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November 2022

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DEVELOPED IN ASSOCIATION WITH

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CONTENTS
1 Terminology ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Glossary ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Apna Jal – Our Water .............................................................................................................. 2
2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 Existing situation ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Need for the Framework ......................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Guiding Principles .................................................................................................................... 5
3 Objectives and Scope .............................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Vision ....................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Milestones ............................................................................................................................... 9
4 Expected Outcomes................................................................................................................. 9
5 Legislative and Regulatory Context ....................................................................................... 10
5.1 Related Central Laws and Policies ......................................................................................... 10
5.2 Existing State Policies and regulations .................................................................................. 11
6 Roles and Responsibilities ..................................................................................................... 12
7 Water Quality Standards and Environmental Considerations .............................................. 17
7.1. Standards for industrial use................................................................................................... 18
7.2 Standards for agricultural and aquaculture use .................................................................... 18
7.3 Standards for non-potable domestic and municipal use ...................................................... 19
7.4 Standards for groundwater recharge ................................................................................... 19
7.5 Standards for release to surface water bodies including environmental use....................... 19
8 Implementation Approach .................................................................................................... 19
8.1 National-level Implementation ............................................................................................. 19
8.2 State-level Implementation ................................................................................................... 20
8.3 Urban and Rural level Implementation ................................................................................. 21
8.4 Linkage with river basin planning .......................................................................................... 22
8.5 Challenges.............................................................................................................................. 22
9 Business Models .................................................................................................................... 23
9.1 Pricing of SRTW ..................................................................................................................... 23
9.2 Guidance on selection of business models and private sector engagement ........................ 25
9.3 Managing risks ....................................................................................................................... 28
10 Financing................................................................................................................................ 30
10.1 National programmes ............................................................................................................ 30
10.2 State programmes ................................................................................................................. 31
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 Abbreviations
10.3 Incentives............................................................................................................................... 31 AMRUT Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
11 Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance and Review ................................................................. 32 BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
11.1 Principles and responsibilities for M&E................................................................................. 32 BOO Build-Own-Operate
BOOT Build-Own-Operate and Transfer
11.2 Information systems .............................................................................................................. 33
BOT Build-Operate and Transfer
11.3 Periodic review of implementation ....................................................................................... 34 CGWB Central Ground Water Board
12 Capacity Building, Research & Development and Awareness Generation ........................... 34 COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
12.1 Capacity Building and Training .............................................................................................. 34 CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation
12.2 Research & Development ...................................................................................................... 35
CSO Civil Society Organisation
12.3 Awareness Generation .......................................................................................................... 35
CSPs City Sanitation Plans
Annex 1: Model Framework for State SRTW Policy .............................................................................. 36 CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 36 DBO Design-Build-Operate
2 Objectives of the SRTW Policy ............................................................................................... 36 DDWS Department of Drinking Water Supply, MoJS
DFBOT Design-Finance-Build-Operate and Transfer
3 Legislative and Regulatory Context ....................................................................................... 36
ECs Emerging Contaminants
4 Roles and Responsibilities ..................................................................................................... 36 EU European Union
5 Water Quality Standards and Environmental Considerations .............................................. 37 FPO Farmer Producer Organisation
6 Business Models .................................................................................................................... 37 FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
FSSM Faecal Sludge and Septage Management
7 Financing SRTW ..................................................................................................................... 37
FSTP Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant
8 Implementation Approach and Timeline .............................................................................. 37
GoI Government of India
9 Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance and Review ................................................................. 37 GST Goods Services and Tax
10 Capacity Building, Research and Training.............................................................................. 37 HAM Hybrid Annuity Models
Annexures (Optional) ............................................................................................................................ 37 IEC Information, Education and Communication
IEWP India-EU Water Partnership
Annex 2 Business Models .................................................................................................................... 38
JJM Jal Jeevan Mission
Annex 3 Technology ............................................................................................................................ 45 KL Kilo Litre
Annex 4 Eligibility conditions to access funding for SRTW from national programmes ..................... 47 M&E Monitoring & Evaluation
Annex 5: No-freshwater zone ............................................................................................................... 48 MGWB Model Groundwater Bill
MLD Million Litres per Day
MoAFW Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare
MoCI Ministry of Commerce and Industry
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
MoJS Ministry of Jal Shakti
NEP National Environment Policy
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NGT National Green Tribunal
NMCG National Mission for Clean Ganga
NRCD National River Conservation Directorate
NUSP National Urban Sanitation Policy
NWA National Water Academy

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NWM National Water Mission
NWP National Water Policy 1 Terminology
NWQMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme
1.1 Glossary
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana Circular Economy: a model of production and consumption that reduces waste to
PPP Public Private Partnership a minimum by recovering, reusing and recycling materials for productive purposes
PRIs Panchayati Raj Institutions and thereby reducing the pressure on natural resources.
QIP Quality Improvement Programme
Emerging Contaminants (ECs): chemicals that had not previously been
SBM Swachh Bharat Mission
detected (or were previously found in far lesser concentrations) and pose a risk
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
to human health and the environment including pharmaceuticals, personal care
SLBs Service Level Benchmarks
products and endocrine disrupting compounds.1
SPCB State Pollution Control Board
SPV Special Purpose Vehicle Implementing agency: the entity responsible for provision of used water services
SRTW Safe Reuse of Treated Water which includes conveyance, treatment, distribution of treated used water and all
STP Sewage Treatment Plant other functions related to management of the services. This role is typically
STW Secondary Treated Water provided by the State or Urban Local Body or parastatal agency or Panchayati Raj
TDS Total Dissolved Solids Institutions and is referred to as the implementing agency. Private sector
TNA Training Need Assessment companies may provide the service through private public partnership
TSS Total Suspended Solids arrangements with the implementing agency (see Annex 2).
TUW Treated Used Water Industry effluent: wastewater discharged from industries that comprises a variety
UDD Urban Development Directorate of pollutants depending on the nature of industry. Industrial effluent is a separate
ULB Urban Local Body resource that is covered under other policy instruments.
UT Union Territory
Safe Reuse of Treated Water (SRTW): the beneficial and safe use of treated used
UV Ultraviolet
water for a range of purposes as defined in Section 3.3.2 of this Framework. (Also
VGF Viability Gap Funding
referred to in related documents as treated wastewater reuse). Direct reuse
WHO World Health Organisation
relates to applications where the TUW is conveyed straight to the designated end-
WUAs Water Users’ Associations
use whereas indirect reuse involves a mixing or dilution of the TUW with other
ZLD Zero Liquid Discharge
sources of water before it is reused, as in the case of discharge of TUW to a surface
water body or groundwater.
Sewage: is defined as the used water containing human body waste matter
(faeces and urine etc.) either dissolved or undissolved; discharged from toilets and
other receptacles intended to receive or retain such human body waste. The
effluent coming out of septic tanks or any such facility is also termed as sewage.2
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP): equipment and structures that treat sewage.
Treated Used Water (TUW): the treatment of used water for non-potable
purposes through one or more of a number of primary, secondary and tertiary
processes. Also referred to in other documents as treated wastewater.
