ARALIN

Introduction to Media and

01 Information Literacy
What is Media and Information According to Article 19 of the Universal
Literacy Declaration of Human Rights
 It is linked to access to
information, free expression "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and
expression; this right includes freedom to hold
and education. Media and
opinions without interference and to seek, receive
Information Literacy (MIL)
and impart information and ideas through any
defined as the ability to access, media regardless of frontiers"
analyze, and create media is a
prerequisite citizen to realize their rights to freedom of information and expression.

Media
Literacy
It is the physical objects used to communicate
The ability to identify, understand, interpret,
with, or the mass communication physical
create and communicate using printed written
objects such as radio, television, computers,
materials and other means associated with
films, etc. It also refers to any physical objects
varying context.
used to communicate messages.

Media Literacy
Is a 21st century literature advent to education. It is the understanding to
access, analyze, evaluate, create, reflect, and act using all forms of
communication. It is an effective and engaging way to employ critical thinking
skills to a wide range of issues.
Media Literacy can help people to?
1. Develop Critical Thinking Skills
2. Understand how media messages shape our culture and society
3. Recognizing what media makers wants us to believe or do
4. Recognize bias, spin, misinformation and lies.
5. Discover the parts of the story that are not being told.
6. Evaluate media messages based on our experiences, skills and values.

Information
Is a broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from a study, experience, instruction, signals
or symbols.

Information Literacy
It is a set of skills requiring people to recognize when information is
needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the
needed information.
An information literate person is able to?
1. Determine the extent of information needed
2. Access the needed information effectively and efficiently.
3. Evaluate information and its sources critically.
4. Incorporate selected information into one's knowledge base.
5. Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose.
6. Understand the economic, legal, and social issues surrounding the
use of information, and access and use information of ethically and
legally.
 Technology Literacy
is the skill of the person, working independently and with others, to responsibility, appropriately and
effectively uses technology tools to access, manage, integrate, create and communicate information.
Learners who have obtained technological literacy are able to:
1. Problem-solve
2. Communicate
3. Locate, use and synthesize information found using technology
4. Develop skills necessary to function in the 21st century.

ARALIN
The Evolution of Traditional
02 to New Media
Evolution of Media
 The evolution of media, from old media to new media, has transformed the way we understand the world
around us. New media is interactive and is user-generated while old media is a more traditional way of
communicating.

Pre-Industrial Era (200,000BCE–4000BCE)

People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with
stone, bronze, copper and iron.
 Cave Paintings (also known as “parietal art”) are painted drawings on cave walls or
ceilings. (40,000BCE to 38000BCE) in both Asia and Europe.
 Petroglyphs – illustrations by abolishing part of rock surface by incising or carving, as a
form of rock art.
 Egyptian Hieroglyphs – an orderly writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that
combined anagrammed and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for
religious articles on papyrus and wood. A section of the Papyrus of Ani showing
cursive hieroglyphs
 Dance – dancing before the god was fundamental in temple rituals.
 The Body Art - a momentous part of social, spiritual, and personal expression.
  The Neck Rings of a Malaysian
Tribes woman
 The crocodile skin of the
Chambari tribe in Africa
 The Egyptian Eyeliner
 Henna tattoos for the bride of an Indian Wedding
 Papyrus – Grammatically derived from “papyrus”, An ancient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus
is a chunky, paper-like matter produced from the core of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in
ancient Egypt and Mediterranean cultures for writing way before the paper making n China (2ndcentury CE
by Cai Lun). Mayans used a similar bark-paper writing material not
later than5thcentury CE, called “amatl”.
 Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
 Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
 Dibao in China (2nd Century)
 Codex in Mayan Region (5th Century)
Industrial Era (1440– 1890)
People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron
production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing
press).
 Printing Press - is an apparatus for administering pressure to an inked surface recessing
upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. The invention
and spread of the printing press was one of the most prominent events in the second
millennium. The printing press was invented in the Holy Roman Empire by the German
Johannes Gutenberg around 1440. He developed an entire printing system, which fulfilled
the printing operation through all its stages.
 Dry Plates - work of Désiré van Monckhoven, the Collodion dry plates had been
accessible since1855.But it was not until the contraption of the gelatin dry plate in1871
by Richard Leach Maddox that the wet plate process could be a match in quality and
speed.
 Late 19th century studio camera
 Typewriter (1800s)
 Telegraphy - is the long-distance broadcast of textual or symbolic messages. It is without
the corporeal exchange of an object bearing the message. It necessitates that the
technique used for encoding the message both be known sender and receiver. An
electrical telegraph was self-sufficiently advanced and patented in the US in 1837 by
Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code sign
 Telephone/Phone - is a telecommunications device that allows many users to
administer a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard. Bell ’s experimental
telephone (1876). Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell patented a device that
formed clearly intelligible replication of human voice in 1876.
 Phonograph – a device designed for the power-driven recording and reproduction of
sound– was invented. In its later forms it was also called gramophone. THOMAS EDISON
with his phonograph.
 Motion Picture - also called movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photo play, is a
series of immobile images, that when shown on a screen, generates the
illusion of moving images. A photographic sequence shot by Eadweard
Muybridge (1887)
 Sound Film (1894)
Electronic Era (1930–1980s)
The invention of transistor ushered in the electronic age.
People harness the power of transistor.
 Transistor Radio (1950s)
 Large Electronic Computer (late 1940s to early 1950s)
 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)1947
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951
 Mainframe Computers (1960s)
 Personal Computer (late 1960s)
 LCD Projectors (mid to late 1980s)
Information Era (1906– PRESENT)
The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of
the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the
invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wear able
technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are
now living in the information age.

