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A study for electric environment characteristics in 154kV AC / 80kV DC Hybrid

Transmission line

D.I. LEE, K.Y. SHIN

Korea Electric Power Research Institute

SUMMARY

Development of power electronics has caused reduction of prices of power semiconductors

and commercialization of HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) technology. The HVDC
makes it possible to connect circuits with other frequencies and power transmission in long
distance. Moreover, it is suitable for power transmission of unstable electric power generated
by renewable energy such as solar power and wind power. However, it is globally difficult to
secure a new site to install transmission line and tower for HVDC because of civil complaints
related an environment. To solve these problems, conversion AC transmission line to DC or
parallel operation of AC and DC circuits using existing transmission line have been using.
The latter is called “Hybrid”. The operation of hybrid transmission line affects corona field
effect and ion flow effect of the ground surface due to interconnection effects between AC
and DC conductors. These effects have a possibility to be an important problem in focus of
human body protection because it induces electric shock of human body and gives biological
effects. Also the effects caused by commercial frequency of AC transmission line and ions
generated in DC transmission line could be a reason of malfunction of each other transmission
line. Therefore, a study for characteristics of various factors such as conductor composition
and operation voltage in hybrid transmission line must take precedence.
In this work, electric environmental effects in DC transmission line and arrangement of poles
have been simulated by computer before measurement on site. Hybrid real-scale test line will
be constructed between existing transmission lines in Hallim and Andeok to measure and
understand electric environment and induced phenomenon. The 80kV HVDC positive and
negative poles of test line install under 2 circuits at 4 circuit tower for 154kV AC. The
arrangement of poles was optimized by computer simulation. AC is converted to DC in
Hallim conversion station and transmits to Geumak conversion station through by 7km
overhead line and 1km underground cable. DC to AC is converted in Geumak C/S. The
electric environment will be measured by a car installed measurement system within this year.

KEYWORDS

Hybrid Transmission line, HVDC, Jeju test line, Electric Environment, Radio Interference, Audible
Noise, Space charge

[email protected] 1
1. INTRODUCTION

AC 154kV / DC 80kV Hybrid transmission line is been constructing to contact operating T/L and test
electric environment interferences. DC T/L will be installed lower two lines in vertical two T/L of
tower (total 4 T/L). Upper two lines are AC 154kV in operation. The electric environment
characteristics of AC and DC T/L are different due to voltage frequency, corona discharge condition
and space charge effect. Therefore the estimation of hybrid T/L is difficult and couldn’t apply existing
method.
In this paper, the AC and DC in hybrid T/L were estimated respectively using computer simulation
because simulation tool for hybrid transmission line was not developed. Also corona and ion effects
were calculated respectively. Corona effects such as electric field, radio interference, television
interference, audible noise were calculated by TLCALC developed by KEPRI (Korea Electric Power
Research Institute). Ion effects such as electric field on ground surface and charging voltage caused by
space charge in DC T/L were simulated by Ion flow field analysis program developed by KEPRI.

2. POWER SYSTEM DIAGRAM OF HYBRID TEST LINE IN JEJU

The HVDC test line in Jeju is constructed from Hallim S/S to Geumak C/S with AC 154kV 2 vertical
T/L (total 4 T/L). Upper two lines of the test line are AC 154kV transmission lines in operation. The
test line includes 7km overhead transmission line and 1km underground cable. In 2013 or 2014, about
1km superconductor cable for AC 154kV will be installed between Geumak C/S and Andeok S/S and
tested. The diagram of power system is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1. Power system of AC 154kV / DC 80kV Hybrid Test line in Jeju

3. CALCULATION OF ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENT INTERFERENCES

The optimal pole arrangement of HVDC T/L to reduce electric interferences is need to satisfy
an environment design standard becausec the test line will be installed in operation T/L. The
interference fators were estimated by computer simulation because tools calculating electric
environment interferences of hybrid T/L don’t exist.

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In this study, corona field effect and ion effect was simulated by two program TLCALC and
Ion flow field analysis program developed by KEPRI. Later, they will be measured by measuring
vehicle on the site.

3.1 Calculation of Corona Field Effect in AC and DC T/L

The corona effects in hybrid T/L are divided into two AC and DC T/L and calculated by
TLCALC program.