Treatment:
Primary Treatment: involves screening and grit removal, equalization and the
removal of high concentration of solids that might decrease the efficiency of
subsequent treatment processes.3

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 Secondary Treatment: commonly used to describe any of the following 2 Introduction
biological processes: activated sludge, extended aeration, trickling filters,
aerobic and anaerobic lagoons and anaerobic and facultative (mixed) ponds.4 2.1 Existing situation
Also referred to as Secondary Treated Water (STW). In 2021, the total volume of sewage generated by households in urban India was 72,368
Tertiary Treatment: a further stage of treating sewage or effluents, by MLD9 amounting to an annual volume of 26,414 million cubic meters. Of this amount, the
removing suspended solids and or pollutants. Consequential removal of estimated infrastructure capacity for treating sewage to secondary level is 44% (31,841
suspended solids may also remove residual BOD or other pollutants. Tertiary MLD) and approximately 15% of that capacity is not fully operational. Actual collection
treatment of effluents may consist of varied processes, the most common and treatment is estimated to be 63% (20,235 MLD), of which only a small proportion is
being, Grass Plots, Reed Beds, Upward flow Clarifier, Rapid Gravity Sand Filter, reused.10 Therefore the potential for improvement is significant. The balance of
Micro-strainer, Sand Filter, Drum Filter, Lagoons, Nitrifying Filter.5 uncollected and untreated water is released into water bodies and the environment
leading to contamination and health concerns, particularly where dilution levels of the
Used Water6 a combination of one or more of: a) domestic effluent consisting of
receiving water body are low.
blackwater (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing
used water); b) water from commercial establishments and institutions, including Directives to ensure separation of industrial and municipal used water are not universally
hospitals; c) stormwater and other urban run-off; d) industrial effluent, e) enforced resulting in cross contamination of heavy metals and emerging contaminants,
agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as with consequences of bio-accumulation in the aquatic life of receiving water bodies.
suspended matter. This Framework addresses the reuse of treated used water Untreated or primary treated used water is frequently accessed informally by farmers,11
from sources (a), (b) and (c). ‘Used water’ is also referred to as wastewater in particularly in peri-urban areas. Without safeguards in place, this leads to health risks to
other documents. both the water users and consumers. Although data on such informal use in agriculture
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD): refers to installation of facilities and systems towards is not available, the scale is significant, requiring attention to be paid to the transition to
transformation of industrial effluent to absolute recycling of permeate and a more structured approach.
converting solute (dissolved organic and in-organic compounds/salts) into residue Efforts are underway to increase the percentage of collected and treated used water.
in the solid form, by adopting method of concentration and thermal evaporation.7 However, the scale of the challenge is large and there are resource and capacity
constraints. Until recently, used water collection and treatment has been viewed as part
1.2 Apna Jal – Our Water of a ‘linear’ process, but more recently they are being seen as components of a wider
Addressing public perceptions about used water and building confidence in the circular economy (Circular Economy in Municipal Solid and Liquid Waste)12 approach,
implementation measures proposed in both national Framework and state policies is with waste considered as a resource and able to generate revenues. This shift in approach
critical for its uptake. Throughout this Framework, the term ‘used water’ has been can facilitate cost-effective and fit-for-purpose solutions to the prevailing capacity and
adopted rather than ‘wastewater’. After treatment to the required standard, it is safe for financial constraints, thereby allowing a faster transition to universal collection and
reuse. treatment.

As in the case of other countries, India will adopt terminology that captures the notion of Extreme water scarcity across many parts of India is also a major driver for change in
safe and beneficial use of Treated Used Water (TUW) – Apna Jal or ‘Our Water’.8 Use of perceptions towards used water. Globally India is ranked as the 13th most water stressed
this term aims to shift perceptions towards treated used water being a resource and country.13 Groundwater, the crucial source of many urban, commercial and industrial
opportunity rather than a liability. Following treatment to the required standard, Apna users is classified as stressed across much of India14, while surface water abstractions are
Jal denotes water that can be reused for the purposes set out in section 3.3.2. reaching unsustainable levels leading to deterioration of the environment and increasing
competition and consequent conflicts between users.15
Under this Framework, TUW is not currently intended for direct use as potable water in
India. This may be considered in the future as technology evolves and the necessary In the past few years, several pioneer States have initiated reforms to embrace SRTW by
enabling conditions and compliance mechanisms are institutionalized. adopting or drafting policies.16 The underlying principles are common with different
emphasis to reflect local conditions and priorities. They provide a wealth of details and
experience that has informed the development of this Framework.
Mandatory targets for SRTW have been set by the pioneer states. The most ambitious is
Gujarat with a 100% reuse target by 2030. State policies also prescribe mandatory usage
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of TUW for industrial estate/zones within a certain distance from a STP. This ranges from obviates the need to transfer freshwater sources from ever increasing distances,
30 km in the case of Karnataka to 50 km in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Haryana. fostering self-reliance.
National water quality standards on sewage treatment for discharge into surface water The Framework is complementary to other policy instruments on universal sanitation by
bodies are prescribed by CPCB. This is subject to rulings of the NGT, that may impose promoting a self-financing and integrated circular economy approach. In the absence of
higher standards. Some basic standards for SRTW in India have been set by CPCB and widespread collection and treatment, there remains a risk that expanded sanitation will
CPHEEO17 but, with the introduction of mandatory use and a wide range of potential end have the unintended consequence of greater volumes of untreated used water being
users, greater resolution of reuse standards specific to a particular end-use is required. discharged into water bodies. As a reliable and consistent source, SRTW can potentially
This will provide clarity to allow selection of the most appropriate and efficient business generate revenue, sustainably augment existing treatment capacity, finance and
model and facilitate monitoring and compliance mechanisms. Significant investment in accelerate expansion of coverage.
developing the capacity of monitoring systems and laboratories is needed as part of the
As a State subject, each State needs to have its own policy on SRTW suited to the local
overall SRTW framework to provide confidence that prescribed quality standards are
context but embracing a common set of principles. Some States have already moved
being met and address the challenge of monitoring more complex parameters, such as
along this pathway. The lack of a national framework on SRTW has to some extent
heavy metals, emerging contaminants and bioaccumulation.
constrained implementation of reforms across India for channelling national support
programmes. The Framework will foster a close partnership approach of combined
International experience responsibility at National and State levels for meeting SRTW goals through joint
A recent comparative assessment of SRTW policy frameworks in EU countries, Indian States of programmes with participating States.
Gujarat and Haryana and other selected countries including Israel and Singapore identified a
number of key principles for consideration in formulating national framework including: 2.3 Guiding Principles
 SRTW has significant potential to improve critical water resource deficits.
