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目录
目录
Section1:Primary........................................................................................... 3
1. The Ambassadors: A Meditation on Mortality ................................................................. 3
2.Classifying the Stars ...................................................................................................... 4
3.Cometary Missions: Trajectory for Success .................................................................... 5
4.Hippotherapy: Improving Lives One Horse at a Time...................................................... 7
5.The Complex History of the Simple Chopstick ................................................................ 7
6.Searching for Guinevere................................................................................................. 8
7.Toshio Fukuda: Medical Robotics Pioneer ..................................................................... 11
8. The Need for Increased Regulation ............................................................................... 8
Section 2: Informative ................................................................................... 10
1. An Unusual Island-Level 2 ........................................................................................... 10
2. GI Bill: A Real American Hero-Level 2 ......................................................................... 13
3. Thomas Jefferson, Academic Visionary-Level 2 .......................................................... 15
4. The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome-Level 2 ...................................................... 17
5. Petroleum Engineering: A Booming Career-Level 2 ..................................................... 22
6. The Unexpectedly Practical Art of Origami-Level 2...................................................... 24
7.The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional Amphibian?-Level 3...................................... 26
8. Resurrecting Zora-Level 3 ........................................................................................... 28
9. Chemists for Clean Water-Level 3 ............................................................................... 31
10. The Effects of Electronegativity-Level 3 ................................................................ 33
11. The Top Tiers of Pastry-Level 3 ............................................................................ 35
12.The Rocket Scientist behind the Super Soaker-Level 3 .............................................. 37
13. Floating Through Life -Level 3 .............................................................................. 39
14. False or False: The Question of Falsifiability-Level 4 ............................................ 42
15. The Business of Hospitality-Level 4 ...................................................................... 44
16. A “Rosie” Turn on American Labor-Level 4 ............................................................ 46
17. A Moveable Street: Haussmann’s New Paris-Level 4 ........................................... 48
18. A Work in Progress:The Periodic Table-Level 4 ................................................ 50
19. A Wolf in Coyote’s Clothing-Level 4 ....................................................................... 52
Section 3: Narrative ...................................................................................... 55
1. Truman’s Winning Whistle-stop Tour-Level 2................................................................ 55
2. The Other Tolstoy-Level 2 ............................................................................................ 57
3. Dr. King’s Guiding Light-Level 2 ................................................................................... 59
4.John Snow and the Story of the Broad Street Pump-Level 2 ........................................ 61
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5. A Top-Fight Career -Level 2 ......................................................................................... 63
6. A Wave of Molasses-Level 3 ....................................................................................... 66
7.El Sistema: Venezuela’s Revolutionary Music Education-Level 3 ................................. 68
8. Personal Anthropology-Level 3 .................................................................................... 70
9. War and Poetry: T. S. Eliot’s Fourth Quartet-Level 3 .................................................... 72
10. Building from the Carpet Up -Level 3 .................................................................... 74
11. The Creation of Treasure Island-Level 4 ............................................................... 76
12. The Pumpkin Papers-Level 4 ................................................................................ 78
13. Mary Walker: A Century Ahead of Her Time-Level 4 ............................................. 80
14. Demystifying Digestion-Level 4 ............................................................................. 83
Section 4: Argument ..................................................................................... 85
1.Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice-Level 2........................................... 85
2. The Rise of the Hospitalist-Level 2 .............................................................................. 88
3. Taking on Gatsby: A Director’s Tall Task-Level 2 ......................................................... 91
4. Healthy Outlook for Male Nurses-Level 2 .................................................................... 93
5. The Case for Independent Bookselling-Level 2 ........................................................... 95
6. Creative Translation-Level 3 ........................................................................................ 97
7. Preserving America-Level 3 ...................................................................................... 100
8.The Relevance of Linguae Latinae-Level 3................................................................. 103
9. The Two Faces of Tlatilco-Level 3 ............................................................................. 105
10.Comedy in Contrast: The Style of Flannery O'Connor-Level 3 ................................. 107
11. More than a Dream-Level 3 ................................................................................ 110
12. Cholesterol: Friend and Foe-Level 4 ................................................................... 113
13. The Political Power of the First Ladies-Level 4 ................................................... 115
14. Entomophagy: A Sustainable Solution-Level 4 .................................................... 117
15. Poetry as a Profession-Level 4 ........................................................................... 119
答案 ............................................................................................................. 124
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Section 1: Primary
1. The Ambassadors: A Meditation on Mortality
Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.
1
A) NO CHANGE
The Ambassadors: A Meditation on
B) their fine robes and jewelry indicating
Mortality C) while their fine robes and jewelry indicate
D) meaning their fine robes and jewelry indicate
The Ambassadors, a painting by 16th century
Dutch artist Hans Holbein the Younger, is an 2
impressive example of Northern Renaissance Which choice provides the best transition between the
portraiture. The painting depicts two elegantly dressed first and second paragraphs?
men, 1 although their fine robes and jewelry A) This striking and morbid secret image is an
indicating their wealth and worldliness. Below the two example of a painting technique called
ambassadors looms a strange figure. At first glance, it anamorphosis.
appears to be an odd, abstract shape, slashing across B) Unbeknownst to most viewers, the skull represents
the lower third of the canvas like a specter. When seen the ultimate fate and mortality of all men.
from another angle, however, a surprising image C) However, a century earlier, Leonardo da Vinci
appears: viewed from the right side, the strange shape began experimenting with perspective in a similar
is revealed to be a grinning skull. 2 manner.
D) Figures such as this one can be constructed using a
The earliest known anamorphic work is attributed mirror to transform flat, two-dimensional images
to Leonardo da Vinci. During the late 15th century, Da into distorted, three-dimensional ones.
Vinci and other Renaissance artists were interested in
exploring the rules of visual perspective; they used 3
anamorphosis as a means to develop their A) NO CHANGE
understanding of perspective and to showcase their B) symbols of prosperity are seen by the careful
technical proficiency.Holbein, on the other hand, used observer amongst the confident ambassadors,
anamorphosis to achieve more sophisticated artistic C) amongst the confident ambassadors, symbols of
and intellectual goals. While the anamorphic paintings prosperity are seen by the careful observer,
of earlier artists were little more than impressive tricks D) the careful observer sees the confident
of perspective, The Ambassadors employs ambassadors standing amongst symbols of
anamorphosis to make a more complex statement. prosperity,
Upon viewing the painting from the front, 3 the 4

confident ambassadors are seen by the careful observer A) NO CHANGE
standing amongst symbols of prosperity, above the B) broken; the faces of the sundial appear not to
hazy and abstract anamorphic image. But as the viewer match; and the globe is tipped upside-down;
begins to examine Holbein’s painting more closely, though
C) broken; the faces of the sundial appear not to
several surprising details fall into sharp relief: the
string on the prominently displayed lute is match, and the globe is tipped upside-down,
4 broken; the faces of the sundial appear not to though
D) broken, the faces of the sundial appear not to
match; and the globe is tipped upside-down, though
several regions are labeled right-side up. As the match; and the globe is tipped upside-down,
observer moves to the right-hand side of the painting, though
the only clearly recognizable shape becomes the
anamorphic skull. 5 Its Holbein’s reminder that the 5
wealth and worldly knowledge of the ambassadors will A) NO CHANGE
not protect them from their ultimate fate—one which B) It’s
no human can avoid. C) They’re
D) Their
3／128
2.Classifying the Stars
questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.
Classifying the Stars 1
A) NO CHANGE
In astronomy, stellar classification is governed by B) astronomer, she spent
the Morgan-Keenen system, which categorizes stars C) astronomer spent
based on their composition and surface temperature. D) astronomer who spent
The origins of this system can be traced back to the
work of Annie Jump Cannon, a late nineteenth-century 2
and early twentieth-century 1 astronomer. Spending To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should
over forty years classifying stars based on their unique be placed
spectra of transmitted light. A) where it is now.
B) before sentence 1.
[1] Beginning early in her life, Cannon
C) after sentence 1.
demonstrated an exceptional aptitude for the physical
D) after sentence 2.
sciences. [2] Later, as a student at Wellesley College,
Cannon earned a degree in physics and became an
expert in spectroscopy: the process by which light is 3
separated into its component wavelengths. [3] During A) NO CHANGE
this period, she also took up photography and traveled B) serve
extensively in order to experiment with the newly C) would serve
invented black-box camera. [4] As a child, she D) has served
developed an interest in astronomy and purportedly
used her attic as a makeshift observatory. 2 4
A) NO CHANGE
Cannon’s background in physics, astronomy, and B) the human eye.
photography provided her with a unique skillset that C) that of the human eye.
3 will serve her well for the rest of her career. After D) what can be seen by the human eye.
working as a research assistant for a number of
astronomers at Wellesley and Radcliffe Colleges, 5
Cannon was hired by Professor Edward Charles
Which choice most effectively combines the
Pickering, the director of the Harvard College
underlined sentences?
Observatory. Under Pickering, she classified over
A) Harlow Shapley, who once said Cannon’s
300,000 stars—more than any other human in history
—using only a telescope, a spectrometer, and a contribution to astronomy was “a structure that
camera. Using this knowledge, she developed her own probably will never be duplicated in kind or extent
classification system that relied on the surface by a single individual,” was Pickering’s successor.
temperature of the stars, which could be approximated B) Pickering was succeeded by Harlow Shapley, and
using the spectrum of light transmitted from each star. Shapley once said that Cannon’s contribution to
It was said that Cannon could classify three stars a astronomy was “a structure that probably will
minute and, using a magnifying glass, could classify never be duplicated in kind or extent by a single
stars down to the 9th magnitude—sixteen times fainter individual.”
than 4 humans. C) “A structure that probably will never be duplicated
in kind or extent by a single individual” was once
Today, Cannon’s unique classification system is
said by Pickering’s successor, Harlow Shapley,
used by countless astronomy enthusiasts around the
world. 5 Pickering was succeeded by Harlow about Cannon’s contribution to astronomy.
D) Harlow Shapley, the astronomer who succeeded
Shapley. Shapley once said that Cannon’s contribution
to astronomy was “a structure that probably will never Pickering, once referred to Cannon’s contribution
be duplicated in kind or extent by a single individual.” to astronomy as “a structure that probably will
Indeed, Cannon’s work has forever shaped our never be duplicated in kind or extent by a single
comprehension and perception of the vast and individual.”
elaborate universe.
4／128
3.Cometary Missions: Trajectory for Success
Cometary Missions: Trajectory for Success
1
Scientists have been launching cometary missions At this point, the writer wants to add accurate
since 1978. The first one, a joint mission by the information from the graph. Which choice best
accomplishes this goal?
European Space Agency and the National Air and A) From 1978 to 2014, the number of successful
Space Administration (NASA) , was a “flyby” in missions increased from 28 percent to 72 percent.
which the spacecraft collected data while passing B) Before 2014, the majority of attempted cometary
missions were considered unsuccessful.
around Comet Giacobini-Zinner. 1 However, the
C) Between then and 2014, 72 percent of the
landing of the Rosetta space probe on comet 67P/ cometary missions were successful.
Churyumov-Gerasemenko in 2014 was different: it D) Of the missions attempted since then, 44 percent
marked the first time that a probe landed on a have been successful.
2 comet and giving scientists an unprecedented 2
opportunity to study the surface of a comet. In order to A) NO CHANGE
continue this valuable research, additional missions are B) comet, but it gave
C) comet, yet gives
needed; thus, it is critical that more funding be D) comet, giving
allocated for this purpose.
5／128
The 2014 Rosetta mission provided a rare

opportunity for scientists to test a number of 3
hypotheses regarding the composition of 3 comets; A) NO CHANGE
the distribution of organic compounds in our solar B) comets, the distribution of organic compounds in
our solar system,
system and the origins of life on Earth. Unlike other
C) comets, the distribution of organic compounds in
cometary missions, the Rosetta spacecraft contained a our solar system;
probe, Philae, that was able to land on the surface of a D) comets; the distribution of organic compounds in
our solar system,
comet. Based on data collected from Philae, scientists
were able to conclude that the water vapor on the
comet was substantially different from the water vapor 4
on Earth, suggesting that the water on Earth likely did A) NO CHANGE
B) to investigate, why
not originate from comets. In addition, scientists have C) to: investigate why
used the data from Philae 4 to investigate why D) to investigate why:
essential amino acids on Earth exist almost exclusively
in one of two possible forms. Claudia Alexander, a
project scientist for Rosetta at NASA’s Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, says that the data collected from 67P will
give us a fuller understanding of how substances form
5
to create livable environments. A) NO CHANGE
B) their
In addition to improving our understanding of life C) its
D) it’s
on Earth, an increase in funds for cometary missions
would give scientists an opportunity to learn from
5 they’re failures and improve future missions.
During the Rosetta mission, for example, the probe
bounced and did not fully insert itself into the comet.
Luckily, the landing did succeed, but more
opportunities for trials would help scientists perfect
their methods and aid in the collection of data from
different types of comets in our solar system.
6／128
4.Hippotherapy: Improving Lives One Horse at a Time
Hippotherapy: Improving Lives One Horse
at a Time
Annually, over 58,000 people benefit from Equine

Assisted Therapy (EAT)—activities including, but not
limited to, grooming and riding horses—as treatment
for a wide range of cognitive, physical, and emotional
impairments. Hippotherapy, a specific type of EAT, is
used to treat patients with 1 neuro-motor, and 1
sensory dysfunctions such as Multiple Sclerosis, Down A) NO CHANGE
Syndrome, and autism. Patients begin by riding horses B) neuro-motor;
under the direction of a physiotherapist and horse C) neuro-motor—
handler. The gait, tempo, and cadence of the horse’s D) neuro-motor
movement 2 serves to stimulate the patient’s
vestibular system (the inner ear and brain regions 2
A) NO CHANGE
responsible for balance), causing motor responses that
B) serve to stimulate
can improve postural stability, strength, and sensory
C) is stimulating to
awareness.
D) stimulates
Since it was first introduced in the 1960s, 3

hippotherapy has been adopted by a number of A) NO CHANGE
professions—such as physical therapy, occupational B) collect
therapy, and speech pathology—to improve patients’ C) evoke
physical and mental health. Professionals interested in D) elicit
incorporating hippotherapy into their treatment
sessions first 3 obtain certification from the 4
American Hippotherapy Association (AHA) or the A) NO CHANGE
Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship B) Specialist—a designation that facilitates
International (PATH). Then, after at least three years of C) Specialist; a designation facilitating
experience in hippotherapy, these professionals can D) Specialist, a designation facilitating:
also choose to become a Certified Hippotherapy
5
Clinical 4 Specialist; a designation that facilitates
Which choice most effectively asserts a claim
teaching, research, and development of new supported by the data provided in the rest of the
hippotherapy practices. sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
As hippotherapy generates more attention among B) In the future, the practice of hippotherapy will
the medical community and public-at-large, the likely be adopted by a number of new and exciting
demand for licensed practitioners is quickly expanding. fields:
5 According to the US Department of Labor, C) Due to the recent popularity of hippotherapy, the
professions that incorporate hippotherapy are average annual income of hippotherapy
forecasted to grow significantly in the next decade: practitioners will likely increase as well:
physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech and D) Led by occupational therapy, a number of fields
language pathology have projected ten-year growth that incorporate hippotherapy are projected to
rates of 36 percent, 29 percent, and 19 percent, grow significantly in the next ten years:
respectively. A career in hippotherapy thus offers the
opportunity to both improve the quality of life for
countless individuals and to become involved in a new
and rapidly growing field.
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5.The Complex History of the Simple Chopstick
The Complex History of the Simple Chopstick
The origin of chopsticks reaches back to the Shang 1

Dynasty of ancient China. At that time, chopsticks— A) NO CHANGE
B) the purpose of eating.
which were then called “Zhu”—were used for cooking C) when one ate.
rather than 1 to eat. Because the people of ancient D) eating.
China liked to steam or boil their food, chopsticks were
2
originally used to reach deep into boiling pots of water
At this point, the writer wants to add a sentence that
or oil. However, according to Chinese lore, chopsticks will provide an effective transition from this paragraph
later evolved into an eating utensil during the Han to the next one. Which choice best accomplishes this
Dynasty due to the influence of the Chinese philosopher, goal?
A) Regardless of whether the nod to Confucius is
Confucius. Both a pacifist and vegetarian, Confucius accurate, chopsticks became ubiquitous throughout
believed that knives and other sharp utensils were China and much of Asia after his death.
inappropriate for mealtime because they reminded B) Confucius is also famous for championing the
doctrine, based on his philosophical teachings,
people of violence and warfare. Chopsticks, on the
“Do not do to others what you do not want done to
other hand, allowed people to savor their meals in a yourself.”
more relaxed and enjoyable setting. 2 C) Ironically, though, Confucius did support a
number of rebellions.
D) It was during this period that people began holding
Since then, the diversity of chopstick styles and chopsticks in their dominant hand and handling
uses 3 has quickly expanded. In China, for example, them using their thumb, middle, and ring fingers.
chopsticks are often longer and taper to a blunt end,
3
while in Japan, chopsticks are shorter and taper to a A) NO CHANGE
sharp end. In addition to the length of chopsticks, the B) have
materials used to make them also vary considerably C) have been
D) were
between cultures. 4 In Korea, it is also customary to
use spoons for rice and chopsticks for larger, more 4
manageable pieces of food. Which choice provides an example that most
effectively supports the claim made in the previous
sentence?
As different chopstick styles have evolved over A) In both China and Japan, chopsticks are often
centuries, so have a number of cultural traditions and made out of wood or bamboo.
taboos. In China, for example, it is customary to B) Unlike the chopsticks found in traditional homes,
the chopsticks found in Chinese restaurants are
transfer food between relatives as a sign of caring and
often made out of melamine plastic.
respect. In Japan, on the other hand, using chopsticks to C) While chopsticks in China are often made of
transfer food and other materials is considered taboo wood, those from Korea are often made of metals
such as brass or silver.
and is reserved solely for funeral rites. Given 5 their
D) The material chopsticks are made from, such as
importance and prominence in Asian history, it is no jade, ivory, or porcelain, can also signal one’s
surprise that chopsticks have become as unique and social status.
nuanced as the cultures from which they arose.
5
A) NO CHANGE
B) their prominence in
C) the high historical importance of chopsticks within
D) how important chopsticks’ prominence is within
the past of
8／128
6.Searching for Guinevere
Searching for Guinevere
Stories of kings and queens have captivated

readers for centuries, and arguably, the tales of King
Arthur and Guinevere are among the most enchanting.
Arthur ruled the kingdom of Camelot, and Guinevere 1
was his queen. But were they real people or fictional A) NO CHANGE
B) 500 CE. Continuing
characters? The debate has continued for centuries. C) 500 CE, continuing
Though many scholars have found evidence that the D) 500 CE, they continue
legendary Arthur was, at the very least, based on a real
2
person who lived in Britain roughly between 450 and
Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
1 500 CE. They continue to search for the historical at the underlined portion?
identity of Guinevere. A) The History of the Kings of Britain, and this book
B) The History of the Kings of Britain, which
C) a book called The History of the Kings of Britain,
Guinevere first appeared as King Arthur’s queen in as this
one of the most widely-studied works of Arthurian D) a book called The History of the Kings of Britain,
literature, 2 The History of the Kings of Britain. This and this
book was written by Geoffrey of Monmouth around
3
1135 CE. Geoffrey’s historical treatment of the legend A) NO CHANGE
is often 3 sited as evidence that the queen of B) insighted
Camelot existed, as the book chronicles the lives of a C) cited
D) incited
number of historical rulers. Guinevere is identified by
Geoffrey as a noblewoman of Roman descent who met 4
King Arthur in the court of Duke Cador of Cornwall, Which choice most effectively sets up the portrayal of
Guinevere discussed in the rest of the paragraph?
where she lived as a ward. 4 In Malory’s portrayal,
A) Three centuries later, however, Thomas Malory
Guinevere had no real power as a monarch but served painted a very different portrait of Guinevere in Le
as a kind of spiritual leader, providing guidance and Morted’Arthur.
moral support to the knights in their roles as defenders B) Sir Thomas Malory was an English knight and
Member of Parliament who also wrote extensively
of the kingdom. Le Morted’Arthur was also one of the about the history of the British monarchy.
first works to reference Guinevere’s romance with the C) Many historians believe that the portrayal of
knight, Sir Lancelot. Arthur and Guinevere in Sir Thomas Malory’s Le
Morted’Arthur was actually a political
commentary on the War of the Roses (1455-1487
As many Arthurian scholars know, the distinction CE).
between history and literature was blurred in the D) In Le Morted’Arthur, Sir Thomas Malory
describes an idyllic England under King Arthur
Middle Ages. Consequently, the true identity of and Guinevere, which eventually collapses into
Guinevere may never be known with certainty. Yet chaos and political unrest.
regardless of whether Guinevere was real or fictional,
5
her story 5 had endured centuries—and through
A) NO CHANGE
each retelling, she continues to live on in the B) was enduring
imaginations of people around the world. C) would have endured
D) has endured
9／128
8 / 128
7.Toshio Fukuda: Medical Robotics Pioneer
Toshio Fukuda: Medical Robotics Pioneer
Imagine a world in which it’s 1 casual for a 1

doctor to prepare for a difficult surgery by “operating” A) NO CHANGE
on a full-sized, electronically responsive model of a B) common
patient. It may seem fantastical, but one engineer is C) shared
working to make this scenario possible. Dr. Toshio D) general
Fukuda is a pioneer in the field of medical robotics. In
designing his medical robotic equipment, Dr. Fukuda
draws upon a variety of disciplines and skill sets. His
work serves as an example of how collaboration across
a variety of fields can drive innovation.
[1] Dr. Fukuda’s career is a case study in how the

interaction of vastly different fields can produce 2
exciting results. [2] He did not begin his career with A) NO CHANGE
the goal of developing medical robotics. [3] Rather, B) engineering—not medicine,
C) engineering not medicine—
Dr. Fukuda earned his Ph.D. in mechanical
D) engineering—not medicine—
2 engineering—not medicine; and his early work
focused on finding new ways for robots to move. 3
[4] Together, they designed a micro-robot that could be To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4
used for clearing blocked arteries and performing other should be placed
delicate operations. [5] Shortly thereafter, Dr. Fukuda A) where it is now.
was approached by a doctor who asked if he could C) after sentence 2.
build a robot that could travel inside a human’s blood D) after sentence 5.
vessels. 3
4
Today, Dr. Fukuda has moved from the world of the A) NO CHANGE
B) that of the macro-robot.
micro-robot to 4 the macro-robot. He is busy
C) those of the macro-robot.
developing full-sized medical models of patients D) macro-robots.
scheduled to undergo complex surgical procedures.
These types of surgeries are rarely performed by a
single doctor. Rather, a team of specialists works
together in close coordination to complete an
5
operation. Dr. Fukuda’s robots help these teams to A) NO CHANGE
train for surgery by giving them the opportunity to B) the expertise of innovators in robotics and
rehearse an entire surgical procedure on a full-scale medicine is shared to save lives.
robotic replica of the patient. C) lives are saved by innovators in robotics and
medicine sharing their expertise.
D) the sharing of expertise by innovators in robotics
Working together, 5 innovators in robotics and and medicine saves lives.
medicine share their expertise to save lives. According
to Fukuda, “medical robotics is a very interdisciplinary
area.” It draws upon the expertise of surgeons, medical
researchers, robotics engineers, and even computer
programmers.
10／128
11 / 128
8. The Need for Increased Regulation
The Need for Increased Regulation of Direct-
to- Consumer Genetic Testing
With the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge

regarding the human genome, genetic testing has
become a common method for screening, testing, and
diagnosing a number of inherited diseases. Some
companies have even begun selling genetic tests
directly to consumers: a method referred to as “direct-
to-consumer” (DTC) genetic testing. The benefits of
DTC testing include the accessibility of the tests and
the promotion of proactive healthcare by consumers.
However, additional government regulation of DTC
tests is necessary in order to ensure that the tests
remain accurate and that consumers are not misled
about their health.
1
In order to provide useful information to A) NO CHANGE
consumers, DTC tests need to be both accurate and B) be reliable.
C) to be reliable.
1 reliable. However, until recently, government
D) need reliability.
regulation of DTC tests has focused on how these
tests are advertised to the public rather than the 2
validity of the tests themselves. Thankfully, in 2014, A) NO CHANGE
B) necessity of such increased additional
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unveiled a
C) necessity of such
plan to increase the regulation of thousands of D) essential necessity of such
laboratory-developed tests, including many DTC
3
tests. The 2 essential necessity of such increased
At this point, the writer is considering adding the
regulation cannot be overstated. In a 2006 following sentence.
investigation, for example, the Government One individual, who had been given a pacemaker
thirteen years earlier to correct an irregular
Accountability Office found that some anonymous heartbeat, was even informed by one company
donors were given vastly different results from a that he had a low risk for developing such a
condition.
sample of four DTC tests. 3 Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides additional support for the
main topic of the paragraph.
B) Yes, because it provides an effective transition
linking the topics of the second and third
paragraphs.
C) No, because it is inconsistent with the claim made
in the previous sentence.
D) No, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph
with an irrelevant detail.
11／128
8 / 128
In addition to improving the validity of DTC tests,

government regulation would also help to prevent the
potential misinterpretation of test results by consumers.
Even with a detailed breakdown of someone’s genome,
it is impossible for anyone— including physicians—to
know how all of those genes will interact with one 4
another and how various environmental factors will A) NO CHANGE
B) there affects.
mediate 4 their effects. Thus, government regulation
C) their affects.
is necessary in order to ensure that consumers are
D) there effects.
properly educated about the limitations of DTC testing.
The FDA has accomplished this, to some degree, by
5
regulating how DTC tests are advertised to the public.
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the
Following the GAO investigation, for example,
data in the graph at left?
spending on DTC advertisements 5 was cut in half
A) NO CHANGE
between 2006 and 2009. However, further B) was reduced by nearly $1 billion between 2006
communication is needed between consumers, and 2007.
physicians, and DTC testing companies in order to C) dropped by approximately $1 billion in 2008.
safeguard consumers from making potentially harmful D) fell by over $1 billion each year between 2006 and
decisions about their health. 2008.
Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Advertisement Spending
Adapted from “DTC Ad Spend,” © 2010

Pharma Marketing News.
12／128
9 / 128
Section 2: Informative
1. An Unusual Island-Level 2
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage. 1
A) NO CHANGE
B) biodiversity is Madagascar’s most exceptional
An Unusual Island feature.
C) the exceptional feature of Madagascar is
biodiversity.
Located in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of D) Madagascar features exceptional biodiversity.
southeastern Africa, Madagascar is the world's fourth-
largest island. Hosting an unusually large number of
2
species in a relatively tiny area, 1 Madagascar's At this point, the author wants to add an additional
biodiversity is its exceptional feature. This unusual statistic that supports the paragraphs main point about
variety is made possible in part by the island Madagascar’s biodiversity. Which choice best
geographic features. Covering less than 0.5 percent of accomplishes that goal ?
A) Up to 90 percent of the island’s plant and animal
the world landmass, the island contains rainforests,
species cannot be found anywhere else in the
mountains, and plains. 2 world.
B) The temperature of the Indian Ocean around
Madagascar has been rising at the rate of one
degree Celsius per year.
C) Madagascar’s climate makes it ideal for coffee
production, and the island exports 25.5 million
kilograms of coffee annually.
The vast number of species found in Madagascar D) All of the world’s lemur species are endemic to
stems from the fact that it has been cut off from other Madagascar, but 90% of them are forecasted to go
landmasses for 80 million years. 3 As a result, the extinct within the next 50 years.
island has been an ideal setting for allopatric
speciation, a process in which geographically isolated 3
populations of the same species 4 evolves A) NO CHANGE
independently. Due to the diverse habitats of B) On the other hand,
Madagascar, many populations have also become C) In spite of this,
D) At the same time,
isolated from one another on the island itself, resulting
in further speciation. Over half of the 5 world’s
4
species’ of chameleons live on Madagascar. The island
A) NO CHANGE
many habitats have resulted in chameleon species that
B) evolve
have a wide variety of sizes, diets, and camouflages. C) is evolving
The world’s largest and smallest species of chameleon D) has evolved
are both found on Madagascar. The largest, Parson’s
chameleon, can be almost a meter 6 in length. The 5
smallest can sit comfortably on the head of a match. A) NO CHANGE
B) worlds’ species
C) world’s species
D) worlds’ species’
6
at the underlined portion?
A) length; notwithstanding, the
B) length, while the
C) length; albeit the
D) length, even though the
13／128
10 / 128
7
Madagascar’s plants are just as diverse as its A) NO CHANGE
B) island Tahina spectabilis,
animals, with over 12,000 species of plants on the C) island, Tahina spectabilis
island found nowhere else on earth. The tallest species D) island Tahina spectabilis
of palm tree on the 7 island, Tahina spectabilis,
reaches heights of over 60 feet. Botanists and island 8
residents alike assumed the plants were unusually tall Which choice is most consistent with the
characterization of the trees throughout the paragraph?
specimens of another palm species until they were
A) NO CHANGE
surprised by one tree’s sudden flowering. It produced a
B) plentiful
bizarre-looking shoot that resembled a pine tree with C) intriguing
each branch bearing hundreds of bunches of tiny white D) beneficial
flowers.To date, only about three dozen of these
8 durable trees are known to exist in the wild. 9
The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the sentence be deleted or kept?
A) Kept, because it provides a transition between the
9 This palm tree was among the 600 previously
previous paragraph and the new topic of habitat
unknown species discovered on Madagascar in just the destruction.
first decade of the twenty-first century. The habitats B) Kept, because it portrays Madagascar as heavily
that these species call home, though, are under threat. forested, which is inconsistent with its
Over 23 million people live on the island, and the characterization in the rest of the passage.
C) Deleted, because it provides a statistic that
human population is growing. Most people on the
contradicts information presented previously in the
island make their living as 10 a farmer, and they have passage.
to cut down forests to create fields for crops. The D) Deleted, because it distracts from the paragraph
larger forces of global climate change are having an main idea of habitat destruction.
effect, too. Temperatures are rising and rainfall
patterns are changing. Species that have adapted to 10
A) NO CHANGE
very specific, small ranges may now find them B) farmers,
unsuitable habitats. 11 C) farmer,
D) farming,
11
The writer wants to conclude the passage with an
optimistic outlook on the problem raised in the
previous sentence. Which choice best accomplishes
this goal?
A) Madagascar’s population has been growing
steadily at the rate of 2.8% per year, which means
forest will continue to be sacrificed to grow both
subsistence crops like cassava and cash crops like
coffee and vanilla.
B) Madagascar's gross domestic product, however, is
closely linked to the prices of coffee on the
commodities market, and thus should continue to
increase over the next decade, providing its human
population with a higher standard of living.
C) Moreover, many of Madagascar's unique creatures
like lemurs and chameleons are frequently
captured and trafficked to other countries to be
sold on the illegal market for exotic pets, further
reducing populations in the wild.
D) Some encouraging studies, however, show that
some of Madagascar unique species are altering
their behavior in response to their new
environments, and may still be able to thrive in
14／128
11 / 128
their changing habits.
12 / 128
15／128
2. GI Bill: A Real American Hero-Level 2