3.1.1 Electric Environment Estimation of CoronaField Effect in AC 154KV Transmission

Line

3.1.1.1 Line Configuration and Calculation Condition

In the test line 154kV Hallin-Geumak, the span to estimate environmental effect was selected
No.4 ~ No.5 that the ground clearance is lowest in the spans composited by majority type F4
towers.

Table 1. Type and number of T/L Tower in Hybrid Line(No.3 ~ No.17)

Number Distance between Poles Ground Clearance Ground Clearance
Type
of Tower of Lowest Arm(m) Min. Hight(m)(Tower No.) Max. Height(m)

B4 4 4.9 27m (#26) 34m

C4 2 5.25 28m (#6) 36m

SF4 1 5.4 34m (#16) 36m

F4 6 5.4 28m (#5) 40m

E4 2 - - -

Sum 15 - - -

The line configuration of the No. 5 tower is shown in figure 3. Electric Environment
Interferences were calculated by ‘COMBINED’ developed by BPA Corp. In USA. Input data
is shown in table 2[3].

Table 2. AC Line Configuration of No. 5 Tower

Voltage 154kV (Rated), 170kV(Maximum)

Conductor ACSR/AW 330SQ×1B (Φ=25.3mm)

Overhead Earth Wire ACSR/AW 97SQ×1B (Φ=16mm)

Sag 10.12m (refer Figure 3)

Length of Insulators 1.46m (=120kN Anti-Fog Insulator 10Ea×146mm)

Load Current 830A (Maximum Allowable Current)

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 (a) Coordinate of Conductors (b) Height and width
Figure 3. Line Configuration of No.5 Tower

3.1.1.2 Calculation Result

The results are shown in table 3. The calculated values were reduced along the distance from
center of tower. And they satisfy all environment design standards. Especially, environmental
interferences were very small as negligible as in right of wire (ROW). DC T/L was estimated
exclusively in hybrid T/L following this result.

Table 3. Calculation Result of Corona Field Effect in AC 154kV Hallim-Andeok T/L

AUDIBLE RADIO
TVI
NOISE INTERFERENCE
Distance ELECTRIC
(RAIN) (FAIR) (RAIN) (FAIR) TOTAL MF
from C/L FIELD
L50% L50% L50% L50% RAIN%
dBuV/
(MTRS) dBA dBA dBuV/m dBuV/m kV/m mG
m
0 25.4 0.4 43.8 26.8 -4.8 0.08 6.28
1 25.4 0.4 43.8 26.8 -4.8 0.081 6.27
2 25.4 0.4 43.9 26.9 -4.8 0.081 6.25
5 25.3 0.3 43.9 26.9 -4.7 0.086 6.09
0.3 43.9 26.9 -4.7
8 (ROW) 25.3 0.092 5.82
(SNR=44.1) (SNR=58.7)
Standard of
judgment - - ≤ 71 ≤ 54
≤ 50 ≤ 3.5 ≤ 833
(Design (SNR ≥ 24) (SNR ≥ 40)
Standard)
9 25.2 0.2 43.8 26.8 -4.8 0.093 5.71
10 25.2 0.2 43.8 26.8 -4.8 0.094 5.59
12 25.1 0.1 43.7 26.7 -4.9 0.095 5.32
14 25.1 0.1 43.5 26.5 -5 0.094 5.04

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3.1.2 Electric Environment Estimation of Corona Field Effect in DC 80kV Transmission
line

3.1.2.1 Pole Arrangement and Calculation Condition

DC transmission lines was constructed were located the lowest arm of the tower to minimize
several effects by 154kV AC T/L. The poles of DC T/L were placed to the lowest arm of the
tower to minimize effects induced by AC T/L. Five types of pole arrangement were
considered increasing DC T/L such as two bi-pole in the future. The arrangements were
composited five poles arrangement such as horizontal (Case1), vertical (Case2-1), inverse
vertical (Case2-2), the diagonal (Case3-1) and inverse diagonal (Case3-2). The calculation
conditions to estimate field effect caused by corona and ion flow in DC T/L are shown in
table 4.