Key principles to consider in defining SRTW framework and administering financial
 Targeted water reuse could assist in restoring water supply demand balance.
support programmes:
 It is critical to ensure that SRTW strategy and framework protects water users and the
environment. a) adopt participatory planning processes involving stakeholders relevant to the end use
 The challenge will be to ensure wide understanding of the issues and opportunities of TUW;
within the political, policy, regulatory, operational and public communities.
b) provide clarity on system of prioritization and allocation of TUW based on social,
 Adequate funding and incentives are critical prerequisites for success.
economic and environmental benefits;
Source: IEWP (India-EU Water Partnership). 2019. Review and Comparative Assessment of
Policies on Treated Wastewater Reuse. Policies and approaches of Indian States, the European
c) encourage uptake though mandatory re-use provision19 and high quality of service
Union, selected EU Member States and global examples. provision;
d) establish water quality standards fit for the purpose of end-use;
e) establish the price of TUW to be competitive in respect of alternative supplies and
2.2 Need for the Framework sufficient for sustained O&M;
Several factors combine to justify the rationale and urgency for this Framework and the f) adopt a risk-based precautionary approach to reuse;
actions it promotes. The high levels of physical water stress in many parts of the country g) adopt an incremental approach based on available resources and time to build
and ever-increasing pressure on freshwater resources are key drivers for utilising all capacity;
forms of water including used water. This is amplified by increasing demands across h) incentivize compliance;
water using sectors as the economy grows, higher expectations from a more affluent i) address issues related to existing uses of used water;
society for more reliable supplies of water, and a changing climate that brings greater
j) encourage projects to adopt a consistent approach with long-term commitments that
uncertainty in terms of extended periods of drought and variability of supply. Increasing
provide stability for investors and end-users.
water stress, climate change and rising water demand from agricultural, residential and
industrial sectors would necessitate the usage of using locally treated water vis-a-vis that 3 Objectives and Scope
of fresh water. This is especially critical given the country’s projected demand for water
exceeds the available supply18, thereby also impacting the country’s energy output. In 3.1 Vision
purely financial terms, SRTW provides a local source of water for cities and industry that The Vision of the Framework is:
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 Widespread and safe reuse of treated used water in India that reduces the b) a mechanism to support SRTW through provision of incentives, including access to
pressure on scarce freshwater resources, reduces pollution of the environment and funding programmes, and disincentives, including the actions at central level to
risks to public health, and achieves socio-economic benefits by adopting a facilitate uptake across the country; and
sustainable circular economy approach. c) a model policy framework for States to consider and adapt in the development and
It heralds a shift from existing perspectives on waste to a new understanding of Our enhancement of their own policy, regulatory and implementation instruments,
Water, Apna Jal. (Annex 1).
It is expected that the Framework will lead to the development of guidance material on
3.2 Objectives successful business models and create an enabling environment for innovation in
The main objectives for the Framework are to set the context, priorities and direction for technologies and institutional arrangements.
SRTW, raise awareness of its importance and facilitate its implementation through
support programmes. More specifically, the Framework will:
a) Move India on a pathway of mainstreaming SRTW by 2022 by encouraging States to
adopt the necessary enabling environment and actively promoting its
implementation.
b) View SRTW as part of the wider water cycle encouraging multiple cycles of use-reuse.
c) Contribute to the Government’s commitment to environmental sustainability and
achievement of SDG 6.3 on improving water quality through increased recycling and
safe reuse.
d) Define the roles and responsibilities of various government entities and agencies and
of other key stakeholders such as industry and other parts of the private sector, local
government, civil society organisations and citizens.
e) Establish funding mechanisms and support synergies among relevant Central
Government programmes20 such as AMRUT, NMCG, SBM and JJM.
f) Support initiatives on river basin planning including the potential for SRTW within the Figure 3.1 SRTW Framework in relation to related policies and programmes in the water cycle

catchment water cycle and clarify entitlements for used water.

3.3.1 Sources of water to be reused
3.3 Scope The Framework covers used water generated by households and commercial enterprises
The Framework covers non-potable reuse of urban and rural used water. It recognizes in both urban and rural settings. This can be used water associated with an STP or an
diversity across the country in relation to levels of economic development and water FSTP. Used water from industry is covered by other policy instruments22 although the
endowment that call for a context-specific response, particularly in relation to setting Framework recognises that industrial used water is not universally separated from
priorities for re-use. municipal used water flowing into an STP. In such cases, particular emphasis is required
on assessing the levels of risk including heavy metals and emerging contaminants. Figure
The Framework embraces the principle of integration and holistic management of the 3.1 shows how the SRTW Framework fits within the wider framework of policies and
water cycle by encouraging linkages to existing and proposed policies on sanitation, programmes dealing with used water.
faecal sludge management, and the re-use of industrial used water, within a broader
context of river basin planning and actions to address climate change.21 Collection systems for stormwater will increasingly be separated from sewerage systems
as part of the move towards integrated urban water management. Achieving required
It fulfils three distinct functions of SRTW from national to local level by providing: end-use water quality standards from relatively uncontaminated stormwater can be
a) the mandate for the reuse of treated used water for a range of non-potable end-uses, achieved with lower treatment costs, including the use of nature-based solutions.
setting out the principles to incorporate in the planning and design of SRTW projects
and encouraging adoption of national standards for different end-uses;

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 3.3.2 Potential areas of reuse 3.4 Milestones
SRTW is very context specific, with States having different endowments of natural The Framework anticipates a situation where all States in India have adopted and started
resources, variations in levels of urbanisation, industrialisation and rural economy, and to implement SRTW policies by the end of 2022, with those States that already have
their own development priorities. Neither is the situation homogeneous within States, SRTW policies undertaking to review them within the same timeframe to incorporate any
with many having districts that can be characterised water scarce or water rich relevant provisions necessary to satisfy eligibility criteria for national support
contrasting with the designation of the State as a whole. Similarly, some States with a programmes. Overall, the Framework will contribute to achievement of targets of the
predominantly industrial-based economy have districts where agriculture dominates and 2030 Agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
vice-versa. A degree of flexibility is therefore required for setting priorities of reuse.
Specific short to medium term milestones are proposed for consideration in developing
In general, water-scarce States are likely to view augmentation of freshwater resources State policy:
by SRTW as more urgent than States with higher water availability. However, there are a
a) States to set targets for 100% collection of used water and 100% treatment of used
range of other benefits to make SRTW an appealing proposition to all States including
water collected to enable the achievement of targets for reuse.
reduced contamination to the environment, improved public health, and as a potential
revenue stream to improve the financial sustainability of STPs. b) Where STPs are operational and collection and treatment capacity already exists, 50%
of TUW to be safely reused24 by 2025 and 100% by 2030.
There are a wide range of potential non-potable end users for SRTW in urban, rural and
c) Where STPs do not exist or are non-operational and collection and treatment capacity
peri-urban settings, including:
does not yet exist, 30% of used water is to be collected, treated and safely reused by
a) industry (including industrial estates, power generation and railways) 2030, 50% by 2035 and 100% by 2045. To supplement State-wide milestones, targets
b) agriculture (including forestry and horticulture) and aquaculture can also be linked directly to establishment of STPs, e.g. 50% reuse within 5 years of
establishing an STP and 100% within 10 years. A situation of universal treatment and
c) municipal uses (e.g., landscaping, parks, toilet flushing and fire-fighting)
reuse will effectively lead to ‘zero discharge cities.’
d) environment, including discharge into surface water bodies, maintenance of wetlands
and environmental flows 4 Expected Outcomes
e) aquifer recharge23 (aquifer recharge should be kept as last priority when there is no As the Framework is implemented incrementally across the country, it is expected to
other alternative for use of TUW. The level/ quality of treatment of TUW and method yield significant benefits in terms of:
of recharging groundwater would need to be determined by States during the
finalisation of their respective policies) a) water security – by using TUW to replace freshwater currently used across a wide
range of purposes, thereby reducing pressure on surface and groundwater resources.
f) construction
b) health benefits – as a consequence of reduced pollution of water bodies and
g) on-site use within STPs for landscaping and cleaning of desludging vehicles.
replacement of contaminated water by treated water.
