate 13, 69) and also at the «Carthage»
mint, is never found at Rsmlqrt, for whose typical styles much closer parallels can
be seen in some of the characteristically Punic styles of the «Carthage» mint.
Of the various stylistic groups represented here, we may first distinguish R24,
26, 27 (nos. 31, 33, 34), slightly astringent and stylised, with which may be compared
«Carthage» dies such as Jenkins-Lewis, plate 26, 5; reverses 28, 29 (nos. 37-38)
have a somewhat gentler aspect, leading into R31 (nos. 40, 45, 49); the latter in
turn has further affinités with R38, 39, 40, 43 (nos. 50, 51, 52, 56). Here there
is a likeness to «Carthage» Jenkins-Lewis, plate 26,7. Another grouping consists
of R 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 (nos. 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48) all of which have in one way
or another much in common with «Carthage» dies exemplified by Jenkins-Lewis,
plate 26, 7 and here Plate 21B, both representing a rather bold and important
development of the Euainetos type; the corkscrew curls on Jenkins-Lewis, plate 26, 7
are also an important element on Rsmlqrt R36, 37 (nos.47, 48) and even R51
(no. 67), and the rather stylised sweep of the back hair on R 33, 35 (nos. 43, 46) is
close to that of «Carthage» Plate 21 B. A more compact style is shown at R41, 42,
44, 46 (nos. 53, 55, 57, 59) for which it is difficult to cite any precise parallels; the
presence of a corn ear on R 44 (no. 57) is to be remarked. Several other styles are
represented, of which R45, 48 (nos. 58, 63) have become so far removed from
any Greek or even Punic prototype as to have an almost Celtic aspect32. It is equally
difficult to find any close analogy for R 47 (no. 60) or R 49 (no. 64). On the other
hand R 50 (no. 66) goes back to a rare «Carthage» die here shown on Plate 21 A,
which would be nearly contemporary with Jenkins-Lewis, plate 26, 5, 7, and these
latter have already been mentioned as analogies for other dies of the Rsmlqrt
group wirh which we are concerned.
Clearly, the discussion of the style of these coins cannot be taken any further for
the moment and without having the complete series of «Carthage» coins for
comparison; it is hoped to present the latter series in further articles. For the present it

should be remarked only that the parallels from «Carthage» which have been cited
here all come from the third and last quarters of the fourth century that is, assuming -
that the group with Horse and palm (as e.g. Jenkins-Lewis, plate 26, 2-8) covers
approximately 350-325 B.C. and the group with Horse's head (as Jenkins-Lewis,
piare 26, 9) approximately 325-305. In any case it is clear that the Rsmlqrr mint
seems to have depended largely — and to a greater extent than sys Panormos
from the
on -
prototypes «Carthage» mint, though at the same time adding its own characteristic

touches.

32 SNG II 1641 could perhaps be cited in this connexion, but it is not close.

58
 69-70 (Plate 21)
This small group, consisting of only a single obverse die and two reverses, poses
something of a problem, for its place in the series is far from clear. Obviously it must
be put either before or after the large group nos. 31-68. The style of the heads
R 52, 53 is at first sight much more Greek than most of those in the preceding series,
though this fact gives little indication of the true position. The obverse has a
quadriga which is nor so typical for this mint, and the wide exergual line recalls some
of the later sys dies, e.g. O 18, 19 on Plate 13; for this reason, at least nos. 69-70
may plausibly be placed towards the end of the series. A rather fresh specimen in
the Megara Hyblaia hoard 1967 might confirm this.

The occurrences of specimens of the last two groups (nos. 31-68, 69-70) in
various hoards are reasonably frequent; the hoards in question are invariably from
the period of Agathokles33 and clearly confirm that the bulk of the Rsmlqrt
coinage must belong to the last quarrer of the fourth century. In fact the series seems
to extend about as far as the «Carthage» Tanit / horse's head and the Agathokles
quadriga types, both present in the Pachino hoard 1957. This hoard33a did not include
the subsequent «Carthage» Melqart head/horse's head nor the Agathokles Nike
with trophy types, and in fact seems to have buried about 305 B.C. It did contain
specimens of the following numbers of rhe Rsmlqrt mint -
37, 41, 47, 48, 64.
A similar but less well recorded hoard from Palermo 1936, of which some
information is preserved in rhe B. M., likewise contained a specimen of no.
47.
The other hoards relevant for the mint represent a slightly later phase in the
reign of Agathokles, containing both the Carthage Melqart head / horse's head type
and also the Agathokles Nike with trophy type. The presence of these would indicate,
I think, a date of burial early in the third century. The hoards in question are those
of Cefalü, Megara Hyblaea 1967, Selinunte 1877 and Cammarata. The Cefalü hoard,
published by Lloyd in NC 1925, included specimens of our nos. 17,39,48, 53, 64, 66.
That of Megara Hyblaea 1967, not yet published but which I am grateful to the
authorities of the Syracuse museum for allowing me to study, contained specimens
of no. 53 and 69. The Selinunte 1877 hoard34 contained a single specimen, of no. 39.
Finally the Cammarata hoard33 appears to have included the same main elements,
among them some specimens of the Rsmlqrt mint, but we have no details.
Putting together the indications derived from the various hoards of the Agatho-
klean period for the lower end of the series and of the Nissoria and Gibil Gabib
hoards for rhe earlier section, it seems justified to estimate the duration of the mint
as covering roughly the second half of the fourrh century (cf. above, p. 56-57).

33 On hoards of the time of Agathokles, cf. Essays Robinson, p. 151.

33a A. Di Vita, Annali 5/6, 1958/59, 125 ff.
3< Noe 2 946, NSc 1877, also KokalosVll, tav. 20, 2.
35 Noe 2 193.

59
 71-73 (Plate 21)
This is a strange group which stands quite apart from the main series of the mint
and cannot be accomodated within the regular sequence. It seems doubtful if it can
be a regular issue of the mint, though it could be later than the regular series. Here,
the head is transferred to the obverse and the quadriga placed on a deeply concave
reverse. Both for this reason, and because of the style of the head O25, we find a
strong reminder of the Agathokles quadriga coins at Syracuse36; the latter had also
influenced the style of the latest groups of the sys mint (cf. above, p. 44). It is
noteworthy that the legend, here of course on the reverse R 54, takes the form r s m 1 q r t,
'

and in this respect resembles that of O 8, 9,11 and 24.

