Chemistry Project

SRI CHAITANYA COLLEGE
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ASHIKA J
CLASS 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is my great pleasure to acknowledge the
contribution of the individuals who co-
operated with me to complete this project
successfully.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success . I would
thank my teachers whose valuable guidance
has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and their guidance and instruction has
served the major contribution towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would thank my parents and friends
who helped me with their valuable
suggestions which helped me in various
phases in the completion of this project
INDEX
- INTRODUCTION
- AIM
- THEORY
- REQUIREMENTS
- TEST FOR DIFFERENT
SAMPLES
- COMPARATIVE TABLE
- RESULT
- CONCLUSION
- PRECAUTIONS
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
There's a wide variety of toothpastes and related
products available today in the market for oral
hygiene. However, for a common man, differentiation
on the basis of quality is really difficult with all the
fancy advertisements and offers . A toothpaste
contains a mildly abrasive substance such as calcium
carbonate and a detergent or soap, some Sweetening
agent other than sugar and flavouring oils to make it
pleasant to taste and smell. Some toothpastes
contains fluorides which make the enamel surface of
the tooth more resistant to bacterial activity and act
against microorganisms as a metabolic poison.
Generally any standard toothpaste contain calcium
carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate, sodium
lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some flavouring
oils are also added.
This project basically deals with the detection of
various ions in toothpaste that determine its quality,
and thus, a comparison between the prominent
toothpaste brands
AIM
TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF
DIFFERENT ANIONS AND CATIONS
IN DIFFERENT BRANDS OF
TOOTHPASTE AND DETERMINE
IT'S QUALITY.
THEORY
Analytical chemistry deals with qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the substances. In qualitative
analysis, the given compound is analysed for the
radicals, i.e., cation and the anion , that it contains.
Physical procedures like noting the colour, smell or
taste of the substance have very limited scope
because of the corrosive, poisonous nature of the
chemical compounds. Therefore, what one has to
resort to is the chemical analysis of the substance that
has to be carried out along with the physical
examination of the compound under consideration.
The common procedure for testing any unknown
sample is to make its solution and then test this
solution for the ions present in it. There are separate
procedures for detecting cations and anions, therefore
qualitative analysis is studied under cation analysis
and anion analysis.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

An acid radical is the ionic part in an inorganic salt
that comes from the acid during the neutralisation
reaction. It is negatively charged and called an anion.
An acid radical is mostly formed through the removal
of a hydrogen ion from an acid. For example, the
removal of a hydrogen ion from hydrochloric acid
leads to the formation of an anion acidic radical,
chloride radical.
IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS (CATION)
A Basic radical is the ionic part of an inorganic salt
that comes from the base during the neutralisation
reaction. It is positively charged and called a cation. A
base radical is mostly formed through the removal of
hydroxyl ions from a base. For example, the removal
of hydroxide ions from sodium hydroxide (caustic
soda) leads to the formation of a cation basic radical,
sodium radical.
REQUIREMENTS
TOOTHPASTE
BRANDS:
- Colgate
- Close-Up
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
- Hydrochloric acid - Test tubes
- Dilute sulphuric acid - Beakers
- Conc.sulphuric acid - Flasks
- Barium chloride - Flame
- Ammonium hydroxide - Spatula
- Ammonium carbonate - S gas
- Acetic acid
- Nitric acid
- Silver nitrate
- Calcium chloride
- Potassium Ferrocyanide
TEST FOR DIFFERENT SAMPLES
 TEST ON COLGATE-TOOTHPASTE : TEST FOR ANION
SL.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 PRELIMINARY TESTS
Colour White
Odour minty smell
(of colgate)
Dry heating Colourless, may
odourless be present
gas
Flame test Reddish may
flame be present
2 Dil test- Colourless, may be
To the sample, Add Odourless present
some drops of Dil gas
3 CONFIRMATORY TESTS
To the sample add white
MgS solution precipitate confirmed
Take Original Brisk
solution Add dil HCL effervescenc Confirmed
e
4 Conc. test- to No change Conc.
the sample add Group
some drops of absent
5 INDEPENDENT TESTS
For
To the sample add A White
BaC solution precipitate Confirmed
To the sample add A White
lead acetate solution precipitate Confirmed
For P
Add conc HN to Deep yellow P
Original solution and colouration confirmed
boil. Add ammonium
molybdate solution
in excess and again
boil
TEST FOR CATION
6 Group 0- No Change Group 0
To the sample add absent
NaOH and heat
7 Group I – No Change Group I
dilute HCl
8 Group II – No Change Group II
To the above test absent
tube add
9 Group III- No Change Group III
N
boiled,cooled, add
N in excess
10 To the above No Change Group IV
filtrate of group-III absent
add
11 Group-V A white Group V
To the sample add precipitate present
N and
(N solution
Dissolve the
precipitate in
C and
divide the solution
into 3 parts
(a) To the first part No Change absent
add
solution
(b) To the second part No Change absent
add (N
(c) To the third part A white
add (N precipitate confirmed
and
N solution
12 Group-IV A white
Take the filtrate of precipitate confirmed
above step and
add a few drops of
amm.oxalate
solution boiled
filtered take the
ppt boil and add
IONS PRESENT: 𝑪𝑶𝟐𝟑 , 𝑪𝒂𝟐 , 𝑺𝑶𝟐𝟒 , 𝑷𝑶𝟑𝟒 , 𝑴𝒈𝟐