The viability of end-use will depend on a range of factors including proximity to the source c) environmental benefits – by reducing the contamination of surface water bodies and
of used water, reliability of supply, collection and treatment costs, and ability of the end groundwater from pollution by human waste.
user to pay. The general expectation for this Framework is for SRTW to involve treatment d) social benefits – through improvements in productivity and wellbeing as a
to secondary level. Subsequent tertiary treatment will be required and viable for certain consequence of the health and environmental benefits.
reuse applications, in which case the additional costs are to be borne by the end-user. In
e) economic benefits – by treating waste as a resource and opening up a revenue stream
some cases, a single universal treatment process to tertiary level may be more cost
for treating used water, reducing risk and increasing confidence in food safety, and
effective and this will be assessed during a feasibility study. Limited in-field treatment of
providing green jobs.
used water, for example using settling ponds, is sometimes practised in informal irrigated
f) innovation and more efficient technology – as research and development flourishes
agriculture but should only be promoted where safety concerns to users and potential
and benefits of scale are achieved.
consumers have been fully addressed, e.g., in non-edible crops. The reuse of untreated
used water should be discouraged. g) increased capacity to implement SRTW projects including cross-sector collaboration
h) reduced climate emissions- possible savings from reduced pumping of freshwater
from aquifers or distant water surface water sources.

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5 Legislative and Regulatory Context The National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP) of India, through its
network of SPCBs, advises central and State governments on prevention, control,
5.1 Related Central Laws and Policies abatement of water pollution and sets standards on water quality in streams and wells.
According to the Constitution of India, water, sanitation and used water are State The Guidelines of National Building Code 201627, emphasizes the reuse of treated sewage
subjects. In relation to SRTW they are influenced by a number of national laws, including: and sullage in commercial or residential multi-storeyed complexes for flushing of toilets,
a) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 that emphasizes to horticulture and fire-fighting purposes. It also suggests separate storage tanks and
maintain and restore the 'wholesomeness' of aquatic resources by not discharging separate distribution pipes.
sewage or pollutants into water bodies including lakes. The National Guidelines on Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) developed by CPCB for 22
b) The Ganga Action Plan, 1986 that was launched to protect river Ganga from further industrial sectors have raised the issue that, depending on the type of industry, ZLD may
pollution, improve the quality of water treatment of the sewage, and to prevent the cause generation of hazardous solid waste causing disposal issues, higher overall
mixing of industrial wastes. operations cost, capital cost, space requirements and increased carbon footprint. ZLD
c) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 which is an umbrella legislation designed to also needs to reinforce the requirement for no mixing of industrial used water with
provide a framework for central government coordination of the activities of various municipal used water.
central and state authorities established under previous laws, such as the Water Act The CGWB Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Ground Water in India (2013)28
and the Air Act. It relates to the protection and improvement of the human emphasizes that where TUW is used for recharge, careful monitoring is required to detect
environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, any possibility of contamination through a network of monitoring wells. A CGWB
plants and property. notification to regulate and control groundwater requires that, where viable, TUW is used
rather than groundwater for purposes like toilet flushing, for irrigating green areas, and
It is also influenced by the:
use in residential buildings, and infrastructure requiring more than 12.5 m 3/d of
a) National Water Policy (NWP, 2012), that has a focus on reducing water pollution and groundwater.29 In the case of critical and over-exploited areas, it also requires
the draft revised NWP (2020) that embraces the imperative of recycling and reuse. certification from a responsible government agency that TUW is not available within a 10
b) National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP, 2008), that focusses on sanitary and safe km radius before a groundwater licence can be issued.
disposal of human waste and recommends recycle and reuse.
Through one of its objectives, the PMKSY emphasises exploring the feasibility of reusing
c) National Environment Policy (NEP, 2006), that emphasizes recycling sewage and used treated municipal used water for peri-urban agriculture.
water from municipal and industrial sources, before discharge to water bodies. NEP
emphasizes the need to prepare and implement action plans for major cities for Other progressive GoI policies related to SRTW include that of the Ministry of New and
addressing water pollution, comprising regulatory systems relying on an appropriate Renewable Energy to generate green energy from biogas and convert sludge to manure.
combination of incentive-based instruments, projects and partnerships. 5.2 Existing State Policies and regulations
d) National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management Policy (FSSM, 2017), that focusses
According to the 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Acts of India, 1992, the
on leveraging FSSM to achieve 100% access to safe sanitation, achieving integrated
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and ULBs have been delegated the responsibility of
citywide sanitation, safe disposal of faecal waste in urban areas of India, mandates
providing water, sanitation and used water services in rural and urban settings
strict environmental discharge standards, and promotes an appropriate, affordable
respectively. The ULBs are levying user charges to operate the utilities for collection and
and incremental approach to achieving these standards.
treatment of used water, and conservation and augmentation of the water sources.
These policies are complementary to Goal 3 of the National Water Mission (NWM) which
At the time of preparing the Framework, 12 States had SRTW polices, either approved or
emphasizes promoting recycling of used water for meeting water needs of urban areas.
at an advanced stage of drafting. The majority of these State policies prescribe mandatory
The Ministry of Power under its 2016 Tariff Policy, requires thermal power plants located usage of TUW for industrial estate/zones within a certain distance from an STP provided
within 50 km radius of a sewage treatment plant (STP) of a ULB to mandatorily use TUW.25 the off-take is shown to be viable.
Service Level Benchmarks (SLBs) of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) Most of the States with SRTW policies provide targets to improve the collection of sewage
mandate the extent of reuse and recycling of sewage in urban areas as 20%. 26 along with treatment and reuse within a defined timeframe based on city size. Along with
these, ULBs have set targets ranging from 20% to 25% of TUW, replacing freshwater
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 usage in the initial years. For some States, the target varies by city size. States like Gujarat plan and integrate the same in their respective State and City Sanitation Plans (CSPs) in
and Haryana prescribe higher targets in subsequent years, to achieve 100% reuse by 2030 overall conformity to the Framework. A template for State Level SRTW Policy is given in
and 2033 respectively, while Karnataka prescribes 50% reuse by 2030. Annex 1.
Most States with reuse policies mandate usage of TUW in agriculture only if surplus Other stakeholders such as industries, farmer communities, Water Users Associations
quantity is available after meeting the demands of mandatory usage for other purposes. (WUAs), NGOs, CSOs, the private sector (small, medium and large), research
organisations also have a critical role to play in achieving safe and sustainable SRTW.
All the existing State SRTW policies mention that the treatment of used water shall be
done according to effluent discharge norms set by the CPCB and SPCBs. The Central
Government shall have the prerogative to make more stringent norms as and when
required.
The majority of the State SRTW policies have excluded aquifer recharge, whereas some
have referred to the CPHEEO Manual (2013) for water quality standards for aquifer
recharge, return flows and agricultural use.
A number of States have adopted policies on septage management while others have
State septage management guidelines.