 Search Engines
 Social Networks
 Photo and Video Sharing Sites
 Blogging Sites
 Instant Messaging and Video Conferencing
 Portable Computers
 Mobile Phones
 Wearable Technology
 Cloud and Big Data

ARALIN

03 Information Literacy
Information
 Is the data that has been collected, processed, and interpreted in order to be presented in a useable form. In
media world, information is often used describe knowledge of specific events or situations that has been
gathered or received by communication, intelligence or news report.
Literacy
 Is the understanding of a specific subject.
Information Literacy
 Is a means to express personal ideas, develop arguments, refute the opinions of others, learn new things, or
simply identify the truth or factual evidence of a topic.

 An information Literate can...

 Use the data to achieve a particular objective.
 Access information ethically.
 Use the information lawfully.
 Collect the data into one 's learning base.
 Make the information useful and efficient.
 Assess the data and sources.
Information Literate (Required Skills)
1. To be able to find resources.
2. To be able to find information.
 ex. Using URL's book marking; Finding across multiple sources.
3. Ethical and responsible use of information
4. To communicate one's information; and to be able to manage your information
5. To be able to examine results.
 Check if the information is appropriate to the question or task given.
 Verify the authencity and source.
 Consistency of information given.
 The rate of having errors in the result.
 5 Components of Information Literacy

ACKNOWLEDGE
It is the ability to
acknowledge the
sources of used
information. It also
FIND EVALUATE APPLY includes the
IDENTIFY It is about finding It is the ability to It is the ability to understanding of
It is about information evaluate apply information ethical legal and
identifying the effectively and information and its to achieve a societal issues
nature and extent efficiently. sources critically. purpose. surrounding
of the needed information.
information. Examples: Examples: Examples:
Choosing best Exploring different Paraphrase a quote Examples:
Examples: keywords or sources of to support an Creating in-text
Writing a thesis phrases in information (media argument. citations and
statement searching online or source) to Integrate an article bibliographies
in a library understand a into a part of a Understanding the
database. concept. research paper. plagiarism
Utilizing copyright,
creative comments,
public domains and
fair use of
guidelines.

Do Not Ignore the Information Do Not Change the Different Types of Citation
That Conflicts with Your Study Author's Main Idea Used For Information

01 02
Guidelines for Ethical Use MLA
of Information APA
(American (Modern Language
Psychological Association)
Association) humanities
Respect the Author’s Contexts Matters
Intentions education and
sciences 03
CHICAGO/TURABIAN
How use APA format (Referencing) Business, History, and
In Books: Author, (Year). “Title of the Article”. Title of the Book. Publishing House. Fine Arts
Page number
 Example: Vargas, E. J. (2018). “Citation and
Referencing”. Reading and Writing. Arizona How these people practice information literacy?
State University. pp 17-19  Students – assess information to broaden their
knowledge, evaluate the credibility of the information,
Internet: Author, (Date of Retrieval). Title of the
carefully chooses information to achieve an objective
Article. Retrieved from (site link)
etc.
 Example: Vargas, E. J. (2018). Students are not
 Teachers – facilitate learning and enhance student’s
machines: How true?. Retrieved from
knowledge and skills through accurate information.
http://blogspot.com/vargasedel/blogs/12543
 Medical Practitioners – keep track of patient’s
How use APA format (Citation) health.
In Books (for in-text citations): Author, (year).  Lawyer – relevant and complete information through
 Example: cases and evidences.
 (Vargas, 2018).  Journalist and Reporters – secure information for
 (Vargas & Cruz, 2018) news.
 (Vargas, 2018, p14)  Artists – research to add meaning and depth to
masterpiece
 (Vargas, et.al, 2018)
 Scientist – seeks new information through
experiment and through research
 ARALIN