A) NO CHANGE
B) which included these types of support:
GI Bill: A Real American Hero
C) including a variety of assistance in the areas of
D) including
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, often
referred to as the GI Bill, was passed by the federal
government to assist US veterans returning home after 2
their service in World War II. It provided various kinds A) NO CHANGE
of support, 1 such as support in the form of B) it
unemployment benefits and mortgage assistance. The
C) this
GI Bill is best known, however, for the education and
D) that
training assistance 2 they provided veterans. By
1956, the bill had enabled nearly eight million veterans
to pursue higher education and training opportunities. 3
The resulting influx of students had a dramatic effect
on higher education in the United States. 3 This At this point, the writer wants to use accurate and
sharp increase primarily took place during the post- relevant data from the graph to elaborate on the claim
war years. In that relatively short time, the GI Bill made in the previous sentence. Which choice most
engendered long-lasting changes in the landscape of effectively accomplishes this goal?
US higher education. A) The college enrollment growth rate was at its
highest between 1869 and 1879.
B) From 1939 to 1949, the college enrollment growth
rate jumped to nearly 80 percent from a rate of
approximately 35 percent the preceding ten years.
C) One of the most dramatic decreases in college
enrollment occurred between 1959 and 1969,
when the growth rate fell to less than a third of that
of the previous decade.
D) More students matriculated between 1919 to 1929
than in the post-World War II period.
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) supporting their families
C) family support
D) they wanted to support families
Under the provisions of the 1944 GI Bill, veterans
received financial support to take academic,technical,
5
or vocational classes. For a variety of reasons -- to
build on their technical military experience, A) NO CHANGE
4 to support their families,or perhaps to retrain and B) their
become competitive in a pre-war professional career -- C) there
many veterans chose the second or third option. D) they are
Whether they enrolled in a technical engineering class
or a vocational class on auto-repair, 5 they’re
overarching objectives were to become employed.
16／128
13 / 128
According to a survey analysis, veterans returning to 6
the University of Illinois had 6 one “predominating A) NO CHANGE
request” : an efficient course of study to prepare for a B) one, “predominating request”：
job. C) one, “predominating request”;
D) one “predominating request”;
Many new programs began to emerge in response to
the rising demand for job-oriented training and
7
education. For example, a proposal to expand the
programs for technical and general education in New
York surfaced as early as 7 1944. The State
A) 1944, because the
University of New York (SUNY) was subsequently
B) 1944, whereas the
founded in 1948. Massachusetts’ Stonehill College,
C) 1944; the
which 8 has been established in the same year,
D) 1944; however, the
estimates that veterans comprised up to a third of its
first entering class. 9 Some vocational training
programs were even created specifically for the benefit 8
of returning veterans.One of the most unique examples A) NO CHANGE
in this category is the Culinary Institute of America, B) will be
founded in 1946 to offer 10 a novel curriculum for C) is
learning cooking stuff. D) was
By opening the gates of higher education to

9
veterans, the GI Bill 11 dramatically increased the
Which choice provides the most effective transition at
college enrollment growth rate. The bill is credited
this point?
with producing 500,000 engineers, 250,000 teachers, A) NO CHANGE
200,000 medical professionals, and 117,000 metal B) Eventually, these numbers would taper off.
workers. At that time, this was the most highly C) Nevertheless, the GI Bill had a long-lasting impact
educated workforce in the country’s history. on the demographics of higher education.
D) Nor were these figures unique to one college.
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) a new bunch of courses in the culinary arts.
C) an unprecedented curriculum in the culinary arts.
D) a never-been-done-before batch of classes on
cooking.
11
Which choice most effectively asserts the claim
supported by the rest of paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) eased the transition for the millions of veterans
returning home after their military service.
C) shaped not only colleges and training programs but
also the workforce as a whole.
D) transformed the demographics of colleges all over
the United States.
17／128
14 / 128
3. Thomas Jefferson, Academic Visionary-Level 2
Thomas Jefferson, Academic Visionary
When authoring his epitaph, Thomas Jefferson

omitted his two terms as the nation's third president yet
included “father of the University of Virginia”. The
Founding Father spent the last years of his life not in
government but instead pursuing one of his most 1
treasured 1 missions. it was creating the University A) NO CHANGE
of Virginia. As mastermind of the university’s B) missions. The creation of
architecture and curriculum, Jefferson assured that his C) missions, he created
legacy was sound. D) missions: the creation of
Jefferson personally designed and oversaw their 2

2 construction, of what he would deem, an A) NO CHANGE
“academical village”. At the front and center of a tree- B) construction of what he would deem
lined lawn area, Jefferson strategically positioned the C) construction of what he would deem,
Rotunda, a round brick building featuring classical D) construction, of what he would deem
Greek columns in front. The domed top of the rotunda
contained a library stocked with 7,000 books selected 3
by Jefferson himself, while the area beneath included A) NO CHANGE
two floors of oval classrooms. 3 At that time, such B) Moreover,
prominent placement of the Rotunda was a marked C) For instance,
departure from other universities’ designs, which D) In contrast,
generally featured chapels for the training of clergy.
Maximizing use of the grassy area in front of the
4
Rotunda, Jefferson added ten two-story Romanesque A) NO CHANGE
pavilions for faculty housing and connected them to B) keep them fueled up while they were talking
student dormitories with colonnades, column-lined heatedly
covered walkways. To 4 sustain faculty through C) fill them up so they could chat a bit about
scholarly debates, Jefferson included dining halls in scholarly issues
his design, referring to them as “hotels.” D) make sure they could keep up school discussions
5 In the spirit of his new nation, ending what he

5
termed an “artificial aristocracy”, Jefferson introduced
Which sentence most effectively establishes the main
the notion of what we now call electives. In lieu of a
topic of the paragraph?
strictly dictated curriculum, students could select from A) Some historians consider Jefferson a better
architect than American statesman.
B) In order to further his legacy, Jefferson created an
epitaph that many would discuss.
C) As meticulously as he laid out the grounds,
Jefferson drafted an inspirational curriculum.
D) Thomas Jefferson's legacy would not be intact if
not for the university library.
18／128
15 / 128
ten academic disciplines. 6 These disciplines were 6
subject areas that ranged from ancient and modern The writer is considering deleting the underlined
languages to certain branches of science. (Not one to sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
overlook the slightest detail, Jefferson showcased the A) Yes, because the information conveyed in this
sentence is redundant with information provided
ten categories by placing a carefully chosen Roman
elsewhere in the passage.
symbol on each of the ten pavilions.) To support the
B) Yes, because the information conveyed in this
science components of the university’s curriculum, sentence is inconsistent with information provided
Jefferson 7 has included a botanical garden, an elsewhere in the passage.
experimental farm, and an observatory. C) No, because the information conveyed in this
sentence provides useful information about the
breakdown of disciplines that is further developed
later in the paragraph.
D) No, because the information conveyed in this
sentence explains why Jefferson relied heavily on
classical Greek architecture.
7
A) NO CHANGE
8 Whereas Jefferson was highly involved in B) was including
designing the architecture of the university, Jefferson C) could include
D) included
ensured that the university, which would later be
named a World Heritage site, encouraged free choice
8
in classes, respect for classical roots, and 9 he was Which choice provides the smoothest and most logical
curious about the sciences. Those 10 principles are transition to the new paragraph?
forever remembered in the last portion of his A) NO CHANGE
11 epitaph. The epitaph could easily have read B) Although he didn't live to see the full completion
of the university's construction, or even the
“academic visionary for all Americans.”
graduation of the first senior class,
C) Due to his passion for classical architecture as
well as his academic interest in astronomy, botany,
and linguistics,
D) Because of Jefferson’s career in politics, which
allowed him to mingle with some of the brightest
thinkers of his day,
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) in addition being curious
C) showed curiosity
D) curiosity
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) principals
C) principal’s
D) principles’
11
A) epitaph; the last portion of it
B) epitaph, which, if stated differently,
C) epitaph, which
D) epitaph, and that
19／128
16 / 128
4. The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome-Level 2
A) NO CHANGE
B) due to WNS,
The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome C) as a result of a fungal disease, known as WNS,
D) because of WNS, or white-nose syndrome,
Bats play a vital role in ecosystems, providing

2
billions of dollars worth of insect-suppression and A) NO CHANGE
pollination services to farmers around the United B) WNS, the affected region now reaches,
States. But now, bats face a serious threat: white-nose C) WNS: the affected region now reaches,
syndrome (WNS), a fungal disease that causes a loss D) WNS, the affected region, now reaches
of body fat, unusual winter behavior, and even death.
3
Since the first documentation of the disease in 2006,
A) NO CHANGE
between 5.7 and 6.7 million North American bats have B) its
perished 1 from a disease referred to as WNS, with C) bats’
some bat habitats experiencing population declines of D) scientists’
more than 90 percent. As of 2014, twenty-five states
and five Canadian provinces have confirmed cases of 4
2 WNS; the affected region now reaches as far west
following sentence.
as the Missouri-Kansas border. The annual temperature ranges of affected
hibernacula fall between 35°F and 57°F.
Scientists have determined that the cause of white- Should the writer make this addition here?
nose syndrome is a fungus— Pseudogymnoascus A) Yes, because it provides another example of how
the WNS fungus affects the hibernation sites of
destructans—that flourishes in cold, wet environments bats.
and reproduces by generating spores that can lodge in B) Yes, because it introduces information to support
the floors and walls of caves as well as on 3 their the paragraph’s claim that the fungus flourishes in
muzzles, ears, wing membranes, and hairless body cold, wet environments.
C) No, because it does not explain why bats
parts. 4 For reasons currently unknown, infected demonstrate atypical behavior at affected
bats also demonstrate atypical behavior at hibernation hibernacula.
sites: they awaken, fly outside during the day, and D) No, because it introduces information outside the
hover around cave mouths. This excessive activity paragraph’s focus on how the fungus affects bat
populations.
results in the depletion of vital fat 5 stores leading to
life-threatening emaciation. 5
A) NO CHANGE
B) stores;
C) stores–
6 There is federal funding available to support D) stores,
research on WNS. With grants already in excess of
6
$17.4 million, scientists are conducting Which choice most effectively establishes the main
epidemiological research in order to determine the topic of the paragraph?
most effective agents to combat the disease. A) NO CHANGE
B) In order to prevent the further spread of WNS, bat
hibernation sites have been closed off to human
activity other than scientific research.
C) Work by numerous government and nonprofit
agencies and the cooperation of ordinary citizens
have been critical in efforts to prevent further
decimation of bat populations by WNS.
D) Scientists are searching for genetic commonalities
between various bat species to determine what
causes WNS susceptibility or resistance.
20／128
7
Interestingly, the research is beginning to suggest that A) NO CHANGE
humans may play a prominent role in the spread of the B) exceeds
fungus, as the distance between infected caves often C) have exceeded
7 exceed the typical migratory patterns of bat D) are exceeding
populations. 8 In contrast, the USDA Forest Service
has mandated a five-year closure of caves and mines in
8
thirteen states and has ceased all spelunking activity.
A) NO CHANGE
Through these measures, possible only through
B) As a result,
collaboration with various organizations and help from
C) Moreover,
the public, scientists hope to avoid a further decline of
the bat population in the United States. D) For instance,
9
While it is unlikely that affected species will recover A) NO CHANGE
quickly (due to their slow reproductive rates bats have B) annually); and several
one offspring, or pup, 9 annually). Several species C) annually), several
of bats have exhibited resistance to the destructive D) annually) and several
powers of WNS. The Virginia big-eared bat population,
for example, has not been significantly affected, which 10
led scientists to an exciting discovery: a naturally A) NO CHANGE
occurring yeast on the bats’ fur inhibits the growth of B) development
the fungus. This 10 disclosure offers a glimmer of C) ramification
hope in the battle against WNS. 11
D) repercussion
11
The writer wants an optimistic conclusion that
emphasizes the importance of bats’ recovery by
referencing an idea included in the passage’s opening
paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) This devastating fungal disease could continue to
spread, sickening bat populations in states west of
Missouri.
B) North American bat populations will continue to
exhibit unusual winter behavior and perish due to
WNS if scientists cannot find a way to curb its
spread.
C) With some bat populations already experiencing
90 percent declines, recovery from this disease
will prevent them from extinction.
D) The sooner the bat population can recover from
this disease, the greater the ecological and
agricultural benefit to all.
21／128
5. Petroleum Engineering: A Booming Career-Level 2
Petroleum Engineering: A Booming Career 1

A) NO CHANGE
The United States is currently experiencing an B) is because of the reason of
unprecedented energy boom. Much of the upswing in C) is due to
American energy production 1 is due to the reason D) being the result of the fact that it's because of
of the exploration of oil and natural gas in formations
made up of shale rock. Previously, these deposits had
2
been unobtainable, but as a result of technological
developments such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic The writer is considering deleting the underlined
fracturing, these previously untapped reserves are portion and ending the sentence with a period. Should
contributing to a massive upswing in the production of the underlined portion be kept or deleted?
domestic oil and gas. One study by the Energy A) Kept, because it is necessary to provide a
Information Administration predicts that by 2016, the transition to the discussion of job growth in the
United States will be pumping ten million barrels of next paragraph.
oil a day, 2 an amount that would equal the oil B) Kept, because it provides a comparison that
output of Saudi Arabia, the long-time world leader in contextualizes the passage’s discussion of the
the production of oil. United States' oil production.
The sharp growth in energy production has had C) Deleted, because it adds unnecessary information
many social and economic impacts. One of these that has already been made clear by the previous
3 affect is job growth. Petroleum engineers in sentence.
particular have become some of the most sought after D) Deleted, because the reference to Saudi Arabia
employees in the energy industry. Over the next diverts the focus from energy issues in the United
decade, the job growth rate for petroleum engineers States.
4 are projected to be 26 percent, which is twice the
average rate for all occupations in the United States.
3
From 2009 to 2012, the number of jobs in the field of
petroleum engineering 5 plummeted from over A) NO CHANGE
35,000 to 15,000. B) affects
C) effect
Engineering Occupations with Less Than 50,000 Jobs D) effects
in the United States, 2003-2012
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) have been
C) is
D) DELETE the underlined portion.
5
Which choice most effectively characterizes the data
referenced in graph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) maintained a trend of steady growth, increasing by
more than 35,000.
C) showed signs of slow growth, increasing gradually
to a total of 35,000.
D) skyrocketed, jumping from 15,000 to more than
35,000.
22／128
The intense demand for petroleum engineers is due 6
to the specialized nature of their work. When working A) NO CHANGE
in shale formations, petroleum engineers design and B) formation a highly productive oil field located in
develop the methods for extracting oil and gas. In the North Dakota
Bakken 6 formation, a highly productive oil field C) formation, a highly productive oil field located in
located in North Dakota only 3.5 percent of the oil North Dakota,
deposits in the rock are currently recovered. If a D) formation a highly productive oil field located in
petroleum engineer is able to contribute to an increase North Dakota,
in this rate of just a fraction of a percentage, it can
mean millions of additional barrels of oil; 7
7 however, the demand for the expertise of a A) NO CHANGE
petroleum engineer is understandable. Further, a B) furthermore,
C) nevertheless,
petroleum 8 engineers skills' are applicable to areas
D) thus,
beyond oil exploration. Petroleum engineers also
commonly work in pollution cleanup, underground
waste disposal, and water resource management. 8
A) NO CHANGE
B) engineer's skills
C) engineers' skills
[1]One must gain admittance into an engineering D) engineers skill's
program, preferably in petroleum engineering, and then
complete a rigorous course of study in mathematics,
9
physics, geology, chemistry, and the principles of A) NO CHANGE
engineering analysis. [2] While some petroleum B) offices, but
engineers primarily work in labs or 9 offices, many C) offices and
D) offices; whereas
have to spend long hours at well sites, which are often
located in remote areas around the country. [3] These
job prospects are indeed promising, but becoming a 10
petroleum engineer is not easy. [4] Though the career is Which choice most effectively maintains the tone of
10 challenging, petroleum engineers work exciting the passage?
jobs at the heart of the dynamic energy industry. A) NO CHANGE
11 B) super tough,
C) kind of grueling,
D) a mighty test of one’s true fortitude,
11
To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should
be placed
A) where it is now.
23／128
6. The Unexpectedly Practical Art of Origami-Level 2
1
The Unexpectedly Practical Art of Origami A) NO CHANGE
B) the art, of paper folding
C) the art of paper folding,
Origami, 1 the art of paper folding is much more
D) the art of paper, folding
than just paper cranes. With its exquisite folds and
intricate geometric shapes, origami has long
2
captivated the minds of those seeking to apply A) NO CHANGE
2 devious solutions to engineering challenges. In B) sly
recent decades, concepts and techniques derived from C) artful
origami 3 drive a variety of innovations in science D) deceptive
and technology.
3
Consider, for example, the waterbomb, a classic A) NO CHANGE
B) have driven
origami design that, after a series of folds, allows the
C) will drive
paper to be inflated through a hole in one corner to D) drives
form a hollow, box-like shape. A team of scientists
from Oxford University turned to this ancient design
4
to help them develop an innovative new tool for the
treatment of heart disease: a highly expandable heart
following sentence.
stent. A heart stent is a device used to open up clogged
arteries. Because heart stents need to be inserted into To effectively do their job of increasing flow of
arteries, they must be extremely narrow. 4 By using blood through the artery, however, the stents must
the waterbomb origami design, the team was able to be able to expand once inserted.
design a 5 stent—capable of being inserted at a Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it describes the challenges of
width of 12 mm and expanding to a width of 23 mm.
developing new origami designs that supports the
claim of the following paragraph.
B) Yes, because it clarifies the connection between a
specific origami design and the function of a heart
stent.
C) No, because the suggestion that synthesizing art
and medical technology can be dangerous
contradicts the main idea of the paragraph.
D) No, because the description of how a heart stent
functions is not related to the paragraph’s focus on
the fusion of origami and technology.
5
A) NO CHANGE
B) stent capable of:
C) stent capable of
D) stent, capable of
24／128
The [1] While the waterbomb dates back to the 6
earliest days of paper-folding, 6 new origami folds Which choice best introduces the topic of the
are still being created in order to serve specific paragraph?
technical purposes. [2] As recently as 1995, for A) NO CHANGE
instance, the Japanese astrophysicist Koryo Miura B) it remains one of the most influential designs in
developed what became known as the Miura fold. technological innovation.
[3] 7 While puzzling over the large and unwieldy C) some scientists emphasize that its age is one of the
design of solar panels carried by spacecraft into orbit, factors in its value.
D) contemporary innovators often draw inspiration
Miura had noted that astronauts were required to
from digital art forms.
carefully unfold the solar panels 8 with hand when
the craft reached orbit. [4] The astronauts then had to
7
fold the panels again before re-entering Earth’s A) NO CHANGE
atmosphere. [5] Miura wanted to design a solar panel B) He puzzled
that could be folded and unfolded robotically, in order C) Although puzzling
to automate this complex procedure. [6] This design D) That he puzzled
allowed his robotic solar panels to be opened by only a
few motors. 9 8
What is the next frontier of origami-inspired A) NO CHANGE
B) by
engineering? Not surprisingly, origami is going digital. C) in
In the emerging field of computational origami, D) on
complex computer models are being used to create
more 10 intricate and efficient origami designs 9
designed by computer models. While the practical The writer would like to add the following sentence to
applications of these new designs are still being the paragraph:
studied, one thing is certain: origami will 11 be the Inspired by ancient Japanese origami techniques,
only traditional art form that continues to inspire Miura created a solar panel storage system
consisting of a tightly packed fold that could be
technological innovation.
unfurled in one motion, by pulling on opposite
ends of the structure.
The best placement for the sentence is
A) before sentence 1.
B) after sentence 3.
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) origami designs that are intricate and efficient
through computer modeling.
C) intricate and efficient origami designs.
11
The writer wants to conclude the passage with a
prediction based on the main idea of the passage.
Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) continue to inspire the minds of tomorrow’s
engineers.
C) always be considered a fun and challenging
activity for amateurs.
D) remain an underappreciated art form with
undiscovered applications.
25／128
7.The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional Amphibian?-Level 3
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the
The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional data in the chart?
A) NO CHANGE
Amphibian? B) in 2011 the number of amphibian species
threatened was greater than the number of plant
Over the past decade, a remarkable number of
species threatened.
amphibians have come under the threat of extinction. C) in 2011 nearly 30 percent of amphibian species
A study conducted by the International Union for
were threatened, surpassing the percentage of
Conservation of Nature showed that 1 in 2011 the threatened mammals.
percentage of amphibian species threatened was D) since 2000 the percentage of threatened amphibian
greater than the percentage of all other species
species has surpassed all other groups except
combined. This figure marks the largest extinction mammals.
event since the Pleistocene Era extinctions 10,000
years ago. Several factors contribute to the alarming
2
decline in amphibian 2 species; the destruction of
A) NO CHANGE
habitat, introduction of invasive species,
B) species,
3 contaminating the environment, and rise of
C) species
infectious diseases.
D) species:
3
A) NO CHANGE
B) contaminants entering the environment,
C) contamination of the environment,
D) the environment being contaminated,
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) the boreal chorus frog appears to be largely
unaffected by factors that have negatively
impacted other amphibian species.
C) factors that negatively impact other amphibian
species do not appear to affect the boreal chorus
frog.
D) the negative effects seen in other amphibian
species have not been observed in boreal chorus
One amphibian species, though, remains curiously
frog populations.
robust. Named for its distinctive breeding call,
4 other species have been negatively impacted by
5
factors that do not seem to affect the boreal chorus A) NO CHANGE
frog. For example, one of the most serious threats to B) Although this fungus is widespread where there
amphibians is chytridiomycosis, a tease cause by the are also boreal chorus frog populations
chytrid fungus. 5 Although this fungus is C) Although this fungus, the chytrid fungus, is
widespread in the United States, boreal chorus frog widespread
D) Although this fungus can be found in many
locations where there are also boreal chorus frog
populations.
26／128
populations in Colorado have high survival rates and 6
appear to not be seriously affected by the disease. A) NO CHANGE
6 Subsequently, classifying a particular species as B) Indeed,
robust can be somewhat difficult. C) However,
D) Furthermore,
[1] Without this longitudinal data, the natural

variability in amphibian reproduction and life histories 7
A) NO CHANGE
can mask declines. [2] In addition, for many species,
B) to
only particular age classes or life stages are amenable
C) for
7 with census. making it difficult to know the true D) in
extent of a species’ population. [3] The biggest
challenge to classifying amphibians such as the boreal 8
chorus frog lies in a lack of longitudinal data—data To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should
be placed:
collected over an extended period of time. [4]Thus, the
A) where it is now.
boreal chorus frog may simply be in a short robust
period and may prove to be just as susceptible to the C) after sentence 1.
threats facing other amphibians. 8 D) after sentence 4.
What has been made clear from 9 researcher’s
data, and what comprises the key issue in studying 9
amphibians, is the aforementioned number of A) NO CHANGE
B) researchers’
threatened species. Amphibians play important roles in
C) researchers’s
ecosystems, human health, and commerce. They have
D) researchers
10 stuck around for the past 350 millions years,
surviving many changes that caused other organisms to
10
become extinct. 11 The deterioration of this A) NO CHANGE
historically resilient group highlights the importance ofB) hung in there for
the recent studies on threatened amphibians. Ultimately, C) persevered brilliantly for
D) weathered
the boreal chorus frog may prove to be a red herring in
a sea of data that points to the need to examine the
11
environmental factors that have caused the current
decline in the overall amphibian population. sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
A) Yes, because the sentence does not focus on the
boreal chorus frog.
B) Yes, because the sentence restates a point that has
already been made in the previous sentence.
C) No, because the sentence explains how the fact in
the previous sentence relates to the importance of
current amphibian studies.
D) No, because the sentence contains a specific
example that is relevant to the topic of the
paragraph.
27／128
8. Resurrecting Zora-Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
B) 1930s),
Resurrecting Zora
C) 1930s), when
D) 1930s) and
A flamboyant leader during the Harlem Renaissance
(an era of notable cultural and artistic achievements
2
from the African American community in Harlem
Which choice provides the most effective transition from
during the 1920s and 1 1930s). Zora Neale Hurston
the preceding sentence to the rest of the paragraph?
achieved fame and notoriety in the first half of the 20th
A) NO CHANGE
century but then faded into obscurity. 2 Raised in B) Many current African American authors, such as
Eatonville, Florida, Hurston spent her years of literary
Alice Walker and Toni Morrison, have cited Hurston
productivity in New York, only to return to Florida at
as having a major influence on their own work.
the end of her career, penniless and out of print. This C) A 1970s movement to reclaim lost female artists led
renewed interest in Hurston's work brought several of
Alice Walker, a prominent African American author,
the author's works, such as Their Eyes Were Watching
to rediscover Hurston.
God and Mules and Men, back into the literary D) In 1948, Hurston published her last novel, Seraph on
limelight. Though now generally recognized as an
the Suwanee, which was not well received by critics,
important contributor to the American literary canon,
so she attempted to make her way as a journalist.
3 Hurston was one of the most controversial
authors of her time.
3
A) NO CHANGE
B) many considered Hurston as
C) critics considered Hurston to be
In 1925, Hurston began her studies at Barnard

4
College, 4 where, under the tutelage of Franz Boas,
the “father of Modern Anthropology”—she embraced A) NO CHANGE
the idea of cultural relativism, or studying a culture in B) where under the tutelage—of Franz Boas,
isolation rather than in comparison to others. Her work C) where—under the tutelage of Franz Boas,
reflected this 5 exposition, as she sought to capture D) where under the tutelage of Franz Boas,
what she termed the “natural” art of African Americans
6 through speech song and folklore. By adopting 5
A) NO CHANGE
B) disposition,
C) deposition,
D) composition,
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) through speech, song, and, folklore
C) through: speech, song, and folklore
D) through speech, song, and folklore
28／128
7
the vernacular, for example, Hurston believed that she At this point, the writer wants to provide an additional
example of how studying with Franz Boas influenced
could develop the authenticity of her characters and Hurston,s work. Which choice best accomplishes this
present the uniqueness of African American culture. goal?
7 A) Hurston’s autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road,
was widely criticized due to its inconsistencies and
inaccuracies which made it seem more like her
works of fiction than a factual account of her life.
B) Hurston had an interest in theater, for example,
and even helped to establish a school of dramatic
arts four years later at Bethune-Cookman College.
C) Although Hurston’s work was not initially well-
received because she failed to take up the political
rights of African Americans, it is now viewed as
groundbreaking feminist literature because her
characters challenge systemic misogyny.
D) In addition, rather than dwelling on or overtly
challenging the social and economic oppression of
certain communities, she used her anthropological
Hurston’s revolutionary work resulted in scathing training to explore how folklore could empower
criticism, especially from some of the intellectual African Americans by legitimizing their local
leaders of the Harlem Renaissance. Two of the cultures.
movement's 8 rulers, authors Langston Hughes and
8
Richard Wright, saw Hurston’s work as a harmful A) NO CHANGE
caricature of African American life and even accused B) luminaries,
Hurston of creating new stereotypes that were no C) moguls,
D) tycoons,
better than the old. 9 While Hurston viewed her
work as a tribute to a rich and sophisticated culture, 9
her detractors saw it as a mockery, 10 and Hurston’s At this point, the writer is considering adding the
work, according to them, was lampooning African following sentence.
Yet, others praised her ability to seamlessly include
Americans in the worst possible way. idiomatic speech and lauded her efforts to capture
“authentic” culture.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides an example of how some
agreed with Hurston and viewed her work as a
cultural tribute.
B) Yes, because it introduces information to support
the paragraph’s claim that despite criticism,
Hurston’s work was revolutionary.
C) No, because it introduces information outside the
paragraph’s focus on the issues Hurston critics had
with her work.
D) No, because it does not explain why Hughes and
Wright viewed Hurston’s work as a mockery of
African American culture.
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) which lampooned African Americans in the worst
possible way.
C) asserting that Hurston’s work lampooned African
Americans in the worst possible way, as her critics
claimed.
D) as her detractors thought that Hurston work was
lampooning African Americans in the worst possible
way.
29／128
Today, Hurston is often revered as a fiercely

independent thinker who challenged many of the
literary and social norms of her day. Since Walker’s
rediscovery of Hurston’s work, a dozen short story 11
The writer wants to conclude with a sentence that
collections, essays, and folk tales have been published encapsulates both the central idea of the passage and
posthumously. Festivals, foundations, literary Hurston's lasting legacy. Which best accomplishes this
societies, endowed chairs, journals, and honors now goal?
exist in Hurston’s name. 11 When Walker found A) NO CHANGE
B) Even with her highly controversial style and
Hurston’s unmarked grave in 1973, she purchased a content, Hurston precipitated a significant
headstone and inscribed the epitaph “ Genius of the reevaluation of stereotypical representations and
South” illustrating her veneration of Hurston’s work. forever transformed the nature of the African
American literary tradition.
C) Additionally, the Hurston/Wright Foundation and
literary award were established in 1990, a
combination that may have troubled both authors
due to their artistic differences.
D) These awards are a reminder of how much of
Hurston’s work relied on the ethnographic
research techniques she learned under the eminent
anthropologist, Franz Boas.
30／128
9. Chemists for Clean Water-Level 3
Chemists for Clean Water A) Chemists Without Borders (CWB) ; this is an
B) Chemists Without Borders (CWB) , an
C) an organization, which is called Chemists Without
At reservoirs in Bangladesh, chemists are hard at
Borders (CWB) and is an
work purifying local water supplies. These experts use
D) an
filters to remove arsenic from the reservoirs, creating a
potable water supply for nearby residents. Many of
2
these experts are affiliated with 1 Chemists Without
A) NO CHANGE
Borders (CWB) .CWB is an organization that provides
B) volunteer’s
assistance for crucial human health issues such as
C) volunteers
clean water. Operating not only in Bangladesh but also
D) volunteers’s
in the United States and other nations, CWB relies on
the efforts of trained, professional chemists, as well as
3
those of 2 volunteers’ interested in entering the field.
A) NO CHANGE
B) Bangladesh, involves removing toxins, from the
drinking water
C) Bangladesh, involves removing toxins from the
Professional chemists at CWB seek out projects that drinking water,
can provide help directly to populations in need. Their D) Bangladesh involves removing toxins from the
work in 3 Bangladesh involves removing toxins, drinking water,
from the drinking water, primarily through water
purification. CWB staff members create and give 4
arsenic testing kits to Bangladeshi locals and work
A) NO CHANGE
with interpreters to 4 dissipate information and B) disseminate
instructions. 5 CWB also provides education about C) proliferate
medicine, vaccines, and environmental sustainability. D) propagate
5
At this point, the writer wants to elaborate on the
information in the preceding sentence by providing
additional, relevant details. Which choice best
A) These kits include a hand-held device that allows
users to identify arsenic concentrations in the
water; arsenic is then removed using a filtration
system.
B) Arsenic is a metalloid that is often used for
strengthening metal alloys that include copper and
lead.
C) Another important area of education is vaccines;
people living in Bangladesh have access to
vaccines but often do not receive them.
D) Some of the CWB representatives are fluent in
Bengali, the official language of Bangladesh.
31／128
6
6 CWB also works with volunteers who are Which choice provides the most effective introduction
rigorously trained chemists. While some volunteers are to the main topic of the paragraph?
concerned citizens who want to assist with public A) NO CHANGE
B) Trained professionals provide invaluable resources
education 7 campaigns. Others hold actual
to the water chemistry field.
chemistry training. The education background for
C) CWB’s work depends on the aid of volunteers in a
water chemists is varied but includes many disciplines, variety of capacities.
including microbiology and geology. Students explore D) Education background for water chemists involves
these related fields to develop a more comprehensive studying sciences outside the chemistry field.
view of the variables that affect water quality.
8 They might study, for example, the 7
microorganisms living in water, or the effects of A) NO CHANGE
particular rocks and soil on water supplies. Volunteers B) campaigns, others hold
with a rich background in chemistry also help the C) campaigns; others hold
CWB professionals with water testing and supply kit D) campaigns, others holding
creation. This practical experience is an excellent
opportunity for prospective water chemists to gain 8
insights into what the job entails. The writer is considering deleting the underlined
sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
A) Yes, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus on the
education of water chemists.
B) Yes, because it is redundant with information
provided earlier in the passage.
C) No, because it provides information that supports
a claim made in the introductory paragraph.
D) No, because it provides examples that elaborate on
the previous sentence.
9 A career in water chemistry leading to exciting 9