It is difficult to find any explanation for the linkage of the same quadriga R 54
with a quite different head O26 (no.72), a head which is further linked with a
stepping horse and palm rree reverse (R55) ar no. 73, This unexpected linkage
might at first sight be thought to afford some positive connexion with the
«Carthage» series where the types of no. 73 occur, but in fact the head bears little
resemblance
to any of the other dies present in the regular «Carthage» series, and the
same may be said of the reverse with its two Punic letters below the horse. Since
no. 73 will not fit into the «Carthage» series, it seems inevitable to regard it as
something quite irregular, and the apparent linkage between the types of Rsmlqrt
and «Carthage» cannot be looked on as significant either for dating or for place of
mintage.

3« Cf. SNG II 1476-1480.

60
 Catalogue: Rsmlqrt Tetradrachms

(Oi) f*<l <b(l«U»«j 31 ff.

(O 13-15)
5)
*nrL*i^i
2 (02)
42 (O16)
4 (03)
incomplete
48 (O17)

(04) f^Y^*"] 49 (O18)

incomplete IK1*)*1*
(05) jy Q ^k <+j \*i c|
54 (O19)
8 (O6) 61 (O20)
incomplete
11 (O7)
incomplete 62 (O21)

f
incomplete
(O8)
^ <,
I,
,y *n-f ^ 65 (O22)

18 (°9)
(Oio)
M^^^Tl 68 (O23)

69 (O24)
incomplete

23 (On) 71 (R54)
incomplete

25 (On)
incomplete
73 (R55)
A«
26 (O 12)

P/«te J5
O 1 Fast quadriga double ex. line,
1.; O2
legend in ex. Above, caduceus R 2' Same die with addition of corn
(but no Nike) grain behind head
R 1 Head of Melqart bearded, r. 16.77 * Leu 1965
with wreath and earring.
16.32 * London 1874 (Castellani) O3 Similar to O 2
Enlarged x 2: plate 21 R3 Similar head, with ampyx, single-
O2 Similar, no Nike, nothing in field drop earring; at least four dolphins,
above; double ex. line and legend possibly a fifth behind head
in ex. - * Uncertain sale cat.
R2 Female head r., with single-drop (no. in)
earring; three dolphins
16.31 * Lockett SNG III 740 O4 Quadriga r. with rearing horses,
Priv. coll. Y Nike above. Legend in ex.

61
(5) R4 Female head r. with sphendone (8) R6
ampyx, triple earring; three 17.05 * Sambon 19.12.1906,494
dolphins
- Syracuse, Mineo hoard
16.77 * Boston add. 24 Hess- 25284
Leu 1959, 115 O6
Jameson 1903 R? Large head r., slightly untidy hair,
6 O 5 Similar, but horses lower and cha¬ triple earring; two dolphins
rioteer more forward. Legend in ex. 16.97 * Lockett SNG III 737
R 5 Similar to R 4, three dolphins Nav. 12, 708
17.01 * ANS
16.61 London 1939 Ciani
1929, 50
7 O5 - Pennisi
R6 Larger head r., with sphendone and O6
ampyx, hair knobbly, triple R8 Head with sphendone and ampyx
earring; three dolphins
similar to R4-5, triple earring;
16.20 Paris Luynes 922
four dolphins
- *
Luneau 220
17.02 * Cambridge McC 2487
16.76 London Lloyd 1598 Hirsch 21, 592
Nav. 6, 361 Hess-Leu i960, 102
17.24
8 O6 Similar, horses very large and cha¬ 16.72 Priv. coll. X
rioteer very high. Legend in ex. - Palermo

Plate 16

11 O7 Quadriga 1., horses in close forma¬ (14) 16.45 * AC 14, 90 Helbing

tion; Nike above (?); double ex. 1930,108 Cahn 75,
line, legend in ex. 228 Glendining
R9 Large head with waved hair, triple 31. 1. 1951, 58
earring; two dolphins visible in 15 O8
front R 12 Large head with rolled hair, ampyx,
16.82 * Hirsch 19, 161 single-drop earring; two dolphins
12 O 8 Similar, horses more level; single 17.15 * Paris 946
ex. line. Legend in ex. 16 O8
Rio Head with sphendone (decorated R 13 Head similar to R9, R11, triple
with stars) and ampyx, earring earring; three dolphins
with five pendants; three dolphins 16.65 Nav. 5, 871
16.56 * London 1929 16.40 Egger 41, 121
17.01 Nav. 5,873 16.97 Hunter xvi, 5
16.90 Rosenberg 72, 175 16.52 MMAG 1951,219
13 O8 17.07 London BMC 19
R 11 Similar to R 9; two dolphins - * Pennisi
visible in front 16.65 Hague
16.87 * London 1938 Helbing 17.00 Berlin
12.4. 1927, 1658 - Salton
16.75 Paris Luynes 924 17 O8
Berlin R 14 Similar to R 13, etc., but with
- Salton ampyx, triple earring; two dolphins
14 O8 in front, corn grain behind
R 11' Same die, but worn and partly 16.61 * London Lloyd 1597,
altered (nose, mouth and hair) Cefalü hoard

62
(i7) 16.56 Egger 26. n. 1909, 1951 (20) 16.41 Oxford 2148 Hirsch
16.90 Priv. coll. Y Lockett 29, 83 do. 19, 160
SNG III 739 Schulman 21. io. 1912,
17.00 Hirsch 30, 350 Sam¬ 19 do. 7. 6. 1937, 96
bon 19. 12. 1907, 500 16.29 ANS Münzh. Basel 4,
17.32 Hess-Leu 1957 132 561 Cahn 71, 205
16.94 Berlin Cahn 80, 113
18 O9 Quadriga 1., horses regular and low 17.08 * Priv. coll. Y Lockett
to groundline; double ex. line, SNG III 738 Nav. 4,
legend r'smlqrt 232
R 15 Head with sphendone (decorated 16.82 Hess-Leu 1958, in
with stars) and ampyx, earring with
five pendants; three dolphins 21 Oio Quadriga with horses very high
similar to O 6
16.66 ANS Nav. 5, 874
Luneau 222 R12
Paris Luynes 927
16.75 Nav. 6, 367 Schulman
16.47
17.31 Nav. 4, 283
16. 12. 1926,
in
16.95 AC 16, 491
16.90 Hague
* 16.68 Priv. coll. Y Jameson
17.02 London BMC 2
600 Eggerio. 12.1906,
— Syracuse, Nissoria 54542
87
17.00 Syracuse, Gibil Gabib
48296 17.10 * London BMC 20

19 09 22 010
Rio Head r., triple earring; no dol¬ R 17 Similar to R 12; two dolphins
phins; in front, crescent? 17.13 * Cambridge McC 3052
16.88 * London Lloyd 1596 Sambon 19.12.1907,493
- Pennisi 16.60 Cahn 66, 145 MM
— Baranowsky 1929, 1554a AG 1951, 218
09 17.17 Hess-Leu 1959, 114
R 10 Die more worn 16.85 ANS
16.81 Jameson 596 17.05 Nav. 6, 366 Platt 3. 4.
16.96 Cambridge McC 3053 1933, 68 Schulman
16.32 AC 16, 486 16. 12. 1926, no

