VERSION 1021811 BIOSCI 100/BIOSCI 100G

THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

SEMESTER TWO 2019

Campus: City

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Antarctica: The Frozen Continent

(Total Time Allowed: TWO hours)

INSTRUCTIONS:
Multiple Choice Questions:
• Use the Teleform Sheet.
• Use pencils only. Shade the rectangle completely.
• Do not X out mistakes. ERASE them completely.
• Complete last name, first name, and initials, ID Number,
fill spaces from left to right.
• Your code is 1021811
Check this is correct on your teleform.
• Do not shade the box for option E/5 as this exam does not have
an option E or 5 for any questions. (If this is shaded the system
will not mark your response for this question.)

Short Answer Questions:

• Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.

Exam Format: Total marks = 100

ALL QUESTIONS MUST BE ATTEMPTED.
Multiple Choice Questions: Answer ALL questions: 75 marks
Human Impacts 15 marks
Birds 15 marks
Fish 15 marks
Mammals 15 marks
Ecosystems 15 marks

Short Answer Questions: Answer ALL questions. 25 marks

Human Impacts 5 marks
Birds 5 marks
Fish 5 marks
Mammals 5 marks
Ecosystems 5 marks

Hand in your Teleform answer sheet and Short Answer Sheets.

Retain your Multiple Choice Question pages.

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SECTION A

Multiple Choice Questions

(60 marks)
(Recommended time: 1½ hours)

Choose the ONE correct answer from the alternatives provided.

1. The figure below is a diagrammatic representation of the formation of an ozone

molecule.

The step labelled C represents:

1. one free oxygen atom and one oxygen molecule colliding to form ozone.
2. two free oxygen atoms and one oxygen molecule colliding to form ozone.
3. two free oxygen atoms and two oxygen molecules colliding to form ozone.
4. one free oxygen atom and two oxygen molecules colliding to form ozone.

2. Which of the following statements about UV radiation is CORRECT?

1. The Sun's UV radiation is MORE intense in the upper atmosphere, therefore MORE
oxygen molecules will be split in the upper atmosphere relative to the lower.
2. The Sun's UV radiation is LESS intense in the upper atmosphere, therefore MORE
oxygen molecules will be split in the upper atmosphere relative to the lower.
3. The Sun's UV radiation is LESS intense in the upper atmosphere, therefore FEWER
oxygen molecules will be split in the upper atmosphere relative to the lower.
4. The Sun's UV radiation is MORE intense in the upper atmosphere, therefore
FEWER oxygen molecules will be split in the upper atmosphere relative to the
lower.

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3. Ultraviolet C light is absorbed heavily by:

1. ozone.
2. water vapour.
3. All the options are correct.
4. molecular oxygen.

4. The ozone layer is in a portion of the atmosphere known as the:

1. heterosphere.
2. stratosphere.
3. mesosphere.
4. troposphere.

5. The thermosphere is heated by the absorption of:

1. infrared rays from the Sun.
2. visible energy from the Sun.
3. ultraviolet rays from the Sun.
4. infrared rays from the Earth.

6. In the Earth's atmosphere, ozone can be found in both the:

1. thermosphere and exosphere.
2. stratosphere and mesosphere.
3. troposphere and stratosphere.
4. mesosphere and thermosphere.

7. The chemical formula for ozone is:

1. CFC.
2. O3.
3. O2.
4. O.

8. Approximately how many tons of plastic are dumped into the oceans every year?
1. 20 million
2. 200 million
3. 5 million
4. 1 million

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9. The three categories of plastic pollution are:

1. gigaplastic, megaplastic and picoplastic.
2. megaplastic, picoplastic and nanoplastic.
3. macroplastic, microplastic and nanoplastic.
4. megaplastic, microplastic and nanoplastic.

10. Which of the following statements about pollution in the Antarctic are CORRECT?

(i) The largest oil spill in the Antarctic was from an Argentine supply ship
(Paradise Bay/Bahia Paraiso).
(ii) Mining has resulted in significant local oil pollution.
(iii) Fossil fuel (e.g., fuel via ships and planes) is potentially a major source of
pollution.
(iv) The greatest amount of hydrocarbon pollution in Antarctica is caused by
tourist ships.