travel and teaching opportunities, and working to A) NO CHANGE
decontaminate water supplies around the world is a B) Careers in water chemistry leading
rewarding experience for those who undertake it. Also C) A career in water chemistry that leads
worth noting is the fact that demand for skilled water D) A career in water chemistry can lead
chemists 10 are on the rise. According to the US
Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of jobs in this 10
A) NO CHANGE
field is expected to grow 8 percent by 2022.
B) is
11 Looking beyond that, the need for water chemists
C) were
will likely continue to grow to meet the increasing
D) have been
water demands of our burgeoning global population.
11
Which choice best concludes the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
B) While this might look like an insignificant
percentage, water chemists have still made great
strides.
C) Volunteers are also crucial contributors to the
advances in the water chemistry field.
D) The need for water chemists will likely continue to
grow as individuals take advantage of the travel
opportunities that this field provides.
32／128
10. The Effects of Electronegativity-Level 3
The writer wants to introduce the topic of
electronegativity with a concrete, casually observable
The Effects of Electronegativity example from the natural world. Which choice best
A) NO CHANGE
1 What principles dictate the relationships B) How do water striders skim across the surfaces of
between molecules? There are many factors at work, ponds and lakes? Their hydrophobic legs are
uniquely suited to this process, but the insects
but these interactions also depend indirectly on a
C) How do our bodies break down the food we
principle known as electronegativity. Although this is consume every day? While digestion would be
an atomic property, it generates molecular 2 forces, impossible without enzymes and other proteins,
that cause many of the phenomena we observe every these molecules
D) How does our DNA maintain a double helical
day.
structure? While the shape of this nucleic acid is
the result of many complex properties, its
structures
2
A) NO CHANGE
B) forces—
C) forces
D) forces;
3 Electronegativity, the measure of an atom’s 3

affinity for electrons, generally determines the type of The writer is considering deleting the underlined
bond present between two atoms. A single bond
A) Yes, because the sentence unnecessarily repeats a
between atoms consists of two electrons. If the two definition provided earlier in the passage.
atoms have similar electronegativities, they share the B) Yes, because the sentence is not relevant to the
two electrons equally and form a nonpolar covalent paragraph's discussion of historic experiments that
bond. If two atoms have significantly differing values depended on electronegativity.
of electronegativity, there are two possible bond types: C) No, because the sentence introduces the
paragraph’s discussion of the relationship between
polar covalent and ionic. While other factors also
electronegativity and bond type.
4 corrupt the determination of bond type, a
D) No, because the sentence provides an effective
difference in electronegativity between the values of transition to the paragraph’s explanation of
0.5 and 1.6 usually 5 result in a polar covalent bond, hydrogen bonding.
while a difference of more than 2.0 usually results in
an ionic bond. In a polar covalent bond, the two 4
A) NO CHANGE
bonding electrons are shared 6 unequally, in the
B) impress
latter: both electrons are completely transferred to the C) convince
more electronegative atom. For example, the bond D) influence
between oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) is classified as
a polar covalent bond, because they share the two 5
A) NO CHANGE
B) are resulting
C) results
D) have resulted
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) unequally; in the latter,
C) unequally, in the latter
D) unequally in the latter
33／128
bonding electrons unequally. This polar bond type is
partially caused by the difference in electronegativities: 7
7 hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.20, while Which choice most effectively uses accurate and
oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.44. When the relevant data from the graph in the passage to illustrate
electronegativity of the hydrogen is subtracted from the the concept being explained?
electronegativity of the oxygen, the difference is 1.24. A) NO CHANGE
B) at 5.5, hydrogen has one of the highest
electronegativity numbers on the Pauling
electronegativity scale.
C) the electronegativity of oxygen is 3.44, a value
significantly lower than that of hydrogen.
D) because their electronegativities lie in the 3 to 3.5
range, both oxygen and nitrogen are capable of
helping cause a force known as ‘hydrogen
bonding.’
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) charge, this attracts
C) charge, as a result, this oxygen atom is attracted to
When a hydrogen atom is bonded to nitrogen, D) charging; attracting
oxygen, or fluorine, this particular polar covalent bond
makes that a new type of interaction possible: 9
hydrogen bonding. For instance, a water molecule A) NO CHANGE
consists of an oxygen atom bonded to two hydrogen B) an attraction which is referred to as
atoms. The unequal sharing of electrons causes a C) a type of hydrogen bonding referred to as
D) referred to as
distribution of partial charges on the molecule. The
oxygen of one water molecule monopolizes the
bonding electrons and acquires a partial negative 10
8 charge; as a result, this oxygen atom is attracted to Which choice provides the smoothest transition from
the partially positive hydrogen atoms of another water the previous paragraph to this one?
molecule. This electrostatic attraction, 9 which is an A) NO CHANGE
B) Although the effects of hydrogen bonding are key,
attraction referred to as intermolecular hydrogen
water striders also depend on the hydrophobic
bonding, contributes to the surface tension that sustains
structure of their legs to keep them on top of the
the weight of water striders and some other insects.
water’s surface.
C) Electronegativity is just one of the factors that
10 The presence of surface tension in water is just determines the type of bond between two atoms.
one result of hydrogen bonding. From digestion to D) Although hydrogen bonding is a fascinating
DNA structure, this molecular force is integral molecular force, the behavior of water also
11 with many life-sustaining processes. If atoms did depends on the subatomic forces within each atom.
not have different values of electronegativity, hydrogen
bonding would be impossible—and life as we know it 11
could not exist. A) NO CHANGE
B) to
C) upon
D) into
34／128
11. The Top Tiers of Pastry-Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
B) infinite
The Top Tiers of Pastry
C) encircling
D) exhaustive
The most successful pastry chefs bring daring
desserts to famous restaurants and invaluable training
2
to cooking schools. The chefs working at the highest
Which choice most effectively concludes the first
levels—Executive and Certified Master Pastry chefs in
paragraph by setting up the main focus of the passage?
North America, for example—have attained their titles
through the completion of 1 inclusive training A) NO CHANGE
programs that require the mastery of all the skills B) While many attempt to succeed in this career field,
critical for creating a wide variety of fine desserts: top-level pastry work involves arduous tasks that
sugar pieces, glazes, candies, and doughs all have to be many find to be too challenging.
prepared perfectly to produce the finest quality tarts, C) The Certified Executive Chef title is one of the
cakes, mousses, crisps and confits. 2 The intensive
most challenging and exciting careers to which a
certification process to reach the top of this career field
pastry chef can aspire.
is challenging, but the effort yields numerous D) Positions in this field extend beyond bakeries and
professional advantages.
restaurants to universities, hotels, and even the
White House.
Two of the highest titles a pastry chef can achieve in
North America are Certified Executive Chef (CEF)
3
and Certified Master Pastry Chef (CMPC), granted by
A) NO CHANGE
the American Culinary 3 Federation, both involve a
B) Federation. Both involve
rigorous examination process and numerous
C) Federation. Both involving
prerequisites. The Executive Chef certification, the
D) Federation, they both involve
less prestigious of the two positions with 165 North
American pastry chefs holding the title, requires at
least three years of practical work experience and over 4
A) NO CHANGE
100 hours of 4 taking classes in Nutrition,
B) taking classes in the subjects of
Management, and Food Safety and Sanitation courses.
C) classes in
The examination includes a 90-minute written portion
and a four-hour practical portion. This intense work
pays off, however: 5 regular pastry chefs earn about
$10,000 more a year than assistant pastry chefs. 5
The writer wants to support the claim in the first part
of the sentence with data from the table. Which choice
best accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Executive pastry chefs typically make less than
$70,000 annually.
C) Executive pastry chefs earn an average of roughly
$10,000 a year more than do regular pastry chefs.
D) Regular pastry chefs can earn approximately
$60,000 annually.
35／128
6
A) NO CHANGE
These high-level chefs take their expertise to B) For example,
exciting heights. 6 Consequently, Certified C) However,
Executive Chef Hilary DeMane has prepared D) Additionally,
confections for 7 celebrities, governors, and even
President Ronald Reagan. In addition to corporate 7
posts in some of the world’s most famous hotels and A) NO CHANGE
cruise ships, DeMane has also shared her knowledge in B) celebrities, governors, and even,
the education 8 field for instance, she created an C) celebrities, governors and even,
International Baking and Pastry program at the Florida D) celebrities; governors; and even
Culinary Institute while serving as its Department
Chair.
8
A) NO CHANGE
Even more rigorous are the hurdles that pastry chefs B) field, for instance,
must surmount to achieve CMPC status. Only eleven C) field, for instance
people in the United States currently hold this title. In D) field: for instance,
order to be considered, 9 they must endure an eight-
day-long practical exam that showcases their culinary
9
skills; the prize affords membership in an elite cadre of
A) NO CHANGE
pastry professionals and 10 bestows valuable name
B) he or she
recognition and clout in the culinary world. Climbing
C) candidates
to the top of the dessert world is an arduous task, but
D) those
those who achieve high levels of success receive
considerable recognition. This career path is not for
10
everyone as it requires incredible precision under
A) NO CHANGE
immense pressure, but CEFs and CMPCs often thrive
B) bestow
under these conditions. 11
C) have bestowed
D) are bestowing
11
following sentence.
By working to achieve the most prestigious titles in

pastry, these chefs have the ability to make changes
in their field.

A) Yes, because it reinforces the passage’s claim
about the widespread professional influence of
executive pastry chefs.
B) Yes, because it answers a question raised in the
previous paragraph.
C) No, because it contradicts the passage’s claim
about the difficulties many pastry chefs face.
D) No, because it weakens the passage’s conclusion
by introducing a new, unexplained idea.
36／128
12.The Rocket Scientist behind the Super Soaker-Level 3
1
A) NO CHANGE
The Rocket Scientist behind the Super
B) shelves,
Soaker C) shelves;
D) shelves:
It is not generally advisable to spout a stream of
water across a boardroom filled with executives. 2
A) NO CHANGE
However, Lonnie Johnson—NASA engineer, inventor,
B) its
and creator of the Super Soaker—delighted the
C) its’
president of toy company Larami Corp. with this very D) their
display. In 1989, after a seven-year trudge through
failed patents and rejections, Johnson finally got his 3
Super Soaker to store 1 shelves where it reigned as A) NO CHANGE
the most popular water gun toy of the 1990s. His B) was the thing that was instrumental in leading
product and 2 it’s spinoffs still predominate that C) was what led
market today. A combination of luck and perseverance D) led
contributed to Johnson’s successful creation.
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) of mind to
[1]The discovery that 3 ended up eventually
C) in mind of
leading Johnson to his first Super Soaker model was
D) to mind on
serendipitous. [2]At the time, Johnson’s day job was at
NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he helped
5
design an atomic battery for Galileo, a spacecraft
A) NO CHANGE
created to observe Jupiter. [3] By night, Johnson B) After expressing initial interest, it was a dismay to
explored his own inventions in his home office. Johnson when one company ended negotiations.
[4] Johnson’s prototype sported a long plastic tube and C) Johnson was dismayed when, after expressing
a metal spigot. [5] He aimed it at the bathtub, and the initial interest, negotiations ended with one
powerful torrent of water it yielded put him 4 at company.
mind of a high-powered water gun. [6] The next step D) Johnson was dismayed when one company ended
—an arduous one—was to find a company with the negotiations after expressing initial interest.
desire and means to produce it. [7] 5 After
expressing initial interest, Johnson was dismayed 6
when one toy company ended negotiations. [8] The The writer wants to add the following sentence to the
next company he approached went bankrupt. [9] He second paragraph.
persisted and, after Johnson’s interactive display in He was attempting to create a water-based cooling
that boardroom, Larami Corp. bought the Super device that would eliminate the need for the toxic
Soaker and created fourteen different models of water compound Freon.
guns based on his design. [10] A decade later, over 200 The best placement for the sentence is after
million Super Soakers had sold, generating over $400 A) sentence 1.
million in revenue. 6 B) sentence 3.
C) sentence 4.
D) sentence 5.
37／128
7
7 Johnson’s physics and engineering skills were
following sentence.
critical to his toy design. Traditional water guns are
held in one hand and require just a trigger pull to eject After building the Super Soaker, Johnson invested
the water from a small cavity. Johnson’s invention, significant time and energy researching solar cells.
8 by contrast, calls for more muscle, requiring two Should the writer make this addition here?
hands to operate an air pump before discharging, and A) Yes, because it effectively establishes the main
stores water in a larger container. The pump action on topic of the paragraph.
the Super Soaker allows the user to compress the water B) Yes, because it provides a smooth transition
and store more energy, resulting in a mighty cascade of between the second and third paragraphs.
water. C) No, because the information is redundant with
information provided earlier in the passage.
D) No, because the information is irrelevant to the
main topic of the paragraph.
8
While he enjoyed the accomplishment of creating
A) NO CHANGE
this product, Johnson also sought to solve problems
B) additionally,
more complex than 9 amending summer fun. He
C) further,
embarked on his own 10 business. He founded
D) similarly,
Johnson Research and Development with his Super
Soaker proceeds. He owns over 80 patents, and his
main goal is to create more viable options for 9
renewable energy. Johnson’s 11 persistence A) NO CHANGE
knowledge and a happy accident paved the way for his B) optimizing
success as an independent inventor. C) modifying
D) tweaking
10
A) business; that is, he founded
B) business, but he founded
C) business, which was the founding of
D) business, founding
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) persistence knowledge, and a happy accident
C) persistence, knowledge, and a happy accident
D) persistence, knowledge, and a happy accident,
38／128
13. Floating Through Life -Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
Floating Through Life B) Bolivia,
C) Bolivia
Nestled in the Andes Mountains, straddling the D) Bolivia;
border of Peru and 1 Bolivia—Lake Titicaca sits at
an altitude of 12,530 feet. On the surface of the lake’s 2
frigid waters live the Uros people, one of Peru’s oldest A) NO CHANGE
B) it on islands they
indigenous groups. Close to one thousand years ago,
C) the lake on islands
they escaped conquering empires by disappearing into D) they the lake on those
the middle of 2 this on islands fashioned from
woven and bundled totora reeds. To this day, the Uros
3
people still hand-weave totora into houses, boats,
A) NO CHANGE
artwork, and the “land” on which they live. B) to fish the plentiful waters of Titicaca, hunting
Traditionally, the Uros have benefitted from a
native birds, and occasionally planting
subsistence economy— 3 to fish the plentiful waters C) fishing the plentiful waters of Titicaca, hunting
of Titicaca, to hunt native birds, and occasionally
native birds, and occasionally to plant
planting potatoes in the fertile, decaying totora reeds. D) fishing the plentiful waters of Titicaca, hunting
They sustained this peaceful and relatively undisturbed native birds, and occasionally planting
lifestyle for almost a millennium until interest in their
unique way of life at the end of the 20th century began
4
to attract 4 tourists. The tourists came from around
the world. Consequently, “authentic” island living is
now atypical, 5 and the tourist industry surrounding
A) tourists, who were people from places located
the Uros continues to expand. The new economy has B) tourists, but these tourists came from places that
both helped and hindered the Uros: it challenges their were
traditional way of life but also 6 expends them C) tourists from
opportunities. D) tourists
5
Which choice provides the most specific support for
the claim in the first part of the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) so many Uros no longer exclusively hunt and fish.
C) as roughly 80 percent of the population is involved
in tourism.
D) but some Uros have moved further away from
shore, seeking isolation.
6 1
A) NO CHANGE
B) affords
C) manages
D) endows
39／128
7 Every year, around 200,000 tourists make their 7

way out to the floating islands where they are Which choice most effectively introduces the main
entertained by the Uros people. Although between topic of the paragraph?
1,200 and 2,500 Uros claim to reside on the A) NO CHANGE
8 islands. Many now have apartments B) A great deal has changed now that the Uros have a
in Puno and boat “home” in the morning to welcome tourism-oriented way of life.
visitors. Motorized fishing boats often replace C) The Uros have begun to depart from a strictly
traditional, ornately woven totora 9 canoes; traditional lifestyle by adopting some modern
conveniences.
customary garments are less popular; and most of the
D) The government established the Titicaca National
Uros’ time is spent doing demonstrations for tourists
Reserve in 1978, which helps preserve the totora
and selling small handicrafts instead of maintaining
that is so essential to traditional Uros life.
the islands, hunting, and fishing.
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) islands; many now having
C) islands, many now have
D) islands, and many now have
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) canoes, customary garments are less popular;
C) canoes; customary garments are less popular,
D) canoes, customary garments are less popular
40／128
Further changes occurred after Peruvian President 10

Alberto Fujimori toured the islands in the 1990s and Which choice best establishes a claim supported by the
gave each island two solar panels, which are used to next sentence in the paragraph?
power electronic devices, such as radios. While many A) NO CHANGE
Uros lament the loss of their traditional lifestyle, B) some Uros children decide not to return to island
10 others are happy to adopt some modern living after leaving for school.
conveniences, like radios. They can now afford to C) many Uros men still enjoy hunting, fishing, and
purchase supplemental food and acquire necessary building their reed islands.
medicine for the ill. Additionally, their children now D) the steady source of income from tourism has
attend school where they study foreign languages and benefited the community.
hospitality; this enables the Uros to increase revenue
while asserting control over their own industry. 11
Although tourism has turned the Uros culture into a The author wants a forceful conclusion that relates to
profitable curiosity, it also ensures its survival. Despite the passage’s focus on the impact of tourism on the
the changes, the Uros still call themselves kot-suña, Uros’ way of life. Which choice best accomplishes this
“people of the lake.” 11 goal?
A) They will retain that title due to their commitment
to preserving their culture and heritage-not just for
the benefit of tourists.
B) The Uros will have to continue working hard to
keep up their floating islands-especially since the
totora reeds are getting shorter due to lake
pollution.
C) In their ancient Uruquilla language, which the
Uros no longer speak due to cultural assimilation,
“people of the lake” translates into Qhas Gut sufü.
D) The Uros have attracted the interest of historians
who believe them to be the earliest settlers of the
Altipla no around 3,700 years ago.
41／128
14. False or False: The Question of Falsifiability-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) pervasive
False or False: The Question of Falsifiability C) saturating
D) influential
What is the difference between science and 2

pseudoscience? According to Karl Popper, one of the Which choice creates the smoothest and most logical
most 1 potent philosophers of the twentieth century, transition?
it is a matter of falsifiability. He claimed that in order A) NO CHANGE
to be considered truly scientific, a hypothesis or theory B) Therefore, with this controversial assertion,
must be capable of being proven false. 2 Next, he C) Through this controversial assertion,
decided to make an assertion: Popper offered a new D) DELETE the underlined portion.
perspective on the distinction between science and
3
pseudoscience.
A) NO CHANGE
B) at a time in his life that was when he had been
In a 1953 lecture at Cambridge University, Popper
C) while he was
shared that the concept of falsifiability had first D) during the time when he was pondering and
occurred to him more than thirty years earlier,
3 when he was pondering and considering Einstein’s
4
theory of gravitation and Freud’s psychoanalytical A) NO CHANGE
approach. Popper realized that Freud's approach has B) their
great “explanatory power,” because psychoanalysis C) it’s
can be applied to completely opposite behavior D) they’re
patterns with equal aptness. Although this flexibility
might seem valuable, Popper argued that a theory 5
which cannot be proven false—one which can ‘adapt’ At this point, the writer is considering adding the
to any critical environment—is not science but following sentence.
pseudoscience. The critical component of a scientific Predictive power can be illustrated by examining
theory is the element of risk; 4 its value lies in the work of Albert Einstein, who, though born in
Germany, conducted much of his scientific work
predictive rather than explanatory power. 5
in the United States after he immigrated in 1933.
Einstein’s theory of gravitation was scientific because
it made concrete predictions about what we should
A) Yes, because it introduces an example of a
observe in the future, and therefore could be falsified if scientist whose work can be analyzed using
inconsistent 6 to these observations. Popper's approach.
B) Yes, because it illustrates that other highly
regarded scientists agreed with Popper's approach
to the scientific method
C) No, because it digresses from the main topic of the
paragraph by introducing unrelated details.
D) No, because it blurs the paragraph's focus on
Einstein's theory of gravitation.
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) for
C) with
D) by
42／128
Popper’s choice of falsifiability as the line of 7

demarcation between science and pseudoscience The writer is considering deleting the underlined
initially seemed counter intuitive to many scientists sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
and philosophers. Traditionally, the difference had A) Yes, because it interrupts the paragraph’s
been located in the process of observation and discussion of the scientific community’s rejection
experiment. In addition, many researchers preferred of Popper’s assertion.
hypotheses that seemed less likely to be proven false. B) Yes, because it restates information from the first
7 However, many members of the scientific part of the paragraph about the critical reception of
community may have, at least initially, misunderstood Popper’s assertion.
the concept of falsifiability. The overarching objective C) No, because it clarifies the easily misunderstood
of Popper’s approach is not to choose the weaker
concept of falsifiability with more specific details.
8 hypothesis and choose the hypothesis which will D) No, because it introduces the misconception that
lead us towards truth. Because scientific theories can the writer addresses in the rest of the paragraph.
never be proven true, our progress depends on using
theories which, like Einstein’s theory of gravitation, 8
can be proven false. Statements without predictive A) NO CHANGE
power are 9 static because, they cannot be B) hypothesis, and choosing
disproven, we cannot move forwards. C) hypothesis that choosing
D) hypothesis but to choose
Although the distinction between science and

9
pseudoscience 10 remains controversial, falsifiability
A) NO CHANGE
has many valuable implications for the scientific
B) static: because
method and beyond. Although Popper devised this
C) static because—
concept to answer a particular question, he believed
D) static, because,
that it was the key to answering many other problems
as well. Falsifiability can be applied universally
because we search for truth in all areas— 11 even 10
though Freud's psychoanalytic approach is still studied. A) NO CHANGE
B) were remaining
C) have remained
D) remain
11
The writer wants to provide a conclusion that reiterates
a central idea of the passage. Which choice most
effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) even though Popper's theory still has some
outspoken skeptics.
C) even if we can only approach this truth by
eliminating what is false.
D) even if the scientific method remains inflexible.
43／128
15. The Business of Hospitality-Level 4
Which choice most effectively introduces the scene
described in the paragraph?
The Business of Hospitality A) An expansive hotel bustles with activity.
B) There are many reasons people gather together.
C) In the hospitality industry, customer satisfaction is
1 A 150-plus wedding party, a business
paramount.
conference, and a family reunion have all D) Hotels are popular venues for weddings.
2 plummeted on the hotel grounds in the same
weekend. Ballrooms need tables and food; front desk
2
and cleaning staff need to be supervised and require
A) NO CHANGE
shift assignments; and all of the other hotel guests not
B) submerged
affiliated with these large-scale affairs also must have C) lowered
3 his needs met. If this sounds like a massive D) descended
enterprise that requires a level-headed, experienced
leader, it is. This is the role of the hotel’s General 3
Manager. The work is challenging and requires long A) NO CHANGE
hours and hefty responsibility but can be rewarding for B) her
those who undertake it. C) their
D) its
4 Due to information from the Bureau of Labor 4

Statistics, hotel general managers held approximately Which choice most effectively introduces the
51,000 jobs in 2010 in the United States, and this information provided in the rest of the sentence?
number is expected to increase slightly during the next A) NO CHANGE
several years 5 when there will be more jobs in this B) According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
field. While often no post-secondary education is C) From the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
required, hotel manager candidates can make D) As the Bureau of Labor Statistics once said,
themselves more competitive by earning a Bachelor’s
degree in a business-related field, or an Associate’s 5
degree in hotel management or operations. The duties A) NO CHANGE
of general managers may 6 include the following B) as the number of hotel manager jobs grows.
tasks: overseeing employees, scheduling shifts, C) when there will be more than 51,000 hotel general
managing on-site events, ordering supplies, and manager jobs.
resolving customers’ issues. These duties require an D) DELETE the underlined portion and end the
array 7 of interpersonal and planning skills, as well sentence with a period.
as the ability to juggle multiple assignments.
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) include: the following tasks,
C) include, the following tasks:
D) include the following tasks;
7
A) NO CHANGE
B) in
C) from
D) DELETE the underlined portion
44／128
8 Shan Kanagasingham was born in Malaysia, 8

speaks several languages, and studied at a university in Which choice most effectively establishes the main
Switzerland before working at the Ritz-Carlton in topic of the paragraph?
Maui, Hawaii, and the Mandarin Oriental in Hong A) Lucrative salaries are a draw for many prospective
Kong. Her most recent 9 job: at the Surrey in New hotel managers.
York City, offered Kanagasingham the opportunity, to B) New elements to the hospitality industry, such as
help upgrade and gain more recognition for the hotel. “extended stay” suites, are becoming more
popular.
10 She oversaw the Surrey’s redesign, which
C) One hotel manager in New York City says she
included updating the spa and adding kitchens to suites
enjoys the fast-paced challenges this career offers.
for “extended stay” customers. Kanagasingham says D) Hotel managers also must have the flexibility and
she welcomes the opportunity to make her mark on a willingness to travel.
hotel and to meet people from all over the world.
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) job, at the Surrey in New York City,
C) job at the Surrey, in New York City
D) job; at the Surrey in New York City,
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) Overseeing
C) When she oversaw
The rigorous career path of hotel management D) DELETE the underlined portion.
provides challenges, as well as many rewards. For the
hotel manager juggling three major events in one
11
weekend, these rewards come in various forms: 11
The writer wants to provide a supporting example
The business conference runs like clockwork. The
consistent with the frame set up in the first paragraph.
family reunion fills the hotel with chatter and laughter. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A happy customer offers a word of thanks. A) Customer complaints allow managers to improve.
B) The wedding is a picture-perfect celebration.
C) Kanagasingham enjoys working with a large hotel
staff.
D) The business executives discuss crucial issues at
their conference.
45／128
16. A “Rosie” Turn on American Labor-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) World War II so the
A “Rosie” Turn on American Labor C) World War II; the
D) World War II, the
In order to inspire patriotism and meet the country’s 2

