Q1 What are the three main reasons for safety? Give examples for each of the three reasons.

• Humanitarianism: Human Life and welfare

• Law: Society moral code
• Cost: cost of injuries and illness
Q2 Explain “Prevention through Design”
Prevention through design that seeks to emphasizes engineering design to eliminate or reduce hazards
Q3 Discuss the importance of teamwork to achieve safety performance. Identify who should
participate in the team.
• Team work is when a group of people come together and share ideas in order to attain a common
goal. A team may be made up of people specialized in different aspects of the task they are to do
and this makes it easier for them to do a better analysis of the various aspects of the task to ensure
safety during and after the task is completed. This is work that can’t be done properly if these
people don’t come together. The participants of a team in a project include the Engineer, the
Technicians, and health personnel.
Q5 What are the main responsibilities of each of the following specialists?
(a) Safety professional: They analyze the work place environment for potential risks, and based on
their information, they come up with ways to improve the safety in the facility.
(b) Safety engineer: applies scientific and engineering knowledge, in order to Identify, eliminate,
reduce and control hazards.
(c) Industrial hygienist: They analyze, identify, and measure workplace hazards or stresses that can
cause sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort in workers, trough Chemical, Physical and
biological exposure.
(d) Fire protection engineer: They specialize in fire prevention, protection, detection, and alarms.
They plan and design fire control and extinguishment systems for structures, equipment, processes, and
systems, design egress routes to allow safe exiting from fires and related incidents.
(e) Health physicist: Ensures Workers are in good health. They take care of illnesses, injuries, and
potential death from incidents and accidents.
(f) Ergonomist: Ensures that the design of systems, equipment and facilities provide the best level
of efficiency, conform, health and safety for anyone using them.
(g) Occupational health nurse: Work with employers and employees to identify health and safety
needs in the workplace.
(h) Occupational health physician: A medical doctor who diagnoses and treats occupational
diseases, work related illnesses and injuries of employees, and conducts fitness for-work physical
examination.
(i) Human Resources manager: They plan, coordinate, and direct the administrative functions of
an organization. They oversee the recruiting, interviewing and hiring of new staff.

Q6 Give a definition of the word safety.

Safety is the state of being relatively free from harm, danger, injury or damage.
Q7 Give a definition of the word accident.
An accident is an unintended, unplanned, single or multiple event sequence that results from
hazards and may result in immediate or delayed undesirable effects.

Page 1 of 7
Q8 What are the deficiencies of the term accident? What term is an alternative for accident?
• The definition of accident is so broad. It says some outcomes are unplanned but in some cases
these outcomes can be predicted and managed.
• An alternative term for accident is Incident.

Q9 Why is the term incident preferred by some people?

The word incident helps solve some of the problems with the word accident. It is not as broad as
the word accident. It focuses on an event which may or may not have consequences

Q10 Define: (a) safety engineering: This is the application of engineering principles and
practices to the recognition, evaluation and control of hazards that can lead to accidents and incidents.
b) Hazard: The potential or inherent characteristics of an activity, condition, or circumstance which can
produce adverse or harmful events and consequences.
c) Control: This is any means of reducing the likelihood or severity of an accident or incident.
d) Risk: This is the chance or likelihood of an adverse event and the potential severity that may result.
Q11 Distinguish between hazard and risk.
- Hazard is anything that can cause harm while risk is the measure of that thing to cause harm.
- Hazard denotes the anticipated cause of harm while risk denotes the anticipation of harm
- Hazard is related to physical objects, situations or settings that threaten life, and property while Risks
are associated with an action that might endanger life and property.
- Hazard can’t be measured while risk can be measured.
Q12 What are the differences between the following pairs of terms?
(a) Accidents and injuries: An accident is an unintended, unplanned, single or multiple event
sequence that results from hazards and may result in immediate or delayed undesirable effects.
While injuries, are the results from accidents.
Accident may have not included harm or damage while injury includes harm or damage
(b) Injuries and illnesses: An injury is a physical harm or damage to the body resulting from an
exchange, usually acute, of mechanical, chemical, thermal, or other environmental energy that exceeds
the body’s tolerance. While an illness is any abnormal condition or disorder other than one resulting from
an injury caused by exposure to environmental factors
(c) Accidental injury and unintended injury: Accidental injury are gotten from accidents while
working while unintended injury is injury gotten while not working.
(d) Direct and indirect costs of accidents: A direct costs of accident is an activity or condition that
will directly cause an accident. While an Indirect cost of accident is an activity or condition that will
provoke some chain reactions leading in to an accident in the future.
(e) Insured and uninsured accident costs: Insured costs are those costs paid by an insurance policy
during an accident if the organization is covered by an insurance policy. While Uninsured costs are those
not paid by an insurance policy.
(f) unsafe acts and unsafe conditions: an unsafe act is a practice that might result to an incident.
While unsafe conditions are the surrounding settings or state of a process which may lead to an incident.