1. Only (i) and (iii) are correct.

2. Only (iii) and (iv) are correct.
3. All the options are correct.
4. Only (i) and (ii) are correct.

11. Which of the following types of pollution is likely to have the greatest impact on the
Antarctic environment in the future?
1. rubbish left behind by tourists
2. sewage from research stations
3. oils/fuel spills from ships
4. rubbish from research stations

12. Three factors exert more influence on the Earth's climate than all other factors combined.
These factors are:
1. the sun, the atmosphere and the moon.
2. the land, the atmosphere and the oceans.
3. the sun, the atmosphere and the oceans.
4. the sun, the land and the moon.

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13. The selective transmission of solar radiation that keeps Earth warm is known as the:
1. ozone layer depletion.
2. radiation effect.
3. infrared effect.
4. greenhouse effect.

14. The figure below shows the changes in carbon dioxide levels over the last 400,000 years.

Each glacial or ice age cycle lasts for approximately:

1. 120,000 years.
2. 250,000 years.
3. 360,000 years.
4. 400,000 years.

15. What has been the effect of climate change on the Antarctic region?
1. Most areas of Antarctica show little change in surface temperatures.
2. All parts of the Antarctic are getting significantly warmer, except for the east coast
of the peninsula which is getting cooler.
3. Most parts of the Antarctic are getting significantly cooler.
4. There have been fewer extreme weather events such as cyclones and snow storms
occurring in Antarctica.

16. Which of the following statements about Antarctic avian species is INCORRECT?
1. Antarctica has low avian diversity.
2. Many Antarctic avian species are endemic.
3. The number of individuals in each Antarctic avian species is generally very high.
4. Antarctica has similar numbers of avian species to that of other continents of a
similar size.

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17. No land birds breed on the Antarctic continent. This is because:

1. there is little if any food to support land birds on the Antarctic continent.
2. the circumpolar air and water currents prevent land birds from reaching the Antarctic
continent.
3. land birds are out-competed by seabirds on the Antarctic continent.
4. the Antarctic continent is too dry for land birds to survive.

18. In the Antarctic, breeding populations of birds are clustered together. This is because:
1. Antarctica is a large continent.
2. food sources have a patchy distribution.
3. sources of fresh water are very limited.
4. suitable breeding locations are very limited.

19. The species in the picture below is characterised by a horny covering on the upper
mandible of its bill (labelled A).

The common name of this species is:

1. sheathbill.
2. skua.
3. petrel.
4. tubenose.

20. All seabirds, including penguins, have nasal glands in the head. These glands are
involved in the excretion of:
1. urine.
2. salt.
3. calcium.
4. mucus.

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21. Seabirds obtain almost all their food from the:

1. freshwater environment, but go to sea to breed.
2. terrestrial environment, but go ashore to breed.
3. marine environment, but go ashore to breed.
4. marine environment, but go to sea to breed.

22. Siblicide is a commonly seen behaviour in South Polar skuas. Siblicide is defined as:
1. fatal sibling aggression.
2. provoked sibling aggression.
3. unprovoked sibling aggression.
4. non-fatal sibling aggression.

23. Which of the follow statements about penguins are CORRECT?

(i) Breeding populations of penguins are restricted to Antarctic and sub-Antarctic

Islands.

(ii) All penguins are omnivores.

(iii) Penguins have a torpedo body shape, which aids diving and swimming
underwater.

(iv) Almost all adult penguins have dark backs and white bellies.

1. Only (iii) and (iv) are correct.

2. Only (ii) and (iii) are correct.
3. Only (i) and (ii) are correct.
4. Only (i) and (iv) are correct.

24. Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to the sex chromosomes
in penguins?
1. Females are ZZ and males are ZW.
2. Males are ZZ and females are ZW.
3. Males are XX and females are XY.
4. Females are XX and males are XY.

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25. When penguins are hot they can lose heat by diffusion though their feet. Which hormone
causes the blood vessels in the feet to relax and increase flow to the periphery?
1. adrenaline
2. oestrogen
3. testosterone
4. noradrenaline

26. Refer to the following diagrams of a normal circulation system and a counter-current
heat exchange system found in penguins.

The structure labelled A in the normal circulation system and the counter-current heat
exchange system is:
1. a vein.
2. subdermal fat.
3. the heart.
4. an artery.