economic needs during 1 World War II was why the A) NO CHANGE
United States government launched a massive, targeted B) will have
propaganda campaign. It worked with advertising C) is to have
D) would have had
agencies to create images specifically aimed at women
to get them to fill industrial jobs recently vacated by
3
men. These efforts led to the creation of one of the
A) NO CHANGE
most famous and enduring icons in American history B) Rosie became a symbol of the American female
—an icon who 2 would have an incalculable factory worker.
influence on American labor and society. C) a symbol of the American female factory worker
was developed in Rosie.
D) American factories began using Rosie to
The propaganda posters featured images of a
symbolize their female workers.
coverall-clad, muscular woman named Rosie the
Riveter. Dirty yet wearing makeup, brawny yet
4
feminine, 3 female factory workers were
symbolized by Rosie. She represented women’s following sentence.
wartime work and sacrifice in an exaggerated form for
Propaganda also featured women doing their part
inspiration. 4 Posters and literature stressed the idea by conserving food items, planting household
that if women became “Rosies” and worked, the war gardens, and buying war bonds.
would end sooner. Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it is a strong example of what the US
government hoped to gain through its propaganda
campaign.
B) Yes, because it illustrates women’s wartime
sacrifice with three examples of what they did to
help the war effort.
C) No, because it does not explain how women’s
activities would help end the war sooner.
D) No, because it introduces information that
5 Women broke traditional gender roles to earn interrupts the paragraph’s discussion of the Rosie
money and make their families proud. They began campaign.
working on railroads and streetcars, as engineers and
technicians, and in steel mills and lumber yards. By 5
1943, an additional six million women had entered the Which choice most effectively establishes the main
workforce. Not only did more women work as new topic of the paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
business sectors opened to them, but the composition
B) Women seized opportunities to perform jobs in
of the female workforce changed. Before the war, what had traditionally been considered “male"
industries.
C) The Rosie campaign did not account for the fact
that many women were unable or unwilling to take
jobs outside the home.
D) The Rosie propaganda campaign gave women the
opportunity to be married and work.
46／128
working women were primarily young and single. 6
Middle-aged, married women joined 6 them during A) NO CHANGE
the war, almost one out of every four gained B) them; during the war—
employment outside the home. By 1944, 62 percent of C) them during the war;
the female workforce was 35 and older, and 46 percent D) them, during the war:
of all working women were wedded.
7
7 Rosie appeared as a white woman on posters.
underlined sentences?
Changes ushered in by the campaign added significant A) Although Rosie appeared as a white woman on
opportunities for African American women as well. posters, changes ushered in by the campaign
Rather than continuing to work domestic jobs for added significant opportunities for African
$3.50 a week, they began laboring in industrial plants American women as well.
for $48 a week. By 1945, the number of African B) Changes ushered in by the campaign added
American women working for the federal government significant opportunities for African American
women as well, while Rosie appeared as a white
had more than tripled, and the percentage working in woman on posters.
the defense industry was equal to 8 it's proportion of C) Rosie appeared as a white woman on posters, and
the general population. changes ushered in by the campaign added
significant opportunities for African American
As a result of their entry into careers from which women as well.
they were previously excluded, women exercised a D) Changes ushered in by the campaign added
significant opportunities for African American
newfound social and economic independence. They women as well, with Rosie appearing as a white
enjoyed having an income of their own and living on woman on posters.
their own for the first time. 9 Comparatively, they
refused to shrink back into the domestic sphere; 80 8
percent who worked outside the home wished to A) NO CHANGE
continue doing so by the war’s end. Women continued B) their
to push for 10 expanded job opportunities, entry into C) her
professional roles, and greater access to higher D) one’s
education. As the graph suggests, Rosie’s influence
persisted even after the war. 11 To this day, Rosie 9
continues to influence women as a symbol of feminism A) NO CHANGE
in popular culture. B) However,
C) Consequently,
D) Regardless,
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) inflated
C) amplified
D) prolonged
11
Which choice accurately incorporates data from the
graph and supports the main claim of the passage?
A) Changes aligned with the Rosie campaign led to
the the number of women in the workforce nearly
doubling from 1940 to 1960.
B) In the years before the Rosie campaign, the
number of women in the workforce was rising
slowly.
C) In the years after the Rosie campaign, the number
of women in the workforce did not return to pre-
war levels.
D) When the Rosie campaign began, there were
roughly twelve million women in the workforce.
47／128
17. A Moveable Street: Haussmann’s New Paris-Level 4
1
A Moveable Street: Haussmann’s New Paris At this point, the writer wants to add another example
to support the claim made in the first sentence of the
paragraph. Which choice most effectively
If you were to travel all over the world, you might accomplishes this goal?
notice that each of the world’s most famous cities is A) Tokyo was almost entirely rebuilt after World War
characterized by a certain look. Tokyo offers neon II.
billboards and colorful signs. 1 Paris fans out from B) Hong Kong, like Tokyo, is a major international
the base of the Eiffel Tower, a system of wide, tree- financial center.
lined avenues and low, neo-Classical buildings made C) Dubai features glittering skyscrapers rising out of
of gray stone. This area has been inhabited for the desert.
thousands of years. 2 Regardless, its current look is D) London and Paris have more similarities than
Paris and Tokyo.
a relatively recent development. Visiting Paris two
hundred years ago, 3 the city would have looked
very different.Until the middle of the nineteenth 2
century, Paris was characterized by overcrowded A) NO CHANGE
conditions and narrow, winding streets. It bore a closer B) However,
resemblance to the London of the 1500s than the C) Furthermore,
modern “City of Lights” so frequently depicted in D) Particularly,
popular movies and photographs.
3
A) NO CHANGE
B) Paris would have looked very different.
C) the difference in the city would be seen.
[1] Paris’s transformation was largely the work of D) you would have seen a very different city.
4 one man: Georges-Eugene Haussmann, whose
official title was Prefect of the Seine Department. [2] 4
He was appointed to recreate Paris by Napoleon III, A) NO CHANGE
who had declared himself Emperor of France in B) one man; Georges-Eugene Haussmann
1851 and wanted to cement his legacy by creating a C) one man, George-Eugene Haussmann;
modern capital. [3] At the time, the city was divided D) one man, George-Eugene Haussmann:
into many small, cramped neighborhoods that
5 was disconnected from one another, making 5
transportation difficult. [4] Moreover, the A) NO CHANGE
overcrowding in these areas led to unhygienic B) is
conditions in which disease spread easily. [5] The aims C) has been
of Napoleon’s reforms were twofold: to make Paris D) were
more aesthetically pleasing and to make it more
functional. [6] Infant mortality rates in these 6
neighborhoods were sky-high, and epidemics were To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should
very difficult to control. 6 be placed
A) where it is now.
48／128
To address these problems, Haussmann installed 7

several wide 7 boulevards. These both opened up Which choice most effectively combines the
the city visually and made it easier to get from place to underlined sentences at the underlined portion?
place. In order to create these thoroughfares, though, A) boulevards in that they
B) boulevards, which
existing roads had to be widened. Many small streets
C) boulevards; it was these boulevards that
dating from Paris’s medieval past were completely D) boulevards, the purpose of which in relation to
demolished. In some other areas, Haussmann was Paris was to
forced to work around existing streets in order to
preserve buildings of historical importance.
8
A) NO CHANGE
Other changes that Haussmann made to the city
B) the construction of
included the addition of more green space in the form C) constructing of
of both large and small public parks, 8 constructing D) to construct
two new train stations to connect the city to the rest of
the country, and the modification of the city’s borders.
9
Consequently, Paris’s population 9 quadrupled in A) NO CHANGE
number of people by a factor of four. B) increased in population count of the number of
people by a factor of four.
Not surprisingly, Haussmann did face criticism from C) quadrupled.
D) increased and grew.
both politicians and Parisian citizens. 10 The projects
cost millions of francs, frustrating city leaders, and the
10
sweeping visual changes Haussmann instituted left
many residents feeling their beloved city was
sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
unrecognizable. Haussmann’s ideals, however, went on
A) Kept, because it provides information that
to become influential in the “City Beautiful” urban
supports the previous sentence.
planning movement in the United States. Cities like B) Kept, because it provides information that
Chicago, Denver, and 11 Washington, D.C. all owe a supports the claim in the previous paragraph.
debt, to Haussmann. C) Deleted, because the sentence blurs the
paragraph's focus on Haussmann's international
influence.
D) Deleted, because it unnecessarily repeats
information provided in the previous sentence.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) Washington, D. C. , all owe a debt
C) Washington, D. C. , all owe a debt,
D) Washington, D. C. ; all owe a debt
49／128
18. A Work in Progress:The Periodic Table-Level 4
Which choice most effectively introduces the main
topic of the passage?
A Work in Progress The Periodic Table A) NO CHANGE
B) Which elements in the periodic table are the most
important?
1 How long does it take to write a chemistry C) What important discoveries were made by Russian
textbook? Now a ubiquitous sight in chemistry scientists?
D) Where did the modern periodic table come from?
classrooms everywhere, 2 the conception of this
orderly arrangement of the elements was due to the 2
nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev A) NO CHANGE
while he was writing a textbook on general chemistry. B) Dmitri Mendeleev, a nineteenth-century Russian
The basic 3 principle of Mendeleev’s periodic order chemist, conceived this orderly arrangement
C) the nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri
of elements have remained the same, even as it has Mendeleev conceived this orderly arrangement of
grown in size. This key development in the history of the elements
science still defines our contemporary understanding D) this orderly arrangement of the elements was
4 of matter in today’s times. conceived by the nineteenth-century Russian
chemist Dmitri Mendeleev
3
A) NO CHANGE
B) principles
C) principals
D) principal
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) and how we think about matter in today’s times.
C) of matter.
[1] Like many scientific breakthroughs, 5 D) and how we think about matter.
Mendeleev was partially anticipated by the work of
other scientists.[2] For example, the French geologist 5
A) NO CHANGE
Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois is
B) Mendeleev’s periodic table
generally credited with discovering periodicity—the C) this
existence of recurring trends across 6 elements—in D) it
1862. [3] Another key observation was made the
following year by the British scientist John Newlands, 6
who noted that similar elements were often related in A) NO CHANGE
B) elements,
mass by a multiple of eight. [4] By Mendeleev’s own
C) elements;
account, de Chancourtois and Newlands were among D) elements
those “foremost” in research that led to the discovery
of this law. 7 7
The writer wants to add the following sentence to the
paragraph.
This mathematical relationship, named the “Law
of Octaves” by Newlands, would later be defined
as the ‘periodic law’.
The best placement for the sentence is after
A) sentence 1.
B) sentence 2.
C) sentence 3.
D) sentence 4.
50／128
8
While not the first scientist to attempt a underlined sentences?
comprehensive organization of the elements, A) Mendeleev made concrete predictions about
Mendeleev did publish a paper in 1869 with the first elements that had yet to be discovered, and before
draft of the modern periodic table. In this table, this he even suggested, based on the patterns he
families of elements were arranged horizontally; observed, that properties of elements are a
however, Mendeleev eventually revised this format to reflection of their atomic weight.
the vertical structure found in contemporary chemistry B) Based on the patterns he observed, Mendeleev not
textbooks. 8 Based on the patterns he observed, only suggested that the properties of elements are
Mendeleev suggested that the properties of elements a reflection of their atomic weight, but he also
are a reflection of their atomic weight. Also based on made concrete predictions about elements that had
these patterns, Mendeleev made concrete predictions
yet to be discovered.
about elements that had yet to be discovered. For
C) Mendeleev made concrete predictions, based on
instance, Mendeleev predicted the discovery of two
the patterns he observed, about elements that had
elements analogous to aluminium and silicon; these
yet to be discovered, although he also suggested
were later discovered to be gallium and germanium.
that the properties of elements are a reflection of
9 This predictive power became one of the defining
their atomic weight.
characteristics of the periodic table.
D) Elements that had yet to be discovered, according
to Mendeleev, could be predicted concretely, and
he also suggested that the properties of elements
are a reflection of their atomic weight, based on
the patterns he observed.
9
A) Kept, because it effectively concludes the
paragraph by tying the discussion back to the
passage’s focus on the periodic table.
B) Kept, because it provides evidence to support the
argument that Mendeleev’s periodic table was
anticipated by the work of previous scientists.
C) Deleted, because it unnecessarily repeats evidence
The periodic table proposed by Mendeleev was the
about the the specific elements which Mendeleev
culmination of many observations and discoveries—
predicted.
10 unfortunately, many of his peers were reluctant to
accept his ideas. From electronegativity to electron D) Deleted, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus on
orbitals, the periodic table 11 anticipating many the predictions Mendeleev made about the
future topics of scientific inquiry. Even today, discovery of future elements.
scientists use the predictive power of the periodic table
to generate new hypotheses and design experiments 10
that further expand our understanding of the universe. Which choice best establishes the main topic of the
paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) however, the accomplishments of his predecessors
are not always acknowledged.
C) the mathematical order of the universe was central
to his success.
D) but, like every culmination, this end was also a
beginning.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) anticipated
C) that anticipated
D) that anticipating
51／128
19. A Wolf in Coyote’s Clothing-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) plains’ of Wyoming.
A Wolf in Coyote’s Clothing C) plain’s of Wyoming.
D) Wyoming plains’.
It’s nighttime. All is still. Suddenly, the mournful
howl of a coyote drifts through the crisp night air. This 2
isn’t the New Mexico desert or the 1 plains of A) NO CHANGE
B) out of the blue locations.
Wyoming. This is downtown Chicago, New York
C) totally random hangouts.
City’s Central Park, or suburban Connecticut. Over the
D) wondrous positions.
past several decades, coyotes have been moving
steadily eastward and showing up in 2 unexpected 3
places. But that’s not all that’s strange about these The writer is considering deleting the underlined
eastern coyotes: They’re also bigger than their western portion and ending the sentence with a period. Should
cousins. They live in groups and hunt in packs, the writer make this revision?
3 whereas Western coyotes are solitary and hunt A) No, because the information provides additional
alone. The differences piqued scientists’ curiosity. detail about visual differences between eastern and
western coyotes.
B) No, because the information completes the
contrast between the behavior of the eastern and
western coyotes.
C) Yes, because the information provides irrelevant
detail about western coyotes while the author is
discussing eastern coyotes.
D) Yes, because the information refutes what the
author has already said about coyote traits.
4
4 Now, recent genetic studies have confirmed Which choice most effectively establishes the main
what many experts had suspected. The eastern topic of the paragraph?
“coyotes” are actually “coy-wolves”—results of A) The eastern coyotes are actually coyote-wolf
interbreeding between coyotes and wolves. Different hybrids.
eastern coyote populations have different exact genetic B) Wolves and coyotes interbreed in places where
they share a habitat and population numbers are
5 compositions, which scientists have described the
low.
average eastern coyote as being a combination of three
C) Eastern coyotes are skillful hunters that have
different species in the genus Canis. Specifically, the
managed to take down larger prey animals than
animals are mostly coyote, with a sizable wolf wolves.
contribution, and a little bit of domestic dog thrown D) The genus Canis is composed of dog-like animals
from all over the world - wolves, dogs, dingoes,
and jackals.
5
A) NO CHANGE
B) compositions that
C) compositions then
D) compositions, but
52／128
6
At this point, the writer wants to illustrate the concept
introduced in the preceding sentence by using another
in for good measure. These three species can produce species as an example. Which choice best
viable, fertile offspring because they all have 39 pairs accomplishes this goal?
of chromosomes. 6 Most animals prefer to mate A) Moreover, wolves and coyotes share the same
within their own species but sometimes, where there breeding season and habits.
B) In contrast, when horses and donkeys interbreed,
are small populations and few choices of mates,
they produce mules, which are sterile due to their
hybridization can occur. When it does, the offspring
odd number of chromosomes.
7 resembles something in between their two parent C) However, higher numbers of chromosomes do not
species. The animals will have a new set of traits. In
correspond with more sophisticated organisms;
many cases, these traits 8 will often turn out to be humans only have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
neutral or even negative. D) In theory, jackals can interbreed with wolves and
coyotes, but they do not live in North America.
7
A) NO CHANGE
B) resembled
C) resemble
D) has resembled
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) oftentimes will result as traits that are
C) will turn out to be
D) will turn out as resulting traits that are
In the case of the eastern coyote, however, it seems
that the genetic contribution from wolves has actually
9
been the key to the animals’ success and expansion.
At this point, the writer wants to give historical context
9 In the second half of the twentieth century, more for changes in the environment. Which choice best
of the population moved to cities and suburbs, and accomplishes that goal?
fewer acres have been needed for agriculture. A) Settlers had wiped out large predators like wolves
Consequently, much of the land has been slowly and mountain lions in the eastern portion of the
reverting to forest. United States by the beginning of the nineteenth
century, leaving the ecosystem without an apex
predator.
B) Wolves, with their larger size and adaptation to
colder environments, are more effective predators
in northern latitudes than coyotes.
C) Some other hybrid animals, like the offspring of
tigers and lions, tend to take after one parent much
more than the other, usually the mother.
D) The coyote population in western states has stayed
steady over the twentieth century, while the wolf
population in the northern United States and
Canada has dwindled.
53／128
10
With ample habitat and no 10 predators, species A) NO CHANGE
such as the white-tailed deer have populated the B) predators species, such as
eastern U.S. in unprecedented numbers. Western C) predators, species, such as
coyotes—small and solitary hunters—are no match for D) predators species such as
even injured or young deer. 11 Hunting in packs by
the larger eastern coyotes, the oversaturated deer 11
population can be seriously impacted. Evolution is a A) NO CHANGE
process continuing all around us, and it doesn’t always B) Hunting in packs, the larger eastern coyotes can
take millions and millions of years. As genetic tools have a serious impact on the oversaturated deer
population.
get more sophisticated, sometimes we can even catch
C) Hunting in packs, a serious impact can be had on
it in action.
the oversaturated deer population by the larger
eastern coyotes.
D) The oversaturated deer population, by the larger
eastern coyotes being hunted in packs, can be
seriously impacted.
54／128
Section 3: Narrative
1. Truman’s Winning Whistle-stop Tour-Level 2
Truman’s Winning Whistle-stop Tour
[1] In 1948, United States President Harry S.

Truman faced reelection for a second term, but the 1
polls predicted he would lose. [2] Since the end of To make the first paragraph most logical, sentence 6
World War II three years earlier, the US economy had should be placed
been unsteady. [3] Citizens had trouble finding and A) where it is now.
purchasing goods due to shortages. [4] Many people B) after sentence 1.
felt a fresh face on the political scene in this uncertain C) after sentence 2.
time would be welcome. [5] As the campaign moved D) after sentence 7.
into high gear in May of 1948, Truman lagged 11
percent behind Dewey in the polls. [6] Instead, the
2
polls favored New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey,
Truman's charismatic opponent and a welcome change
in an economically turbulent post-war climate. [7]
A) century, but
However, Truman would engage in a hard-fought,
B) century; also,
unorthodox campaign style that became known as the
C) century, so
first successful “whistle-stop” tour. 1
D) century; meanwhile,
Using train travel in a political campaign was a

3
fairly common practice that had begun in the
A) NO CHANGE
nineteenth 2 century. The specific term “whistle stop”
B) Truman delivered hundreds of speeches in towns
wasn't coined until Truman used it to describe his
C) Truman delivered: hundreds of speeches, in towns
whirlwind campaign tour. 3 Truman, delivered
D) Truman delivered hundreds of: speeches in towns
hundreds of speeches in towns across the United States
from an open platform on the back of his train car. His
arduous travels 4 were covering 30,000 miles and 4
over 200 train stops, starting in the summer of 1948 A) NO CHANGE
and ending that fall before the November 2nd election. B) cover
He began the tour in Michigan, then moved on to Iowa, C) will cover
Ohio, Missouri, Kansas, and Colorado as the summer D) covered
progressed. In September, he headed west to Nevada,
Utah, California, and Arizona. At one of his stops in 5 5
Arizona. An estimated 20,000 people waited to greet A) NO CHANGE
him at the train station. In October, he headed back east B) Arizona, an estimated 20,000 people waited
again to Oklahoma, Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, C) Arizona, an estimated 20,000 people waiting
and Pennsylvania. D) Arizona, with an estimated 20,000 people waiting
55／128
6
6 Truman would make as many as eight stops in a Which choice provides the most effective transition
single day. He spoke to thousands of voters 7 of a from the previous paragraph to this one?
time, but the nature of the whistle stop campaign A) To cover so much territory,
B) Because of the limitations of train travel,
allowed voters to glimpse a more intimate view of the
C) In spite of his attempts to cover a large territory,
candidate. By coming to voters’ hometowns and
D) In order to speak out against his opponent,
speaking directly to them, Truman presented himself
as a “man of the people.” 8 Truman marketed
7
himself as 9 attainable—making himself available to
A) NO CHANGE
discuss local political issues with the residents of the B) on the
small towns he visited. C) at a
D) of the
8
Which choice provides the best supporting details for
By November, newspapers and the Gallup poll were
claim made in the previous sentence?
still predicting Dewey as the winner. However, the
A) He told jokes, spoke without flourish, and even
success of Truman’s whistle-stop tours had helped to introduced his family to the onlookers.
close the gap. 10 When voters went to the polls, B) He traveled in the presidential train car and was
Truman won the 11 election which is considered the able to visit many constituents’ hometowns.
greatest upset in a US presidential race, due to his C) He spoke to the citizens from the raised platform
exhaustive campaign. of his expansive train car.
D) He emphatically enumerated the reasons that his
opponent was not the best candidate.
Percentage of Americans Supporting Truman, Dewey,
9
and Wallace in the Ten Months Preceding the 1948
A) NO CHANGE
U.S. Presidential Election B) plausible
C) approachable
D) palatable
10
The writer wants to include accurate and relevant
information from the graph to support the preceding
sentence. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) In October, Truman was still trailing Dewey.
B) Truman suffered a setback in the polls from
January to March of 1948.
C) By the end of the campaign, Truman only lagged
by five percent in the polls, a significant
improvement from his 11 percent lag in May.
D) Dewey and Truman’s poll numbers both far
surpassed Wallace’s.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) election, which is considered the greatest upset in
a US presidential race,
C) election which is considered, the greatest upset in
a US presidential race
D) election, which is considered the greatest upset, in
a US presidential race
56／128
2. The Other Tolstoy-Level 2
A) NO CHANGE
B) for they were expected, instead,
The Other Tolstoy
C) were instead expected
D) but yet they were instead expected
For people born into the Russian aristocracy in the
nineteenth century, life was full of interesting 2
A) NO CHANGE
opportunities—unless they were female. At the time,
B) married Leo Tolstoy, was
women generally did not have careers, 1 who were C) married, Leo Tolstoy was
expected, instead, to focus fully on marrying and D) married, Leo Tolstoy, was
raising families. Sophia Behrs was one such young
woman. The man she 2 married Leo Tolstoy was one 3
of the world’s greatest writers. When Sophia married A) NO CHANGE
B) her
Tolstoy, he was already a well-known author. Both
C) his
members of the couple were literary in 3 its interests.
D) their
Sophia had been a gifted student and, even at a very
young age, was a voracious and sensitive reader. 4 4
At this point, the writer wants to add support for a
point made in a previous sentence. Which of the
following quotations from Sophia’s diary best
A) “When I finished David Copperfield, I cried as
though I were being separated from a close friend,”
[1] Sophia’s marriage to Leo gave her the she wrote.
opportunity to put her abilities as a good reader to use, B) “During the first years at Yasnaya Polyana, we
often advising him on his work throughout the writing lived a very retired life...everything passed us by,”
process. [2] She served as her husband’s copyist (since she wrote.
C) “Of music and drawing I learned little; I did not
this was before the advent of the typewriter), writing
have enough time, though throughout my life I
out multiple copies of his novels by hand. [3] She made have loved all the arts,” she wrote.
suggestions for and edits to his work, many of which D) “I was working with a friend, the daughter of the
were 5 inculcated into the final product. [4] In Inspector of the University, and therefore moved in
addition, she served as his manager, publicist, and agent, university circles, among intelligent professors and
students,” she wrote.
keeping track of the financial and legal sides of her
husband’s writing career. [5] She juggled these many
5
roles with grace and skill. [6] If Sophia were alive today,
A) NO CHANGE
she might have found her calling at a publishing house B) incorporated
or literary agency. 6 C) ingrained
D) indoctrinated
6
To make this paragraph most logical , Sentence 5
should be placed
A) where it is now.
57／128
7
7 She wrote her own Russian-language grammar Which choice most effectively establishes the main
textbook and translated texts from German and
A) Sophia had a strong interest in literature, but her
English. She also 8 wrote fiction. Including a husband did not want her to pursue it.
revision of Leo’s novella The Kreutzer Sonata. In that B) It was uncommon for upper-class, nineteenth-
story, a man recounts the dramatic breakdown of his century Russian women to be as educated as
marriage; Sophia retold the narrative from his wife’s Sophia was.
C) Sophia also had literary talents of her own and,
point of view. The famous writer was himself
when she could find the time, turned her hand to
impressed by his wife’s literary talents. “What force of her own writing.
truth and simplicity!” he wrote in his diary upon D) Leo Tolstoy gave Sophia full editorial control over
reading one of her stories. his drafts.
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) wrote fiction, including
C) wrote. Fiction including
D) wrote fiction, it included
9 Furthermore, Sophia never sought publication
for her own work. Writing was not a pursuit that she 9
took 10 seriously, rather, she regarded the whole A) NO CHANGE
enterprise with “a certain contempt and irony.” B) However,
C) For that reason,
11 Sophia was limited by personal modesty, her
D) Likewise,
domestic duties, and the expectations for women in her
lifetime. She probably never even considered seeking 10
fame on her own account. Yet Tolstoy would never A) NO CHANGE
have been able to produce the work he did without B) seriously; rather,
Sophia’s vital contributions. C) seriously, rather;
D) seriously, rather:
11
A) Sophia was limited by personal modesty, her
domestic duties, and the expectations for women
in her lifetime and, because of them,
B) Sophia was limited by personal modesty, her
domestic duties, and the expectations for women
in her lifetime, and those reasons notwithstanding,
she
C) Because of the limitations of personal modesty,
her domestic duties, and the expectations for
women in her lifetime, these were reasons why
Sophia
D) Limited by personal modesty, her domestic duties,
and the expectations for women in her lifetime,
Sophia
58／128
3. Dr. King’s Guiding Light-Level 2
1
A) NO CHANGE
Dr. King’s Guiding Light
B) world, for the rights of the oppressed,
C) world for the rights of the oppressed:
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. accomplished more than D) world for the rights of the oppressed
perhaps any individual in the struggle for African
2
American rights. In the early stages of the civil rights A) NO CHANGE
movement, though, King struggled to reconcile the B) were
Christian doctrine of love with the immense challenge C) is
of achieving economic and social rights for African D) DELETE the underlined portion.
Americans. During this time of soul-searching, King
was introduced to the teachings of a Hindu man who 3
had fought on the other side of the 1 world—for the
rights of the oppressed, Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi’s A) Kept, because it provides important information
principles of nonviolent resistance 2 was the primary regarding the effects of the relationship between
influence that helped King build momentum in the King and Gandhi.
American civil rights movement. B) Kept, because it serves to contextualize the social
and political environment in which Gandhi
operated.
3 As early as 1919, Gandhi fought against the C) Deleted, because it contains information that is
British government, which held India as a colony and irrelevant to the main topic of the second
subjected its people to unfair laws. Gandhi used paragraph.
methods such as the boycotting of British goods, D) Deleted, because it contradicts the idea that Gandhi
peaceful marches, and fasting. His ongoing campaign relied on nonviolent means to enact social change.
of nonviolent resistance eventually led to a major
4
change in 1947 when Great Britain passed a resolution A) NO CHANGE
that outlawed 4 prejudicial discrimination against B) and made illegal the
“untouchables”—India’s lowest caste of people. In C) the prejudiced treatment and
1950, King was introduced to Gandhi’s teachings D) DELETE the underlined portion.
through a sermon by Mordecai Johnson, who had just
5
returned from a trip to India. After studying Gandhi’s
A) NO CHANGE
achievements, King 5 concludes that Gandhi was the B) concluded
first person in history to use the Christian ethic of love C) has concluded
as a “potent instrument for social and collective D) was concluding
transformation.”
6
A) NO CHANGE
In 1955, King was given an opportunity to
B) exploit
6 bestow Gandhi’s techniques during the C) operate
Montgomery, Alabama, bus incident. After Rosa Parks D) employ
famously refused to give up her seat on a public bus,
King organized a year-long boycott 7 upon 7
A) NO CHANGE
Montgomery buses, which ended with the U.S.
B) with
Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses
C) of
was unconstitutional. Over the next D) about
59／128
8
decade, King continued to rely on methods of A) NO CHANGE
B) marches; giving speeches; instituting boycotts and
nonviolent resistance by organizing 8 marches; and
C) marches, and giving speeches and instituting
giving speeches; and instituting boycotts; and leading
boycotts, and
“sit-ins” at public establishments that refused to serve D) marches, giving speeches, instituting boycotts, and
African Americans. King’s efforts led to the passage of
significant laws such as the 1964 Civil Rights 9 Act. 9
This law prohibits discrimination based on race, color, Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
religion, or national origin in public establishments. at the underlined portion?
A) Act, which prohibits
King eventually made his own trip to India in 1959, B) Act and this law prohibits
10 but he would never meet the man who influenced C) Act, but the law prohibited
him so deeply. Even before King began to learn of his D) Act—this law prohibiting
principles, Gandhi had given his life for his cause.
10
King once called Gandhi’s teachings “the guiding light
Which choice most effectively sets up the information
of our nonviolent technique of social change.” 11
provided in the next sentence in the paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) accompanied by his wife, Coretta Scott King.
C) where he became further convinced of the
effectiveness of Gandhi’s nonviolent resistance
techniques.
D) and there he studied more deeply the principles
that would later inform his own actions.
11
Which choice best concludes the passage and most
logically follows King’s quote about Gandhi in the
previous sentence?
A) That “light” became particularly bright when India
gained independence from the British government
in 1947.
B) That said, the use of violent demonstrations likely
would have also resulted in the achievement of
civil rights for African Americans.
C) Gandhi’s technique of nonviolent resistance was
also used during the Rose Revolution in Georgia
and the Orange Revolution in Ukraine.
D) With these teachings, King helped light the path
towards social justice and equal civil rights for
African Americans.
60／128
4.John Snow and the Story of the Broad Street Pump-Level 2
A) NO CHANGE
John Snow and the Story of the Broad Street B) to: a single story,
C) to a single story:
Pump
D) to: a single story
From discovering the causes of polio and smallpox 2

to controlling epidemics all around the world, The writer is considering deleting the underlined
epidemiologists have been behind many of our current sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
advancements in public health. While the field of A) Yes, because the sentence contains unnecessary
epidemiology now encompasses a wide range of skills information about the miasma theory that is
and methods, its origin is commonly traced back irrelevant to the main topic of the paragraph.
1 to a single story; the tale of John Snow and the B) Yes, because the sentence introduces a new idea
Broad Street pump. Snow was born in England in 1813 that shifts the focus away from the main topic of
—a time when the prevailing notion behind disease the paragraph.
transmission was the “miasma theory.” 2 According C) No, because the sentence provides information
to this theory, diseases were spread through particles essential to understanding the "bad air" reference
from decomposed matter that would then become part made later in the paragraph.
of the air. Snow, who had survived a number of cholera D) No, because the sentence introduces a method of
epidemics in his childhood before pursuing a career in reasoning that is central to the field of
medicine, was 3 cynical about this elegant but epidemiology.
incorrect theory. However, it was not until the cholera
epidemic of 1854 that he was able to acquire 3
insurmountable evidence showing that cholera was A) NO CHANGE
caused by something other than “bad air.” B) suspected of
C) questionable about
Within the first two weeks of September, 1854, over D) suspicious of
500 people had mysteriously died 4 of cholera. Those
who had died were all within 250 yards of the 4
Cambridge Street and Broad Street intersection in the Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
Soho district of London. Snow began analyzing the at the underlined portion?
addresses of those who had contracted the disease. He A) of cholera, and those who had died from it were all
found that, of the hundreds of cases of cholera near B) —all from cholera and all dying
Soho, 5 and all but ten involving people who lived C) of cholera, all of whom were
near the contaminated pump on Broad Street. D) of cholera—all
Of the remaining ten cases, five involved people who 5

preferred the water from the Broad Street pump and A) NO CHANGE
three involved children who went to school near the B) all but ten involved
Broad Street pump. Snow’s research was too C) all but ten involving
compelling for the local council to ignore: they D) and all but ten involved
eventually removed the Broad Street pump from service,
6 affectively ending the cholera outbreak in Soho. 6
A) NO CHANGE
B) in affect
C) effectively
D) in efficacy
61／128
7
7 Today, epidemiology is considered a basic At this point, the writer wants to include an effective
science of public health. It is a quantitative discipline transition from the subject of the previous paragraph to
the subject of the new paragraph. Which choice best
built on probability, statistics, and research
8 methods, a method of causal reasoning based on A) Though Snow did not know it at the time, his
developing and testing hypotheses, and a tool to investigative approach to the cholera epidemic
promote and protect the health of the public. Examples would become the foundation of the field of
of applied epidemiology include monitoring reports of epidemiology.
communicable diseases in the 9 community; and B) Snow’s approach to the cholera epidemic was the
first time such a novel approach was used in a
tracking down the cause of a food-borne outbreak.
scientific investigation.
While many epidemiologists work for health C) The Broad Street pump story is often one of the
departments at the local and state levels, a number are first things taught in college-level epidemiology
also employed by colleges and universities. 10 In courses.
2012, the median wage for epidemiologists in the D) Following the removal of the Broad Street pump,
it was only a matter of time before scientists began
United States was around $60,000, though this number
to recognize that cholera was a water-borne
was not substantially large for those working in the disease.
state government. For those interested in pursuing a
career in this field, the prospects also look bright, 8
11 but employment is projected to grow 10 percent A) NO CHANGE
between 2012 and 2022. B) methods; a method of causal reasoning based on
developing and testing hypotheses; and
C) methods, a method of causal reasoning based on
Annual Salary for Epidemiologists in the United
developing and testing hypotheses; and
States, by Sector D) methods; a method of causal reasoning based on
developing and testing hypotheses, and
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) community—and
C) community: and
D) community and
10
After reviewing the passage and the graph, the writer
determines that the statement made in the underlined
sentence is not accurate. Which of the following
revisions should the writer make to correct the
inaccuracy?
A) Replace “$60,000” with “$50,000.”
Source: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. B) Replace “$60,000” with “$100,000.”
Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook C) Replace “state government” with “local
government.”
Handbook, 2014-15 Edition. D) Replace “state government” with “private sector.”
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) with employment
C) in which employment is
D) notwithstanding that employment is
62／128
5. A Top-Fight Career -Level 2
1
A Top-Fight Career Which sentence best introduces the paragraph?
A) An interest in aeronautics, aviation, and aircraft can
lead to a variety of career options.
1 Must thrive under pressure, enjoy taking B) Since the Wright brothers’ first successful airplane
initiative, and think clearly in high-stress situations. flight in 1903, many people have wanted to become
This position is not for the meek. Strong focus is pilots.
required. Interested applicants will be properly vetted. C) Some jobs are particularly well suited for certain
Training will be provided for qualified candidates. In personality types.