Page 2 of 7
Q13 What are the three Es of safety? What is the fourth E?
The three Es are; engineering, education, and enforcement. The
fourth E is enthusiasm.

Q14 Explain the steps used to prevent accidents when applying a safety management system.
- Hazard Identification; This include a review of activities, conditions, and circumstances involved
in hazards
- Risk assessment; Here one looks at the frequency or likelihood and severity of events involving
the identified hazards.
- Risk control; This involve, Eliminating the hazard, Identified, substituting some activities or
equipment, redesigning, and administrative procedures.
- Implement Controls. This step simply applies all the measures of risk control.
- Evaluate control; this has to do with monitoring the system or conditions to see how effective and
risk free the system is and to check for other hazards.

Q15 List eight reasons why records and reports are important for safety
- No business or occupation is free from risk
- Accurate record keeping and reports allow for more informed decision made
- Future hazards can be prevented it makes it easier for better designs to be made
- Employees that are fully informed of risk and hazards found in their workplace will be more
likely to follow cautions

Q16 Explain what may cause an electrical conductor to heat up. What causes arcing?
- Overload: This is a situation where a load draws more current trough a conductor than it can
handle.
- Short Circuit: This will result to a power spike and more maximum current flows through an
inductor.
- Arcing is caused by the breakdown of gases between two conductors due to the ionization of the
air molecule surrounding them.

Q17 What are the four main hazards of electricity?

- Fire
- Explosion
- Electrocution
- Electric burns

Page 3 of 7
Q18 What electrical characteristics contribute to the danger of electrical shock?
Electrical shock is as a result of electron discharge. When a person gets in contact to a live wire, he/she is
electrocuted because the human body is able to conduct electrons from the earth to the Live wire. Thereby
ionizing the body (Shock)
Q19 Which electrical parameter is most associated with the likelihood of shock? -
Current
Q20 What characteristic of skin most affects its electrical resistance?
- Hydration of the Keratinized tissue
Q21 How does electricity cause fires? Explosions?
- During a short circuit, a spark is produced and it can catch fire on any flammable object around
the point of the short circuit.
- In the case of a loose contact, the constant connection and disconnection of the joints produces a
lot of heat and sparks are produced and can easily lite up the plastic insulator around the
conductor.
- Explosions are not just caused by the conductors alone. An explosion occurs when an electrical
component like a capacitor is supplied with pore power than it can handle, this will result to
conduction between the capacitor plates (Short circuit), resulting to an explosion.

Q22 What are the main types of controls for electrical hazards?
- Engineering control
This includes modification of equipment, processes and components
that eliminate or reduce hazards
Administrative control
This involve the use of PPE, training, supervision they don’t
remove the hazard but reduce the potential for accidents and
incidents
Q23 Name five physical controls for electrical hazards.
- Use of appropriate PPE
- Use of circuit protection devices
- Grounding
- Matching equipment specification to loads expectation of installations
- Safe equipment acceptable by OSHA
- Only trained authorized employees should maintain electrical equipment

Q24 What are the two kinds of overcurrent devices?