27. In penguins, which of the following is NOT an adaptation for thermoprotection?

1. subdermal fat
2. short overlapping feathers
3. reduction of extremities
4. streamlined bodies

28. When penguins get too hot they:

1. All of these options are correct.
2. raise their feathers to allow increased air circulation.
3. dilate the peripheral blood vessels.
4. open the bill and pant.

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29. Which of the following statements about penguins is CORRECT?

1. Penguin nests are typically complex and primarily made from plant material.
2. Penguin nests are typically simple and primarily made from plant material.
3. All penguins build nests to protect their eggs.
4. Not all penguins build nests to protect their eggs.

30. Emperor penguins live most of the year:

1. on the ice shelf.
2. on the fast ice.
3. in open water.
4. in the pack ice.

31. As Antarctica separated from the African continent and drifted southward about 23
million years ago, a new pattern of oceanic circulation established forming the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current. This led to ____________ sea temperatures and probably led to
________________.
1. warming; a lower diversity of species
2. cooling; an abundance of sharks and rays
3. warming; an abundance of sharks and rays
4. cooling; a lower diversity of species

32. One anatomical structure that all notothenioid fish lack is:
1. mitochondria.
2. aglomerular kidneys.
3. haemoglobin.
4. a swim bladder.

33. A scientist records an Antarctic fish emitting blue light from organs on the side of its
body. This would most likely indicate the use of bioluminescence for:
1. finding a mate.
2. illuminating potential prey like a flashlight.
3. attracting potential prey.
4. camouflage from predators below.

34. Antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic fishes:

1. depress the melting point of blood.
2. raise the freezing point of blood.
3. act in a non-colligative manner.
4. can only work when there is no ice present.

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35. _______________ is a reduced tolerance to temperature changes, a characteristic of

Antarctic fishes, which may be partially responsible for their restricted distribution
outside of Antarctic waters.
1. Eurythermy
2. Stenothermy
3. Ectothermy
4. Endemism

36. Lower temperatures _____________ fluid viscosity (thickness) and oxygen solubility.
This means that the Southern Ocean is extremely oxygen _______ , with a viscosity that
is nearly two times ______ than in warmer latitudes.
1. decrease; poor; more
2. decrease; rich; less
3. increase; poor; more
4. increase; rich; more

37. The oxygen saturation of McMurdo Sound seawater (-1.9ºC) is approximately 1.6 times
______________ than temperate waters at 20ºC. This means requirements for oxygen
capture, transport and delivery are ______________.
1. lower; more demanding
2. greater; more demanding
3. lower; not so demanding
4. greater; not so demanding

38. Icefishes typically have:

1. small capillaries to minimise blood volume.
2. a high blood viscosity.
3. a low haematocrit (no or low haemoglobin).
4. large hearts, but a small blood volume.

39. In icefish, oxygen can be transported as a simple solution dissolved in the blood because:
1. they have a higher flow rate.
2. they have smaller blood vessels.
3. of the presence of haemoglobin.
4. they have a smaller heart size.

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40. Endemism in Antarctic fishes:

1. may be a consequence of the large area of the continental shelf.
2. is a distinguishing feature of the local fauna.
3. All the options are correct.
4. can be attributed in part to the thermal isolation of Antarctica.

41. Continuous trawls at 0 to 250 m water depth are used to harvest:

1. Patagonian toothfish.
2. mackerel icefish.
3. Antarctic toothfish.
4. Antarctic krill.

42. Antarctic toothfish fisheries are harvested using:

1. bottom-set longlines at 1,200-1,800 m water depth.
2. bottom-set longlines at 0-250 m water depth.
3. continuous trawls at 0-250 m water depth.
4. continuous trawls at 1,200-1,800 m water depth.

43. Antarctic Notothenioid show a variety of adaptations which enable them to survive the
freezing water across most Antarctic areas. These include:
1. faster growth so they don't expend as much energy, stronger bones and more
fats/lipids to reduce weight or density in their skeletons.
2. slower growth so they don't expend as much energy, lighter bones and more fats/
lipids to reduce weight or density in their skeletons.
3. slower growth so they don't expend as much energy, stronger bones and less
fats/lipids to reduce weight or density in their skeletons.
4. faster growth so they don't expend as much energy, lighter bones and less fats/lipids
to reduce weight or density in their skeletons.