D) Wanted: articulate, assertive, intelligent person who
the United States alone, there are nearly 87,000 flights
likes to take charge.
per day (including passenger, personal, and military
planes). While proper aviation is the responsibility of 2
the pilot, it 2 was the work of a few specially A) NO CHANGE
trained, carefully selected, skilled decision makers B) is
working behind the scenes that secures the safe, C) had been
D) would have been
expeditious flow of air traffic. These masters of the
3 skies known as air traffic controllers are 3
responsible for ensuring the safe takeoff, travel, and A) NO CHANGE
landing of 64 million flights per year. B) skies, known as air traffic controllers
C) skies, known as air traffic controllers,
D) skies known as air traffic controllers,
To get 4 you’re air traffic control career off the

4
ground, the most traditional path is through an A) NO CHANGE
approved training program. The FAA’s Air Traffic B) there
C) your
Collegiate Training Initiative established a viation-
D) they’re
related curricula at more than 30 postsecondary schools.
5 If traditional schooling does not suit an interested
5
individual, the FAA allows candidates to substitute at
least three years of “progressively responsible” work At this point, the writer wants to provide further details
about the Air Traffic Collegiate Training Initiative’s
resulting partnerships. Which choice best accomplishes
this goal?
A) Such programs are offered by several large
universities, such as Arizona State, as well as by
many smaller community colleges.
B) It’s never too early for students to think about their
intended field of study and desired career path.
C) Post-graduation employment opportunities range
from electronic technicians to general engineers.
D) The FAA is the agency within the US Department
of Transportation responsible for all private and
commercial non-military aviation.
63／128
experience for a bachelor’s degree. Your dream can 6

A) NO CHANGE
begin to take flight after you 6 actualize a qualifying B) achieve
score on the FAA-authorized pre-employment C) commit
D) perpetrate
7 test; a rigorous vetting process including physical
and mental exercises. Certain conditions, such as high
7
blood pressure, may disqualify an applicant due to the A) NO CHANGE
stressful nature of the job. But more than anything, the B) test. A
C) test—a
federal government cares about one’s age. 8 Those D) test a
who wish to enter the profession must do so before
their 31st birthday. 9 Training: the FAA Academy in 8
Oklahoma City provides a 12-week course for all At this point, the writer wants to explain the limitation
qualified applicants. This program ensures that all introduced in the previous sentence. Which choice best
A) In the interest of keeping the public safe, the FAA
determined that a controller’s effectiveness
diminishes after the age of 30 and has run its
course by the mandatory retirement age of 56.
B) Upon graduation, one retains employment
eligibility for two years before having to undergo
the requalification process to ensure one’s skills
and abilities are still sharp.
C) A candidate with related military experience is
eligible to bypass certain steps and can enjoy an
expedited application process, but she must still
submit geographic preferences for work
placement.
D) In order to work for the FAA, one must a strong
command of the English language and must be
able to speak concisely because of its necessity in
potentially dangerous air traffic scenarios.
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) If you manage to fly through all initial
requirements, you have a 12-week layover at the
FAA Academy in Oklahoma City.
C) If you keep your nose to the grindstone and and
satisfy all requirements, you can then attend the
12-week course of study at the FAA Academy in
Oklahoma City.
D) Those who have satisfied all initial requirements
attend the school of champions: the FAA Academy
in Oklahoma City.
64／128
controllers understand current regulations, the airway 10

A) NO CHANGE
system, and aircraft specifications; can manage
B) would learn
taxiways, runways, and holding areas; and 10 learn C) to learn
how to clear aircraft for takeoff and landing. D) learning
Standardized training minimizes variance, since the
11
reduction of delays is paramount to the job. Being an
The author is considering concluding the passage with
air traffic controller means making many important
the following sentence.
decisions to be made on the fly, but one who lands the
Air traffic controllers protect airline passengers
position of air traffic controller earns a fulfilling career
by maintaining a traveling distance of 5 vertical
that ensures millions of skybound travelers safely
nautical miles and 1,000 vertical feet between
reach their destinations. 11 aircraft.
Should the author make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it elucidates information previously
presented in the paragraph about air safety.
B) Yes, because it provides necessary details about
the importance of an air traffic controller’s job.
C) No, because it adds loosely related information
that does not effectively conclude the passage.
D) No, because it contradicts information previously
presented in the paragraph about aircraft
specifications.
65／128
6. A Wave of Molasses-Level 3
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined
A Wave of Molasses sentences?
A) 2.3 million gallons of molasses came out, and that
molasses, which weighed 26 million pounds,
On January 15, 1919, a 50-foot-tall holding tank in engulfed the streets.
Boston’s North End burst. 1 2.3 million gallons of B) The streets were engulfed by molasses, which
molasses that weighed 26 million pounds came out. weighed 26 million pounds, and there were 2.3
The molasses engulfed the streets. More than $100 million gallons of it.
C) 2.3 million gallons of molasses, weighing 26
million of property damage in today’s dollars resulted,
million pounds, came out, engulfing the streets.
and it took over 87,000 hours to clean the streets. D) Engulfing the streets, molasses—2.3 million
gallons of it, weighing 26 million pounds—came
[1] The following year, a large and expensive class out.
action lawsuit was filed in order to hold accountable
the party responsible for the disaster. [2] The Superior 2
Court condensed 119 separate claims against United To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should
States Industrial Alcohol (USIA) into one proceeding. be placed
[3] USIA, however, claimed that anarchists blew up its A) where it is now.
tank. [4] It appointed an “auditor” to hear the evidence B) after sentence 1.
and make recommendations about liability and C) after sentence 4.
damages. [5] The victims claimed USIA committed
corporate negligence. [6] It took 920 testimonies, 1,584
3
exhibits, and 25,000 pages of transcript to assign
A) NO CHANGE
responsibility. 2
B) World War I;
C) World War I
The defense maintained that, because molasses made D) World War I,
the industrial alcohol used to produce munitions for
3 World War I—USIA had a plausible claim of 4
sabotage. Rampant anarchist activity had plagued the A) NO CHANGE
nation, and anti-war posters covered the area B) construction,
surrounding the tank. USIA had even received a C) construction yet
threatening phone call before the accident. Expert D) construction, and
metallurgists constructed a replica to “prove” the tank's
soundness, and records of repairs illustrated safety 5
efforts. A) NO CHANGE
B) initiated
C) inaugurated
The plaintiffs divulged that, rather than appointing a D) instituted
qualified engineer or architect to oversee the tank’s
4 construction, but USIA had appointed an 6
accountant to do the job. The accountant admitted that At this point, the writer is considering adding the
he could not read blueprints, never consulted an expert, following sentence.
used cheap materials, and never tested the tank’s Also, the absence of damage to the concrete
soundness. Molasses had “wept” from the tank’s seams foundation and lack of evidence of explosives on
from the beginning, and USIA had ignored repeated site made anarchist activity a more improbable
warnings about structural insufficiencies. Instead, it cause of the explosion.
painted the tank brown in an effort to hide the leaking Should the writer make this addition here?
syrup. In January of 1919, the addition of warm A) Yes, because it refutes USIA’s sole line of defense
molasses to existing cold molasses 5 embarked on a that anarchists sabotaged the tank.
fermentation process. The resulting carbon dioxide B) Yes, because it provides another example of the
created pressure that the weak steel could not withstand. evidence used to support the plaintiffs’ claims
The decrepit tank burst. against USIA.
C) No, because it introduces information that
interrupts the paragraph’s discussion of the
After three years of proceedings, the auditor found
lawsuit’s resolution.
USIA liable and suggested it should pay damages of D) No, because it does not prove USIA’s accountant
$300,000—the equivalent of more than $30 million ignored structural insufficiencies.
today. 6 Instead of rejecting the findings and going
66／128
to trial before a jury, USIA chose to settle the case. 7

Ultimately, 7 we ended up paying more than double A) NO CHANGE
what the auditor recommended to resolve all 119 cases. B) one
C) it
D) he
Most people at that time viewed regulations as a
hindrance to economic 8 progress, however, the 8
molasses lawsuit ended the era of unrestricted Big A) NO CHANGE
Business with the implementation of industrial safety B) progress, but
standards. After the judgment, inspections, regulations, C) progress,
and corporate restrictions became commonplace. 9 D) progress
Furthermore, the trial illustrated the power of citizen
action and encouraged people to protect 10 they’re 9
interests. The destruction of Boston’s North End by a At this point, the writer wants to provide an additional
wave of molasses set in motion events that, in turn, example of an outcome of the molasses lawsuit. Which
increased political participation and ensured the safety choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
of millions of industrial workers in the years to come. A) The economic prosperity of the Roaring 20s
11 continued despite the new industrial regulations
B) After World War I ended, granulated sugar became
more plentiful and often replaced molasses as a
sweetener in food production.
C) More industrial oversight was in opposition to
President Harding’s pro-business stance.
D) All states enacted engineering certification and
safety specification requirements.
10
A) NO CHANGE
B) there
C) their
D) it’s
11
The writer wants a forceful conclusion that reinforces
the wider significance of the molasses flood. Which
choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) These changes are the molasses disaster’s real
legacy.
B) Rumor has it that the aroma of molasses still
lingers on a hot summer day.
C) The $30 million molasses payout seems small
compared to the huge class-action lawsuit
settlements of today.
D) Nevertheless, engineers are now required to sign
off on their blueprints.
67／128
7.El Sistema: Venezuela’s Revolutionary Music Education-Level 3
Which choice best introduces the paragraph?
El Sistema: Venezuela’s Revolutionary Music A) NO CHANGE
B) Imagine the following scenario:
Education C) Some people think the following situation would
be great:
1 Music education programs vary greatly from D) Music education programs offer many benefits:
country to country: the school bell rings, signaling the
end of the school day, and all the children race to the 2
nearest music center, or núcleo. They play violins, A) NO CHANGE
clarinets, drums and other instruments for hours, B) orchestra, Abreu
learning techniques from teachers and from their peers C) orchestra; Abreu
—and this publicly-funded music instruction is open to D) orchestra: Abreu
all children. What you're picturing might sound like a
fantasy, but in the South American nation of 3
A) NO CHANGE
Venezuela, El Sistema (“The System”), a
B) ensure
comprehensive music education program that serves
C) assure
over 300,000 children, is a reality.
D) reassure
[1] El Sistema, the nickname for the Fundación

4
Musical Simón Bolí var, was founded in 1975 by Dr.
To make paragraph 2 most logical, sentence 2 should
JoséAntonio Abreu. [2] He envisioned this
be placed
government-funded program not only as a vehicle for A) where it is now.
music instruction, but also for social change. [3] B) after sentence 3.
Disappointed that Venezuela did not have its own C) after sentence 4.
2 orchestra—Abreu wanted to educate children D) after sentence 5.
about classical music on the national level. [4] By
providing safe spaces for children from crime-ridden
5
neighborhoods to practice music, the government A) NO CHANGE
would be both protecting children and showing them B) away
that there were other avenues to success than criminal C) away;
activity. [5] Abreu also believed that the opportunity to D) away, it was
play music is a basic human right, and he wanted to
3 reinsure that all children had access to it. 4 6
A) NO CHANGE
The Venezuelan government began implementing B) with each other
Abreu’s ideas right 5 away, by the end of 1975, it C) all together
had opened the first núcleos. Students congregated D) DELETE the underlined portion.
6 together at these centers after chool to play music.
Children could attend classes from an early age; two- 7
year-olds started learning the basics of rhythm even A) NO CHANGE
before they reached the regular classroom. The number B) funded
of núcleos has grown from just a few in the beginning C) will fund
to over 300 today. They now operate from 2 p.m. to 6 D) funds
p.m. six days a week, and the government 7 funding
every facet of the program, from the instruments to the 8
teachers. Over 800,000 young Venezuelans have A) NO CHANGE
learned music through El Sistema in the 40 years since B) its
8 their inception. C) his
D) our
68／128
9
A) NO CHANGE
El Sistema has 9 propelled some of these young B) mobilized
people into music careers. In 2002, Edicson Ruiz, a C) plunged
product of El Sistema, became Berlin Philharmonic’s D) pitched
youngest professional bass player at age 17. Gustavo
Dudamel, another graduate of the program, is the
10
music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón
Which choice best sets up the quotation that follows?
Bolí var and became the director of the Los Angeles A) Not all students become professionals, of course,
Philharmonic in 2009. 10 As Abreu says, “A child’s but all benefit from the program.
physical poverty is overcome by the spiritual richness B) Audiences from all over the world have benefited
that music provides.” 11 Abreu’s bold idea—to from the talent of these two Venezuelan musicians.
provide music education for all—has launched a few C) Dudamel left Venezuela, but he has not forgotten
music careers but perhaps more importantly, has given the skills he learned through the program.
almost a million children the joy of playing music. D) While some students in El Sistema become
professionals outside of Venezuela, others pursue
music careers within the country.
11
A) Kept, because it concludes the passage by
celebrating Abreu’s contributions.
B) Kept, because it provides information about the
number of children who have benefited from the
program.
C) Deleted, because it introduces an idea about Abreu
instead of concluding the passage.
D) Deleted, because it provides contradictory
information about the students’ music careers
introduced earlier in the paragraph.
69／128
8. Personal Anthropology-Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
B) their
Personal Anthropology C) her
D) my
Ethnographers work anywhere from communities
in small villages to bustling cities, but 1 its work is 2
always the same: listening to someone else’s story.
following sentence.
2 A subfield of anthropology, ethnography is the Ruth Behar, a Princeton-educated anthropologist,
study of people and the cultures in which they live. enjoys the process of listening to and interpreting
While an objective approach to collecting and sharing such stories.
information is traditionally encouraged, 3 Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides information essential to
anthropology professor Ruth Behar believes that
the passage.
integrating her personal experience into her work is not B) Yes, because it introduces the subject of the
only inevitable but valuable. Doing so, Behar argues, passage.
allows readers to better connect with her work. C) No, because it provides information contradicted
later in the passage.
D) No, because it interrupts the introduction of the
passage.
3
Which choice most effectively states the central idea
developed throughout the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
B) some anthropologists believe that a level-headed,
detached observation is the best way to approach
ethnography.
C) some anthropologists believe that information
about anthropological subjects should not be
catalogued traditionally.
D) anthropology professor Ruth Behar believes in
working directly with people when studying
4
Born in Cuba in 4 1956, the granddaughter of A) NO CHANGE
Eastern European Jewish émigrés. Behar moved with B) 1956. The granddaughter of Eastern European
her family to New York in 1962. These early Jewish émigrés,
C) 1956, the granddaughter of Eastern European
experiences 5 in her younger years generated an
Jewish émigrés,
interest in how people form identity based on
D) 1956, the granddaughter of Eastern European
community, eventually leading Behar to pursue a PhD Jewish émigrés;
in cultural anthropology at Princeton. After her
graduation in 1983, she wrestled with the norms of her 5
chosen field. While many ethnographers 6 pressured A) NO CHANGE
the importance of maintaining emotional impartiality B) in her young life
C) of her youth
during the research process, Behar felt that divorcing
personal experience from ethnography was too clinical.
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) strained
C) forced
D) stressed
70／128
7
She first tackled this dilemma in her 1993 book A) NO CHANGE
Translated Woman: Crossing the Border with B) the book recounts the tensions Hernandez felt
Esperanza’s Story. Based on the four years Behar spent C) Behar found it fascinating that Hernandez felt torn
interviewing Esperanza Hernández, a street peddler in D) she recounts the tensions Hernandez felt
the Mexican town of Mexquitic, 7 Hernández felt
torn between her Mexican and Indian identities. Behar 8
identified with this tension. 8 Because she maintains A) NO CHANGE
an objective tone for most of the book, the final B) When
chapter of Translated Woman offers a personal C) If
reflection on Behar’s struggle to define her own D) Although
cultural identity, influenced by 9 Latin America, her
birthplace—and the United States. This chapter
9
garnered a divided critical 10 reception, some A) NO CHANGE
anthropologists insisted, that Behar had strayed
B) Latin America—her birthplace—
beyond the bounds of her field, while others lauded her C) Latin America—her birthplace
unique approach. Behar addressed this topic again in
D) Latin America; her birthplace;
her next book, The Vulnerable Observer (1996),
contending that ethnography should be tackled with a
10
combination of tenderness and toughness.
A) NO CHANGE
B) reception some anthropologists insisted
C) reception: some anthropologists insisted
While her technique is unorthodox, Behar finds her
D) reception: some anthropologists insisted,
work fruitful when she allows her own experience to
shape her understanding of the stories she hears. By
11
rejecting an objective approach, she is able to cultivate
The writer wants to conclude the passage by
a personal relationship with her interview subjects,
emphasizing the value of one’s own perspective in
learning about both their identities and her own. She
anthropology. Which quotation by Behar most
then shares these revelations with her audience. 11
effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) According to Behar, “a personal voice, if
creatively used, can lead the reader into [an]
enormous sea of social issues.”
B) She takes this work seriously: Behar considers
anthropology “the most fascinating, bizarre and
necessary form of witnessing life to us” today.
C) As Behar says, “Emotion has only recently gotten
a foot inside the academy and we still don’t know
whether we want to give it a seminar room, a
lecture hall, or just a closet we can air out now and
then.”
D) According to Behar, “It is far from easy to think up
interesting ways to locate one’s self in one’s text.”
71／128
9. War and Poetry: T. S. Eliot’s Fourth Quartet-Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
B) Germany, the American-turned-British poet T. S.
War and Poetry: T. S. Eliot’s Fourth Quartet Eliot
C) Germany, the American-turned-British poet T. S.
In 1941, two years after Britain declared war on Eliot,
D) Germany the American-turned-British poet T. S.
1 Germany, the American-turned-British poet, T. Eliot
S. Eliot, began to write the fourth and final piece of
the Four Quartets. Entitled “Little Gidding,” this 2
A) NO CHANGE
poem required almost a year and a half to reach its
B) subtly recording
final state. The progress of its revision, most notably C) is a subtle record of
in section II, 2 a subtle record the struggles both D) which subtly recorded
for Eliot personally and for his nation as a whole
3
during World War II. At this point, the writer is considering adding the
following sentence.
Known by some of his closest friends as ‘the
Tarantula,’ Hayward was a highly respected and
charismatic editor.
A) Yes, because this sentence helps explain why Eliot
had so much difficulty revising the first draft of
“Little Gidding.”
B) Yes, because a more detailed description of
The first draft of “Little Gidding” was completed Hayward helps make clear why Eliot revised
in the summer of 1941. Although Eliot expressed “Little Gidding.”
misgivings about it, his close friend John Hayward C) No, because this sentence contains information that
is not clearly related to Eliot’s delay in revising
encouraged him to persevere, maintaining that—even “Little Gidding.”
in its rough condition—this draft had the potential to D) No, because the passage doesn’t make clear why
be a successful conclusion to the cycle of poems. Eliot trusted Hayward to evaluate “Little Gidding.”
3 However, the events of that 4 year made it
4
difficult for Eliot to justify committing his time to the At this point, the writer wants to provide specific
‘intolerable wrestle’ of revision. A valued public examples to establish the historical context in which
intellectual figure, 5 Eliot's skills as a writer, Eliot was working. Which choice best accomplishes
that goal?
editor, and lecturer were in high demand. Noted A) year, including repeated German bombings of
London and the Japanese offensive at Pearl Harbor,
B) year, including many important global issues going
at that time in history,
C) year, including favorable critical and public
receptions of his most recently published quartet,
“The Dry Salvages,”
D) year, including the time required to polish over two
hundred lines of poetry,
5
A) NO CHANGE
B) Eliot's writing, editing, and lecturing skills were in
high demand.
C) Eliot was in high demand as a writer, editor, and
lecturer.
D) high demand was placed on Eliot's skills as a
writer, editor, and lecturer.
72／128
6
scholar Helen 6 Gardner, has also suggested that this 6
A) NO CHANGE
quartet required more careful composition, and
B) Gardner, has also suggested that,
therefore more time, than did the other three poems. C) Gardner has also suggested that
D) Gardner has also suggested, that
[1] Whatever the rationale, Eliot postponed serious
revisions of “Little Gidding” until the following 7
summer. [2] For example, in a section II line that A) NO CHANGE
B) away these elements
originally read ‘dust on an old man’s sleeve,’ Eliot
C) away these elements and aspects
changed the word ‘dust’ to ‘ash,’ a reflection of his D) and pared away these elements
experience during the German Blitz. [3] This section
also details a meeting, presumably right after an air- 8
raid, between the narrator and another individual. [4] The writer wants to add the following sentence to the
Although the first draft strongly implied that the previous paragraph.
identity of the individual was Irish poet W. B. Yeats, Some of these eventual changes can be interpreted
Eliot shaved 7 and pared away these elements and in the context of World War II.
aspects in the process of revision. [5] The resulting The best placement for the sentence is immediately
A) after sentence 1.
ambiguity gives a remarkably personal note to this B) after sentence 2.
section of the poem. [6] While it is one of the darkest C) after sentence 3.
moments in the entire quartet, these revisions— D) after sentence 4.
including the removal of a direct quotation from
Dante’s Inferno—reflect that Eliot intended not just to
9
depict misery and self-doubt, but to invest such A) NO CHANGE
emotions with hope. 8 B) against
C) beyond
D) with
Although Eliot continued to wrestle 9 toward
revisions until the last moment, “Little Gidding” was
finally published at the end of 1942. It was well- 10
received, perhaps in part because of its A) NO CHANGE
B) punctual
10 chronological theme: the belief that something
C) timely
beautiful will emerge from something torturous. It was D) prompt
Eliot’s peculiar gift to see the simultaneity of suffering
and reconciliation—and 11 the depth of his insight
11
is nowhere more apparent than in this quartet.
The writer wants the conclusion to emphasize the
relationship between Eliot’s fourth quartet and his
historical context. Which choice best accomplishes this
goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) no message could have been more appropriate
during World War II.
C) even his greatest critics were forced to
acknowledge his creative brilliance.
D) “Little Gidding” was the culmination and the
summary of his poetic career.
73／128
10. Building from the Carpet Up -Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
B) Anna Bissell was tired of working with her
Building from the Carpet Up
husband.
C) Anna Bissell worked in a shop.
1 Anna Bissell was tired of sweeping. Day after D) Anna Bissell was having trouble seeing by
day, shipments of porcelain dishware would arrive at candlelight.
Anna and her husband Melville’s crockery shop in
Grand Rapids, Michigan, each item packed tightly in
sawdust. It seemed that no matter how carefully Anna 2
A) NO CHANGE
unpacked the dishware, sawdust would inevitably spill
B) carpets’ fiber’s.
onto the carpet, and during the hustle and bustle of the C) carpet’s fibers.
workday, the fine wood particles would work their way D) carpet fibers’.
deep into the 2 carpets fiber’s. The year was 1876,
and the electric vacuum cleaner was the stuff of fantasy
3
—Anna’s shop was illuminated by candlelight, and her
carpets were swept clean with a wooden broom. A) NO CHANGE
B) Anna’s problem;
C) the prior one;
Melville thought he had solved his wife’s problem
D) Anna’s wooden broom;
when he purchased a carpet sweeper. This mechanical
device was somewhat of an improvement over
4
3 Anna; it used wheels to turn a brush that dug into
the fibers of the carpet, driving 4 dirt and dust A) NO CHANGE
upward. But Melville soon realized that the device B) dirt and dust in an upward direction above.
could be improved upon. In a room above the crockery C) dirt and dust upward by the power of the brush
shop, he dreamed up a better carpet sweeper. Melville’s turned by wheels.
D) and upwardly propelling dirt and dust above.
sweeper used an improved gear train to drive a soft
brush. Its springy bristles bent slightly as they dug into
the carpet fibers, flicking debris up into the sweeper’s 5
At this point, the writer wants to add the following
receptacle. 5
sentence.
By the 19205 and 1930s, carpet cleaning had
declined in popularity because most people had
hardwood floors.
A) Yes, because it provides important context to the
passage.
B) Yes, because it foreshadows the problems the
Bissells faced in their business.
C) No, because this information should be introduced
later in the passage.
D) No, because it detracts from the story of the
Bissells’ success.
74／128
The entrepreneurial couple quickly realized the 6

A) NO CHANGE
potential held by Melville’s improved carpet sweeper. B) his invention turned into a business due to the work
True business partners in every sense of the word, they did together.
6 the work the couple did together turned his C) the couple worked together to turn his invention
invention into a business. Melville oversaw a small into a business.
D) a business was created based on the couple working
team of workers who assembled his carpet sweepers,
together on his invention.
while Anna acted as salesperson, 7 persuading stores
to carry the Bissell carpet sweeper.
7
A) NO CHANGE
By the late 1880’s, the Bissells presided over a B) yet persuaded
carpet sweeping empire. Tragedy struck unexpectedly, C) persuade
D) and to persuade
8 in addition, when Melville 9 yielded to
pneumonia in 1889. Anna channeled her grief into
8
hard work. In a time when women in America still
lacked the right to vote 10 and when the A) NO CHANGE
B) however,
participation of women in the workplace held steady C) consequently,
at 15 percent, Anna turned her nose up at society’s D) moreover,
expectations and took over as CEO of the Bissell
corporation. 9
A) NO CHANGE
During her thirty-year tenure as CEO, Anna B) caved
C) deferred
continued to turn tradition on its head, introducing D) succumbed
progressive labor practices such as workmen’s
compensation and pension plans. Anna’s kindhearted 10
policies earned the loyalty of her workers and helped The writer is considering deleting the underlined
the Bissell Corporation to become the largest carpet- portion (adjusting punctuation as needed). Should the
underlined portion be kept or deleted?
cleaning corporation in the world. Upon Bissell’s death,
A) Kept, because it adds a relevant contextual detail to
a newspaper obituary 11 memorialized her as, “a
the passage.
business executive without peer, a respected and B) Kept, because it supports the writer’s claim about a
beloved philanthropist, and a true matriarch in her growing workforce.
C) Deleted, because it distracts from the main message
family.”
of the paragraph.
D) Deleted, because it unnecessarily repeats a point
that has already been made.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) memorialized her, as
C) memorialized, her as
D) memorialized her as
75／128
11. The Creation of Treasure Island-Level 4
The Creation of Treasure Island Which choice best introduces the passage?
A) Programs instituted by President Franklin Delano
Roosevelt during the Great Depression continue to
1 Treasure Island, today a suburban community, benefit Americans to this day.
was originally created for the 1939 World’s 2 Fair. B) In the middle of the San Francisco Bay sits a 400-
The World’s Fair was a celebration of international acre island that, 80 years ago, did not exist.
culture and technology. In the midst of the economic C) In the wake of the Great Depression, San
uncertainties of the Great Depression, Treasure Island Francisco’s leaders came to a crucial decision
and its accompanying fair offered a glimpse of about presenting the city’s technological
optimism and provided San Francisco a platform from innovations.
which to showcase its latest innovations. D) The World’s Fairs had a significant impact on
culture and technology sharing in the 20th century.
2
A) Fair, and
At the beginning of the 1930s, 3 San Francisco
B) Fair; this fair was
along with the rest of the country was reeling from the
C) Fair,
effects of the Great Depression. Looking for an
D) Fair, and the World’s Fair was
opportunity to improve San Francisco’s economy, the
city’s politicians 4 were seizing upon the idea of
hosting a World’s Fair. 5 They reasoned that a 3
platform for global attention and tourism would draw A) NO CHANGE
business, and that the construction of the fair would B) San Francisco, along with the rest of the country
also create jobs. Leland W. Cutler, a local business C) San Francisco, (along with the rest of the country),
leader, was appointed president of the committee D) San Francisco (along with the rest of the country)
tasked with seeking funding for the project. Cutler
found a funding solution in US President Franklin 4
Delano Roosevelt’s Works Progress Administration. A) NO CHANGE
B) seized
C) had been seizing
D) are seizing
5
A) Yes, because the sentence provides information
irrelevant to the subject of the essay.
B) Yes, because the sentence distracts from the main
purpose of the paragraph.
C) No, because the sentence answers a question raised
in the previous paragraph.
D) No, because the sentence highlights the
motivations behind the subjects’ actions.
76／128
To help get Americans who had lost their 6
livelihoods back to 6 work. President Roosevelt A) NO CHANGE
established the New Deal programs in 1933. One of B) work. President Roosevelt establishing
these programs, the Works Progress Administration
C) work, President Roosevelt established
(WPA) , created jobs mainly in the form of public
D) work, President Roosevelt establishing
works projects, such as constructing bridges and other
7 building-related New Deal infrastructure projects.
The WPA awarded Cutler a $5 million grant for the 7
A) NO CHANGE
World’s Fair project.
B) infrastructure projects that created jobs.
C) infrastructure projects as part of Roosevelt’s New
[1] Workers built a rock sea wall and filled it with
Deal programs.
29 million cubic yards of mud and sand from the D) infrastructure.
depths of the bay and the Sacramento River Delta. [2]
The planning committee chose to locate the fair on the
Yerba Buena Shoals, a sandbank submerged under 8
shallow water in the middle of the San Francisco Bay. A) NO CHANGE
[3] With all of this material, they were able to build the B) Rush; the economic venture
island to a mere 13 feet above sea level. [4] It was C) Rush—the economic venture
named Treasure Island as a tribute to California’s Gold D) Rush; the economic venture,
8 Rush—the economic venture, that had allowed the
state to succeed early in its history. 9 9
To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should
Seventeen million people visited the fair during be placed
10 its two-year run from February 18 to October 29, A) where it is now.
1939, and May 25 to September 29, 1940. 11 B) before sentence 1.
Thousands of workers earned jobs, both through the
construction of the island and at the Fair itself. The
influx of tourists also generated funds for businesses in
the city and allowed San Francisco to exhibit two of its
newest accomplishments, the Bay Bridge and Golden 10
Gate Bridge, on a global scale. A) NO CHANGE
B) their
Assorted World's Fairs and Attendance C) it's
D) they're
11
The writer wants to include accurate, relevant data
from the graph. Which choice best accomplishes this
purpose?
A) Attendance numbers were low compared to some
of the other fairs, but the 1939 San Francisco fair
did welcome more attendees than some others.
B) Chicago held one of the highest World’s Fair
attendances.
C) The San Francisco attendance numbers paled in
comparison to New York’s attendance in 1939: an
impressive 45 million.
D) The 1915 World’s Fair in San Francisco hosted
about 2 million more visitors than the city’s 1939
fair.
77／128
12. The Pumpkin Papers-Level 4
1
The Pumpkin Papers A) NO CHANGE
B) pulled
C) was pulling
On the night of December 2, 1948, the pale light of D) pulling
a crescent moon barely illuminated the outlines of two
men standing beside a pumpkin patch in Carroll County, 2
Maryland. Nearby, a third man stooped low to the A) NO CHANGE
ground, groping around in the pumpkins before B) lying
grabbing one and 1 pulls off the top. Inside the C) lay
D) lain
hollowed interior 2 laid a small package wrapped in
wax paper. Within this unassuming package were both
developed and undeveloped microfilm images—
3
evidence that produced the final impetus needed for the A) NO CHANGE
controversial indictment of suspected Communist spy B) press, had
Alger Hiss. C) press; had
D) press had
4
At this point, the writer is considering deleting the
underlined portion. Should the writer make this
deletion?
A) Yes, because this phrase contradicts the
The story of these eccentrically concealed
microfilm images—affectionately, if inaccurately, characterization of Chambers provided in the
introduction.
dubbed the ‘pumpkin papers’ by the 3 press—had
B) Yes, because this phrase repeats information about
begun a decade earlier when Whittaker Chambers,
the identity of Chambers already provided in the
4 the man who revealed the evidence on that introduction.
December evening, decided to defect from the C) No, because this phrase helps explain why
underground Communist party. It was not a decision Chambers decided to defect from the Communist
lightly made; as Chambers wrote in retrospect, party.
5 “two things made that break and that flight D) No, because this phrase identifies one of the
possible.” Sure that he could no longer serve a force he unnamed characters in the introduction as
believed to be evil, Chambers took his family Chambers.
5
At this point, the writer wants to provide support for
the statement made in the first part of the sentence.
Which of the following quotations by Chambers best
A) NO CHANGE
B) “in any such change as I was making, the soul
itself is in flux.”
C) “practicality and precaution are of no more help
than prudence or craft.”
D) “I committed the characteristic crimes of my
century.”
78／128
and temporarily 6 fled into hiding. As a precaution, 6
he also preserved material evidence—including the A) NO CHANGE
microfilm—that verified both his own involvement B) hid with his family for a short time.
and the involvement of other underground agents prior C) went on the run and into hiding after this decision.
7 from his defection. D) went into hiding with his wife and children.
A decade later, this precaution would prove 7

