HV Engineering

Multiplier Circuits - Implementation Examples
Greinacher-Cascade
2 MV (TU Berlin)
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
High-Voltage Engineering / Chapter 3 - 42 -
Greinacher-Cascade
(CESI Milan/Italy)
(CESI,
Fachgebiet
Greinacher-Cascade
(CESI Milan/Italy)
(CESI,
cable testing
Fachgebiet
Two-phase (symmetrical)
seven stage
Greinacher-cascade 3.4 MV
((Circuit diagram:
g two-phase
p ((symmetrical)
y ) four stage
g Greinacher-cascade))
Fachgebiet
Direct voltage generator 1600 kV/200 mA

(built by TuR)
- 4 stages
- 500 Hz supply
- Si-rectifiers
Si tifi
- Four 450-kV rectifiers each combined in a rhombic frame
- Frames to be pivoted by motor drives for change of polarity
Fachgebiet
Direct voltage generator 2000 kV/10 mA

(b ilt by
(built b TuR
T R for
f Toshiba/Japan)
T hib /J )
- 7 stages
- Fed by two transformers on 2/7- and 6/7-potential
- Seismic resistant design
- Air cushion base for high mobility
- Change of polarity under load within 200 ms (up to 750 kV)
Fachgebiet
Smoothing
Booster columns column Pulsating voltage test generator 1600 kV (circuit diagram)
3 stage direct voltage generator,

3-phase double way rectifier type
3-phase double-way bridge Feeding transformer
500-kV transformer; series connected to the direct voltage generator
Insulating transformer
Fachgebiet
Pulsating voltage
test generator 1600 kV;
erection in the test lab
for commissioning test
Fachgebiet
Greinacher-Cascade 16 kV
(built from electronic components)
Fachgebiet
Van de Graaff Generator
Transport of charge carriers

against the force of an electric
field
1 ... Spray electrode

2 ... Reception electrode
3 ... Metallic hollow sphere
4 ... IInsulating
l ti ttube
b
5 ... Insulating belt
Qk ... Accumulated charge on the surface

of the sphere
Ck ... (Stray-)capacitance sphere to ground
QK
UK =
CK
Fachgebiet
U Maximum voltage limited only

Emax = K by pre-discharges
pre discharges at the
rK high-voltage terminal
UK = rK · Emax
Maximum possible electric field

stress in air without pre-discharges:
Emax = 25 kV/cm
Assumption: sphere radius rK = 2 m

⇒ UK = 200 cm · 25 kV/cm = 5 MV
Fachgebiet
Maximum current given by

• applicable surface charge density σ
v • width b of the belt
• velocity v of the belt
b Electrical charge of a section dx of the belt:

dq
dq
dq = σ · b dx ⇒ = σ⋅b
dx
dx
dx
V l it off the
Velocity th belt:
b lt v=
dt
Possible load current:

dq d q dx
I= = ⋅ = σ⋅b ⋅v
dt d x dt
Fachgebiet
v
Maximum applicable surface charge density
(limited by ionization field strength of the
b
surrounding air):
= 72 km/h
As
σ max, air ≈ 2 ⋅ 10−5 2
dx
m
Assumptions: v = 20 m/s; b = 0,5 m
I max, air = σ max, air ⋅ b ⋅ v = 2 ⋅ 10−5 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 20 A = 0, 2 mA
Fachgebiet
Required mechanical power
v Electrical charge of section dx of the belt:

+ dq = σ · b dx
b Force affecting the belt in total:

s s s
F = ∫ dF = ∫ E ( x))dq = σ ⋅ b ⋅ ∫ E ( x))dx
0 0 0
s dx
U E(x)
( ) = I/v
=U
Pmech = F·v = U·I
U I = Pel
- Example:
p 5 MV·0,2 mA = 1 kW
Fachgebiet
Van de Graaff
with prototype 1 MV
(ca. 1930)
Laboratories in the spheres
Presentation of 5 MV Tandem generator

prototype
p yp 1 MV (South Dartmouth,
(Sou a ou , Mass./USA,1931)
ass /US , 93 )
(ca. 1930)
Fachgebiet
Limits ....
Fachgebiet
World's largest air insulated Van de Graaff generator 25 MV
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Fachgebiet
World's largest air insulated Van de Graaff generator 25 MV
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Fachgebiet
Translation:
Fig. 3 Van de Graaff
generator in pressurized
tank; Design Westinghouse
El. & Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh;
designed for
5000 kV to ground
Fachgebiet
Pelletron
Fachgebiet
Working principle of a tandem accelerator with Van de Graaff Generator
Source of Charge exchange target Pressurized tank

negative ions Evacuated
accelerator tube
Magnetic Positive Ring electrodes with voltage divider

analyser Charge transfer electrode
Fachgebiet
Fachgebiet
Brookhaven National Laboratory

2 Van de Graaff generators 15 MV each, 24 m long
Year of manufacturing 1970
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
6-pulse-bridge
Waveshape of the direct voltage
att different
diff t firing
fi i angles:
l
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
12-pulse-bridge
Arrangement of valve arms (valve

Yd5 legs) to form a 12-pulse-bridge
1. Valve arm (valve leg, valve)
2. Double acting valve
3. Valve tower (quadrivalve)
4 6-pulse-bridge
4. 6 l b id
Yy0
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
12-pulse-bridge
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Thyristors
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Valve panel
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
12-pulse-bridge
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
12-pulse-bridge
- +
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
(Figures in m)
Cross-section of the valve hall of a 500-MW converter station (400 kV)

1 Valve towers 2 Converter transformer 3 Surge g arrester
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
800-kV-UHVDC-Transformator (Siemens, 2008) (for 800 kV / 5000 MW)
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
HVDC Converters
Fachgebiet
EHV Bushing
Fachgebiet

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Multiplier Circuits - Implementation Examples

Direct voltage generator 1600 kV/200 mA

Direct voltage generator 2000 kV/10 mA

3 stage direct voltage generator,

3-phase double-way bridge Feeding transformer

500-kV transformer; series connected to the direct voltage generator

Transport of charge carriers

1 ... Spray electrode

Qk ... Accumulated charge on the surface

U Maximum voltage limited only

Maximum possible electric field

Assumption: sphere radius rK = 2 m

Maximum current given by

b Electrical charge of a section dx of the belt:

Possible load current:

Assumptions: v = 20 m/s; b = 0,5 m

I max, air = σ max, air ⋅ b ⋅ v = 2 ⋅ 10−5 ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 20 A = 0, 2 mA

Required mechanical power

v Electrical charge of section dx of the belt:

b Force affecting the belt in total:

Laboratories in the spheres

Presentation of 5 MV Tandem generator

Working principle of a tandem accelerator with Van de Graaff Generator

Source of Charge exchange target Pressurized tank

Magnetic Positive Ring electrodes with voltage divider

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Arrangement of valve arms (valve

Cross-section of the valve hall of a 500-MW converter station (400 kV)

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