N and N
in excess add
(N and
rub with a glass
rod
TEST ON CLOSE UP: TEST FOR ANION
1 PRELIMINARY TESTS
colour Red
Odour Menthol smell
of close up
Dry heating Suffocating may
smell be present
Flame test Reddish flame may
be present
2 Dil test- Colourless may
To the sample, Add pungent smell, be present
some drops of Dil turned acidified
solution
green
3 CONFIRMATORY TEST
To the O.S add A white
BaC solution precipitate confirmed
To the ppt from Pink colour
above step add discharge confirmed
KMn solution
4 Conc. test- No change Conc.
to the sample add Group
some drops of absent
TEST FOR CATION

Sl.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
5 Group 0- No change Group 0
NaOH and heat
6 Group I – No change Group I
dilute HCl
7 Group II – No change Group II
tube add
8 To the sample add A brown Group III
N and N precipitate present,
detected
Dissolve the ppt in Prussian
diute HCl and add blue colour confirmed
Potassium
Ferrocyanide
9 Group IV- No change Group IV
tube add
10 Group-V A white Group V
To the sample add precipitate present
N and
(N solution
Dissolve the ppt in
C and divide
the solution into 3
parts
(a) To the first part add No change absent
solution
(b) To the second part No change absent
add (N
(c) To the third part add A white
(N and precipitate confirmed
N solution
13 Group-IV No change absent
Take the filtrate of
above step and add
a few drops of
amm.oxalate
solution boiled
filtered take the ppt
boil and add N
and N in excess
add (N and
rub with a glass rod
IONS PRESENT: 𝑪𝒂𝟐 , 𝐒𝐎𝟐−

𝟑 , 𝑭𝒆
𝟑
FOLLOWING ARE THE CHEMICAL
REACTIONS WE GET DURING THE
EXPERIMENT:
COMPARATIVE TABLE
IONS/TOOTHPASTE COLGATE CLOSE-UP
YES YES
NO YES
NO YES
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
RESULT
On the basis of the
comparative inference table,
we see that COLGATE is the
best than CLOSE-UP as it
contains a majority of the
essential constituents
(anions and cations) of
toothpaste.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Handle the chemicals carefully
2. Use test tube holder to hold the test
tube
3. Never add water to concentric acids
4. Never touch any chemical with hands
directly
5. Us a dropper for concentrated acids
6. Don’t smell the vapours from too close
7. Never leave containers of chemicals
open
8. Avoid adding solids to hot liquid
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste
https://sciencenotes.org/cations-and-anions/
http://www.seminarsonly.com
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colgate-Total

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SRI CHAITANYA COLLEGE

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICAL (ANION)

IONS PRESENT: 𝑪𝑶𝟐𝟑 , 𝑪𝒂𝟐 , 𝑺𝑶𝟐𝟒 , 𝑷𝑶𝟑𝟒 , 𝑴𝒈𝟐

TEST FOR CATION

IONS PRESENT: 𝑪𝒂𝟐 , 𝐒𝐎𝟐−

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