6 Roles and Responsibilities

Implementation of the National SRTW Framework involves a wide range of institutions
from national to local levels (Table 6.1). It requires considerable levels of coordination
and clearly articulated roles, responsibilities and implementation arrangements at the
Central, State, ULB and PRI levels. Similarly, the regulatory and operational mandate of
water regulators in respect of TUW and ownership of TUW needs to be clearly delineated
by each State.
The national level has a number of obligations including ensuring common regulatory
standards for water quality, irrigated agriculture and food safety; providing technological
guidance on appropriate business models and overall risk management; overseeing
performance targets and service level benchmarks; application of incentives and
penalties/sanctions; raising awareness of potential for SRTW; and research and capacity
building.
The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS), Government of India (GoI) will be responsible for the
overall interpretation, coordination and guidance of the Framework. It will disseminate
the Framework among the State governments and ULB/PRI administrations as well as
dovetail it with the Department of Water Resources’ Development programmes and
national Missions, such as the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) and AMRUT and
SBM under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA). It will also provide the
necessary strategic planning and support to the States and ULBs to design, lead and
implement a national awareness campaign and capacity building programme.
While the National and State level institutions support the regulatory framework, the
ULBs and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) lead in the on-ground implementation of
SRTW. It requires strong local level institutions, stakeholder engagement, coordination
and partnerships. Each State and City need to formulate its own SRTW strategy and action
12 13
 Table 6.1 Roles of key institutions and stakeholders at the National and State levels Institutions Lead Roles
Development
Institutions Lead Roles (MoHUA)
National Level G. Central Public Works a) Develop guidelines for standardization and use of Treated Used
A. National Advisory a) Apex body to promote SRTW Department (CPWD) Water (TUW) in construction industries
Council on SRTW (see b) Provide a forum for inter-agency cooperation on SRTW at H. Central Public Health a) Develop guidelines on standards for different types of end uses
section 8.1) national level in partnership with CPCB
and Environment
c) Approve eligibility criteria for financing SRTW from national b) Provide technical and planning support to States and ULBs
programmes
Engineering
Organisation including technical guidelines and training modules that can be
d) Encourage establishment of new and existing programmes to adapted by States
accelerate uptake of SRTW, including measures by ministries to a) Enforce compliance of the relevant environmental laws and
I. Ministry of
streamline administrative mechanisms rules during the treatment, conveyance and reuse of TUW
Environment, Forest
e) Promote a national level information campaign, targeted according to the reuse and discharge norms
messaging, consistent awareness and behaviour change and Climate Change
(MoEFCC) b) Ensure common regulatory standards for water quality and
campaign for overcoming negative perceptions on SRTW and safety of agricultural and aquaculture products in consultation
encouraging support for circular economy solutions. with MoAFW.
f) Coordinate preparation of SRTW guidelines across different end-
J. Central Pollution a) Issue SRTW end-use water quality standards for each type of
uses by relevant agencies reuse for implementation by SPCBs through coordination with
Control Board (CPCB)
g) Coordinate national level monitoring and reporting on SRTW related agencies.
h) Support research and capacity building in the sector b) Prepare monitoring guidelines on SRTW for different end uses
B. Ministry of Jal Shakti, a) Act as Secretariat of National Council on SRTW c) Prepare standards for biosolids as part of a complementary
Dept of Water b) Lead national level efforts to support States in adopting and initiative to the Framework on SRTW
Resources aligning SRTW Policies and programmes d) Assess emerging contaminants and accordingly develop and
c) Design and administer a national programme for funding notify the standards
support and other incentive measures and sanctions needed to
K. Ministry of a) In consultation with CPCB, ensure common regulatory standards
encourage SRTW application. for safety of edible agricultural and aquaculture products,
d) Ensure consistency of SRTW interventions with related water
Agriculture and
Farmers’ Welfare including from bioaccumulation of emerging contaminants
quality, environmental and river basin planning requirements b) Issue guidance on SRTW in agriculture and aquaculture and the
e) For Ganga States - NMCG to facilitate implementation of SRTW (MoAFW)
types of crops that can be grown
f) Facilitate and coordinate a national programme of capacity c) Conduct research study on soil health and bioaccumulation in
building for SRTW crops to assess the impact of irrigation with TUW
C. MoJS-Dept of a) Issue guidelines on reuse of treated greywater in rural areas
L. Food Safety and a) Monitor and ensure compliance of food safety standards,
Drinking Water and b) Support funding/financing of reuse projects in rural areas including for the export of agricultural produce from India
Standards Authority
Sanitation c) Plan and implement SRTW projects in rural areas under SBM for b) Clarify standards of food products for specific markets within
greywater management of India (FSSAI),
Ministry of Health and outside India
d) Develop capacity building modules for SRTW in rural areas
D. Central Ground a) Issue guidelines and notifications to States on overexploited and Family Welfare
Water Board regions and require promotion of SRTW in those regions M. The Ministry of a) Mandate and promote SRTW in industry clusters in India
b) Issue guidelines on risk assessment for aquifer recharge in Commerce and b) Provide incentives for SRTW in order to promote reuse by
relation to areas with high concentrations of heavy metals, Industry (MoCI), industries
emerging pollutants etc c) Monitor uptake of SRTW by industry
c) Monitor TUW in aquifer recharge N. Ministry of a) Liaise with DDWS on implementation of SRTW in rural areas
d) Conduct research studies on impact of groundwater Panchayati Raj b) Stimulate PRI engagement on SRTW programmes
E. Central Water a) Develop capacity building modules through National Water O. NITI Aayog a) Tracking progress with regard SRTW for inclusion in the
Commission Academy (NWA) or training directorates. Composite Water Management Index
b) Provide guidelines on allocation of TUW by the State at the basin b) Alignment of SRTW programmes with ongoing efforts and
levels. tracking progress of SDG targets
c) Fund research on SRTW State Level
F. Ministry of Housing a) Stimulate and coordinate implementation of the SRTW Policy in P. State Government a) Establish a State Committee on SRTW with representatives from
and Urban States and Cities all end-use stakeholders to provide coordination across agencies
b) Link SRTW projects with AMRUT Programme on developing and implementing the State SRTW policy.
14 15
 Institutions Lead Roles Institutions Lead Roles
b) Adopt a State Policy on SRTW reflecting the principles and b) Implement IEC for behaviour change campaign to engage
provisions set out in the national Framework diverse stakeholders and public acceptance of SRTW
c) Create a State funding scheme for SRTW to complement c) Strengthen human and technical resources, leadership and
national and local funding other skillsets of PRIs and the role of village water and sanitation
Q. State Committee on a) Approve a State-wide Strategy and Implementation Plan for committees
SRTW (supported by SRTW Y. Private Sector a) Finance investments, planning, design, operations and
a Technical Cell) b) Approve a State-wide TUW pricing policy (technology management of SRTW projects including through PPP models
c) Coordinate STP mapping of TUW supply and demand providers, operators) b) Research and development on new technologies
d) Establish a system of tradable certificates for TUW c) Assist ULBs in water literacy campaigns
e) Coordinate Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Z. End users (Industries, a) Proactive engagement in SRTW initiatives
activities in the State power plants, b) Commitment to adoption of best practice
f) Oversee State-level monitoring and reporting on SRTW agricultural c) Contribution to monitoring programmes and open reporting of
R. State Department of a) Develop State level SRTW Policy, strategy and implementation enterprises, SRTW
Urban Development Plan municipalities, others)
b) Develop operative guidelines on SRTW AA. Agriculture a) Can be identified as 'Centre of Excellence' of the Ministry of
c) Allocate funding through specifically created State funding Universities Agriculture or a 'Key Resource Centre' of Department of Drinking
schemes for SRTW. Water and Sanitation (DDWS), MoJS.