44. Decreased pH levels in the Southern Ocean are correlated with:

1. increased precipitation of calcium carbonate.
2. increased salinity.
3. increasing levels of carbon dioxide.
4. increasing levels of carbon dioxide and increased precipitation of calcium carbonate.

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45. Macroplastics in the Southern Ocean break down into smaller pieces called
microplastics. These microplastics:
1. pass through Antarctic fishes and krill without harm.
2. All of these options are correct.
3. leach chemicals which can be beneficial to the Antarctic fishes and krill.
4. can be ingested by Antarctic fishes potentially causing suffocation or starvation.

46. The families of seals found in Antarctica are the:

1. Phocidae and Otariidae.
2. Otariidae and Odobenidae.
3. Odobenidae and Phocidae.
4. Otariidae only.

47. Which of the following statements about Antarctic seals is CORRECT?

1. The sebaceous glands produce oil to waterproof seals' fur.
2. Phocid seals are less able to cope with extreme cold compared to fur seals.
3. Seals with blubber are better at thermoregulating than seals with fur.
4. The guard hairs offer the most insulation for fur seals.

48. Which feature is common across Antarctic seals and enables them to efficiently catch
krill?
1. streamlined bodies
2. rapid swimming
3. lobed teeth
4. echolocation

49. Which of the following Antarctic seals maintain holes in the ice to breathe and haul out?
1. Weddell seals
2. crabeater seals
3. leopard seals
4. Ross seals

50. Leopard seals primarily inhabit:

1. pack ice and small ice floes.
2. the Antarctic Peninsula.
3. fast ice.
4. open ocean waters.

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51. Antarctic fur sealing started around _______ in _______. In _______ stocks collapsed
with over _______ seals killed.
1. 1550; the Ross Sea; 1821; 1 million
2. 1778; South Georgia; 1823; 2 million
3. 1902; the Balleny Islands; 1974; 20 million
4. 1880; the Antarctic Peninsula; 1924; 10 million

52. Southern elephant seals were primarily hunted for their:

1. blubber.
2. fur.
3. bones.
4. meat.

53. The _______ whales typically feed on _______ during the productive summer months.
In contrast, _______ whales feed year-round using _______ to help find their prey.
1. toothed; fish; baleen; vision
2. baleen; fish; toothed; sound
3. baleen; zooplankton; toothed; echolocation
4. toothed; krill; baleen; vision

54. Which of the following statements about baleen whales in the Southern Ocean is
CORRECT?
1. All baleen whales use echolocation to find prey.
2. Most species migrate to Antarctic waters in summer to feed on krill.
3. Some species feed on squids and fishes.
4. Most species stay in the Southern Ocean year-round to take advantage of abundant
prey.

55. Humpback whales typically give birth to a calf approximately every:

1. year.
2. fifteen months.
3. two to three years.
4. four to five years.

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56. There are different types of killer whales in Antarctic waters. Type A is the _______ and
is typically found in _______. Type B killer whales mainly feed on _______, unlike
Type C animals that feed on _______ in nearshore waters.
1. largest; open ocean; seals; fish
2. smallest; the Antarctic Peninsula; penguins; seals
3. smallest; pack ice; seals; whales
4. largest; the Ross Sea; fish; whales

57. The humpback whales migrating through the South Pacific Ocean travel to which
Southern Ocean feeding grounds?
1. Ross Sea.
2. Bellingshausen Sea across to the Ross Sea.
3. Amundsen Sea.
4. Bellingshausen Sea across to the Amundsen Sea.

58. The first whale species to collapse due to poor commercial whaling practices was the:
1. minke whale.
2. humpback whale.
3. southern right whale.
4. blue whale.

59. Having learned from the poor management practices around commercial seal hunting,
Grytviken whaling station was the first place where:
1. they had to keep records of their whale catch.
2. they initiated a multi-species whale hunt.
3. the Norwegian government controlled the whaling industry.
4. they only hunted sperm whales.