Plate 17

23 O 11 Quadriga 1., horses low and regular, 25 On

charioteer amidships, double R19 Similar to R 18
ex. line, legend in ex. On 1. caduceus 17.25 * Stiavelli 158 Merz-
bacher 1910, 218
R14 Sotheby 21.4. 1909, 85
16.71 O'Hagan 124 17.14 ANS Locker-Lampson
17.04 * London BMC 21 65 Cahn 60, 188
16.90 Paris Luynes 923 Nav. 12, 709
26 O 12 Quadriga 1. with horses low regu¬
24 0 11 lar and compact, charioteer in
R 18 Similar to R 14 normal position and leaning
16.99 * AC 16, 492 forward. Double ex. line. Legend in

16.65 SC 1927, 1148 ex.

63
(26) R 20 Head L, hair wavy and neatly (31) 17.30 Glend. 3. 12. 1929, 704
rolled, triple earring; three Rosenberg 8. 2. 1924,
dolphins 84
16.70 Hamb. 98, 226 Paris A-V 273
* ANS 16.53 Hirsch 21, 589
17.15 Hess 18.3. 1918, 188
27 O12
Egger 28.11. 1904, 197
R21 Similar; three dolphins
16.81 * London BMC 18 Helbing 2. 3. 1928,
123 Hirsch 20, 121
28 O12
Helbing 8. 11. 1928,
R2l' Same die, but dolphin behind head 3716
changed into fish
17.28 Oxford 2147 Lockett
16.55 Hirsch 34, 155
SNG III 743 Nav. i,
Jameson 1895
426
16.69 * London RPK 16.82 Hague
17.09 Hess-Leu 1957 Priv.
coll. Y 32 O 13

- Palermo R 25 Head with leaf wreath, etc.;

1.

two dolphins visible in front

29 O12
16.98 * London 1919 Weber
R22 Head I. with corn ear wreath, triple
1477
earring; three dolphins
16.52 * London BMC 5 33 O13
ANS R 26 Similar to R 24
16.60 Paris Delepierre 17.00 Hirsch 14, 172
30 O12 17.06 * Hirsch 16, 232
R 23 Head r. with corn ear wreath, triple 17.04 Oxford 2149
earring; two dolphins
34 O13
16.75 Priv. coll. X
R27 Similar to R 24 and R 26
16.91 Munich
16.96 Hirsch 19, 158
16.95 Berlin * Nav. 4,
17.12 Nav. 10, 193
17.23 * Nav. 6, 362
231 Merzbacher 2. 11.
31 O 13 Quadriga r., horses rearing up but 1909, 2490
regular; single ex. line 16.72 Hirsch 34, 154
R 24 Head r. with leaf wreath, triple 17.22 Hague
earring; three dolphins - Proschowsky 362
16.88 Egger 41, 120 Hess 17.00 Nav. 12, 703 Hess
28.4. 1938, 523 18. 3. 1918, 187
17.30 * London Lloyd 1604 SC 1927,1143

Plate 18

35 O 14 Similar to O 13, but horses lower 37 O14

and charioteer taller R 28 Head similar, but hair more curly
R26 and wreath has extra leaves; three
16.74 * Hague Brandis, dolphins
Canessa 1922, 389 16.77 * London 1939 Nav. 4,
36 O14 230 Soth. 17. 7. 1939,
R27 16 Hirsch 32, 60
17.30 * Hirsch 33, 342 Bourgey 5. 12. 1932, 70
- Syracuse 17.16 Brussels

64
(37) - Feuardent 26. 5. 1914, (39) 16.66 Cambridge SNG IV 972
158 - Ciani 7. 5. 1955, 190
16.40 Hartwig 682 Hamb. 16.90 Hess 202, 2269
98, 224 15.13 London 1928
17.27 Hess-Leu 1968,114 16.72 * London Lloyd 1605,
17.00 Hirsch 32, 59 Cefalü hoard
17.04 Jameson 597 17.19 Paris Luynes 921
17.08 Nav. 4, 229 16.90 Paris 2389
17.22 Nav. 6, 363 16.90 Leu Sicilia 142 Priv.
17.36 Paris Luynes 920 coll. Y
- Pennisi 17.23 MMAG 43,1970, 58
17.20 Sambon 19.12.1907,490 - Palermo, Selinunte hoard
17.18 Sartiges 453 Sambon 1877
19. 12. 1907,489 Hess (Kokalos VII, tav. xx, 2)
1954,50 40 O 14
17.21 Schulman 7. 6. 1937, 97 R31 Head r., similar to R 28, R 29;
16.94 Syracuse, Pachino 22 three dolphins
17.07 MMAG 43, 1970, 57 16.97 * Hirsch 14, 173
38 O14 ANS
R 29 Similar to R 28, but hair wavy in¬ - Feuardent 26. 5. 1914,
stead of curled; three dolphins 156
17.58 * ANS 41 O 15 Quadriga r., horses rearing up, cha¬
17.17 ANS Bourgey 23. 5. rioteer leaning forward
1910,30 do. 7.6.1909, R 32 Head r., similar; four dolphins
133 17.16 Brussels H 822
17.00 Cahn 65, 66 Egger 17.23 Cambridge SNG IV 970
28. 11. 1904, 221 Hess Montagu I 101
194, 132 17.24 * London BMC 7
17.16 Nav. 6, 364 Cahn 84, 16.76 Hess-Leu 1956, 87
184 Schulman 16. 12. Priv. coll. Y
1926,107 17.16 Priv. coll. X
- Baranowsky 1934, 4647 17.10 Lewis
17.20 Helbing 12.4.1927,1656 17.17 Nav. 10, 195
17.30 Hirsch 33,344 17.03 Syracuse, Pachino 21
17.10 Hirsch 33, 343 42 O 16 Similar, horses more compact, cha¬
16.63 London 1918 rioteer leaning forward
Paris 2388 R32
- Paris Vogué 656 17.13 * London BMC 6
17.08 Lewis
88
Hess-Leu 1956,
- Paris A-V 274
17.20 Paris Luynes 917
17.04 Weber 1297 Feuardent
43 O16
16. 11. 1937, 48 R 33 Similar; earring larger, dolphin
17.20 Rosenberg 64, 1391 behind head turns inwards
- Soth. 6. 7. 1921, 201 16.75 Berlin
39 O14 17.18 Boston Warren 419
R 30 Head 1., leaf wreath, triple earring; 16.95 Cambridge McC 3051
three dolphins Carfrae 48
17.18 Boston 270 16.96 Cambridge SNG IV 969
- Berlin 17.13 AC 17, 142
17.07 Benson 189 16.94 Hague