invaluable. In November of 1948, Chambers faced a A) NO CHANGE
slander suit from Alger Hiss, one of his former B) for
C) to
compatriots whom he had reluctantly identified as a
D) in
communist in a public interview. This comment
opened the door for Hiss to make an aggressive legal
8
attack during a period when both men were already
A) NO CHANGE
embroiled in an investigation by the House Committee
B) Chamber’s farmhouse
on Un-American Activities (HUAC) . Although
C) Chambers farmhouses’
Chambers had deliberately chosen not to reveal the D) the farmhouse of Chamber’s
microfilm, this legal attack convinced him to tacitly
admit its existence to Robert Stripling, the chief 9
investigator of HUAC. When two investigators Which choice provides the smoothest transition from
traveled to 8 Chambers’ farmhouse the following the previous paragraph to this one?
evening, he led them to the backyard and revealed the A) NO CHANGE
evidence hidden inside the hollow pumpkin. B) Hiding the microfilm inside a pumpkin may not
have been wise:
9 Many people still believed that Alger Hiss was C) Opinions on the importance of the pumpkin papers
innocent: while some sources argue that the actual are split:
D) Few people paid attention to this aspect of the
content of the microfilm had little relevance to the case,
investigation:
others suggest that the 10 sequential public interest
created pressure for a careful verdict. However, there is
10
no question that the indictment of Alger Hiss on
A) NO CHANGE
December 15 represented both a triumph and a tragedy. B) consequent
The conflict between these two men was only a C) adjacent
microcosm of the massive, destructive struggle D) nearby
between two incompatible philosophies; perhaps it is
best summarized by 11 Richard Nixon as a struggle 11
“dependent upon the question of identity.” The writer wants to conclude with a strong,
memorable reference that captures the broad historical
significance of this struggle. Which choice best
A) NO CHANGE
B) Robert Stripling’s comment at one of the many
hearings: “you are a remarkable and agile young
man, Mr. Hiss.”
C) Whittaker Chambers' own phrase, “a tragedy of
history.”
D) Alger Hiss’s statement that he would do
everything in his means “to get at the truth.”
79／128
13. Mary Walker: A Century Ahead of Her Time-Level 4
1
Mary Walker: A Century Ahead of Her Time A) NO CHANGE
B) spy, Walker relayed
Dr. M. Edwards Walker was one of the bravest army C) spy, relaying
surgeons during the American Civil War. In addition to D) spy. Relaying
working on the frontlines of the Union Army from 1863
to 1865, Walker was also a Union 1 spy. Who relayed 2
Confederate secrets across enemy lines while treating A) NO CHANGE
civilians in the South. Walker was even captured by B) dispositions
Confederate troops and held as a prisoner of war for C) inclinations
four months, until eventually being released—along D) predilections
with two dozen other Union doctors—in exchange for
seventeen Confederate surgeons. But what makes Dr. 3
Walker’s story perhaps even more remarkable is that,
At this point, the writer wants to conclude the second
unlike the other Army surgeons during the Civil War, Dr.
paragraph with a sentence that will effectively
Walker was a woman.
transition into the third paragraph. Which choice best
Dr. Mary Edwards Walker was born on November 26, A)
Dr. Walker then proceeded to open a short-lived
1832, in the town of Oswego, New York. Her father, a
medical practice with her husband, who was also a
country doctor, was an active participant in many of the
physician, in rural Ohio.
social reform movements of the mid-1800s; he B) The first female to receive a medical doctorate in
encouraged all five of his daughters to pursue their
the United States was Elizabeth Blackwell, who
education in spite of heavy social pressures and
graduated from Geneva Medical College in 1849.
2 prejudices against them. Mary, the youngest of the
C) When Walker was a student in Hopkinton, Iowa,
daughters, followed her father’s advice the most
she was suspended from school for refusing to quit
intently, becoming the second woman to receive a
the then all male debating society.
medical doctorate in the United States in 1855 at the
D) After graduating from medical school, Dr. Walker
young age of 21. 3
decided to volunteer for the United States Army,
despite being denied an official medical
In recognition of her service to the Union Army
commission due to the fact that she was a woman.
during the Civil War, Walker was awarded the Medal of
Honor in 1865. She was the first and only woman ever
to receive the United States Army’s highest military 4
honor. While her medal, along with the medals of 910 A) NO CHANGE
others, 4 were unfortunately taken away when B) was
Congress revised the Medal of Honor standards in 1917, C) being
an Army Board eventually reinstated Walker’s award D) is
posthumously, 5 reciting her “distinguished gallantry,
self-sacrifice, patriotism, dedication; and unflinching 5
loyalty to her country, despite the apparent
A) NO CHANGE
discrimination because of her sex.”
B) siting
C) citing
D) inciting
80／128
6
Which choice most effectively establishes the main
A) NO CHANGE
B) In addition to Walker’s military service, she was
6 To say that Mary Walker was born ahead of also an outspoken social reformer and advocate of
her time would be a vast understatement. From an women’s rights issues.
C) After Walker’s military service, she began to
early age, Walker refused to wear the long heavy skirts
and corsets that were traditionally designated for advocate for voting rights for women and African
women 7 yet would instead wear a dress and trouser Americans in the United States.
combination called the ‘Bloomer costume’ that D) After the Civil War, Walker continued to practice
provided for greater mobility. In 1866, Walker was medicine, working in a female prison in Louisville
even elected president of the National Dress Reform as well as an orphan’s asylum in Tennessee.
Association, and prided herself in being arrested
numerous times for wearing full male attire, including 7
8 a winged-collar; bow-tie; and, top hat. Towards A) NO CHANGE
the end of her life, Walker went on to become involved B) although she
in a number of other progressive movements in the C) and
United States, including the suffragette movement and D) even though she
the temperance movement. 9 Interestingly, though,
while Walker was an outspoken proponent of the 8
woman’s suffrage movement, she did not support the A) NO CHANGE
Nineteenth Amendment and instead argued that a B) a winged collar; bow-tie, and top hat.
woman’s right to vote was already contained in the C) a winged collar, bow-tie; and top hat.
United States Constitution. D) a winged collar, bow-tie, and top hat.
9
A) Yes, because i t contains information that is already
provided earlier in the passage.
B) Yes, because it is unrelated to the paragraph’s
argument that Walker was a female war hero.
C) No, because it provides an effective
counterexample to the idea that Walker disagreed
with many of her contemporaries.
D) No, because it supports the passage’s portrayal of
Walker as a nonconventional figure and
independent thinker.
81／128
Though she was unaware of it at the time, Mary 10

Edwards Walker was at the forefront of a monumental At this point, the writer wants to add accurate
shift in the role of women in medicine. 10 Walker was information from the graph about the recent growth of
not only a trailblazer in the medical 11 field, she was women in medicine. Which choice best accomplishes
also a relentless visionary who bravely challenged this goal?
many of the social prejudices of her day, and A) As of 2010, nearly 50 percent of all medical degree
contributed as much to advancing gender equality in the earners in the United States are women.
United States as she did to healing injured soldiers B) Between 1980 and 2010, the number of women
during the Civil War. earning medical degrees in the United States nearly
tripled.
C) In 1975, the percentage of women earning medical
Percentage of Medical Degree Earners Who Are degrees surpassed the percentage of women
Women, 1971-2010 earning law degrees in the United States.
D) Since 2005, there have been more women than
men earning medical degrees in the United States.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) field she
C) field; she
D) field: she
Adapted from Philip Cohen, "More Women Are Doctors and

Laywers Than Ever—but Progress Is Stalling," (C) 2012 by
The Atlantic .
82／128
14. Demystifying Digestion-Level 4
In order to help make the abstract topic of digestion
accessible to a broad audience, the writer wants to
Demystifying Digestion introduce it with a specific, commonplace example.
Which choice best accomplishes this purpose?
A) NO CHANGE
1 What types of food are most easily digested? At
B) What role do our digestive organs play in our
first glance, the process by which food fuels our daily general physical health?
activities might seem inexplicable. However, upon C) What role do our intestines play in the process of
closer examination, 2 digestion—the breakdown of digestion?
food into smaller components to provide the body with D) How do our bodies extract energy from a peanut
necessary nutrients and energy—is a chemical and butter and jelly sandwich?
mechanical process with a consistent sequence of steps.
2
A) NO CHANGE
B) digestion: the breakdown of food into smaller
components, to provide the body with necessary
nutrients and energy,
C) digestion; the breakdown of food, into smaller
components to provide the body with necessary
nutrients and energy
D) digestion, the breakdown of food—into smaller
components to provide the body with necessary
nutrients—and energy
3 Chewing first involves putting food inside the
mouth, where the grinding of teeth and secretion of 3
saliva start to break down the physical and chemical Which choice most effectively introduces the following
composition of food. Once the food has been paragraph?
transformed into a 4 compact mass referred to as a A) NO CHANGE
‘bolus,’ it is swallowed and passes through the B) The process of digestion begins in the mouth,
esophagus, a muscular tube connecting the throat to the C) Certain chemical reactions occur when people put
food in their mouths,
stomach. Although the initial act of swallowing is
D) When they're hungry, people put food in their
voluntary, the lower third of the esophagus is made up mouths,
completely of smooth muscle, over which an individual
has no conscious control. This lower third attaches to 4
the stomach—a hollow, muscular organ—which then A) NO CHANGE
5 digest food both by crushing it mechanically and B) succinct
6 secretes digestive enzymes and other fluids that C) summary
D) abbreviated
5
A) NO CHANGE
B) are digesting
C) were digesting
D) digests
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) to secrete
C) will secrete
D) by secreting
83／128
break down starches and proteins. 7 The contents 7
are then released into the small intestine. The writer is considering deleting the underlined
A) Yes, because the sentence repeats information that
has already been stated in the passage’s description
Although all organs in the gastrointestinal tract are of the digestive process.
important for digestion, the majority of nutrient B) Yes, because the sentence interrupts the focus of the
absorption occurs in the small intestine, which is a long, paragraph with information that is not directly
hollow tube arranged into a compressed mass around related to the process of digestion.
the center of the abdomen. On the inner surface, this C) No, because the sentence provides an effective
organ is lined with specialized cells arranged into transition to the topic of the next paragraph, which
finger-like “villi” and circular “plicae” that facilitate focuses on the small intestine’s role in digestion.
the 8 transfer of important nutrients being D) No, because the sentence provides necessary
transported into the bloodstream. The small intestine is information about the process of digestion in the
9 divided into three parts; the duodenum, the jejunum, esophagus.
and the ileum. In the duodenum, digestive juices from
the pancreas and gall bladder enter through an opening 8
referred to as the “ampulla of Vater.” These juices A) NO CHANGE
break down carbohydrates, lipids, and polypeptides B) transfer of important nutrients
into simpler molecules. The jejunum then links the C) transfer of important, crucial nutrients
duodenum to the ileum, which is where the majority of D) transfer into the bloodstream of important nutrients
nutrient absorption takes place.
10 Instead, the remaining materials move into the 9
large intestine, where water and salts continue to be A) NO CHANGE
absorbed. B) divided into three parts:
C) divided: into three parts,
Once in the bloodstream, nutrients from the D) divided into: three parts,
digestive tract travel through the cardiovascular
network to the liver and then to many different areas of 10
the body. The 11 energy, from cellular division to A) NO CHANGE
muscle contraction, contained in these molecules can B) In addition,
then be used to activate a number of biological C) However,
processes. Although we are rarely aware of it, our D) From there,
bodies are constantly at work to provide us with the
resources necessary to sustain our lives.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) energy contained in these molecules, from cellular
division to muscle contraction, can then be used to
activate a number of biological processes.
C) energy contained, from cellular division to muscle
contraction, can then be used to activate a number
of biological processes in these molecules.
D) energy contained in these molecules can then be
used to activate a number of biological processes,
from cellular division to muscle contraction.
84／128
Section 4: Argument
1.Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice-Level 2
1
Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic A) NO CHANGE
B) artists who started
Voice C) members who created and belonged to
D) creators who began
Judithe Hernandez’s art career began in Los Angeles
during the socially and politically turbulent 1960s. 2
A) NO CHANGE
While enrolled as a graduate student at the Otis Art
B) establishing
Institute in Los Angeles, Hernandez met fellow student
C) permitting
Carlos Almaraz, one of the founding 1 members of
D) approving
the Chicano artist collective known as “Los Four.” At
Almarez’s request, Hernandez joined “Los Four” as its 3
fifth, and only female, member. Hernandez became well Which choice most effectively establishes the central
known for her work with this revolutionary group of claim of the passage?
artists, who are credited with 2 authorizing Chicano A) NO CHANGE
B) The Chicano Movement, also known as “El
art as its own distinctive school of (US) American art.
Movimiento,” began in the 1940s with the explicit
3 Less known but equally important, however, is the
goal of empowering Mexican-Americans.
role Hernandez played in providing a female voice
C) Judithe Hernandez was born to a progressive
within what was at that time a predominantly male
Mexican-American family in Los Angeles that
Chicano art movement. encouraged her involvement in the arts from an
early age.
D) In the 1960s, Chicano art was often displayed as
public murals intended to create a dialogue about
the issues faced by Mexican-Americans.
Chicano art began as an outgrowth of the more 4

general Chicano Civil Rights 4 Movement; a A) NO CHANGE
sociopolitical initiative that began in the 1960s to B) Movement, which was:
C) Movement—
promote social progress and change for Mexican-
D) Movement
Americans. 5 Chicano artists sought to mirror the
challenges faced by Mexican-Americans, often by
5
challenging the xenophobic stereotypes of Mexican- The writer is considering deleting the underlined
Americans in American culture. However, since the sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
vast majority of Chicano artists were men, much of the A) Yes, because the topic of Chicano artists is
Chicano artwork of the 1960s and early 1970s irrelevant to the main idea of the paragraph.
represented the experiences of Mexican-American men, B) Yes, because it provides information that is already
failing to represent some of the unique struggles faced present elsewhere in the passage.
C) No, because it helps to develop the main topic of
by their female counterparts.
the paragraph.
D) No, because it effectively transitions between the
topics of male Chicano artists and female Chicano
artists.
85／128
6
At this point, the writer wants to provide a transition
that effectively links the topics of the second and third
paragraphs. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) As one of the first prominent US artists to depict
the experiences of Mexican-American women,
Judithe Hernandez played a vital role in the
Chicano art movement.
B) All of the members of “Los Four” were college-
educated artists who served as activists and
educators within the Chicano movement.
C) Hernandez and Alvarez collaborated together on a
6 During her time with “Los Four,” Hernandez number of public murals for the United Nations
developed a distinct visual style as she incorporated Farm Workers and the Ramona Gardens Housing
indigenous images along with figurative portrayals of Project in East Los Angeles.
Hispanic women, often restrained by elements such as D) Chicano artists were heavily influenced by artists
from the Mexican Mural Movement, particularly
vines or thorns. The significance of her contributions to
Diego River
the Chicano art movement 7 were recognized as early
as 1981, when Hernandez was commissioned by the 7
Los Angeles Bicentennial Committee to produce a A) NO CHANGE
mural in celebration of the city’s 200th anniversary. B) is
8 The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the C) was
patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past D) have been
and present. In it, Hernandez juxtaposes images of male
and female farmers with more opulent depictions of 8
modern Los Angeles, 9 but underscoring the The writer wants to smoothly incorporate the mural’s
invaluable work of Mexican-American men and women title, “Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of
Tomorrow,” into the underlined sentence. Which
in the construction of the city.
choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the
patroness of the city) engaged with images of the
past and present, and the mural is entitled
“Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of
Tomorrow.”
B) The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the
patroness of the city), and is entitled
“Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of
Tomorrow,” while showing the patroness engaged
with images of the past and present.
C) The mural, entitled “Remembrances of Yesterday,
Dreams of Tomorrow,” portrays La Reina de Los
Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with
images of the past and present.
D) The mural being entitled “Remembrances of
Yesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow,” it portrays La
Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city)
engaging with images of the past and present.
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) also underscores
C) and still underscoring
D) underscoring
86／128
Since the 1970s, Hernandez has exhibited additional

forms of visual art beyond the mural work that
characterized much of her early career. In her recent
pastel-on-paper series entitled “Adam and Eve,”
Hernandez uses iconic religious images to highlight the 10
10 unequal, gender relations in Chicano culture. A) NO CHANGE
Through works such as these, Hernandez continues to B) unequal; gender
provide a voice for Chicano 11 women. Highlighting C) unequal gender
the unique challenges that they face in America D) unequal—gender
everyday.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) women, highlighting
C) women, she highlights
D) women. And highlighting
87／128
2. The Rise of the Hospitalist-Level 2
The Rise of the Hospitalist
According to a recent article in The New England 1

Journal of Medicine, primary care medicine in the Which choice is most consistent with the first
United States is “at grave risk” of collapsing. Since sentence of the passage?
primary care providers typically serve as a patient’s first A) NO CHANGE
point of contact in the health care system, their B) minor
importance cannot be overstated. However, in 2007, a C) meager
1 trivial 5.1 percent of graduating medical students D) limited
had decided to pursue further training in this field.
2
Which choice provides the smoothest transition
between the first and second paragraphs?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Many medical students do not wish to pursue
primary care because of the unreasonable work
2 One of the most promising solutions to our
hours.
country’s primary care predicament is the evolution of
C) In the 1980s, the number of primary care
the “hospitalist.” First coined in 1996, the term
physicians in the United States plummeted.
“hospitalist” refers to physicians who dedicate most of
3 there career to the care of acutely ill hospitalized
patients. They provide care for patients who require
hospital treatment with medicine (rather than surgery).
3
The vast majority of hospitalists are trained in internal
A) NO CHANGE
medicine or family medicine, though a small percentage B) their
C) his or her
also comes from other specialties including pediatrics,
D) they’re
psychiatry, and dermatology.
88／128
4
4 Because hospitalists generally work twelve-hour Which choice most effectively establishes the main
shifts for seven days in a row, they provide patients topic of the paragraph?
A) The growth of hospitalist medicine introduces a
with continuity of care, allowing them to be seen by the
same physician for much of their hospital stay. Since number of benefits for both patients and
hospitals alike.
they are based in the 5 hospital hospitalists can also
B) Hospitalists introduce a number of challenges for
check-up on each patient multiple times a day, and they
hospital patients and staff.
can coordinate care from specialists and ancillary C) The growth of the hospitalist movement is likely
departments such as 6 the physical and occupational to accelerate in the coming years.
therapy department, and the social services department, D) Patients generally prefer hospitalists to other
and the nursing care management department. From the types of doctors due to the fact that hospitalists
hospital’s perspective, hospitalists are also generally provide continuity of care.
associated with modest cost savings since hospitalists
coordinate among multiple departments and, as a result, 5
A) NO CHANGE
7 being well-positioned to effectively allocate
B) hospital,
hospital resources. C) hospital;
D) hospital:
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) physical and occupational therapy, social services,
and nursing care management.
C) physical and occupational therapy, and social
services, and also nursing care management.
D) the physical and occupational therapy department,
and the social services department, and, in addition,
the nursing care management department.
A) NO CHANGE
B) which can be
C) are
89／128
8
At this point, the writer wants to add accurate and
specific information from the graph to support the claim
made in the previous sentence. Which choice best
A) Since 2006, the hospitalist movement’s rate of
growth has continued to increase.
B) Between 2006 and 2009, the number of hospitalists
increased from nearly 20,000 to about 28,000.
C) In 2009, the number of hospitalists in the United
States leveled off at around 30,000.
D) Between 2006 and 2009, the number of hospitalists
in the United States more than doubled.
9
A) NO CHANGE
The rapid growth of hospitalist medicine in recent B) workforce;
C) workforce
years suggests that hospitalists are here to stay. 8
D) workforce.
While many healthcare providers and recipients laud
this growth, there are still a number of outstanding
10
issues that need to be addressed. For example, experts The writer is considering deleting the underlined
still do not know what long-term impacts the hospitalist sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
movement will have on the general internist and family A) Yes, because the sentence weakens the argument in
medicine 9 workforce? If more internists and family favor of training more hospitalists.
medicine doctors decide to become hospitalists, what B) Yes, because the sentence restates information
will happen to the availability of these doctors for the provided earlier in the paragraph about the need for
outpatient population? 10 In addition, if hospitalists additional training for hospitalists.
are to become full members of academic medical C) No, because the sentence provides another example
centers, they will likely need to incorporate a number of of a future challenge for the hospitalist movement.
D) No, because the sentence provides another example
additional skills into their training, particularly research
of a benefit to patients for training more
skills.
hospitalists.
While the precise trajectory of the hospitalist