60. Even though there were over two million whales killed in the Southern Ocean, the
number of other predators such as seals and penguins did not increase rapidly. Which of
the following statements BEST describes why there was no increase?
1. Baleen whale scat is rich in iron, an important micronutrient for phytoplankton and
overall productivity.
2. Other species, such as penguins and seals were too heavily exploited for their
numbers to increase.
3. Baleen whales outcompete other species for krill because their prey intake needs to
be very large to survive in the Southern Ocean.
4. Despite large numbers of whales being killed, the Southern Ocean is such a large
area, there was little impact on productivity and the number of predators was at
carrying capacity.

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61. Thermophilic organisms are most likely to be found:

1. in areas with geothermal activity.
2. under lake ice.
3. in very cold environments.
4. in areas with melted water.

62. Mosses and ________ are successful around ________ colonies because of high levels
of ________.
1. plants; penguin; phosphates
2. flowering plants; penguin; snow
3. algae; seal; nitrogen
4. grasses; seabird; water

63. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, where the air temperature is -25ºC, there is a layer of
sediment found 2 metres below the permanent ice cover. In regards to the sediment
origins and particles, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
1. Wind-blown sediment from the land settles on the lake surface and moves through
the ice as the surface thaws and freezes.
2. Wind-blown particles move through the ice to the freshwater lake system and once
they gain nutrients from the lake the particles migrate back up through the ice.
3. The large microbial community has created a closed ecosystem and the sediment
layer is part of the normal cycle of that system.
4. The sediment has been trapped in the near-surface lake ice since the early formation
of the lake and is unable to move due to the extremely cold temperatures.

64. Microbial mats are typically dominated by ________ and ______ with a skeleton made
of silica. These mats produce energy via ___________ and can function at an irradiance
of _______ of the surface light.
1. diatoms; viruses; chemosynthesis; <0.001%
2. cyanobacteria; diatoms; photosynthesis; <0.05%
3. cyanobacteria; viruses; photosynthesis; 5%
4. viruses; bacteria; chemosynthesis; 10%

65. Krill have a number of strategies to help them survive. Which of these options is
INCORRECT with regards to krill during the winter?
1. Krill can shrink to around half their body mass.
2. Krill down-regulate their metabolism.
3. Krill build up large fat reserves.
4. Krill are omnivorous.

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66. All Antarctic organisms have adaptations that allow them to survive. Which of the
following statements is INCORRECT?
1. Mites can survive extreme desiccation with at least 60% water loss.
2. Lichens have low resistance to freezing and only live near rivers or streams.
3. Plants and animals will enter a torpor-like state when conditions become sub-
optimal.
4. Mosses are more effective at photosynthesising in lower temperatures.

67. Which of the following types of organisms are most heavily impacted by ice scouring on
the sea-bed?
1. non-mobile molluscs and sponges
2. kelp communities
3. sandeels
4. fishes

68. Why do ice-edge productivity blooms occur in the summer?

1. The summer increase in ice thickness allows greater surface area for algae.
2. Detritivores increase in number during the summer.
3. Microalgae are released as the ice melts during the summer.
4. Increased numbers of salps drive the ice-edge systems.

69. A community is a collective of organisms:

1. that remains the same throughout their lives.
2. that changes over time.
3. that always changes seasonally.
4. with the same niche.

70. The majority of Antarctica's terrestrial communities are located on the:

1. Dry Valleys.
2. sub-Antarctic Islands.
3. Antarctic Peninsula.
4. seasonal pack ice.

71. An example of a terrestrial food-chain would be:

1. diatoms → mites → penguins
2. algae → microbes → tardigrades
3. plants → springtails → mites
4. phytoplankton → krill → whales

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72. Which of the following statements about the Southern Ocean is CORRECT?
1. The Southern Ocean accounts for less phytplankton productivity overall due to the
dark winter season.
2. The Southern Ocean accounts for around 20% of the global oceans and has
productivity levels similar to other oceans.
3. The Southern Ocean has fewer links in the food-chain, which means it is less
productive that other oceans.
4. The Southern Ocean has greater benthic productivity than oceans of a similar size.

73. What proportion of the total matter and energy passes through the detritus food-chain in
the Southern Ocean?
1. more than 90%
2. more than 50%
3. 10%
4. 25%

74. Concentrations of phytoplankton are lower in the Southern Ocean due to:
1. many limiting micro-nutrients.
2. low levels of iron.
3. the lack of sunlight during winter.
4. high levels of chlorophyll.