d) Undertake State level monitoring, evaluation and compliance
e) Implement measures to encourage private sector participation BB. NGOs/CSOs a) Support training and capacity building of different stakeholders
b) IEC for behaviour change programmes
S. State Pollution a) Regulatory role in water quality assessment
c) Support involvement of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)
Control Board (SPCB) b) Water quality monitoring of groundwater and in rural areas.
and self-help groups in rural SRTW projects
c) Monitoring, evaluation and compliance of WQ standards
d) Review risk assessments and environmental clearances for
SRTW projects 7 Water Quality Standards and Environmental Considerations
T. State Department of a) Develop TUW Guidelines for the crops used for cultivation under
SRTW based on national guidance Treatment of used water is fundamental for human and environmental health protection
Agriculture/Irrigation
b) Develop guidelines for addressing prior utilisation of used water as used water, whether treated or not, finds its way back into surface water bodies or
for agriculture in relation to any change of use resulting from percolates into the groundwater. Pandemics highlight the potential risk of pathogens and
new SRTW projects the requirement for improved water supply, sanitation, hygiene and SRTW. The following
c) Monitor agricultural use of TUW and bioaccumulation of heavy principles will be important to consider in determining national standards for reuse and
metals and emerging contaminants
formulating State Policy on SRTW.
d) SRTW for irrigation to be considered in preparation of District
and State Irrigation Plans under PMKSY a) A uniform minimum treatment standard is to be achieved in all reuse treatment
U. State Department of a) Review SRTW implementation plans and project proposals from
plants.
Water Resources the perspective of State and river basin water balances
b) Identify areas of high-water stress where SRTW projects can be b) SRTW standards to be ‘fit-for-reuse’ based on the purpose of use, not a one-size-fits-
prioritised all. The level and type of treatment depends on its intended re-use. Clarity on end-use
V. State Department of a) Mandate industries to meet minimum reuse targets standards will lead to potential for standardizing design of SRTW systems thereby
Industries b) Ensure compliance by industries to meet minimum reuse targets reducing costs and implementation timeframes.
W. Urban Local Bodies a) Develop city-based strategy on SRTW, including pricing strategy
c) Sustainable solutions that respond to future trends of emerging contaminants require
(ULBs) (including for TUW
b) Implement online SRTW monitoring and reporting system and more stringent used water discharge norms. This also challenges many high-income
parastatal agencies
regularly evaluate SRTW strategy and implementation plan economies and will take time to fully develop. It should not delay the urgency of
and SPVs)
c) Implement IEC campaigns for behaviour change to engage expanding coverage of SRTW projects.
diverse stakeholders and public acceptance of SRTW
d) Water quality of TUW to be monitored for the presence of emerging contaminants,
d) Implement municipal bye-laws for sanitation tax and promoting
SRTW at household, apartment complexes, hotels, residential heavy metals, pesticide residues and antibiotic residues. Strict discharge norms on
institutions BOD, COD, TSS and TDS are pre-requisites for managing emerging contaminants and
X. PanchayatI Raj a) Develop a strategy and implementation plan for SRTW in rural mitigating risks in reuse interventions.30
Institutions areas incorporating guidelines on SRTW prepared by DDWS
16 17
e) In parallel with consultative processes to establish national end-use standards for 7.3 Standards for non-potable domestic and municipal use
SRTW and to expedite implementation of the Framework, States may consider
SRTW can be utilised for municipal uses like landscaping, parks, toilet flushing and fire-
adopting appropriate interim end-use standards. Once established, standards should
fighting with quality norms advised by SPCB, CPCB and CPHEEO depending on the reuse
remain in force for a reasonable period of time to provide a stable environment for
option.
SRTW investment. The subsequent raising of standards requiring upgrading of
treatment plants to be subject to a phased transition period. 7.4 Standards for groundwater recharge 34
In addition to standards on quality of TUW, service standards on reliability of supply to
Ground water recharge with TUW of appropriate quality has the potential to contribute
end users of TUW and process standards on risk mitigating barriers to ensure safety in
in areas that are water stressed and groundwater is overexploited, in coastal areas to
usage including measures such as sanitation safety plans, need to be provided.
reduce saline intrusion, and in other areas where there is a demonstrated need. It
Monitoring and compliance provisions are given in Section 11. requires stringent quality standards, monitoring and compliance measures. A cautious
approach needs to be followed both in terms of quality of TUW and also type of recharge
7.1. Standards for industrial use
system. The precautionary principle should be adopted in order to avoid polluting
For industrial reuse, the responsibility for tertiary treatment to a higher level, depending aquifers. Prior to approval, proposals for groundwater recharge using TUW should be
on industry requirements, rests with the individual industry. A system of open and analysed on a case-by-case basis with a risk assessment prepared covering quality of the
transparent standards for each category of industrial reuse should be evolved to ensure TUW and type of recharge mechanism.
uniformity and compliance with different industrial groups.
7.5 Standards for release to surface water bodies including environmental use
The upcoming Treated Industrial Wastewater Reuse guidelines being drafted by CPCB
CPCB has prescribed a minimum water quality standard for treatment of municipal waste
include water quality standards for reuse of industrial used water and necessary
water35 and industrial effluents36 discharged to surface water bodies. Stricter norms for
compliance mechanisms. The guidelines are expected to support the respective SPCBs in
minimum water quality standards may need to be set by SPCBs for critical environments,
developing criteria for water quality standards regarding reuse of treated industrial used
including lakes and wetlands, or where points of TUW discharge are close to the points
water for industry, agriculture, horticulture and other purposes.
of extraction of water for domestic water supply. Guidelines on the proximity of TUW
7.2 Standards for agricultural and aquaculture use discharge to extraction points for drinking water supply are needed as part of the overall
framework of standards.
TUW can be reused in agriculture, aquaculture, forestry and horticulture. Using TUW for
agriculture and aquaculture requires water quality compliance to protect food safety. The existing State SRTW policies require that the treatment of used water shall be done
according to the effluent discharge norms set by the SPCBs and CPCB.37
CPHEEO Manual 201331 provides a list of Indian crops with guidelines and safety
standards for horticulture, edible and non-edible crops.32 It also has specifications for 8 Implementation Approach
dissolved phosphorus, nitrogen and faecal coliform.
Implementation of the framework requires an effective institutional arrangement that
State PCBs have set minimum standards for treated sewage, specifically for agriculture enables communication vertically between the National, State and ULB/PRI levels, and
and other non-potable uses. Development of more specific national end use standards horizontally across the sectors, allowing integrated implementation of relevant sector
for agriculture as well as aquaculture will be coordinated by CPCB. Situations with policies. A set of related strategies and action plans guided by cross-agency coordination
increased risk of bioaccumulation of emerging contaminants require a comprehensive mechanisms are required to ensure that measures implemented by the mandated body
monitoring system. are both consistent with the direction of the Framework and efficient in terms of use of
The selection of edible and non-edible crops depends upon the available quality of TUW, financial resources.
soil type, and measures to ensure safety to consumers and farm workers against
8.1 National-level Implementation
pollution.