65
(43) 16.75 Hirsch 20, 120 45 O16
16.87 Hirsch 26,72 R31
17.08 Hess-Leu i960, loi 17.04 * Bompois, Holm Gesch.
16.75 * Lockett SNG III 744 Siz. Ill,viii, 9
17.03 Paris Luynes 916
- Paris 376 46 O16
17.17 Priv. coll. Y R 35 Closely similar to R 34, but earring
more vertical
44 O 16 16.91 Hunter Syracuse 56
17.05 * London BMC 12
R34 Similar to R 33,but earring swings
forward Berlin
17.34 ANS - Glend. 13. 11. 1957, 29
17.03 ANS 16.68 Munich
17.16 Cahn 68, 1153 Schul¬ 16.85 Nav. 5, 864
man 16. 12. 1926, 109 17.22 Nav. 5,868
17.05 Glend.-Seaby II, 186 16.75 Nav. 5,865 Glend.-
Münzh. Basel IV 562 Seaby III, 1198
17.10 * Paris Vogué - Paris 375

- Pennisi - Sambon 26.4.1925, 157

Ratto 26.4.1909, 1175 do. 19. 12. 1907, 492
17.20
17-35 Rosenberg 72, 174 - Palermo
17.10 Weber 1296
16.52 SC 1927, 1145

- Syracuse, Gagliardi 1002

Plate 19

47 O 16 48 O 17 Quadriga r., horses rearing up, cha¬

R 36 Similar to R 35 rioteer high and leaning far
17.26 Cahn 66, 146 forward

17.23 Hess-Leu 1958, 89 R 37 Similar, larger head

- * Glasgow, Coats 2892 16.44 AC 16, 489
ANS 17.01 Berlin
17.10 Hirsch 31, 158 do. 15, 16.95 Egger 46, 78 Soth.
1008 6. 7. 1921, 202
17.12 Jameson 598 17.50 Hess-Leu 1957,131
17.07 Lewis 16.36 London Lloyd 1599,
17.15 London Lloyd 1600 Cefalü hoard
17.09 Münzh. Basel 8, 184 17.05 Münzh. Basel 10, 146
16.64 Nav. 12, 705 17.06 * Nav. 5, 863 Hess 207,
- Glend. 1955 Laval, 227 134 Merzbacher 191 o,
17.25 Paris Luynes 919 216 Hess-Leu 1958,
17.10 Sandeman 29 no Egger 28. 11.
17.07 Stockholm KMK Nav. 1904,224
10, 194 17.04 O'Hagan 125 Bourgey
- Ryan 1495 29. 5. 1911,40
17.20 Sambon 19.12.1907,491 Priv. coll. Y
- Palermo hoard 1936 - Sartiges 97
17.00 Syracuse, Pachino 19 17.14 Syracuse Pachi no 2 o
- Syracuse, Gagliardi 1003 (Annali 5-6, tav. viii, 1)

66
49 O 18 Quadriga r., horses very large and 55 O19
spread out, charioteer more R42 Head compact; wreath earring
1.,

upright dolphins normal

R31 16.80 AC 16, 487
17.13 * London BMC 15 16.66 Hague
ANS 12.17 Hague
— Berlin 17.24 Hirsch 32, 58 Hinda-
— Glend.-Seaby II 1929, mian 176
187 16.92 Hirsch 34, 152 Bour¬

O18 gey 1913, 18 Sambon

50
R 38 Similar to R 31; dolphin behind 19. 12. 1907,488 Hess-
head turns towards head Vogel 1929, 131 Hess
16.82 * Hess-Leu 1962, 125 202, 2268 Hess 209,
Schulman 6. 6. 1930, 28 15 Hess 7. 3. 1935,
17.23
— Naples Santangelo 7750 251
17.15 Lewis
51 O18
17.18 London BMC 16
R 39 Similar to R 31, earring more for¬
ward 17.05 * Lockett SNG III 742
London Lloyd 1603
16.85 MMAG 43, 1970, 60
16.90
17.04 Nav. 5, 870
(rev. tooled; earring
17.16 Nav. 12, 706
removed)
17.00 Priv. coll. X
17.23 * Leu 1965
52 O18 - Polese, Canessa 719
16.78 Schulman 31. 5. 1938,75
R 40 Similar to R 39, slightly larger
16.71 * Boston 269
- Stiavelli 156

17.35 * London 1918

- Syracuse

16.96 Paris Delepierre

56 O19
R 43 Similar to R 39, earring larger
— Palermo
17.17 Munich - *
Berlin
16.32 AC 16, 488 Headlam
17.43 Münzh. Basel 4, 560
180 Ciani 14. 6. 1934,
53 O18 13
R 41 Similar, more compact head Hess 208, 105
16.87
16.50 SC 1927, 1146
17.17 Merzbacher 2. 1. 1909,
17.00 * London Lloyd 1601, 2492 Balmanno 42
Cefalü hoard Soth. 6. 12. 1907, 30
16.82 Priv. coll. X
— Syracuse, Megara
57 O19
R 44 Similar to R 42; corn ear below
Hyblaea 1967
16.69 New York Met., Ward
54 O19 Quadriga 1., in fan-like for¬
horses
359
mation; double ex. line 16.95 * London 1968
R39
16.77 * ANS Merzbacher
2. n. 1909, 2493

67
 Plate 20

58 O19 (64) 16.88 London 1938

R45 Head r., rather stylised; triple 17.20 Paris Luynes 926
earring, three dolphins 16.62 Priv. coll. X
* Priv. coll. Y 16.78 Priv. coll. Y
- Pennisi 16.80 Vienna
17.19 Syracuse, Pachino 23
59 O 19
R46 Head similar to R 42; four
1., - Palermo