11
movement is still unclear, this new field of medicine
The writer wants to conclude the passage by proposing
has immense potential to fill many of the current gaps
a relevant question for the reader to consider. Which
in our healthcare system. 11 choice best accomplishes this goal?
A) The question now is whether it would be worth the
effort to train more hospitalists.
B) The question now is not whether to hire
hospitalists, but how much to pay them.
C) The question now is whether training more
hospitalists will really improve patients' quality of
care.
D) The question now is not whether we should be
training hospitalists in this country, but how.
90／128
3. Taking on Gatsby: A Director’s Tall Task-Level 2
At this point, the writer wants to add accurate
information from the chart on the left to support the
Taking on Gatsby: A Director’s Tall Task claim made in the previous sentence.
A) Though less likely to be nominated for an Academy
Many films have been adapted from literature with
Award than are original scripts, literary adaptations
much success. 1 However, adapting a novel as account for about a quarter of such nominations.
beloved as The Great Gatsby has proved to be a great B) 64 percent of literary adaptations have gone on to
challenge. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s iconic tale of 1920s be nominated for an Academy Award.
excess 2 have been taken on by Hollywood four C) More than half of all Academy Award-nominated
times: in 1926, 1949, 1974, and 2013. None met with films have been literary adaptations.
widespread critical or popular success. As a novel, The D) As much as 26 percent of Academy Award-
Great Gatsby has become a mainstay of American nominated films are based on original scripts.
popular culture, so when readers go to the movies to see
2
Jay Gatsby come to life, their expectations are high.
A) NO CHANGE
Viewers should keep in mind, though, that adapting a B) were
novel into a film is more complicated than it seems, and C) are
literary film adaptations should be evaluated on their D) has been
own merits.
3
A) NO CHANGE
B) estimating
C) resolving
D) judging
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) those of
C) the one in
5
A) NO CHANGE
B) letter, however
C) letter; however,
D) letter, however:
The issue of fidelity is the first thing that stands in
the way of fairly 3 negotiating a film adaptation. 6
Many viewers want to see the literary source portrayed At this point, the writer is considering adding the
on screen exactly as it was written, especially when the following sentence.
plot and characters are as memorable as 4 that of The This version starred Robert Redford, a popular
Great Gatsby. The 1974 film adaptation was recognized and critically acclaimed actor, in the title role.
for following Fitzgerald’s novel to the 5 letter, Should the writer make this addition here?
however, the movie was also criticized for being lifeless A) Yes, because it adds details that support the
and dull. 6 A film is limited to the length of time that preceding sentence's claim about the movie's
critical reception.
the production is allowed to run, and the director must
B) Yes, because it provides a logical transition to the
use this time to create an immediate, sensory impact, rest of the paragraph's analysis of how the film's
not a visual retelling of a book. casting disappointed fans of the book.
C) No, because it inserts a loosely related detail that
interrupts the paragraph's discussion of the flaws of
a film that faithfully adapted the book.
D) No, because it introduces an irrelevant fact that
undermines the argument that the best films are
those most faithful to the books on which they're
based.
91／128
7
7 Because Fitzgerald had unlimited space in The A) NO CHANGE
Great Gatsby to create as many characters, plots, and B) While
subplots as he desired, the directors of film adaptations C) However,
have the advantages of theatrical performance, the D) DELETE the underlined portion.
spoken word, music, sound effects, and photographic
images. The director of the most recent film adaptation 8
of The Great Gatsby was credited for shaping A) NO CHANGE
Fitzgerald’s material to fit his own artistic sensibility B) the contemporary perspective of the film’s director.
and 8 also his own contemporary perspective. C) contemporary perspective.
Although the inclusion of hip-hop culture and high-end D) to fit the director’s contemporary perspective.
consumerism in this latest film surprised some critics
and probably some faithful readers of the novel, at least 9
the director 9 made the movie using the tools of his A) NO CHANGE
own medium. B) would make
C) makes
10 People love movies. This is the hard reality D) will make
that must be faced when viewing the film version of a
beloved book. Though it may be difficult, The Great 10
Gatsby must be taken off its literary pedestal before one Which choice best introduces the main idea of the
goes to see its filmic counterpart. Books are capable of paragraph?
inspiring countless interpretations. Film adaptations A) NO CHANGE
deserve the same creative space. 11 B) People will always like the book more.
C) No director is perfect.
D) Adaptation is interpretation.
11
The writer wants an emphatic conclusion for the
passage that reiterates a main point of the argument.
A) Whether or not it goes on to win an Academy
Award, a film should be evaluated based primarily
on its direction and cinematography.
B) Filmmakers ultimately have a responsibility not to
deviate from the original plot of a novel, but
beyond that they can take liberties with details such
as setting and characters.
C) If another Great Gatsby film comes out in 25 or 30
years, audiences should judge it based on its own
cinematic merits and not based on its fidelity to
Fitzgerald's book.
D) In the end, books and films are not so different, and
The Great Gatsby has been proving this to movie
audiences for decades.
92／128
4. Healthy Outlook for Male Nurses-Level 2
A) NO CHANGE
B) BCE, founded a hospital to provide care for the sick
Healthy Outlook for Male Nurses
during the Black Plague epidemic;
C) BCE; founded a hospital to provide care for the sick
The presence of men in the nursing field has a long during the Black Plague epidemic,
history reaching back over two thousand years. Men D) BCE, founded a hospital to provide care for the sick
attended the world’s first nursing school in India in 250 during the Black Plague epidemic,
1 BCE founded a hospital to provide care for the
sick during the Black Plague epidemic and cared for 2
wounded soldiers in countless wars throughout history. A) NO CHANGE
Yet despite the historical role of men in nursing, men B) is
currently comprise less than 10 percent of the nursing C) was
population in the United States. While the reasons D) has been
behind the dearth of men in nursing 2 are numerous,
a current rise in the number of men in the nursing field 3
bodes well for nurses and patients alike. A) NO CHANGE
B) In sharp contrast,
Although men played a prominent role in the C) Influencing this trend,
nursing field for millennia, shifting gender norms in D) In Victorian England,
the late 1800s caused a dramatic drop in the number of
men pursuing nursing as a career. Part of this trend was 4
related to the rise of the family medical model in A) NO CHANGE
Victorian England. 3 According to this model, the B) profession;
ideal medical team mirrored the patriarchal Victorian C) profession:
family unit, with men (doctors) as the heads of D) profession—
households, women (nurses) as the “handmaidens,”
and children (patients) as the dependents. This model 5
dissuaded men from entering the nursing profession, A) NO CHANGE
directing them instead to the more socially acceptable B) elevating
role as physicians. C) rising
D) inciting
In addition to the influence of the family medical
model, the teachings of Florence Nightingale—often 6
hailed as the founder of the modern nursing A) NO CHANGE
4 profession, further discouraged men from entering B) their interests of a career path in the nursing field.
the nursing field. While Nightingale was successful in C) their preferred career path as professional nurses.
5 inflating the status of nursing as a respectable D) this career path.
profession for women, her axiom that nursing was the
ideal profession for women created social and 7
professional barriers for men interested in pursuing At this point, the writer wants to provide a second
6 nursing jobs as a professional career path for example in support of the paragraph’s main point.
themselves. For example, in the early 20th century, Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
many nursing registries created separate lists for men A) Those men who were nurses normally worked in
and women, legally preventing men from practicing in hospitals for the mentally ill.
areas such as maternal/child health, obstetrics, and B) The United States Army also barred men from
gynecology. 7 nursing until the late 1960s.
C) The early 20th century also saw a rise in the number
of men pursuing careers as psychologists.
D) Florence Nightingale also opened the first secular
nursing school in the world in London, England.
93／128
8
The tide against men in the nursing field began to A) NO CHANGE
change directions in the 1970s and 8 1980s. Due in B) 1980s. Which was due
part to a United States Supreme Court decision that C) 1980s, due
D) 1980s, this was due
held that the women-only admissions policy of the
Mississippi University for Women violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since
this decision, the percentage of registered nurses who 9
are men in the United States has increased 9 from 2.7 At this point, the writer wants to add accurate and
percent in 1970 to 7.6 percent in 2011. This growth is relevant data from the graph. Which choice most
likely to prove beneficial for both the nursing effectively accomplishes this goal?
community and the patients they serve. 10 A) NO CHANGE
B) by 9.6 percent in 2011.
C) from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 9.6 percent in 2011.
D) from 4.1 percent in 1980 to 5.7 percent in 1990.
10
With the demand for nursing services projected to
The writer wants to conclude the paragraph with a
surge over the next decade, the time could not be better
statement that develops the claim introduced in the
for the equitable inclusion of men into the nursing
workforce. For patients, this will mean a larger and preceding sentence. Which choice best accomplishes
more diverse set of potential caretakers, and for the this goal?
nurses themselves, this 11 meant stable employment, A) According to a 2010 publication from the Institute
relatively high wages, and a rewarding career. of Medicine, male nurses provide unique
perspectives and skills that are important to the
profession and society at large, particularly in the
Percentage of Nurses Who Are Men, 1970-2011 area of men’s reproductive health.
B) While the percentage of men in the nursing field is
rising, patients are unlikely to see any tangible
differences in the quality of care that they receive.
C) Although more men are pursuing nursing as a
career, it will probably still take a while before the
public feels as comfortable with the idea of male
nurses as they do with female nurses.
D) A number of research studies suggest that men are
more likely to pursue careers as registered nurses
than licensed vocational nurses due to the higher
average salary associated with the former group.
11
A) NO CHANGE
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1970 Decennial Census, 1980,
B) had meant
1990, and 2000 Equal Employment Tabulation, and 2006 and
C) will mean
2011 American Community Survey
D) is meaning
94／128
5. The Case for Independent Bookselling-Level 2
1
The Case for Independent Bookselling A) NO CHANGE
B) will suffer
C) would suffer
In the age of online purchases and electronic books,
D) has suffered
physical bookstores might seem on the brink of
extinction. Borders declared bankruptcy in 2011, and
2
Barnes and Noble recently 1 suffering store closures A) NO CHANGE
around the United States. However, 2 considering B) despite
the intimidating economic climate, now might be the C) in view of
perfect time to enter a career in independent D) thanks to
bookselling. Even as the world of virtual shopping
expands, the loss of bookstores has helped remind 3
customers of what the internet cannot 3 provide. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
The internet cannot provide face-to-face interaction at the underlined portion?
with other people. A) provide, given that it cannot provide
B) provide:
C) provide; what it can’t provide is
[1] The possibility of success in independent D) provide, and that thing is
bookselling has been proven by the Tennessee novelist
Ann Patchett. [2] She grew up with a beloved local
4
bookstore that eventually went out of business; after
The writer would like to include a quotation that
becoming a successful writer, Patchett decided to
supports the point made in the first part of the sentence.
revive the local bookstore as a community resource. [3]
Which of the following quotations from Patchett best
Together with her business partners, publishing sales
representatives Karen Hayes and Mary Grey James, A) NO CHANGE
Patchett opened Parnassus Books in 2011. [4] Patchett B) “when Karen and I first opened the store, people
attributes this unexpected success in part to the went out of their way to tell us we were crazy.”
importance of human interaction in the discovery of C) “I'm never lonely when I'm around books.”
good books: 4 “there are a lot of small stores that D) “reading is a solitary act, but the transmission of
can really thrive in this environment.” [5] The store is books contains an aspect of joyful sociability.”
now a fixture for Nashville readers and a testament to
the truth of this vision. 5 5
The writer would like to add the following sentence to
the paragraph.
Although there were many predictions to the
contrary, hard work and collaboration has turned
this store into a profitable enterprise.
95／128
Other statistical trends suggest that public support 6
A) NO CHANGE
for local bookstores 6 is increasing nationwide. In
B) are
2013, about 2,000 independent bookstores were
C) were
American Bookseller Association members 7 . The D) have been
following year, California bookstores launched a
statewide Bookstore Day, during which booksellers 7
sold limited-edition merchandise and hosted author At this point, the writer is considering inserting the
readings. Participating stores 8 reported: a following information.
subsequent increase in sales. These statistics help show , a 20 percent jump from 2009
that the human element of book buying is still key; Should the writer make this addition here?
author visits and personalized staff recommendations A) Yes, because it adds context that helps illustrate
lend the vital element of community to the experience the significance of the data provided earlier in the
of reading. sentence.
B) Yes, because it provides support for the writer’s
claim that people need to support their local
bookstores.
C) No, because it introduces an unrelated detail about
the increase in American Bookseller Association
members.
D) No, because it implies that before 2009,
independent bookstores were not members of the
American Bookseller Association.
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) reported, a
C) reported a
D) reported a:
9
Although the convenience and 9 brevity of buying A) NO CHANGE
B) efficiency
books online cannot be denied, the rise of this
C) velocity
purchasing model does not necessitate the extinction
D) resourcefulness
of physical bookstores. 10 Patchetts’s emphasis on
human interaction highlights an important difference
10
that results in a competitive advantage: providing this A) NO CHANGE
interaction can translate into both profit and B) Patchetts’ emphasis
community benefit. Many people thought her project C) Patchett emphasis’s
D) Patchett’s emphasis
was absurd, but Patchett’s success begs to differ — 11
and it highlights the importance of community support
11
in the effort to revive a local business.
Which choice best concludes the passage with a
restatement of the passage’s main argument?
A) NO CHANGE
B) having the courage to pursue a vision-even in the
face of criticism-is an important characteristic for
entrepreneurs.
C) collaboration between just a few talented people
can generate truly unexpected results.
D) and it also suggests that for bibliophiles, a dream
career in books could become a reality.
96／128
6. Creative Translation-Level 3
Creative Translation
1
Should the translation of a poem from one language A) NO CHANGE
to another be evaluated primarily on its adherence to B) had overlooked
the original text? While some consider such adherence C) would have overlooked
to be the gold standard, this approach 1 will overlook D) overlooks
the fact that the very act of translation is centered on an
act of change. Although something is inevitably lost in 2
any translation, an evaluation of a translation should A) NO CHANGE
take into account not only literal adherence to the B) there
original poem, but also the creative act that each new C) its
work constitutes in 2 their own right. D) it’s
3
A) NO CHANGE
[1] Certainly there are aspects of poetic composition B) force: verbal puns, cultural idioms,
that can rarely be translated with their original C) force; verbal puns; cultural idioms;
rhetorical 3 force, verbal puns, cultural idioms, and D) force, verbal puns, cultural idioms:
rhyme schemes are just a few examples. [2] When these
details are considered in the context of an entire poem, 4
a faithful translation seems even more impossible. Which choice best maintains the sentence pattern
[3] However, from Catullus's sapphic meter to Byron's established in the first part of the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
heroic couplets, no method has even come close to
B) the literal meaning of the word is important to
capturing every aspect of the original Greek poem.
some translators, whereas reading between the
[4] Some translators emphasize the sound of the
lines is more important to others.
original text, while others emphasize structure;
C) whereas some translators focus on the literal
4 focusing on the literal meaning of the word is
meaning of the word, reading between the lines is
important to some translators, but to others it's more
important to read between the lines. [5] However, more important to others.
D) some focus on the literal meaning of each word,
regardless of the approach to translation, the
preservation of one characteristic of a poem usually while others read between the lines.
comes at the expense of several others. 5
5
The writer wants to add the following sentence to the
paragraph.
For example, Sappho’s famous “Lyric 31” has been
reproduced in many languages by many translators,
from Catullus to Lord Byron.

A) before sentence 1.
97／128
6 Some translators focus on a single characteristic, 6
but those who take a holistic approach often produce Which choice most effectively introduces the topic of
more readable translations. Translators are not invisible the paragraph?
and passive mediums through which poems pass during A) NO CHANGE
their transformations into other 7 languages; rather, B) Although we often comment on what is ‘lost’ in the
each translator is an active agent who enriches the text process of translation, we rarely consider what is
with his or her own artistic choices. While the literal gained.
meaning is important, the work of translators is C) Even the most gifted translators cannot capture all
8 chronically creative: given a poem, it is their job to the nuances of the original poem.
find the words that best represent the ideas contained D) While poetry is a particularly difficult class of
within it, and these words may or may not be precise writing to translate, the impossibility of a
translations of the original. The sixth line in Sappho’s completely faithful translation extends to prose as
lyric could be rigidly translated “[your laugh makes my] well.
heart flutter in [my] chest,” but Anne Carson’s creative
translation—“puts the heart in my chest on wings”— 7
draws on the metaphorical elements of the original A) NO CHANGE
phrase to create a more powerful image. B) languages, however,
C) languages; and nonetheless,
D) languages yet
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) genetically
C) inherently
D) congenitally
98／128
9
In short, 9 the best translation of a poem is not Which choice most effectively states the central claim
necessarily the one that adheres most closely to the supported by the passage?
original version. This is excellent news for avid readers: A) NO CHANGE
for the majority, it would be impossible to learn all the B) it is impossible to create a completely faithful
original languages of great poetic literature. 10 But literal translation.
this apparent ‘gap’ in 11 knowledge, leaves space for C) it is more important to preserve the literal meaning
a new phenomenon and a new creative entity—the of a poem than its structure.
translator. D) every translator should take a holistic approach to
their work.
10
following sentence.
To truly appreciate a poem, one must become
fluent in the language in which the poem was
originally written.
A) Yes, because the previous statement about learning
different languages needs to be supported with a
specific example.
B) Yes, because the difficulty of language study is one
of the central arguments in this passage and should
be emphasized in the conclusion.
C) No, because a new argument about learning
languages should not be developed in the
conclusion.
D) No, because the concepts of poetry translation and
language study do not relate to each other at all and
should not be discussed in the same passage.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) knowledge leaves space
C) knowledge leaves space:
D) knowledge leaves space—
99／128
7. Preserving America-Level 3
sentences?
Preserving America
A) To preserve these invaluable locations, President
Theodore Roosevelt signed the American
In the late nineteenth century, unchecked vandalism Antiquities Act on June 8, 1906.
and plundering of ethnic artifacts brought many Native B) To preserve these invaluable places, on June 8,
American ruins and cultural sites to the brink of 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the
permanent destruction. 1 President Theodore American Antiquities Act which protected the
locations.
Roosevelt wanted to preserve these invaluable locations.
C) It was June 8, 1906, when President Theodore
He signed the American Antiquities Act on June 8,
Roosevelt signed the American Antiquities Act
1906. A sweeping piece of legislation, the act granted
because he wanted to protect these invaluable
unprecedented and nearly unrestricted presidential locations.
authority to circumvent Congressional approval and D) Signing the American Antiquities Act on June 9,
protect public land deemed to be of historic, scientific, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to
or cultural significance with a “National Monument” preserve these invaluable locations with the act.
designation and accompanying federal management.
According to many historians, the Antiquities Act 2 2
have been one of the most important steps taken toward A) NO CHANGE
preserving cultural artifacts and sites. The act also, B) are
however, posed some serious problems, which should C) were
D) was
not be forgotten.
3
It's true that the act was groundbreaking public
A) NO CHANGE
policy 3 legislation, it created the first legal B) legislation: it created
protection for any cultural or natural resources in the C) legislation; creating
United States, indicating a significant shift in the D) legislation—and creating
treatment of American heritage sites. Devils Tower, a
geologic feature in Wyoming and a sacred site for the 4
Lakota and numerous other Native American tribes, A) NO CHANGE
was Roosevelt’s first designated monument, and B) followed
seventeen more 4 have followed before 1909. C) will follow
5 With this in mind, places such as Chaco Canyon, D) follow
situated in New Mexico, also came under the purview
of the federal government. The valley contains stunning 5
A) NO CHANGE
examples of ancient Puebloan engineering and
B) As a result of the act,
architectural 6 feats: multi-level houses, massive
C) In contrast,
stone buildings, water control systems, and
D) For this reason,
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) feats: multi-level houses massive stone buildings
C) feats; multi-level houses, massive stone buildings,
D) feats: multi-level houses; massive stone buildings;
100／128
7
communication devices. 7 The Antiquities Act 7
forever protected these sites, and others, as educational At this point, the writer wants to provide another
centers for everyone and as sacred locations for native example of cultural artifacts preserved by the
Antiquities Act. Which choice best accomplishes this
cultures.
goal?
A) Tonto National Monument in Arizona preserved the
exquisite textiles, polychrome pottery, and cliff
dwellings created from the thirteenth to the
fifteenth centuries by the Salado culture.
B) The establishment of Petrified Forest National Park
in Arizona protected the 225 million year old fossils
of fallen trees, ferns, giant reptiles, large
amphibians, and early dinosaurs.
C) Muir Woods, located just north of San Francisco,
California, preserved 240 acres of old growth Coast
Redwood forests, one of the few remaining areas
containing such incredible ecological features and
bio-diversity.
D) Chaco Canyon was also designated an International
Dark Sky Park in 2013, preserving its natural
darkness for perfect stargazing conditions and
committing the park to the further reduction of light
pollution.
8
8 After the act’s passage, permits for any
Which choice most effectively establishes the central
archaeological work were required, with the stipulation
claim of the ensuing paragraph?
that all collected artifacts would be publicly displayed A) NO CHANGE
for all to enjoy. In the eyes of many Native Americans,
B) The act's presumption that certain Native American
the expeditious process of preserving land under the Act
artifacts and sacred sites would be safer under the
enabled federally sanctioned pillaging of ancestral sites,
the purview of the federal government raised—and
a revocation of their tribal rights and sovereignty, and continues to raise—strong objections.
widespread cultural imperialism. Joe E. Watkins, who is C) Unlike the process of establishing a National Park,
a Choctaw Indian and an archaeologist, believes that, in this process granted the president nearly unchecked
part, the act was “a continuation of government policies authority to preserve land as a National Monument
—eliminating the need for Congressional or any
that were aimed at erasing the image of the
other approval.
contemporary American Indian from the landscape...” D) Preserving prehistoric artifacts, primarily from
More recent legislation, particularly the Native Native American cultures, was the central focus of
American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act the legislation, so the government seized control of
(1990), 9 has been passed by the government to all excavations on protected land.
remedy the government’s past malfeasance by returning
funerary objects, cultural items, and remains to tribes. 9
A) NO CHANGE
The government is continuing to work with Native
B) attempted to remedy past governmental
groups to strengthen protective laws.
malfeasance by returning federally owned funerary
objects, cultural items, and remains to tribes.
C) required the federal government to begin the
process of returning federally owned Native
American funerary objects, cultural items, and
remains to tribes in order to remedy the
government’s past malfeasance.
D) dictated the government return Native Americans’
funerary objects, cultural items, and remains that
the government possesses to remedy past
governmental malfeasance.
101／128
10
Even with its shortcomings, 10 the continued A) NO CHANGE
B) the Antiquities Act of 1906 made the continued
preservation of invaluable locales was made possible by
the Antiquities Act of 1906. Supporters maintain that it preservation of invaluable locales possible.
C) invaluable locales were saved from destruction and
broadened public interest in Native American heritage
and prevented the complete destruction of ancient sites. their continued preservation was made possible.
D) the destruction of invaluable locales was prevented
11
with the Antiquities Act of 1906, and it ensured
continued preservation of such sites.
11
The writer wants a conclusion that asserts the main
argument of the passage. Which choice best
A) Further vandalism and pillaging of ethnic artifacts
was prevented by the Archaeological Resources
Protection Act, so future generations could enjoy
Chaco Canyon.
B) The Antiquities Act was responsible for granting
the president of the United States never-before-seen
levels of power.
C) With the Antiquities Act, Theodore Roosevelt
solidified his legacy as a leading conservationist
and paved the way for future presidents.
D) While the Antiquities Act has helped preserve
invaluable cultural heritage for generations to come,
the complications inherent in this legislation,
though, need also to be acknowledged.
102／128
8.The Relevance of Linguae Latinae-Level 3
1
The Relevance of Linguae Latinae A) NO CHANGE
B) were
In a world where languages evolve further every day, C) will be

it seems logical to question the relevance of learning a D) would be
‘dead’ language such as Latin. However, this language
is still a vital area of study: through their influence on 2
English syntax and vocabulary, Latin principles Which choice most effectively establishes the main
continue to determine the way we use words and topic of the paragraph?
express our thoughts. In addition, studying Latin allows A) NO CHANGE
us to maintain the connection we have with the many B) The study of Latin helps generate a new
culturally significant texts that 1 are originally appreciation for the many poets and philosophers
written in Latin. who originally wrote in this language.
C) The original meanings of many English words are
2 Many principles of both English and Italian illuminated by a knowledge of their Latin roots.
grammar only make sense when their relationship to D) The study of Latin exposes the logic behind certain
Latin is taken into account. Consider, for example, the issues of English grammar and vocabulary.
hotly contested issue of a split infinitive—“they tried to
quietly leave.” (In this example, "to leave" is the 3
infinitive.) Because in Latin the infinitive is only one A) NO CHANGE
word and cannot be divided, some conservative B) false.
grammarians admonish that splitting the English C) amoral.
infinitive is 3 confused. The English language, D) incorrect.
however, can accommodate the syntactical division of
“to” and “leave.” Studying Latin helps illuminate the
4
origins of this convention. The same principle can also
Which choice provides the most effective transition
be used to explain many other English conventions,
between the ideas in the preceding sentence and the one
including some grammarians’ prohibition against
that follows?
ending a sentence with a preposition. 4 However,
A) NO CHANGE
learning Latin roots can be especially useful for
B) In addition, some English words can be explained
understanding medical terms. For instance, the word
in terms of their Latin roots.
‘persistent’ is a combination of the prefix ‘per’ and the C) As is the case with many closely related languages,
verb ‘to stop or stand’—literally translated, ‘to stand
the actual spellings of Latin and Greek words are
through.’
also exceptionally similar.
D) Furthermore, many Latin phrases have survived as
both professional and colloquial expressions.
103／128
5
[1] The Latin language is also 5 central: to a A) NO CHANGE
B) central; to
rich philosophical and literary tradition that has
C) central to
shaped Western culture. [2] While many excellent D) central to:
translations are available, it is impossible to convey
the force of Virgil’s carefully metered lines of poetry 6
in English idiom without sacrificing the original A) NO CHANGE
structure. [3] In the same way, the simple elegance of B) was
C) has been
Augustine’s syntax and the depth of meaning in his
D) are
word choice often 6 is lost in translation. [4] The
influence of both these writers and many others can 7
be traced across history to contemporary writing and A) NO CHANGE
7 philosophy, to understand this context is a B) philosophy, understanding
C) philosophy to understand
prerequisite to authentically engaging with these
D) philosophy; understanding
texts. [5] From the Roman poet Virgil to the
philosopher Augustine of Hippo, many great writers 8
penned their immortal works in Latin. 8 To make this paragraph most logical , sentence 5 should
be placed
A) where it is now.
Although relatively few people speak Latin
today, this language is still a highly relevant area of D) after sentence 2.
study. If we want to understand and explain our own
language, we need to understand its linguistic 9
ancestry; 9 in order to understand our Which choice most closely maintains the stylistic pattern
contemporary context, we must first grasp our established in the first part of the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
historical context. 10 The ‘dead’ language of Latin
B) if we want to understand our contemporary context,
lives on in its connections 11 from modern C) understanding our contemporary context requires that
languages, literature, and philosophical traditions. D) our contemporary context, if we wish to understand it,
Perhaps its influence can best be summarized by the requires that
inversion of a familiar maxim: exuno, plures (from
one, many). 10
following sentence.
There are other “dead languages” in addition to Latin,
such as Middle English, Sanskrit, Coptic, and Akkadian.
A) Yes, because the conclusion should reiterate the
passage’s central claim that Latin is not a dead
language.
B) Yes, because this addition would provide a clear
transition to the discussion of the contemporary
importance of learning Latin.
C) No, because whether or not there are multiple dead
languages is largely irrelevant to the main argument of
the passage.
D) No, because the existence of multiple dead languages
has already been discussed in the passage.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) to
C) for
D) in
104／128
9. The Two Faces of Tlatilco-Level 3
The Two Faces of Tlatilco
In Tlatilco, a Mesoamerican village that existed from

as early as 1200 BCE, excavations have revealed
hundreds of clay figurines at burial sites. These
sculptures, which often depict an exaggerated female 1
form, are a curiosity for art 1 historians, who, without A) NO CHANGE
written records to consult, can only speculate about B) historians who—
C) historians; who
what these figures represented in preliterate Tlatilco D) historians; who,
culture. 2 An especially puzzling phenomenon that
exists in many of the sculptures: women portrayed with
two heads or two noses and three eyes on the same face. 2
Several theories exist about these images, but written A) NO CHANGE
B) One especially puzzling phenomenon
records from nearby civilizations and other Tlatilco art
C) A phenomenon that is especially puzzling
suggest the figures reflect a cultural fascination with D) Especially puzzling is a phenomenon
duality and the cycle of life.
3
Written records from cultures related to Tlatilco A) NO CHANGE
B) in fact,
reveal a recurring theme of duality. The mythologies of
C) despite this,
the Mesoamerican, Nahuatl, and Maya cultures were D) alternately,
filled with observations about two-sidedness;
3 however, the name of the Nahuatl culture comes 4
from the Aztec word meaning alter ego of a person or A) NO CHANGE
B) Maya and Nahuatl cultures are keys to unlocking
god. Through art, the Aztecs explored the subject of
the mystery of Tlatilco culture.
duality as well as opposing concepts such as light and
C) One professor of art history, however, has
dark or life and death. The two-headed clay figures may
recently proposed an alternate theory.
have been an important token at the burial site when D) Tlatilco cultural artifacts, such as masks, offer
people returned to the earth. 4 The theory of duality evidence in support of the theory of duality.
in Tlatilco culture is a contentious one. Dr. Lauren
Kilroy-Ewbank, an Art History professor at Brooklyn 5
College, believes that a half-human, half-skeleton clay A) NO CHANGE
B) site
mask found at a Tlatilco burial 5 site, underscores
C) site;
life’s dependence on death and the cycle between the D) site:
two. The theme of duality in this burial sculpture is
especially clear because its face is split between life and
death.
105／128
6
6
6 Other art historians agree with Dr. Kilroy- Which choice provides the most effective transition from
the preceding paragraph to this one?
Ewbank’s assessment that the figures are a
A) NO CHANGE
representation of an abstract concept. Art historian
B) It is difficult to decipher the Tlatilco burial sculptures
Gordon Bederensky claims the figures are some of without a written cultural record.
the world’s first medical sketches, depicting an C) Consequently, the half-human, half-skeleton mask
affliction called dispropous, or facial duplication. could be a less literal representation.
However, diprosopus is extremely rare, with fewer D) Although duality is one explanation for the double-
than 50 documented 7 cases on record since the faced figures, another theory exists.
mid-1800s. It’s possible that the disease 8 may
7
have been prevalent in ancient Mesoamerica, but no
A) NO CHANGE
written records from nearby civilizations give that
B) cases
indication. With over 300 burial figures found at
C) instances of cases on record
Tlatilco, many of them with bifurcated faces, D) records of this rare affliction
extensive depictions of such an anomalous ailment
9 seems unlikely. 8
A) NO CHANGE
B) may be
C) is maybe
D) will have been
9
A) NO CHANGE
B) has seemed
C) seem
D) is seeming
10
When scientists are making observations about a A) NO CHANGE
culture that lacks a written record, 10 you don’t B) you can’t for sure figure out
really have a clue if theories are correct. 11 C) it is pretty tricky to know
D) it is difficult to know
11
following sentence.
However, by piecing together information from
a variety of sources, art historians have been able to
construct a coherent theory about how the figurines’
recurring theme of duality reflected the Tlatilco
approach to life and death.
A) Yes, because it provides a concluding statement that
captures the main idea of the passage.
B) Yes, because it reconciles the two competing theories
that are the focus of the passage.
C) No, because it introduces new information about a
third theory at the conclusion of the passage.
D) No, because it blurs the paragraph’s focus on art
historians’ attempts to understand the meaning of the
Tlatilco figurines.
106／128
10.Comedy in Contrast: The Style of Flannery O'Connor-Level 3
Comedy in Contrast: The Style of Flannery O'Connor
The great twentieth-century writer Flannery 1

A) NO CHANGE
O’Connor is famous for the bizarre and unpredictable
B) populate their
characters that 1 populates their novels and short C) populates her
stories. Although these characters are often disagreeable D) populate her
and off-putting as individuals, O’Connor deftly uses the
contrast of their eccentric personalities to develop a
subtle comedic tone. The introductory pages of 2
A) NO CHANGE
O’Connor’s 1952 novel Wise Blood, 2 in which—the
B) in which the author constructs a conversation on
author constructs a conversation on a train between Mrs.
a train between Mrs. Wally Bee Hitchcock and
Wally Bee Hitchcock and Hazel Motes, provide an Hazel Motes,
excellent example of this technique at work. C) in which the author constructs a conversation on
a train—between Mrs. Wally Bee Hitchcock and
Mrs. Hitchcock’s first line of dialogue, although Hazel Motes,
indirect, captures the essence of her personality: seated D) in which the author constructs—a conversation
opposite Motes on the train, Mrs. Hitchcock observes on a train between Mrs. Wally Bee Hitchcock
that “the early evening like this was the prettiest time of and Hazel Motes—
day and she asked him if he didn’t think so too.” The
3
word “and” signals the quick progression from one
A) NO CHANGE
superficial comment to another, a habit that defines this B) are
character; oblivious to the silence with which her initial C) would have been
conversational attempts 3 were met, she blithely D) had been
keeps talking. Considered 4 and evaluated in
4
isolation and without taking her context into account,
A) NO CHANGE
Mrs. Hitchcock’s persistence would be more abrasive B) in isolation,
than amusing. But we are entertained by her chattiness C) by itself and in isolation,
precisely because her travel companion is so tight- D) and evaluated by itself
lipped. 5 It would be difficult to overstate the
importance of setting in O’Connor’s writing. 5
Which choice best states the main argument of this
paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Flannery O’Connor’s style is both highly
imaginative and concrete at the same time.
C) It is the element of contrast that generates an
element of comedy.
D) The differences between these characters can
make it difficult to understand their conversation.
107／128
[1] Compared to Mrs. Hitchcock’s verbose

observation on the weather, 6 Motes’ attitude is 6
markedly succinct: “I got to go see the porter.” [2] A) NO CHANGE
B) Hazel Motes
The terse, clipped speech pattern signals his
C) her companion
irritation. [3] As she waxes eloquent, her
D) Motes’ first line of dialogue
companion waxes short-tempered. [4] The contrast
between their personalities becomes steadily more
7
pronounced. [5] The alternating pattern of a A) NO CHANGE
lengthy, self- absorbed description and a terse B) to abandon
comment continues until Motes finally interrupts C) abandoning
her outright: the only way to stem the tide that is D) he abandons
Mrs. Hitchcock is 7 the abandonment of silence
and enter the conversation. 8 8
the previous paragraph:
Unfortunately, this pointed comment does not
discourage his talkative travel companion in the
least.
Where should the writer make this addition?
A) After sentence 1.
B) After sentence 3.
C) After sentence 4.
D) After sentence 5.
108／128
The comedic contrast between these two 9

characters exemplifies a technique that is central to At this point, the writer is considering adding the
O’Connor’s writing. 9 Individually, neither Mrs. following sentence.
Hitchcock nor Hazel Motes is likeable or even O’Connor’s writing also relies on grotesque imagery
10 someone you’d want to hang out with. and unexpected plot twists.
However, when we are entertained by their Should the writer make this addition here?
A) Yes, because it provides concrete evidence for the
conversation, we begin to become attached to them,
and even if we don’t admire them, it is difficult not writer’s discussion of comic dialogue in O’Connor’s
to be interested in their fates. The genius of writing.
B) Yes, because it clarifies the writer’s point about how
O’Connor’s comedic style is that it 11 allows us to
O’Connor uses comedic scenes to make serious
see how her personal history influenced her writing.
points about human suffering.
C) No, because it offers information that is not clearly
related to the writer’s overall argument on comedy
in O’Connor’s writing.
D) No, because it unnecessarily repeats the previous
paragraph’s point about O’Connor’s use of terse
dialogue to create unlikeable characters.
10
Which choice best maintains the tone of the passage?
A) NO CHANGE
B) particularly relatable.
C) people you’d ever even “get."
D) anyone whose disposition you would be inclined to
favor with your interest.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) creates the necessary distance between her audience
and her characters.
C) exemplifies the importance of foreshadowing future
narrative events.
D) capitalizes on the potential for humor in the
juxtaposition of dissimilar personalities.
109／128
11. More than a Dream-Level 3
A) NO CHANGE
B) describe
More than a Dream: the Legacy of the
C) they described
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee D) can describe
[1] On the 2010 National Assessment of Educational 2

Progress U.S. History Exam, students were asked to Which of the following quotations from Costello best
correctly identify and 1 will describe the Brown v. supports the point being made at this point in the
Board of Education Supreme Court decision, a piece of passage?
A) “We have four years ahead in which our students
landmark legislation which officially ended segregated
will be bombarded by lies, omissions and wishful
schooling in 1954. [2] Only 2 percent of 12,000
thinking about the Civil War.”
students demonstrated sufficient knowledge to receive B) “It’s not enough anymore to keep our heads down
full credit. [3] This telling statistic illustrates the fear
and hope we are making a difference in our own
expressed by Maureen Costello, director of the classrooms, offices and workspaces.”
Southern Poverty Law Center’s Teaching Tolerance C) “Teachers’ very ability to succeed depends on
project. Costello has expressed concern that teachings being trusted allies of students and families.”
related to the Civil Rights Movement are restricted to D) “Many students’ knowledge of the civil rights
too few stories: 2 [4] However, the 1960s American movement boiled down to two people and four
Civil Rights Movement was more than just several words: Rosa Parks, Dr. King and ‘I have a
dream.’”
iconic figures fighting racial segregation with
impassioned 3 speeches, fiery rhetoric, or single acts
3
of resistance, at its heart was the commitment and A) NO CHANGE
sacrifice of ordinary citizens. [5] An organization B) speeches, fiery rhetoric, or single acts of
designed to involve young African Americans in the resistance;
Civil Rights Movement, SNCC was instrumental in C) speeches; fiery rhetoric; or single acts of
turning the struggle for equality into a popular and resistance,