A National-level SRTW implementation Strategy will be fully developed within six
National and State standards are to be periodically reviewed against international
months of approval of the Framework setting out time-bound measures to coordinate
standards33 for relevance and revised as required.
and incentivize the uptake of SRTW across the country. The measures include:

18 19
a) Establishing a national apex body, the National Advisory Council on Safe Reuse of SRTW policy may review and update the same to ensure consistency with national
Treated Water (the Council), to promote inter-agency cooperation with the aim of Framework and eligibility to access national support programmes.
stimulating adoption of SRTW. MoJS will work closely with MoHUA and other relevant d) Undertaking mapping of TUW supply and demand, covering the sources of TUW and
agencies in implementation of the Framework. The Council will facilitate integration potential users across the State to initiate awareness and support programme to
of SRTW indicators within existing missions and programmes. match the production of TUW with potential users. Planning for SRTW needs to
b) Establishing mechanisms for partial national funding of SRTW to incentivize States to consider trends in the medium to long term and encourage investment by embracing
implement SRTW (see section 10). principles of reliability and consistency. The State Policy shall acknowledge existing
c) A pragmatic and fast-tracked approach to developing end-use water quality users of used water and consider transition arrangements that may be required for
standards suited to the type of reuse (see section 7). existing informal uses of used water, including agriculture.
d) Preparing SRTW Technical Guidelines on a range of topics to provide assistance to e) Setting up the institutional structures for implementing SRTW including
States in implementing State policy. These may include aspects related to undertaking responsibility for regulatory functions, coordination and delivery at the State level and
feasibility studies, risk and environmental assessments of SRTW projects; risks of implementation agencies covering municipal and rural areas. This may include a
bioaccumulation and emerging pollutants; developing criteria for using TUW for Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) responsible for sewerage and TUW in cities over 5 lakh
aquifer recharge; operation and maintenance; and other relevant topics identified by population where a parastatal mandated with those responsibilities does not exist.
the Council. f) Establishing pricing policies, incentives and penalties.
e) Preparing Training Modules incorporating best practices in SRTW. g) Establishing State programmes for financial support that complement existing
f) Encouraging Research and Development on SRTW across the range of technical, programmes.
financing and pricing, procurement, health and environmental aspects. h) Planning and financing of conveyance grids for TUW based on the types of end-use.
g) Establishing a national monitoring system to track implementation and provide online i) Support services including technical assistance in developing feasibility studies and
reporting. ensuring environmental clearance; assistance in accessing green finance; preparation
of state-level guidelines; SRTW promotion through public information campaigns; and
8.2 State-level Implementation capacity building initiatives.
States are encouraged to prepare a State SRTW Implementation Strategy and Action j) Developing a monitoring and reporting process linked to national reporting systems.
Plan to support and guide the implementation of SRTW projects. Some States already k) Introducing mechanisms for dispute resolution in the event of conflict between end-
have SRTW policies, while others are at various stages of developing them. The Strategy users or procurement related issues.
and Action Plan sets the framework, objectives and timelines for implementation by ULBs
and PRIs. Elements of a Strategy and Action Plan include: 8.3 Urban and Rural level Implementation

a) Setting up an inter-agency SRTW Committee, representative of different sectors, to ULBs and PRIs are encouraged to prepare an SRTW Action Plan that demonstrates their
oversee uptake of SRTW. The Committee will embrace consultative process for the commitment to SRTW by:
development of policy, including establishing priorities of reuse across the State, a) Adopting a resolution on SRTW and necessary bye-laws to create an enabling
setting of mandatory usage criteria, identifying “no freshwater zones”, environment.
implementation targets, and determining pricing policy for TUW. In considering the
b) Identifying funding opportunities by engaging with state and national level agencies
designation of mandatory use and “no freshwater zone” provisions, the requirement
and international partners.
to maintain allocations for potable water and high-quality treatment processes for
some industries needs to be taken into consideration. c) Contributing to the state-wide mapping of SRTW potential, identifying promising
initiatives and preparing feasibility studies that assess long term viability including
b) The State may also consider establishing a SRTW Technical Cell to support the
whether subsidies for treatment or delivery costs are required.
identification and planning of SRTW projects. The proposed Technical Cell may guide
the ULBs/ PRIs in preparation of Detailed Project Reports on SRTW projects. d) Introducing a structure for levying charges based on State pricing policy, including
consideration of a special cess/rebate to promote SRTW in their jurisdiction.
c) Developing a Policy on Safe Reuse of Treated Water in States, where it currently does
not exist. Related polices, regulations and bye-laws are proposed to be reviewed and e) Exploring the potential for complementary reuse of resources through recovery of
amended, as necessary, to ensure consistency. States that have already adopted nutrients, salts, heavy metals and other recoverable materials or linkage with energy-
from-waste projects.
20 21
f) Considering dis-incentive measures for unsafe disposal of biosolids generated from economy solutions will require a programme of consistent and targeted messaging to
TUW or partial treatment of municipal /industrial used water. end users and the public through water communication programmes of the central
g) Engaging with stakeholders through open and consultative processes, for example and State Governments.
with the involved communities, industries and industry associations, farmers b) Financing and viability: Achieving SRTW targets require an alignment of interests and
producers’ organizations (FPOs), water user associations, civil society organizations, incentives amongst the key stakeholders, identifying areas of demand and supply,
research institutes as well as the relevant government line departments and selecting the most appropriate business model where risks are shared equitably, and
representatives of national agencies such as CGWB. designing support programmes that are efficient in time and resources.
h) Prior use of untreated used water by farmers should be addressed and their interests
c) Compliance with standards: Significant efforts will be required to ensure prevailing
reflected in any new project for SRTW. Until such time as there is capacity to provide
standards are met, to safeguard public health and the environment. SRTW introduces
farmers with TUW, transitional arrangements are needed to safeguard existing
practices, by encouraging on-farm treatment of used water for non-edible crops and an additional layer of processes for which compliance has to be assured. A range of
agroforestry, and adoption of safety measures (e.g., sanitation safety planning approaches is needed including improving the financing and capacity of compliance
institutions, introducing transparent self-monitoring systems into business models
guidance by WHO) to minimize transmission of pathogens to farm workers and
with sufficient checks and balances, and engaging stakeholders in the process. Food
consumers. In the case of edible crops, further control measures shall be adopted.
safety is of paramount importance for public health nationally and for export trade.
i) Implementing IEC and behaviour change campaigns on SRTW
Past international experience has demonstrated the economic impact of non-
j) Introducing monitoring and evaluation systems and periodically reporting to the compliance with food safety standards in relation to foregone export potential.