dolphins - Burel 106

16.55 * London 1938 - Canessa-de Nicola 1950,
112
17.15 Cambridge SNG IV 973
65 O 22 Quadriga r., rearing horses, cha¬
60 019 rioteer high and leaning forward;
R47 Head r., peculiar shape, wreath
single ex. line, legend normal
and earring normal; four dolphins
16.84 * London BMC 14
R49
16.79 Baranowsky 4, 319
- Berlin
Ratto 24. 6. 1929, 108
- Feuardent 26. 5.1914,
- * Leu 1965
157
17.05 Nav. 5, 869 66 O22
R 50 Large head r.; four dolphins
61 020 Quadriga r., very compact; double
17.27 * Boston add. 23 Hess-
ex. line
Leu 1959, 113
R46
16.27 London Lloyd 1602,
16.59 * Lockett SNG III 741
Cefalü hoard
Priv. coll. Y London BMC 10
17.33
62 02I Quadriga r., long sagging horses; 17.06 Nav. 5, 866
double ex. line; legend reversed 17.10 AC 15, 284 Ratto
R45 26.4. 1909, 1176
17.23 "Helbing 19.11.1912,155 Cahn 60, 189 Hirsch
63 02I 34, 153
R48 Head r., very stylised; three - Paris 377
dolphins 17.35 Walcher Molthein 420
17.04 * London BMC 13 Hirsch 29, 82 MMAG
15.10 Allotte de la Fuye 1925, 43, i97o,59
124 67 022
17.24 Nav. 6,365 Feuardent R5I Head r., similar to R 32; four
9. 5.1910, 245 Schulman
dolphins
21. io. 1912, 18 16.65 London 1969
- Paris 2387 17.12 * Nav. 10, 192 Nav. 1,
64 02I 425 Egger 10; 12.
R49 Head wreath, triple earring;
1., 1906,86
four dolphins - Piatt 3. 4. 1933, 67
16.87 Hamb. 98, 225 SC 68 023 Similar to O 22, but horses lower
1927 1147 Polese, and charioteer leans further
Canessa 1928, 720 forward

720 R5I
16.88 Hess-Leu 1966,171 17.20 * London BMC 8
16.85 * London Lloyd 1606, 17.16 Nav. 5, 867
Cefalü hoard 17.50 Paris Luynes 918

68
 Plate 2i
69 O 24 Quadriga L, horses low on ground, (70) 16.50 Hague
thick ex. line 16.76 Hirsch 32, 62 Hinda-
R 52 Head r., compact style, wreath and mian 178
triple earring; three dolphins 16.61 Jameson 599
15.60 Brussels H 821 16.77 Lewis
17.31 * London 1938 (BMQ 16.68 * London BMC 3
1938, xlix, 2) 15.56 * Lockett SNG III 745
17.28 London BMC 4 (rev. extensive break
17.00 Nav. 12, 707 below the ear)
16.82 Paris Luynes 925 16.75 Priv. coll. X
16.62 Priv. coll. X 16.30 Priv. coll. Y
16.44 Ratto 24. 6. 1929, 107 71 025 Head r., wreath and earring; three
16.76 Stockholm KMK Nav. dolphin
10, 196 Hirsch 21, 590 R54 Quadrig a r., double ex. line;
Luneau 221 legend r 'smlqrt
- Martinetti Nervegna 793 15-55 Berlin
16.85 Egger 26.11.1909, 149
Glend. Hall
- Berlin
16.91 Lewis 16.58 * ANS White King 55
1950, 61 Bourgey 29. 5. 1911,
- Palermo 39
- Priv. coll. Y
72 026 Head 1.; two dolphins visible in
- Sambon-Canessa 22. 6.
front
1906, 175
R54
- Syracuse, Megara
16.37 * London BMC 17
Hyblaea 1967
73 026
70 024 R55 Walking horse r., palmtree behind;
R 53 Similar to R 52, earring larger below letters 'ayin and gimel
17.04 AC 16,490 16.50 * Copenhagen,
16.95 Cambridge SNG IV 971 Thorwaldsen
Bunbury 527 _ Priv. coll. Y

69
 4
Thermai — Solus

Thermai (Plate 22)

The inhabitants of the former Himera, after its destruction in 409 B.C., were
allowed to go to settle at Thermai (modern Termini Imerese); it seems likely that the
new settlement remained under Punic influence during the fourrh century as is
suggested by the Punic character of many of the coins37.
Nos. 1—4 are typically Punic in style and general aspect. All have the altar symbol
in the exergue, without any inscription; the attribution is however assured from the
presence of the altar on nos. 5-6 where there is an inscription in Greek. The issue
is a small and compact one which cannot have lasted for a very long time. The head
on R 4 (no. 4) is of a type derived from Euainetos which might well occur in the
«Carthage» series during the second half of the fourth century, and on this die there
is a prow symbol. The other reverses are more remarkable for the very high degree
of stylisation which is typical of Punic coins, and they have a close affinity to some
of the earlier heads on the Rsmlqrt series nos. 7—8 (Plate 15), whose head shows
something of the same trearment of the hair on top as is found at Thermai in the hair
in the net at the back. The dating of the Thermai coins is indicated by the presence
of two specimens of no. 1 in the Gibil Gabib hoard, which as mentioned above
(p. 56-57), must have the same burial date as the Nissoria hoard, c. 330 B.C.38.
Wirh nos. 5—6, where the altar symbol is accompanied by a Greek inscription, it is
very difficult to determine the date or even to be sure whether these coins really
follow or precede the uninscribed ones. The head R 5 could well be the work of a
Punic engraver, from its style, though there are no really close parallels to hand. The
obverse of no. 6 however has three letters above the exergual line KAH which
have been regarded, no doubt rightly, as the signature of an engraver, who must be
Greek; the presence of such a signature could perhaps be used as an argument for
an earlier date, but is in any case exceptional.

37 For the earlier coinage of Himera-Thermai, cf. SNG II (Lloyd) 1025, 1038, both of which
Robinson suggests may be after 409. Connected with these, there seem to be a further series of bronzes
in which the types of a boar, a standing nymph and a standing Herakles recur; e.g. Gabrici, tav. X, 42,
43, 45. Another small bronze piece probably belonging to this context has obverse female head r.,
legend I M; reverse standing Herakles (in BM, 1,16 g, apparently unpublished). Cf. also Imhoof-
Blumer 1886, taf. VI, 7,8.
In his unpublished notes Dr. Robinson has suggested that the charioteer on the Thermai
tetradrachm no. 1, who wears a Phrygian helmet,
may be Pelops, whose earlier appearance at the mint
of Himera is known from SNG II 1016, e.g.
38 A specimen of the Thermai issue was evidently also
present in the hoard from Termini
Imerese of 1900 (Noe 2 1092, NSc 1900, p. 205 ff.); but even if it were determinable which variety
this was, it would not be indicative for the dating since the Termini hoard should, from such data
as are available, probably have been buried during the last quarter of the fourth century; the
«Carthage» type with the Horse's head reverse was represented in it.

70
 The problem of nos. 5-6 is not made any easier by the existence of another Greek
issue, of didrachms and litrai only, which is of very good style though it seems difficult
to deduce from it more than a general probability that the coins should belong
to the middle or later fourth century39. The litra is of the same types, but has behind
the head of Hera a monogram S( which40 eirher by chance or otherwise recalls the
monogram found on a tetradrachm of Morgantina41; this may suggest a comparatively
late date. But there is no way of arriving at any certainty. There are some
bronze coins (Pl. 22, A-C) related thematically to the silver which should belong to
the same phase though their style is less fine; so far as that goes, these bronze coins
mighr suggest that the Greek phases of Thermai (nos. 5-6) are late rather than
early.