75. Which of the following has been identified as high-risk for the introduction of invasive
species in the Antarctic Peninsula?
1. seabirds coming from mainland South America
2. tourists and researchers
3. newly established penguin colonies
4. the increased number of Collembola

QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET FOLLOWS

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 VERSION 1021811 BIOSCI 100/BIOSCI 100G
QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

Short Answer Questions Section

NOTE: • Print your name and ID at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE.
• Record your answers in the spaces provided.
• Answer ALL questions. 25 marks

Surname: First Name:

University of Auckland ID Number: Username:

Human Birds Fish Mammals Ecosystems

Impacts
FOR OFFICIAL USE

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
(25 marks)
(Recommended time: 30 minutes)

HUMAN IMPACTS (5 marks total)

76. The output of light from the sun can be divided into five different wavelength bands.
Complete the table below by giving the type of light that is associated with each
wavelength. (2 marks)

Light Wavelength Energy

Ultraviolet C Less than 210 nm High

280–320 nm

320–400 nm
Low
400–760 nm

760–1000 nm

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

77. Ozone formation and destruction are normally balanced, maintaining the concentration
in the atmosphere. (3 marks)

On the diagram below clearly label the following:

a. Ozone formation d. UV-C

b. UV-B & C e. Ozone
c. Oxygen molecule f. Oxygen atom.

5
Circles for use
of markers only
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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

BIRDS (5 marks total)

78. Complete the table below by providing the common name of the missing families of
seabirds that breed south of the Antarctic convergence. (2 marks)

Order Family (common name)

Albatrosses

Procellariiformes Fulmars
(Tube nosed birds)

Pelecaniiformes

Gulls & terns

Charadriiformes

Sphenisciformes

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

79. The diagram below represents a timeline of the major events that occurs during the
breeding cycle of Emperor penguins. Complete the diagram by filling in the spaces
provided. (3 marks)

5
Circles for use
of markers only

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

FISH (5 marks total)

80. Briefly define bioluminescence. (1 mark)

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

81. Name THREE ways organisms use bioluminescence. (1 ½ marks)

1. ___________________

2. ___________________

3. ___________________

82. Complete the table below for the proposed Antarctic toothfish lifecycle stages and the
generalised locations where each stage occurs. (2 ½ marks)

Lifecycle Stage Timing Generalised Location

6 months ~May-Dec

9-12 months Drifting in currents to the

continental shelf

3-4+ years Shallow continental water

Maturing adult 8-12+ years

5
Circles for use
of markers only

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET

ID: _____________________________

MAMMALS (5 marks total)

83. Baleen whales, Antarctic fur seals and elephant seals were heavily exploited. Population
recovery rates since exploitation ended are different for each group of mammals.
Answer the following questions about marine mammal population recovery since
exploitation giving a brief explanation.

(a) Why are Antarctic fur seals recovering at a faster rate than the elephant seals?
(2 ½ marks)

(b) Why have seal populations overall recovered more rapidly than the large baleen
whales? (2 ½ marks)

5
Circles for use
of markers only

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

SURNAME: __________________________FIRST NAME: ________________________

ECOSYSTEMS (5 marks total)

84. Name ONE type of plant or animal found in Antarctica and give TWO examples of how
your chosen organism is adapted to cope with the extreme Antarctic environment.
(2 ½ marks)

(a) Organism: __________________________________________________________

(b) Adaptation 1: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(c) Adaptation 2: ________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

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QUESTION/ANSWER BOOKLET
ID: _____________________________

85. The figure below represents the Antarctic maritime food web. Letters indicate
components of this food web. Arrows represent direction of energy flow that connect the
components of the food web. (2.5 marks Total)

On the figure below:

a. Label the cluster of organisms indicated by the letter A. (½ mark)
b. Label the cluster of organisms indicated by the letter B. (½ mark)
c. Label the cluster of organisms indicated by the letter C. (½ mark)
d. In the box labelled D, give ONE example of an organism that represents cluster B.
(½ mark)
e. The letter E represents the energy source for the cluster of organisms labelled A.
Name the energy source shown by E. (½ mark)

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