D) speeches; fiery rhetoric or single acts of
highly publicized movement. 4
resistance;
4
the paragraph:
One organization in particular deserves a more
prominent place in the Civil Rights narrative: the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
110／128
SNCC focused on one of the most important barriers 5

to civil rights: disenfranchisement in the South. The writer is considering deleting the underlined
5 In many southern counties, 60 to 80 percent of the sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
African American population was unregistered and A) Kept, because it provides supporting details that
therefore ineligible to vote; additionally, institutional provide context for understanding SNCC’s
racism barred many registered voters from political decision to focus on voter disenfranchisement.
participation. Robert Parris 6 Moses, a teacher from B) Kept, because it adds a second example of
New York, initiated the SNCC Mississippi voter SNCC’s goals in its fight to secure equal rights
registration project in 1961. Student volunteers for African Americans in the South.
accompanied residents to the courthouse to register C) Deleted, because it interrupts the paragraph’s
—a dangerous 7 entertainment in the then- discussion of SNCC’s efforts with irrelevant
segregated South. SNCC brought the freedom statistics about voter registration and the barriers
movement to previously uninvolved populations, a to political participation.
critical step in the struggle against segregation. D) Deleted, because it digresses from the passage’s
main focus on organizations that contributed to
the Civil Rights Movement.
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) Moses a teacher from New York,
C) Moses, a teacher from New York
D) Moses a teacher from New York
7
A) NO CHANGE
B) diversion
C) bustle
D) activity
111／128
Two years later, SNCC organized the Freedom 8

Vote, a mock election for African Americans to A) NO CHANGE
B) their
demonstrate 8 it’s determination to assert their
C) our
rights to vote. 85,000 ballots were collected that D) his
summer, as SNCC spread the fire of freedom. The
following year, SNCC’s work reached its zenith with 9
the “Freedom Summer” program, which flooded the The writer would like to combine the two underlined
South with over 800 volunteers to teach in “Freedom sentences concisely in a way that both emphasizes the
Schools” and to register voters. Nearly 50 schools positive impacts of SNCC and acknowledges its
shortcomings. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
were teaching basic literacy skills to roughly 2,500
A) Bringing the call for justice to the forefront of
students by summer’s end. 9 SNCC did not American consciousness, SNCC, although
experience much practical success in registering experiencing little success in registering voters,
voters. Through their efforts, they brought the call was still succeeding.
for justice to the forefront of the American B) SNCC, while bringing the call for justice to the
forefront of American consciousness, did not have
consciousness. National media outlets began
much success in the practice of registering voters.
following the work of SNCC and the violent C) Although SNCC may have experienced little
reprisals they faced in the South. practical success in registering voters, the
10 SNCC’s innovative spirit and organizational organization succeeded in bringing the call for
style continues to appear in today’s grassroots justice to the forefront of the American
movements that seek justice and peace. The work of consciousness.
D) By their success, because they brought the call for
SNCC was central to the effort because it created justice to the forefront of American consciousness,
public pressure to pass key civil rights legislation. even though they did not have much practical
11 It emphasized the principle that every voice had success in registering voters, SNCC made an
an integral part in the struggle, SNCC was able to impact.
accomplish what other civil rights organizations
could not: it brought a unifying spirit to the 10
The writer wants to set up a conclusion for the passage
American Civil Rights Movement.
by contrasting two perspectives on the historical factors
behind the success of the the Civil Rights Movement.
A) NO CHANGE
B) Given the preponderance of evidence, students of
the Civil Rights Movement should recognize that
success would have been impossible in the absence
of a nationwide effort.
C) Students may associate the Civil Rights Movement
with one or two heroes, but its accomplishments
depended on the committed efforts of citizens
across the nation.
D) Both SNCC members and the local African
American populations, despite facing great
resistance and hostility, continued to support the
Civil Rights Movement.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) By emphasizing
C) SNCC emphasized
D) DELETE the underlined portion and adjust
capitalization as needed.
112／128
12. Cholesterol: Friend and Foe-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) cell membranes and various organ systems offer
Cholesterol: Friend and Foe locations for this molecule to function.
C) the diverse functions of this molecule extend to
cell membranes and various organ systems.
Cholesterol is a familiar term in contemporary D) this molecule has diverse functions in cell
discussions concerning health and heart disease. membranes and various organ systems.
Primarily synthesized by our own bodies, 1 the
ability to function diversely in cell membranes and 2
various organ systems is one characteristic of this A) NO CHANGE
B) beneficial
molecule. However, its presence is not 2 profitable in
C) charitable
all circumstances: when an individual consumes food D) worthy
that leads to high blood cholesterol levels, significant
health complications may result. Because this molecule 3
plays such a critical role in our health, it's important to A) NO CHANGE
understand its function and recognize the dangers B) part; of the nervous, endocrine,
C) part of the nervous, endocrine,
associated with having high cholesterol levels.
D) part of the nervous; endocrine;
Cholesterol molecules have a diverse range of 4

functions within the human body, whether in cell A) NO CHANGE
membranes or as 3 part of: the nervous, endocrine, or B) was existing
C) had existed
digestive systems. In part due to its rigid, tetracyclic
D) exists
structure, cholesterol contributes to the structural
integrity of cell membranes. A research study conducted 5
by Sheng et al. revealed that membrane cholesterol also At this point, the writer is considering adding the
participates in cellular signaling through binding to following sentence.
specific domains of some proteins. Furthermore, Successful nerve impulse transmission depends
not only on myelin sheaths, but also on the
cholesterol is a key component of the central nervous
presence of ion pumps embedded in the cell
system, where it primarily 4 existed in the myelin membrane.
sheaths of nerve cells; these sheaths help increase the Should the writer make this addition here?
speed of nerve impulse transmission. 5 In addition to A) Yes, because it describes how the presence of ion
these functions, cholesterol is an important precursor to pumps is related to the functions of cholesterol.
B) Yes, because it supports the passage’s main
bile acids of the digestive system and steroids of the
argument with a second example of cholesterol’s
endocrine system.
potential adverse health effects.
C) No, because it identifies a relationship between the
nervous system and ion pumps that has already
been discussed.
D) No, because it interrupts the paragraph’s
discussion of cholesterol’s functions with loosely
6 To illustrate the importance of contemporary related information.
research on cholesterol, its presence in abnormally high
concentrations can result in significant health issues. 6
Which choice provides the best transition?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Despite the numerous positive functions of
cholesterol,
C) Considering the many sources of cholesterol,
D) Even though cholesterol can bind to some
proteins,
113／128
7
A) NO CHANGE
B) choices; for example, eating substantial amounts of
Many researchers believe that certain dietary
saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated fats;
7 choices, for example, eating—significant amounts
C) choices—for example, eating substantial amounts
of saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated fats—
of saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated fats—
contribute to high cholesterol levels in the bloodstream. D) choices, for example: eating substantial amounts of
Since cholesterol molecules do not dissolve in water or saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated fats,
blood, 8 they are also transported to various parts of
the body by lipoproteins, which are constructed from 8
both fats and proteins. 9 When the concentration of A) NO CHANGE
LDL cholesterol is high, it may clog an individual’s B) that is
arteries and lead to a variety of medical conditions. C) it is
D) this is
.
9
At this point, the writer wants to add details about the
specific functions of lipoproteins.
Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A) There are many different types of lipoproteins,
including very low density lipoproteins,
intermediate density lipoproteins, low density
lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins.
B) While the liver is the primary organ of lipoprotein
synthesis, research has demonstrated that
chylomicrons, a type of lipoprotein, are synthesized
in the mucosa of the small intestine.
C) Low density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol
into the bloodstream and various parts of the body,
while high density lipoproteins (HDL) remove
cholesterol from the bloodstream for disposal.
D) Lipoproteins are classified by density, which can be
calculated from the ratio of triacylglycerol/protein
concentration and the actual diameter of the
Notwithstanding the health risks associated with high molecule.
cholesterol levels, it is important to remember that this
molecule is 10 integral to many necessary and vital 10
life functions. From the structure of cell membranes to A) NO CHANGE
the swift conduction of nerve impulses, from digestion B) integral to many necessary
to hormone production, many physiological structures C) integral and vital to many necessary
and processes depend on cholesterol. D) necessary and vital to many integral
11
Consequently, 11 it’s important to fund future
research initiatives that investigate the significance of A) NO CHANGE
this molecule. B) everyone should focus on more important dietary
issues than cholesterol consumption.
C) it’s important to understand why cholesterol is
insoluble in both water and blood.
D) maintaining a healthy cholesterol levels is a step
toward a healthy life.
114／128
13. The Political Power of the First Ladies-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
The Political Power of the First Ladies B) United States has a president whose wife,
C) United States’ President has a wife,
D) wife of the President of the United States,
A high-profile, unelected official with the political
resources to influence domestic policy, the 1 2
President of the United States has a wife, known as the The writer is considering deleting the underlined
“First Lady,” occupies a unique position. Many First sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
Ladies, not content with simply playing the role of A) Kept, because it provides a transition from the
demure wife and social hostess, have take an active role paragraph’s discussion of the role of the First
in the political sphere. Even though her power comes Gentleman to the role of the First Lady.
by way of marriage, rather than from the electorate or B) Kept, because it offers further clarification of why
the Constitution, the First Lady (or First Gentleman) the husband of a female president would be called
has a responsibility to capitalize on her situation and “First Gentleman."
C) Deleted, because it interrupts the introduction of the
attempt to create significant, lasting change. 2 If the
passage’s main argument with a loosely related
President of the United States is female, her husband’s
detail.
title would be “First Gentleman.” Throughout US
D) Deleted, because it weakens the passage’s emphasis
history, there have been a number of influential,
on the importance of the work done by several
politically engaged First Ladies from whom future First
influential First Ladies.
Ladies or Gentlemen can take inspiration.
3
Which choice is most consistent with the writer’s
Abigail Adams, the second First Lady in American position as established in the passage?
History, was the first to assume 3 a protruding role in A) NO CHANGE
the political sphere. Unlike her predecessor, Martha B) an obtrusive
Washington, Adams was outspoken, well-educated, and C) a prominent
quickly developed the reputation of a staunch partisan D) an ostentatious
defender after openly criticizing Congress for not
declaring war on France in 1798. Her influence 4 is 4
so well-known that opponents claimed the President A) NO CHANGE
refused to make any appointments “without her B) was
approbation,” and aspiring politicians sought her C) has been
endorsement. 5 In recent years, Adams has become a D) DELETE the underlined portion.
popular topic for biographers because of her thoughts
on gender, slavery, and politics. 5
Which choice most effectively concludes the
paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) In a period of limited female autonomy, Adams
demonstrated that the First Lady could substantially
influence politics in the United States.
C) A major component of Adams' legacy is a
collection of more than 1,100 letters written
between Adams and her husband.
D) Abigail Adams was not only the wife of the second
US president but also the mother of the sixth US
president, John Quincy Adams.
115／128
From 1933 to 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt was 6
intimately involved in her husband’s domestic policies Which option most effectively combines the sentences
during the tumultuous Great Depression. For example,
A) Arthurdale, and it was
she spearheaded the establishment of 6 Arthurdale. B) Arthurdale,
Arthurdale was a resettlement community that C) Arthurdale; it was
combined subsistence farming and simple industry for D) Arthurdale, this being the name of
impoverished mine workers. After convincing her
7
husband to bring the project under federal authority,
A) NO CHANGE
Roosevelt became the unofficial project director and B) For instance,
supported the community through regular visits and C) In keeping with this tradition,
budgetary oversight. 7 However, she became beloved D) As a result of these efforts,
by the American people, who admired her commitment
to helping those Americans most in need. 8
At this point, the writer wants to provide an example of
the legislation mentioned in the previous sentence.
Two decades later, Claudia “Lady Bird” Johnson Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
pushed further into the political sphere than had any A) One such legislative effort, the Beautification Act
previous First Lady. She attended legislative strategy of 1965 (fondly referred to as “Lady Bird’s Bill”),
sessions and directly interacted with Congress to garner improved the environment surrounding America’s
support for her environmental legislation. 8 Johnson highways by eliminating billboards and junkyards
and adding scenic landscaping.
established her legacy by using her political leverage to
B) After her husband signed into law the Civil Rights
influence the passage of nearly two hundred
Act of 1964, Johnson went on two solo, multi-state
environmental laws. speaking tours in southern states to advocate for her
husband and advance his policies.
C) Lady Bird’s “beautification” directive had begun
when she formed the First Lady’s Committee for a
More Beautiful Capital which focused on urban
decay and planted millions of flowers and trees
around the capital.
D) In support of the government’s “See America First”
campaign, Johnson undertook a series of trips to
national parks, scenic areas, and historic sites to
highlight the natural beauty of the American
outdoors and promote ecotourism.
9
Despite the important contributions these First
A) NO CHANGE
Ladies made to American society, 9 her activism B) their
often 10 resulted in scathing critiques: Adams was C) they're
mockingly called “Mrs. President,” Roosevelt was D) there
ridiculed in newspapers, and a Montana billboard read
10
“Impeach Lady Bird.” 11 Yet, as Barbara Bush, aptly
A) NO CHANGE
noted, “The First Lady is going to be criticized no B) resulted: in scathing critiques,
matter what she does.” First Ladies have a C) resulted in: scathing critiques,
responsibility to ignore the inevitable criticism; they D) resulted, in scathing critiques:
should use the position to create invaluable social and
political change—as they have for centuries. 11
A) NO CHANGE
B) Yet as, Barbara Bush, aptly noted
C) Yet, as Barbara Bush aptly noted,
D) Yet as Barbara Bush, aptly noted:
116／128
14. Entomophagy: A Sustainable Solution-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) pollutes
Entomophagy: A Sustainable Solution C) for polluting
D) its pollution of
Traditional livestock rearing practices place heavy
burdens on Earth’s limited natural resources: animal 2
waste contaminates water sources, creates acidic Which choice provides the most effective transition
from the preceding sentence to the one that follows?
environments, and 1 polluting the air with
A) 465 million tonnes of livestock products will be
greenhouse gases. Yet the world’s livestock requirement required to meet the demands of 9 billion people
is expected to double by the year 2050. 2 Some worldwide.
scientists and environmental advocates have such an B) This increase places heavy strains on food sources,
alternative in mind: bugs. By embracing entomophagy like fish for instance, which has already seen a 3.6%
increase in consumption since 1961.
(the consumption of insects as food), 3 the nutritional
C) Traditional livestock may become an untenable
needs of people can continue to be met while also protein source because of the heavy burdens placed
significantly reducing the ecological pressures resulting on Earth’s resources.
from traditional livestock rearing practices. D) It will be environmentally impossible to meet such
a great demand without turning to alternative
sources of protein.
3
A) NO CHANGE
B) the ecological pressures resulting from traditional
livestock rearing practices will reduce while
continuing to meet people’s nutritional needs.
C) people could significantly reduce the ecological
pressures resulting from traditional livestock
rearing practices while continuing to meet their
Insects can be reared as minilivestock in small, urban nutritional needs.
D) traditional livestock rearing practices will change,
spaces and, in fact, 4 thrives in high-density, vertical
resulting in reduced ecological pressures, and
environments. Thirty crickets can produce roughly humans can continue to meet their nutritional
3,000 offspring in a six-by-six-by-two inch plastic needs.
storage container. 5 Those crickets yield about a
pound of food. How much food they yield depends on 4
A) NO CHANGE
the species. Rearing minilivestock in urban areas could
B) thrive
significantly reduce the deforestation caused by the
C) has thrived
raising of traditional livestock. D) is thriving
5
sentences?
A) Those crickets, depending on the species, yield
about a pound of food.
B) Those crickets yield about a pound of food, but,
depending on the species of cricket, the amount
they yield varies.
C) About a pound of food is yielded by those crickets,
but the amount yielded depends on the species of
the crickets.
D) The yield of those crickets is about a pound, but
how much food those crickets yield depends on the
species.
117／128
6
6 Insects have external skeletons, or exoskeletons, Which choice most effectively establishes the main
that support and protect their bodies. Because their
A) NO CHANGE
exoskeletons seal in water, insects don’t sweat and,
B) Not only can insects thrive in small spaces but, as
consequently, don’t need much water. 2,000 crickets, cold-blooded invertebrates with external
for example, require only one liter of water every five skeletons, bugs use far fewer resources than do
weeks, whereas traditional livestock consume 70 animals.
percent of the world’s available fresh water. Insects also C) When deciding which kind of livestock would
require far less feed than do 7 animals; they require: make an economical investment, one must
a $15 mixture of cat-food, cereal, and powdered milk consider the cost of the feed for the livestock.
can feed thousands of bugs for two months. Insects can D) Over 70 percent of Earth is covered in water, but
less than one percent of that water is accessible
even consume organic waste, further reducing the
for consumption.
expense and ecological resources needed to raise them.
8 Consequently, feeding one cow costs a farmer 7
about $70 to $80 every two months. A) NO CHANGE
B) animals. They require:
C) animals, requiring:
D) animals:
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) Furthermore,
C) In contrast,
D) Similarly,
9
The writer wants to include accurate and relevant
information from the graph to support the main claim
of the paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this
goal?
A) Locusts and grasshoppers provide humans with
fewer than twenty grams of protein, whereas
chicken provides around twenty-five grams of
protein.
B) Insects such as chapulines, plantworm beetles,
crickets, and termites all offer amounts of protein
comparable to those provided by traditional
sources such as beef, chicken, and seafood.
C) Whereas crustaceans such as shrimp contain an
The environmental benefits of entomophagy come at
equal amount of protein to beef, Chapulines
no expense to humans’ health. 9 Moreover, the
contain almost twice as much protein as beef.
practice of eating insects can, in fact, offer some D) Traditional sources of protein, such as beef,
nutritional advantages. Vitamin B-12, for instance, chicken, and seafood, all provide humans with
which is essential for neurological functions, blood about twenty-five grams of protein.
production, metabolism, and DNA 10 synthesis—is
twice as plentiful in crickets as it is in beef. In light of 10
these nutritional advantages, entomophagy is worth A) NO CHANGE
B) synthesis,
serious consideration as a solution to the C) synthesis;
11 originating livestock production crisis. D) synthesis
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) impending
C) long-awaited
D) impatient
118／128
15. Poetry as a Profession-Level
1
4
A) NO CHANGE
B) respiring
Poetry as a Profession C) inspiring
D) aspiring
In an increasingly streamlined, technological, and
competitive world of professional employment, a career 2
A) NO CHANGE
in writing poetry may seem like an impractical choice.
B) is
While the challenge of developing a professional C) were
writing career cannot be denied, 1 perspiring poets D) have been
can look to their successful twentieth and twenty-first
century counterparts for models of sustainable career 3
paths. These examples demonstrate that one of the best Which choice best helps establish the reasons provided
ways to "be" a poet 2 are to be many other things as in support of the passage’s main argument?
well: 3 when writing computer code, an individual is A) NO CHANGE
cultivating the same precision and attention to detail B) a supplemental career provides the necessary
that is required to write poetry. financial support for poets to support themselves in
today’s competitive economy.
C) in addition to offering financial support,
supplemental careers can provide artistic
inspiration and a valuable breadth of experience.
Many successful contemporary poets pursue other D) by focusing on an alternative career instead of
forms of employment, considering these jobs not as writing, individuals can learn that poetry is better
obstacles 4 but instead of sources of inspiration. W. considered a hobby than a career.
S. Di Piero, an Italian-American poet, also works as a
translator; when discussing the relationship between 4
translation and poetry, he identified them both as a A) NO CHANGE
B) instead as
“quest for recognitions,” noting that 5 “a translation
C) but rather as
needs a cultural entourage.” The supplemental career
D) and
does not even need to be directly related to writing in
order to provide valuable inspiration. Consider, 5
6 for example, William Carlos Williams who worked The writer wants to emphasize the usefulness of
as a physician for over forty years. Some of his most translation to the process of writing poetry. Which
poignant poems were inspired by his patients. In his choice of the following quotations from Di Piero best
own words, a medical career was “the very thing which accomplishes this goal?
made it possible for me to write.” A) NO CHANGE
B) “a writer always has to deal with difficult people,
but the translator encounters the worst ones.”
C) “I was trying to earn my living as a writer and
translator.”
D) “the process of translation has helped my writing
immensely.”
6
A) NO CHANGE
B) for example, William Carlos Williams;
C) for example William Carlos Williams
D) for example, William Carlos Williams,
119／128
7
Which choice provides the best transition from the
7 Although they provide varying levels of financial previous paragraph to this one?
support, supplemental careers also broaden the A) NO CHANGE
B) In addition to providing a source of inspiration,
experience of individuals—and this breadth inevitably
C) Considering the time constraints they impose on a
shapes their work. For instance, the famous poet Maya
poet,
Angelou pursued diverse career paths as 8 a prose
D) Regardless of the relationship between translation
writer, producing, civil rights activist, and more. From
and poetry,
“Caged Bird” to “On the Pulse of Morning,” some of
her greatest poems are grounded by her own experience
in the civil rights struggle. A poet’s experience, though, 8
A) NO CHANGE
can also influence his or her writing in more subtle B) prose-writing, producing, a civil rights activist,
ways. Luci Tapahonso, the current poet laureate of the C) a prose writer, producer, civil rights activist,
Navajo nation, is committed to serving her community D) writing prose, a producer, civil rights activist,
on local, 9 state, and national levels, a strong sense of
cultural identity pervades her work. 9
A) NO CHANGE
B) state and national levels,
C) state; and national levels;
D) state, and national levels;
10
Poetry composition is neither an easy nor an
impossible career—it simply requires hard work, A) Yes, because the sentence states an argument about
dedication, and the commitment to writing above all
the importance of writing poetry that is irrelevant
else. 10 Yet of all possible careers, perhaps writing
to the writer’s main point.
poetry is one of the most necessary in our contemporary B) Yes, because the sentence gives a description of our
context. While coding languages and technology turn
contemporary context that repeats information
over with 11 ever-increasing, greater frequency, the
from the introduction.
words of Homer and Shakespeare remain; even when
C) No, because the sentence provides a smooth
an entire culture disappears, writing is one of the few
transition that sets up the author’s concluding point
things that persists.
about the unique nature of poetry.
D) No, because the sentence provides evidence for the
passage’s central claim about why writing poetry is
so important.
11
A) NO CHANGE
B) ever-increasing frequency,
C) ever-increasing frequency and greater prevalence,
D) frequency and greater prevalence
120／128
16. An Emerging Field Needs Standardization, Accreditation-Level 4
A) NO CHANGE
B) States,
An Emerging Field Needs Standardization, C) States;
Accreditation D) States:
For many people in the United 1 States undergoing 2

A) NO CHANGE
a medical procedure can be a stressful, confusing, and
B) avenge
sometimes overwhelming ordeal. However, a new career
C) hoard
path is emerging, and it promises to bring welcome relief D) secure
to distraught families: Patient Advocate. Patient
advocates 2 confiscate the rights of patients by
helping them research treatment options or fill out 3
confusing insurance forms. Sometimes, a patient A) NO CHANGE
advocate will even act as a spokesperson for his or her B) attract
C) have attracted
patients. This variety of tasks 3 attracts individuals
D) are able to attract
with an equally broad range of experience; some are
former healthcare providers and some are not.
However, there is a downside to this low threshold to 4
4 entry, in the absence of a formal accreditation 4
A) NO CHANGE
program, not all healthcare professionals believe that B) entry:
patient advocates possess the knowledge commensurate C) entry; because in
with their potential influence. 5 Given that some D) entry
doctors welcome patient advocates into the decision-
making process, others are reluctant to add another voice 5
to the conversation. 6 They argue that patient A) NO CHANGE
advocates often lack medical expertise, and that they B) Because
C) Considering
may misuse their influence to sway a patient against a
D) Although
doctor’s sound advice. Insurance providers voice similar
concerns, noting that the field of patient advocacy lacks
the standardization and accreditation which would 6
qualify it as a meaningful medical service. As a result, The writer is considering deleting the underlined
most insurers are unwilling to provide coverage for sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
patient advocates, meaning that patients must pay for A) Kept, because it elaborates on one of the
this service out of their own pocket. viewpoints introduced in the previous sentence.
B) Kept, because it provides evidence that supports
the writer’s argument against requiring standard
credentials for patient advocates.
C) Deleted, because it contains irrelevant
information that does not related to the focus of
the paragraph.
D) Deleted, because it introduces data about
physician preference that is inconsistent with the
claim of the following paragraph.
121／128
7 The variety of experience which characterizes 7

the field of patient advocacy is one of its most Which choice provides the most effective transition to
significant advantages. It must decide whether to the topic of the new paragraph?
continue opening the doors of this field to all who wish A) NO CHANGE
B) Another challenge facing many patients is
to enter, or to limit its practitioners to 8 they who can
physician access—a problem that the field of
complete standardized training and accreditation
patient advocacy is uniquely equipped to handle.
programs. If the field of patient advocacy were to
C) Because disagreement abounds, the services
9 argue its current lack of regulation, it would
provided by the field of patient advocacy will
continue to attract individuals with a variety of
likely remain uncovered by most insurance
backgrounds and skill sets; however, it would also
networks.
sacrifice the trust of doctors and insurance providers.
D) Given these conflicting perspectives, the field of
This potentially beneficial field would become rife with
patient advocacy will face a crucial choice in the
amateurs, and public confidence in their ability to
coming years.
improve medical outcomes would suffer.
8
A) NO CHANGE
B) those who
C) those which
D) they that
9 9
A) NO CHANGE
B) maintain
C) care for
D) service
122／128
10
10 It is critical that both physicians and insurance Based on the evidence in the passage, the writer wants
providers alike take the time to carefully evaluate the to propose a specific course of action for the field of
contributions of patient advocates, rather than leaping patient advocacy. Which choice best accomplishes this
to conclusions. Like other medical professionals, goal?
patient advocates should complete an approved A) NO CHANGE
program of study and commit to specific professional B) Individuals who work in the field of patient
norms. Further down the road, a clear set of best advocacy would make a greater impact if they
practices supported by solid research must be developed. collaborated with insurance companies instead of
11 Considering the complicated nature of today’s constantly challenging the billing decisions.
healthcare industry, there will always be a job market C) Therefore, the field of patient advocacy must take
for individuals who have expertise in navigating this the more challenging but responsible course:
field. adopting universal standards of accreditation for
patient advocates.
D) Patient advocates should focus more on the most
important area of advocacy—providing medical
advice for their clients—and less on wrangling
with insurance companies to ensure fair coverage.
11
The writer wants to conclude by emphasizing the
positive long-term results of the proposed approach.
A) NO CHANGE
B) Patient advocates have been an essential part of
the healthcare process, offering clear, manageable
information and practical assistance to their
clients.
C) In the absence of such an approach, the field of
patient advocacy cannot be guaranteed a
permanent position in the healthcare industry,
despite the benefits it provides.
D) Then—and only then—will the field of patient
advocacy be accepted as a valuable component of
the United States healthcare system.
123／128
答案
Section 1: Primary
Passage 1 2 3 4 5
1. The Ambassadors: A Meditation B A D A B
2. Classifying the Stars D C C D D
3. Cometary Missions: Trajectory C D B A B
4. Hippotherapy: Improving D B A B A
5. The Complex History D A A C B
Passage 1 2 3 4 5
6. Searching for Guinevere D B C A D
7. Toshio Fukuda B D D B A
8. The Need for Increased Regulation A C A A C
124／128
Section 2: Informative
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. An Unusual Island D A A B C B A C A B D
2. GI Bill: A Real American Hero D B B A B A C D A C C
3. Thomas Jefferson D B A A C C D B D A C
4. The Battle Against White-Nose B A C D D C B B C B D
5. Petroleum Engineering C B D C D C D B A A B
6. The Unexpectedly Practical C C B B C A A B D C B
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
7. The Boreal Chorus Frog C D C B A C B B B D C
8. Resurrecting Zora B C A C B D D B C B B
9. Chemists for Clean Water B C D B A C B D D B A
10. The Effects of Electronegativity B C C D C B A A D A B
11. The Top Tiers of Pastry D A B D C B A D C A D
12. The Rocket Scientist B B D C D B D A B D C
13. Floating Through Life B C D C C B B C A D A
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
14. False or False D C C A C C D D B A C
15. The Business of Hospitality A D C B D A A C B A B
16. A “Rosie” Turn on American D A B D B C A B C A A
17. A Moveable Street: C B D A D C B B C A B
18. A Work in Progress D D B C B A C B A D B
19. A Wolf in Coyote’s Clothing A A B A D B C C A A B
125／128
Section 3: Narrative
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. Truman’s Winning Whistle-stop B A B D B A C A C C B
2. The Other Tolstoy B D D A B A C B B B D
3. Dr. King’s Guiding Light C B B D B D C D A A D
4. John Snow and the Story C C D D B C A B D D B
5. A Top-Fight Career D B C B A B C A B A C
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6. A Wave of Molasses C D D B B C C B D C A
7. El Sistema: Venezuela’s B B B B C D D B A A A
8. Personal Anthropology B D A C D D B D B C A
9. War and Poetry: T. S. Eliot’s B C C A C C B A D C B
10. Building from the Carpet Up A C D A D C A B D A D
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
11. The Creation of Treasure Island B C D B D C D C B A A
12. The Pumpkin Papers D C A D B A C A C B C

13. Mary Walker: A Century Ahead C A D B C B C D D A C
14. Demystifying Digestion D A B A D D C B B D D
126／128
Section 4: Argument
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1. Judithe Hernandez A B A C C A C C D C B
2. The Rise of the Hospitalist C A B A B B C B D C D
3. Taking on Gatsby C D D B C C B C A D C
4. Healthy Outlook for Male Nurses D A A D B D B C C A C
5. The Case for Independent D B B D C A A C B D D
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6. Creative Translation D C B D C B A C A C B
7. Preserving America A D B B B A A B B B D
8. The Relevance of Linguae B D D B C D D C B C B
9. The Two Faces of Tlatilco A D B D B D B A C D A
10. Comedy in Contrast D B B B C D B A C B D
Passage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
11. More than a Dream B D B C A A D B C C B
12. Cholesterol: Friend and Foe D B C D D B C A C B D
13. The Political Power D C C B B B D A B A C
14. Entomophagy: A Sustainable B D C B A B D C B B B
15. Poetry as a Profession D B C C D D B C D C B
16. An Emerging Field Needs B D A B D A D B B C D
127／128
128／128

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