Table 4. DC Line Configuration of No. 5 Tower

Voltage / Type 80kV, 1-Bipolar
Conductor ACCC/TW 160SQ×1B (Φ=15.65mm)
Overhead Earth Wire ACSR/AW 97SQ×1B (Φ=16mm)
Sag 10.12m (refer Figure 2)
Length of Insulators 1.87m (=160kN Anti-Fog Insulator 11Ea×170mm)
Load Current 375A (Maximum Allowable Current)

(Case1)Horizontal Arrangement (Case2-1)Vertical Arrangement (Case2-2)Inversed Vertical Arrangement

`
(Case3-1) Diagonal Arrangement (Case3-2) Inversed Diagonal Arrangement
Figure 4. Arrangements of Polse to estimate

3.1.2.2 Result of Corona Field Effects

Table 5 shows the calculation results of corona field effect in five pole arrangements. The
values of all arrangements satisfy environment design standard.

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 Table 5. Calculation Result of Corona Field Effect in DC Transmission line
Design
Case Case 1 Case 2-1 Case 2-2 Case 3-1 Case 3-2
Standard

Distance from
ROW -8 +8 -8 +8 -8 +8 -8 +8 -8 +8
C/L [meter]

Rain
≤50 -6.8 -7.9 -5 -4.4 -3.7 -2.6 -8.6 -9.2 -7.9 -6.8
Audible (L50%)
Noise
[dBA] Fair
- -0.8 -1.9 1 1.6 2.3 -3.4 -2.6 -3.2 -1.9 -0.8
(L50%)

Rain
Radio - 14 10.2 13.2 15.4 14.4 18.2 11.2 10 10.3 14
(L50%)
Interfer
ence
Fair ≤70 27 23.2 28.4 27.4 31.2 24.2 23 23.3 27
[dBuV/m] 26.2
(L50%) (SNR≥24) (44) (47.8) (42.6) (43.6) (39.8) (46.8) (48) (47.7) (44)

Electric Field
≤25 0.355 0.355 0.104 0.299 0.104 0.299 0.09 0.447 0.09 0.447
[kVdc/m]

MF [mG] ≤400G 19.18 19.18 6.33 8.76 6.33 876 15.87 17.23 15.87 17.23

The corona field effects of three types such as horizontal (Case1), vertical (Case 2-1, 2),
diagonal (Case 3-1, 2) were compared and shown in figure 5~figure 6. The major analyzed
results are followings:
a. The positive pole affects corona field effect more than negative pole.
b. Electric environment interferences of five arrangements do not have any problem to
apply on site because they satisfy design standard.
c. The diagonal arrangement is more eco-friendly than horizontal in all interferences
factors.
d. Eco-friendly superiority: diagonal > horizontal > vertical

(A) Audible Noise (b) Radio Interference (c) Magnetic field of groudn surface
Figure 5. Comparison of the electric environment interference(Case 1~3)

3.2 Calculation of Ion Flow Field Effect

Electric environment interferences such as electric field and charging voltage caused by ion
flow were calculated by ‘Ion flow field analysis program’ developed by KEPRI. The results are
shown in figure 6 and 7.

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 (a) Electric field on the ground (b) Charging voltage
Figure 6. Comparison of the ion flow field effect (Case 1~3)

The comparison of the ion flow field effects shows following results:
a. Electric field on the ground(max. 0.7kVdc/m)
- design standard satifaction, vertical arrangement is advantageous
b. Charging voltage(max. 0.02kV at 100Ω)
- Japan design standar satisfaction, Diagonal arrangement is advantageous
c. Eco-friendly : three arrangement is similiar.

4. RESULTS
In this study, an effect of ion flow as electric environment factor was negligible and it means
that design and pole arrangement of DC test T/L in 154kV Hallim-Andeok T/L is considered
by effects of corona field. This study is summaried by followings:
a. In design of DC transmission line, the poles can be arranged by consideration of
corona filed effects because the effects caused by space charge are very small.
b. The effect caused by AC transmission line is small in AC/DC hybrid.
c. When negative pole is installed in the bottom arm and is near the ground, electric
environmental effects are small than other arrangements (the opposite angle or
parallel arrangement)
Based on the above results, it is pointed out that several effects caused by DC transmission
line predominate in hybrid transmission line. Aafter construction completion of the test line,
electric environment will be measured on site by mearusing vehicle.

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