4.1
What is Media?
Types of Media

Media is the main means of mass communication regarded collectively. It is used to transfer information to an
audience for mass informing.

Types of Media
 Print Media - It is a media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally
mechanical.
 Types of Print Media
 Printed Text Media – A simple and flexible format for conveying ideas, whether handwritten or
printed.
 Books  Letters  Newspaper
 Printed Visual Media – Pictures, photos, images and graphics used to channel communication
using the sense of sight.
 Billboard  Magazines  Graphics
 Broadcast Media - Transmit information to a wider and/or farther audience as possible. Immediate
transmission of information through signals.
 Television  Radio
 New Media - Newest type of Media, Internet is the main gateway in accessing information. Provides
connection with people across the globe making it easy to transmit information.
 Podcast  Online Video
 Social Medias - Forms of electronic communication (such as websites) through which people
create online communities to share information, ideas or personal message.

Media Convergence
The merging of different equipment and tools for producing and distributing news
through digitization and computer networking.
 Allows media to be produced and distributed on multiple devices (technological
convergence)
 Synergy of communication, content, and computing in the digital world
 FIELD EXAMPLES
Communication Social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, etc.
Education Learning Managements Systems such as Moodle, Google Classroom, Edmodo,
etc.
Advertising Digitized print ads across different platforms
News News agencies such as CNN, Inquirer, etc.
Entertainment Multimedia personalities such as Oprah, Kanye West, Vice Ganda, etc.

Media Convergence
 Merging of different types of Media: Print, Broadcast and New Media
 Print Media -> New Media
 Broadcast -> New Media

Examples of Print Media and New Media Examples of broadcast media and new media
Convergence: convergence:
 Blogs  Online Videos (Youtube)
 Online Books  Online Streaming (Spotify)
 Online Magazines  Video Conferencing and Online Messaging
 News Portals (Zoom, Messenger)

ARALIN
Portrayal of Society in Mass
4.2
Mass Media
Media
 Played a significant role in the modern world
 Entertainment and transmission of information has influenced the audience to a certain point that it can
manipulate people's attitude and opinions.
 Cognitive schemes are representations of reality displaying its most fundamental and typical factors and
properties.
Stereotypes
 One of the most important schemes used for orientation in the social environment. Stereotypes represent
the opinions among members of a specific group about other groups. These opinions can be a result from
one ' s own observations or simply be adopted from influences of others, such as family friends and media.
 In the modern era, stereotypes are important factor how modern people interact and socialize with each
other.
 Stereotypes give both positive and negative effects.
NOW, LET'S LOOK MORE INTO THE WELL-KNOWN STEREOTYPES:
Gender Roles
 In the case of gender roles, society had established the dominance of men over women in the past. In the
present, however, the differences of dominance between men and women are much smaller.
 In Print Media …
 In Entertainment Media …
 In Leadership …
 Variants of Stereotypes in Men and Women
 Women
 lack of ideas for dinner
 female vampires - seductive, sexy and the embodiment of every desire of a man
 preserve their beauty
 Men
 "real man" - athletic, successful and professional
 rarely presented in housecleaning
 provider
Racial and Racism
 RACIAL, meaning "of or relating to race" refers to the differences of a race. While … RACISM, meaning
'prejudice and discrimination' directed against an individual of a different race based on the belief that
one's own race is superior.
Stereotyping has its downsides and advantages, for example, racial stereotyping gives us a view of ethnicity of
the races, their culture, religion, and nationality. However, negative stereotyping arises out an ethnocentric
view of the world: one's own group is the center of everything while all other group are rated in reference to it.
Negative stereotypes are merely prejudicial judgement, assigning negative qualities to other groups, which
would call racism.
KERNEL OF TRUTH
is a characteristic of a certain group that is widely accepted as the truth.

