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Tissues
Revision Notes Group of cells that work together to perform a particular function is called tissue
Plant tissues: On the basis of the dividing capacity, plant tissues are of two types: Meristematic and Permanent tissues
Formative Assessment Meristematic tissues – It consists of actively-dividing cells.
Properties of Meristematic Tissues-
Made up of immature cells or undifferentiated cells.
Cell wall is thinner with a prominent nucleus.
Their cells are metabolically highly active with a dense cytoplasm.
Meristematic tissues are of three types:
 
Meristematic Tissue Location Function
Present at the growing tips of
Apical meristem To increase the length of stems and roots
stems and roots
Present at the base of leaves or
Intercalary meristem For the longitudinal growth of plants
internodes
Present on the lateral sides of To increase the thickness of stems and
Lateral meristem
the stems and roots roots
 
 
Permanent tissues – It is formed from meristematic tissues. The cell loses the ability to divide. Permanent tissues are divided into two categories:
Simple permanent - Consist of only one type of cells performing same functions.
Types of simple permanent tissues:- Parenchyma , Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma - Composed of unspecialised loosely packed living cells with relatively thin cell walls and large intercellular spaces.
i. Chlorenchyma: Parenchyma that contains chloroplast and performs photosynthesis is called chlorenchyma.
ii. Aerenchyma: Parenchyma that contains large air cavities is called aerenchyma. These large air cavities provide buoyancy to aquatic plants
Collenchyma - Composed of living and elongated cells with cell walls irregularly thickened at the corners ; have very little intercellular spaces; provide
flexibility and mechanical support to the various parts of the cells. The are present in leaf stalks just below the epidermis.
Sclerenchyma - Composed of long, narrow, and lignin deposited thick-walled cells. This tissue is made up of dead cells and there are no intercellular
spaces. For example, husk of coconut.

 
Complex permanent - Made up of more than one type of cell. These tissues constitute vascular bundles. Types of complex permanent tissues are
Xylem
Conducts water and minerals from the roots to the different parts of the plant
Composed of four different types of cells – Tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibres. Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem elements
are non- living.
Phloem
Conducts food material from the leaves to the different parts of the plant
Composed of four different types of cells – Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibres. Except for phloem fibres, all other
phloem cells are living.
 
Animal tissues: Animal tissues are classified into four types based on the functions they perform: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous
tissue.
Epithelial tissues –Tightly packed cells with almost no intercellular spaces. It forms the covering of the external surfaces, internal cavities, and organs of
the animal body
Various types of epithelial tissues:
Squamous epithelium - Single layer of extremely thin and flat cells are called simple squamous epithelium while multi layered cells forms stratified
squamous epithelium in order to prevent wear and tear
Location in the human body:
Simple squamous epithelium - Lining of the mouth, oesophagus, lung alveoli, etc.
Stratified squamous epithelium – Skin
Cuboidal epithelium - Consists of cube-like cells that provide mechanical support
Location in the human body:Lining of kidney tubules and ducts of the salivary glands
Columnar epithelium - Consists of elongated or column-like cells to facilitate movement across the epithelial barriers.
Location in the human body: Inner lining of the intestine and gut
Glandular epithelium - Consists of multicellular glands
 
Connective tissues -Specialised to connect various body organs. Various types of connective tissues are:
Loose connective tissue- It includes areolar and adipose connective tissues
Areolar tissue - It provides supports to internal organs and helps in repair of tissues
Found in the skin and muscles, around the blood vessels, nerves, etc.
Adipose tissue - Acts as the storage site of fats; found between the internal organs and below the skin; acts as an insulator for the body
Dense regular connective tissue- Main components are tendons and ligaments.
Ligaments – Connective tissues that connect a bone to a bone. It is very elastic
Tendons – Connective tissue that connect a bone to a muscle. It has limited flexibility
Specialized connective tissue -It includes skeletal tissues i.e cartilage and bone.
Fluid connective tissue - Blood is the special connective tissue present in animals that helps in the transport of various substances. It is composed of
plasma, Red blood cells (RBC), White blood cell (WBC) and platelets.
Lymph- It is a transparent, light yellowish uid located in the intercellular spaces of our body. It is part of the defensive mechanism of the body and also helps
in transporting nutrients to tissues and cells. It also helps in carrying digested fats from the intestine.
 
Muscular Tissues
Muscles, made up of muscular tissues, make it possible for the different body parts to move.
Muscular tissues can be classi ed into three categories, as is shown in the gure. 

Striated Muscles
Striated muscles show alternate light and dark bands or striations when stained appropriately.
They are also called skeletal muscles because they are found attached to the bones which form the skeleton. 
They are voluntary muscles.
The cells of striated muscular tissues are long, cylindrical, unbranched and multinucleate (i.e., having many nuclei).
They are located in the body wall, tongue, limbs and pharynx.
Smooth Muscles
Unstriated or smooth muscles do not show any alternate light and dark bands.
They are involuntary muscles as they are involved in involuntary actions of the body.
The cells of smooth muscular tissues are long with pointed ends (or spindle-shaped) and uninucleate.
Smooth muscles are located in the alimentary canal, urinary bladder, blood vessels and ducts of glands. 
Cardiac Muscles
Cardiac muscles are the muscles of the heart.
They are striated, but involuntary in action.
They show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life.
The cells of cardiac muscular tissues are cylindrical, branched and uninucleate.
Cardiac muscles are exclusively present in the heart. They control the rhythmic beating of the heart. 
 
 
Nervous tissues –Highly specialised tissues present in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Neuron – It is the functional unit of nervous tissue
A neuron consists of a cell body, an axon, and a dendrite.
 
Cells of the nervous tissues are highly specialized for becoming stimulated and then transmitting the stimulus very rapidly from one place
to another within the body. 
Neurons are responsible for both collecting and delivering messages in our body. 
 
 
Neurons
The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell.
Parts of neurons:
Dendrite: It receives information from the axon of an adjacent neuron and conducts it toward the cell body.
Axon: It conducts messages away from the cell body.
Cell body: It contains a nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles. It is concerned with the maintenance and growth of the cell.
Fat containing Shwann cells help in insulating the neurons makimng them capable of transmitting signals very fast.
The myelin sheath is not continuous over the axon and has some gaps exposing the axon. A gap between two adjacent myelin sheaths is
called node of Ranvier.
 
Transfer of a Nerve Impulse from one to another nerve cell
The axon endings of one nerve cell are loosely placed on the cell body or cyton of another nerve cell, thereby forming a loose connection called synapse.
Electric signals are transmitted from one neuron to the next across such synapses through the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. 
A released neurotransmitter crosses a synapse and starts a similar electrical impulse in the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. In this way, impulses are
transmitted from one neuron to another and, ultimately, to the brain.

Glial Cells- nervous tissue also contains supportive cells of various kinds which do not help in conduction. These cells are called glial or neuroglial cells

Nerves:
They are formed of a bundle of axons that are enclosed in a sheath.
They are of three types: sensory, motor and mixed.

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