Solus
A further tetradrachm known only from two extant specimens (Plate 22 X) is
of the same general type as the other issues collected here and its style is as close to
Thermai (e.g. no. 4) as to anything else. The attribution is far from sure. In the
exergue is a single Punic letter which could be either kaph or vav. If it were the
former, it would clearly explicable as the initial of the Punic legend kfra which
is the Punic name of Solus on the coins of that city (Plate 23, 16-24), though it is
difficult to understand why the legend should be so drastically abbreviated. However
the stylistic similarity to Thermai would suit Solus very well.

39 Close parallels are few; but cf. Argos (Kraay-Hirmer 518) of 370-350 B.C., and perhaps the
facing Hera of Kroton, also of the middle fourth century (PCG III, C 2).
<">
Jameson 619; Paris Luynes 984; Weber 1364 (now BM).
41 ZfN 1935, pl. IX, 3; the date of this Morgantina tetradachm, as of the very similar Syracuse
Tudeer 106, are among the most difficult to define, but I would think that there is little reason
to put them very early in the fourth century. The Syracuse is an adaptation from the latest class of
Euainetos decadrachms, and the thick exergual line with the ethnic below it are more in line with
the practice of Agathokles' time; the thick exergual line also occures in a late phase of the sys
series (nos. 62, etc.).

71
 Catalogue: Thermai

Plate 22

Tetradrachms
i O i Quadriga 1., charioteer wearing O2
Phrygian helmet; in ex., altar; no R4 Female head L, wreath only; four
legend dolphins; behind, prow
R i Female head 1., hair in net, three 16.65 Hague
dolphins; no legend 17.00 * London NC 1913, p. 226
17.28 * London BMC, p. 254, fig-3
no. 1 17.18 London Lloyd 1039
17.30 London Lloyd 1040 Hirsch 34, 171 Nav. 4,
Nav. 10, 214 282 Sambon 19. 12.
16.51 Cambridge McC 2310 1907,238
16.20 Helbing 24. 10. 1927, 17.19 * Paris 585
2722 Ready 213
17.00 Syracuse, Gibil Gabib O3 Quadriga 1., Nike above; in ex.,
48297 altar
17.65 Syracuse, Gibil Gabib R5 Female head r., three dolphins;
48298 legend 0EPMITAN
Hirsch
- * Uncertain (cast in BM) 16.98 Jameson 1896
3o,359
2 O2 Similar to O 1 * Paris 586, NC 1910,
17.28
R2 Similar to R 1, but larger
p. 223
17.08 * ANS Hirsch 31, 162
16.91 Jameson 618 Sambon
6 O4 Similar, but in ex. legend
19. 12. 1907, 179 0EPMITAN ; above ex. line,
16.03 Priv. coll. Y Hess-Leu
KAH
engraver's signature
1957,134 Rs
16.60 Vienna
16.95 * Pennisi, ZfN 1935,
O2 taf. IX, 1 Sambon
R3 Similar 19. 12. 1907 178
Uncertain (cast in BM) 16.82 MMAG 43, 55

Didrachms
O5 Head of Hera r., dolphin behind, (7) 8.38 * London PCG, pl. 26, 28
legend 0EPMITAN 8.19 Paris Luynes 938
R6 Herakles seated on rock, holding - Berlin Regling MaK 733
club; behind, bow and quiver, etc.

Bronze
A Obv. Head of Hera 1., legend (B) 3.36 * London BMC 2
QEPMITAN
Rev. Head of Herakles 1. C Obv. Female head with hair tied, crescent
* Priv. coll. below chin
B Obv. Head of Hera r. Rev. Head of Herakles t., legend
Rev. Head of Herakles r., legend QEPMITAN
OEPMITAN 4.81 * London Lloyd 1041

72
 Solus

Plate 22

Tetradrachms
X O i Quadriga r., Nike above; in ex. 17.17 * London BMC, Siculo-
Punic letter (kaph or vav) Punk uncertain, p. 254, 1

R I Female head r., wreath, dolphins - Palermo

For other coins of Solus, see plate 23, 15-24. I have not however included there the bronze type
given by Imhoof-Blumer 1886, p. 270, no. 13 (cf. BMC, p. 254, no. 1, Gabrici, p. 169, no. 38) with
obverse helmeted head, reverse free horse and caduceus; the letters flanking the head seem difficult
to be sure about.

Solus — Eryx Legends

Solus tetradrachm, Plate 22 X 1 | Solus, Plate 23, 18 T\11 I

Solus, Plate 23, 16

^fl HU Eryx, Plate 24, 24 wi o 4C~

Solus, Plate 23, 17

fnl

73
 Minor issues and bronze

Plate 23

Motya
1 Eagle on capital / Dolphin, shell MOTVAION AR 0,54 g (BMC 1)
2 Female head, wreath border/Nymph standing before altar, AR 0,64 g (BM)
shell in field; legend m - (cf. Luynes 1049)
3 River-god protome / Female head r., m t v ' (cf. legend no. 3 7 AR 0,34 g (BMC 7)
4a Gorgon/Palm treemtv' (cf. legend no. 37) AR 0,66 g (SNG II 1140)
4b do., but mtv' reversed (see p. 34 above) AR 0,71 g (BMC 11)
5 Gorgon / Palm branch mtv' AR 0,35 g (Paris, Luynes 1050)
6 Facing head / Crab mtv' (cf. legend no. 37, p. 34) AR 0,71 g (SNG II 1144)
7 Facing head /Corn grain and four pellets Motya) AR 0,2 5 g (Motya museum,
Whittaker, Motya p. 349, no. 5)
8 Gorgon, three pellets / Palm tree mtv' reversed AE 6,22 g (BMC 16)
9 Horse protome / Palm tree mtv' AE 0,97 g (Berlin)
10 Horse standing/Crab Motya) AE (Berlin)
11 Facing head/Crab mtv') AE 1,05 g (BMC «Brettii» no. 114)
12 Facing head / Male head AE 2,53 g (SNG II1146)
13 Young male head with earring / Crab AE 1,83 g (SNG II1145)
14 Male head with beard and moustache / Crab AE 2,19 g (BM)