ARALIN
Media and Information
05 Sources
Media Source- Any source that serves as a means of communicating to the general public.
Sources of Information
Human Source- Any person who can be a source of information or data.
 Consider the following:
o Person's Knowledge
o Educational Background
o Experience
o Skills

Indigenous Knowledge/Media - A knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society, most often it is not
written down.
 Indigenous- native, local, originating or produced naturally in a particular region.
 Examples of Indigenous Knowledge:
o RICE-FISH CO- CULTURE- A farming technique for over 1,200 years in South China, was recently
designated a "globally important agriculture heritage system, " by the UN Food and Agriculture
Organization
o RAINWATER HARVESTING IN INDIA- Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting rainwater from
surfaces on which rain falls, filtering it and storing it for multiple uses.
 Indigenous Communication- It is transmission of information through local channels or by which the
culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted.
o CAVE PAINTINGS
 Indigenous Media- May be defined as forms of media expression that were conceptualized, produced, and
circulated by indigenous people around the globe as vehicles for communication. Forms of Indigenous
Media:
o FOLKTALES
o FOLK SONGS
o FOLK DANCE

Library- A place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials such as books, manuscript,
recordings or films are kept for use but not for sale.
 Four Major types of Library:
o ACADEMIC LIBRARY- Serves colleges and universities
o PUBLIC LIBRARY- Serves cities and towns of all types
o SCHOOL LIBRARY- serves students from Kindergarten to Grade 12
o SPECIAL LIBRARY- Located in specialized environments such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the
military, private business, and the government.
Internet- This has become the best source of information because its vast database will most likely contain any
and all information needed at a moment's notice, giving users ease of access and convenience in their searches.
Classifications of Media and Information Sources
Primary Source
 Immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it.
 refers to the sources that have not been altered or modified yet. This displays original thinking from the
author itself
o Literary creations like novels, short stories, o Letters
poems o Audio Recording
o Internet communication on emails o Publications
o Artifacts o Newspaper Article
o Diaries o Original Document

Secondary Source
 Describe, summarize, or discuss information or details originally presented in the primary sources.
 Refers to sources that have been altered or modified. Though they may talk about the same topic with the
primary source, but other people's interpretation and analysis have already been included in the text.
o Bibliographies o Textbooks
o Biographigal work o Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
o Histories o Magazines
o Literary criticism such as journal articles o Websites

Tertiary Sources
 Consist of information that is a distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources.
o Almanacs o Directories o Guidebooks
o Bibliographies o Chronologies o Fact Books

Evaluating your Sources

Criteria and evaluating sources:
 SOUCES MUST BE UP-TO-DATE  AUDIENCE
 AUTHORITY  PUBLISHER
o .edu o BOOKWARE PUBLISING CORP
o .org o SAINT MATTHEW'S PUBLISHING
o .gov o ATENEO DE MANILAUNIVERSITY PRESS
o .net  ACCURACY
 CITATIONS
OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
Open Educational Resources (OER) are learning, teaching and research materials in any format and medium
that reside in the public domain or are under copyright that have been released under an open license, that
permit no-cost access, re-use, re- purpose, adaptation and redistribution by others.
 There are a multitude of organizations, sites, universities, and the OER movement that offer and
freely open its vast collection of materials such as:
o https://en.wikibooks.org
o https: //pitt.libguides.com/openeducation/biglist
o http://schoolofopen.p2pu.org/
 The DepEd OER Project, may begin using the following components/tools:
1. Kiwix – This is the offline version of the original Wikipedia 2016 which is not editable. (Wikivoyage,
Wikispecies, Wiktionary, Wiki for Schools and Business, etc.)
2. KA Lite – This is the offline version of Khan Academy which supports subjects in English, Arts and
Humanities, Sciences, and Math.
3. FTP Version – The offline version of Raspberry Pi-Rachel which includes numerous OER materials to
support different learners in all ages.
4. Kolibri – This is a Python-enabled software which houses numerous OER materials. The software
enables any teacher to conduct wireless classes even if there is no internet connection.
5. Moodle – This is an open-source Learning Management System that allows offline assessment
evaluation with the use of host server component like the Kolibri.
6. CourseLab 2.4 – An open-source e-learning creation software that creates any flat learning resources
responsive in real-time. It has multimedia object elements that can support any learning environment.
7. Wondershare Quiz Creator – A quizzing application that creates interactive responsive
quizzes/assessment that is teacher-friendly