- Fuse and Circuit Breakers.

Q25 Name three kinds of switching devices. What does each protect against?
- Circuit breaker: Protects against over load from overload
- General use switch: Used to manually connect or disconnect a line.
- Fuses: Protect from overcurrent

Page 4 of 7
Q26 What is the hazard of static electricity? How can it be controlled?
Static Electrical Shock. It can be prevented by;
- Grounding all home appliances (install an earth system)
- Install differential protection (for human protection)

Q27 How is external protection from lightning achieved? Internal protection?

- Through the installation of a thunder protector, which is a metal plate installed at the highest
point and it runs to the ground.

Q28 What are the hazards in charging lead-acid batteries? What are some controls?
- It may result in explosion, Electrolyte being splashed on the body.
This can be prevented or controlled by;
- Storing the batteries in cool well-ventilated areas.
- Use just the required amount of power to charge the batteries
- Avoid contact with internal content is case is broken.

Q29 Which legal instrument governs Safety and health at work in Cameroon?
- The labour code governs Safety and health at work in Cameroon
Q30 Briefly discuss on the two competent authorities in charge of occupational safety and health in
Cameroon.
- The directorate of health and safety at work; which is hosted by the ministry of public
health and responsible for issuing the certification
- National Commission on industrial health and safety; it is presided by the ministry in
charge of labor

Q31 Based on : Arrêté n° 39/MTPS/IMT du 26 novembre 1984 fixant les mesures générales
d'hygiène et de sécurité sur les lieux de travail. (Titre Ier Chap.1, art. 2(1)), What is the
responsibility of the employer?
- Employer is directly responsible for the implementation of all prevention, health and
safety measures to ensures the protection of his workers

Page 5 of 7
Q32 Base on the legal instruments : • Loi no 80-05 du 14 juillet 1980 modifiant la loi no 77.11 du 13
juillet 1977 [SL 1977-Cam. 1] portant réparation et prévention des accidents du travail et des
maladies professionnelles.
• Loi n° 77-11 du 27 juillet 1977 portant réparation et prévention des accidents du travail et des
maladies professionnelles (Articles 1er et 7 modifiés par la loi n° 80-05 du 14 juillet 1980) ((art. 2))
Briefly discuss
(a) Occupational accident: an accident suffered whatever the cause is by any worker as defined in article
1 paragraph 2 of the labour code;
- the accident which has arisen out of work or during work;
- the accident that occurred during the round trip between:
- The worker's main residence or second home and the
workplace;
- The workplace and the place where the worker usually take meals
- During travels when expenses shall be borne by the employer
according to the Labor Code.
b) Occupational disease: It is disease resulting from the exercise of
certain professional activities
Q33 Under the authority of a director, the directorate of health and safety at work is responsible
for? List 5
- Preparing and implementing technical standards for occupational health and hazards
- Monitoring and
- Implementing technical standards on OSH
- Promoting humanization and welfare
- Promoting measures an occupational health
- Undertaking studies and research in OSH
- Issuing the certification for exercising occupational medicine

Page 6 of 7
Q34 Write a brief explanation on the following
a) Surveillance of the working environment and working practices;
Surveillance of the working environment is a generic term which includes the identification and
evaluation of environmental factors which may affect workers' health.
b) Duty to provide personal protective
The employer has a duty to ensure to his workers considering their activities the supply, maintenance
and renewal of collective and personal protective
c) Duty to ensure usage of PPE
Every worker shall strickly comply with the legal and regulatory provision relating to hygiene and
safety at the workplace as with their employer’s instructions and with the rules of procedures
prescription especially with the used and maintenance of PPE which has been provided.
d) Duty to provide first aid and welfare facilities
The undertaking under this chapter must have
- Emergency workers; to provide first aid in case of accident
- Appropriate equipment for first aid and transport of the injure
- The employer must provide workers with the means to ensure their personal hygiene.

Page 7 of 7