Solus
15 Didrachm, types of Selinus rev. SOAONTINON AR (Berlin Rizzo LXV, 2)
16 Cock/Tunny kfr' AR 0,65 g (Berlin)
17 Seated Herakles (?)/Club, bow, quiver, kfr' AR 0,61 g (BM ex. Jameson 732)
18 Herakles head / Crayfish, pellets kfr'(inverted) AE 7,51 g (BMC 2)
19 Herakles head beardless / Hippocamp AE (Priv. coll.)
20 Athena head facing/Warrior with bow kfr' AE (Priv. coll.)
21 Bearded head with earring / Horse AE (ANS)
22 Same head / Tunny AE (Priv. coll.)
23 Herakles head beardless / Tunny AE (Priv. coll.)
24 Female head with corn wreath / Bull, kfr' in ex. AE (Priv. coll. ex. Walcher
Molthein, pl. IV, 560)

Plate 24
Panormos
1
/
Female head r. Prow LIAN AE 1,04 g (McClean 2498)
2 Male head r. nANOPMO reversed / River god protome, AR 0,86 g (BMC 5)
shell below
3 Female head r., dolphin / Poseidon AR 0,61 g (BM)
4 Female head r., four dolphins / Poseidon (rev. die no. 3) AR 0,62 g (BMC 2)
5 Poseidon / Goat rider sys Plate 2 X) AR 0,73 g (BMC 1)
6 Same, y s / Same IIANOPMOS
s Plate 2 Y) AR 0,75 g (Hunter 2)
7 Bearded head (Poseidon / Wheel sys AR 0,33 g (Berlin)

74
 8 Female head r., swastika / River god protome, shell sys AR 0,63 g (BMC 23)
9 Dolphin and shell, five pellets / Eagle on hare sys AR 0,80 g (Berlin)
io Female head in elephant scalp / Swan on waves, letter AR 0,76 g (SNG Copenhagen 172
ri(?) (Panormos?) «Camarina»)
11 Athena head, corn grain / Swan on waves sys AR 0,66 g (Berlin)
12 Young male head, swastika / River god s b ' 1 s y s AR 0,49 g (BMC 31)
(see p. 38 above)
13 Young male head (with horn?) / River god protome sys AR 0,67 g (BMC 24)
14 Young male head / River god sys AR 0,54 g (BMC 27)
15 Young male head with wreath / River god walking sys AR 0,69 g (BMC 26)
16 Female head / River god, shell in ex. sys AR 1,67 g (BM)
17 Female head, long-haired / River god sys AR 1,75 g (Paris, Luynes 1088)
18 Cock s y s / Pellets AE (Priv. coll.)
19 Free horse / River god protome sys AE (Priv. coll.)
20 Female head with wreath / Free horse, Helios above AE 9,77-7,99 g (BM)
21 Hera head / River god, Helios above, sys in ex. AE (Priv. coll.)
(BMC 38, of this type, is overstruck
on specimen of no. 20)
22 Apollo head / Pegasos sys AE (Priv. coll.)

Eryx
23 Dog with corn ears IRVKAZIB / Female head AR 8,68 g (BM)
24 Male head / River god ' r k AR (Coll. Mini)
25 Pegasos ' r k/Athena head AR 7,99 g (Oxford, SNG 1718)

Addenda to small coins of Motya:

a) Eagle standing/ Three dolphins in circle, within which small fish and letter mem
(G. Ugdulena, Monete Punico-sicule, Palermo 1857, tav. II. 11: cited from AR litra
collezione Eleanora, Calatafimi)
b) Female riding on bull / Poseidon seated 1., traces of legend AR litra
(Berlin: classed under Motya)

75
 Key to Plates 1-22

3late 1 Motya 35 SC 1907

1 Berlin 36 Hamb. 98
2 Syracuse
3 Berlin Segesta
4 Paris A London SNG II 1184
5 Paris B London BMC 37
6 London C London BMC 41
7 Hirsch 32 D London BMC 39
8 Private collection Y E London BMC 38
9 Woodward F London SNG II 1196
10 Palermo
11 Berlin Plate 5 Motya
12 London 37 Palermo
13 Berlin 38 Paris
14 Egger 39 London
Zi Berlin 40 Ward
41 London
Plate 2 Zi Private collection Y 42 Berlin
15 Berlin 43 London
16 Copenhagen SC 1907
44
17 Egger 45 Hirsch
Zi Imhoof-Blumer NZ 1887 46 AC 14
Z2 Oxford 47 London
z3 Paris 48 London
A Berlin 49 London
B Paris 50 Private collection Y
Zi (x 2) Private collection Y
X London Plate 6 Panormos
Y Hunter A Palermo
Z2 Oxford
Plate 3 18 Copenhagen 1 Private collection Y
19 Copenhagen 2 MMAG 43
20 Jameson 3 London
21 London 4 London
22 London 5 London
23 Cambridge 6 MMAG 43
24 Nav. 12 7 Palermo
25 Pennisi 8 Oxford
26 London 9 London
27 MMAG 43 10 London
28 Cambridge II Hirsch 32
29 London 12 London
30 London 13 Vienna

Plate 4 31 London Plate 7 Panormos tetradrachms

32 Egger 1 Nav. 4
33 Berlin 2 Bordonaro
34 Hirsch 33 3 Private collection Y

76
 4 MMAG 43 45 Paris
5 Paris 46 London
6 London 47 Cambridge
7 Cambridge 48 London
8 Jameson 49 London
9 Nav. 4 50 London
io London 50 Leu
51 Salton
Plate 8 n Nav. 4
Plate 12 AC 16
12 Hess-Leu 1966 52
13 London 52 London
14 Private collection Y 53 ANS
15 Pennisi 54 London
16 London 55 Private collection Y
17 Syracuse 56 Syracuse
18 Nav. 4 57 SC 1927

Paris 58 London
19
19 Nav. 10 59 Berlin
20 Ward 60 London
21 London 61 Boston

Plate 13 62 Oxford
Plate 9 22 Hirsch 32
63 Berlin
23 London
63 London
24 Berlin Berlin
64
25 Palermo London
65
25 Egger 66 London
26 Brussels
67 Leu Sicilia
27 Paris
68 Jameson
28 London Brussels
69
29 Oxford Boston
70
29 Hess-Leu 1964
71 London
30 London
72 London
30 Naples
Plate 14 73 London
Plate 10 31 Brussels London
74
32 Brussels 75 Paris
33 London 76 Cambridge
34 Jameson 77 London
35 Hague 78 Boston
35 AC 16 79 Paris
36 Woodward 80 London
37 London 81 Cambridge
38 Munich 82 Berlin
39 London 83 Brussels
40 Copenhagen
41 Egger Plate 15 Rsmlqrt
1 London
Plate 11 42 Berlin 2 Lockett
43 Hague 3 Leu
44 London 4 Uncertain

77
 5 Boston 52 Boston
6 ANS 52 London
7 London 53 London
8 Sambon 1906 54 ANS
9 Lockett 55 Lockett
10 Cambridge 56 AC 16
57 London
Plate 16 11 Hirsch 19
12 London Plate 20 58 Private collection Y
13 London 59 London
14 AC 14 60 London
15 Paris 61 Lockett
16 Pennisi 62 Helbing
17 London 63 London
18 London 64 London
19 London 65 Bank Leu
20 Private collection Y 66 Boston
2i London 67 Nav. 10
22 Cambridge 68 London

Plate 17 23 London
Plate 21 69 London
24 AC 16
70 London
25 Stiavelli
70 Lockett
26 ANS
71 ANS
27 London
72 London
28 London
73 Copenhagen Thorwaldsen
29 London
30 Nav. 6
R 1 (x 2), reverse of Rsmlqrt 1 -
London
31 London
32 London
A Carthage - SC 24. 3. 1902, 15
B Carthage - Bourgey 2 3. 5.191 o,
33 Hirsch 16
37
34 Nav. 10
C (x 2) Kephaloidion - Pennisi
Plate 18 35 Hague
Plate 22 Thermai
36 Hirsch 33
Brussels
I London
37
I Uncertain
38 ANS
2 ANS
39 London
3 Uncertain
40 Hirsch 14
4 London
41 London
4 Paris
42 London
5 Paris
43 Lockett
6 Pennisi
44 Paris
7 London
45 Bompois
A Private collection
46 London
B London
C London
Plate 19 47 Glasgow
48 Nav. 5
Solus
49 London
50 Hess-Leu
Xi London

51 Leu 23-24 seep. 74-75

78
 PLATE i

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Sffv
eli;«,,, .éluìèè ee.

ee
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in
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Panormos (Z 1)
 PLATE 2

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1

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J

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m "-*.

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#:
tv

bb bb

Zi X Y
fX2)

fi
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Motya I
Panormos (Z i-Z 3, X, Y)
Segesta (A, B)
 PLATE 3

io

A
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i8 20 21

13

=N

r-*

-
25

^
^&f .~_

14 15 i6

13 M 15 15

KCr

-_~- ^i
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Motya II
 PLATE 4

i6 16

31 32

I? 18 18

>' me. r
33 34 36

T*

23 24

^ fi

e#
eeea

f «L*&
P***|>;=fi,£
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 PLATE 5

C.*
w
38 39 40

P" PP

Pf
\ f,-y

42 43 45

•
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— V

IL* I .«* 'vrr^ ._.^*-»-J

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lïleiv
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 PLATE 6

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 PLATE 7

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k4c% •m
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:+.\£\\\ £3(X2)
\
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 PLATE 8

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13

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13 m 16

4' 4'

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19 19 20 21

17 17 19

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 PLATE 9

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%

23 24

,:

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AJS
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25 26 27

23

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29 29 30

US
fili;;-'

25 25 26
Panormos
 PLATE 10

KW ¦1

5
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„

krxs-m

32 34

27 28 29

'•-^T^-j
U m
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35 35 36 37

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:

30 .30 30 31

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p 39 41

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32 33 34 35
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 PLATE n

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A
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42 43 44

36
fì^m
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46 47

37 39 37

13 13 13

1
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50 50 5Z

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39 39 40
Panormos
 PLATE 12

14 14 15 15

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52 52 53

cèfi, ;

41 42 43

16

yp "¦'" '
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56 57 58
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44 45 46 47

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48 49 49
Panormos
 PLATE 13
17 17

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e
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,:

62

PPfiAAA^,
»
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49 50 50

17 17 18

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65 66 67 68

ft;

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56 57 58 59
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 PLATE 14

19 19

<^_
ft
76

* <.¦

60 61 62 63

77 78 80

r
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i.
mm

64 65 66 67

:fvj.*ii

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P53--C

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"HhV*'" "ft.
To,
I
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a-
;

68 69 70
Panormos
 PLATE 15

ff ff"
jÉPWIfe,

'
ej:
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e ; le
H
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:

ift
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m
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 PLATE 16

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ft'-ft
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fi.
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 PLATE 17

*
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a
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26

^ y_.

14 18

*
;

27 29 30

p
e

'

'"
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13

31 32 33 34

[frfj,-,,,:l

24 25 27

Rsmlqrt
 PLATE 18
14 14

¦-;' f 'll'ft
«PR *%v

¦¦
26

14 15

39 40 4Z

^ À *0

30 31 32

16 16

•-
^ IH *-*
^ pes
^
9. ¦¦
-^ftlft? „,=,
e

V
43 45

«\
S
t'
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33 34

Rsmlqrt
 PLATE 19

.fr":- -.
fi
'

i'K
<\
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1
Cft&^hs

47 4s 49

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36 37 38

18 18 18 18

éÊt
V^
?~\ ImMWï -

: rA
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51 52 52

f <
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40 41

19 19

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55 56

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ftfifif

39 42 43 44
Rsmlqrt
 PLATE 20

19 19 19

ft: =¦
ft..
>.
it
L^' W

58 59 60 61

Â
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ffi
%%
45 46 47 46

pfff\ p
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62 63

ft

45 48 49

23

i ¦IP!
WmM fi.
Af,
PPfu
f
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65 66 67 68

srfttft

is
i>
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2.
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49 50 51
Rsmlqrt
 PLATE 2i
24 24 24 25

.-

;
4%'f I »¦¦ '
X,
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69 70 70 71

¦
p. B
Sp
ft: f

52 53 53 54

26 26

73
V

>'5Î

54 55 R 1 fX 2)

«
«5f
- /J 1

C(X2)
Rsmlqrt
Lilybaion (A, B)
Kephaloidion (C)
 PLATE 22

p
¦

* 'äfi =';:-
„ fi
'

: -

"¦ '
^ fi'
p.
'--

f
V
S»

^ A

r. -fi.
I II
•>¦„.

m
¦--¦ Pr

Xl

» PPAPM

tàtt& ': %.
\«*sP

II*
Thermai (1-7, A-C, Solus (XI)
 PLATE 23

4t 1

•
»>fcfi,

m :||
4a 4b

# «S

ft :'-;;. "

m-A
'.

,ft:

13 -T4

v\
«¦¦

*
15 18

16
0 17

A-

ftlft,
• v A-
i?

mm®
19 23 24

Motya (1-14), Solus (15-24)

••
PLATE 24

G6 \\ r
VP
¦
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'

ÊSk GSmB Ps^^Qt

Will!
4

¦1111
M '-
14 rj>

==:=:'-

'

z6 J7

-=.,-,..
;==. a

Ift
ft :

Ì-
«*
^ J
^ ^
iS 19

23 24 25

Panormos (1-22), Eryx (23-25)