State SRTW Committee. National norms for water safety planning and risk management will be key to
k) Ensuring compliance with regulations and standards and implementation of expansion of sustainable SRTW in India.
contingency plans.
d) Integration and coordination: SRTW is one step in the circular economy approach for
The Action Plan should be consistent with and support provisions in the NUSP for ULBs water supply and sanitation. Other policy elements exist, such as for the recovery and
to have a City-wide Sanitation Plan, including a detailed plan for safe collection, reuse of faecal sludge from septic tanks under the FSSM Policy. Others are gaining
conveyance and treatment of sanitary waste and institutionalized roles and attention- including campaigns to promote recovery and reuse of sludge from STPs for
responsibilities of staff for effective service delivery systems. The Plan should also be usage in power generation or agriculture. Coordination across resource recovery and
consistent with provisions of State FSSM policies. reuse activities is needed at a range of levels from ULB to National. In the near future,
it is expected that SRTW will form part of a wider integrated waste recovery and reuse
8.4 Linkage with river basin planning
system. As demand for TUW escalates, competition amongst end-users may arise as
Linkages with the overall water balance and water allocation system within a river basin in the case of freshwater, requiring an allocation system that prioritizes reuse
is necessary to take advantage of the benefits of TUW as an alternative source of water - according to locally relevant economic, social and environmental criteria.
a resource that has so far been under-utilized. Responsibilities for ensuring TUW is
e) Managing the transition: The scale of the challenge to reach universal sewage
incorporated within wider river basin planning approaches depend on whether the basin
treatment and high levels of safe reuse is considerable and will require States to
is intra-State or inter-State. Greater emphasis on undertaking a water balance and
develop and adopt a strategy and action plan that focuses both on realizing early gains
management at river basin level is encouraged, as promoted in the draft NWP.
where sources of supply and demand are aligned, in parallel with medium term
8.5 Challenges programmes to introduce an enabling regulatory and pricing environment that
provides incentives for change. In managing the transition, safeguards are also
Implementation of the Framework faces a number of challenges including: required to consider pre-existing uses of used water (formal and informal) and ensure
a) Public perception and awareness: Although the Framework does not encompass the needs of prior users are addressed.
direct potable use of TUW, the discharge of TUW into natural water bodies ultimately
9 Business Models
sees a proportion of the used water re-enter the water cycle into water supply
treatment and distribution systems, albeit in a diluted form. For some, it may still 9.1 Pricing of SRTW
challenge cultural norms and raise questions about public safety. Similarly, SRTW in
certain agricultural, industrial and municipal settings may also raise concerns. The price of treated used water shall be determined based on following factors:
Overcoming negative perceptions on SRTW and encouraging support for circular
22 23
a) investment cost including conveyance, treatment and distribution infrastructure; Additional factors are to be considered in pricing of TUW based on type of end use of
b) operation and maintenance cost of the infrastructure; TUW and regional context:
c) quality of water supplied; a) While TUW is to be priced lower than freshwater, existing subsidies on freshwater can
d) type of end uses; impact the viability of an SRTW project. On a case-to-case basis, State/ ULB/ Parastatal
e) availability and prevailing price of alternative water sources; agency/ PRI shall intervene to rectify such market failures, including consideration of
‘no-freshwater zones’ (Annex 5).
f) other social, cultural and business factors.
b) Differential pricing shall be applied based on the type of end use and the ability to pay
The pricing of TUW is expected to reflect the following principles: for TUW and cost incurred in accessing freshwater.

a) TUW to be considered as a social, environmental and economic commodity. The price c) States shall determine payment by farmers for access to TUW, based on the
set shall maximize social, environmental and economic returns. groundwater situation in the region (with stringent norms for overexploited zones),
costs of accessing canal water and other expenses such as cost of pumps, pipes, etc.
b) The price of TUW shall encourage its use in comparison to usage of freshwater for all
types of acceptable end use. Pricing policy and designation of ‘no-freshwater’ zones d) Farmers currently using untreated used water for informal irrigation may not have the
may need to be considered as an integral measure. same ability to pay market rates for TUW as new SRTW users and thereby risk losing
incomes. States will need to assess the extent of prior use and may consider
c) Apportioning and pricing of treated used water and domestic sewage charges
introducing benefit sharing mechanisms in which a portion of the revenues from new
together shall aim to achieve economic cost recovery with priority on recovery of
SRTW projects is used to finance improvements in existing farming practices and
operating cost. The ultimate aim is to achieve full cost recovery of capital and
minimize loss of production.39
operations cost where ability to pay exists, ensuring that the price of TUW does not
make end user business unviable.38 e) In determining pricing for industries, States shall ensure industries in the State are not
disadvantaged in terms of input costs
d) In achieving cost recovery through pricing of TUW, the following aspects are to be
considered: f) In ‘no-freshwater zones’ created by the State, pricing incentives shall be provided to
promote TUW especially for agriculture and industries.
1. inculcate the practice of payment for TUW with pricing to be structured for
incrementally achieving cost recovery over a period of time. The price of TUW shall be fixed for a specific duration and suitable price escalation, as
2. the pricing of TUW shall, at the minimum, aim to recover the additional operating decided by the State Committee, shall be applied based on applicable end uses. The
costs incurred for treating used water to applicable reuse standards and its Committee shall define the period for reviewing the price of treated used water and set
delivery to the end user. out details of an appeals mechanism.
3. apportioning and pricing of domestic sewage charges and sale of TUW to be
structured for recovering the entire operating cost of conveyance of used water, Users of TUW shall be provided with the purchase agreement40 by the implementing
treatment of used water, distribution of TUW, repair, maintenance and overall agency, which shall reflect at the minimum- the price, escalation, payment method,
management including billing for the services. Where viable, part or all of the quantity and quality of water, along with other contractual conditions.
capital cost of the services shall be recovered. The implementing agency shall maintain an escrow account to receive payments from
4. in cases where it is viable, full cost recovery shall include: the sale of treated used water and where appropriate, the funds raised from SRTW can
i. capital cost for the infrastructure – sewer for conveyance of used water, be considered to subsidize domestic sewage charges for socially and economically
treatment plant and distribution infrastructure for TUW. marginalised sections of the society so as to ensure affordability of used water services
by them and to finance improvement in service delivery including quality of TUW.
ii. institutional aspects of the sanitation service e.g., the management
information systems, accountancy and finance management, billing and 9.2 Guidance on selection of business models and private sector engagement
collection, customer services, etc. and oversight activities.
In the planning of an SRTW project, it is important to develop business models suited to
iii. operating, maintaining (on a planned maintenance basis), repairing
the type of end use. Annex 2 provides brief descriptions of different SRTW business
replacing and extending sanitation service physical infrastructure.
models and some examples of successful SRTW projects implemented in India.
iv. all other management, operating and maintenance costs.
The implementing agency shall develop appropriate business models for setting up of
conveyance, treatment and TUW distribution infrastructure, along with its operation and
24 25
maintenance to ensure sustainable implementation of SRTW. The implementing agency especially for proven well established technology solutions so as to have a larger pool
shall take into account lessons from implementation in other states, with successful of bidders participating in the tender.
examples. b) The implementing agency ensures funding coverage is met by budgetary resources
In approving the business models, the implementing agency may consider the following from central, State government and ULBs or PRIs and, where available, funds from
items for the entire value chain, including conveyance of used water, treatment, and external funding agencies.
distribution of TUW:
In the Private Ownership Model, the implementing agency provides either secondary
a) Appropriate regulations to be developed and applied e.g. used water connection, treated water to a private entity which is responsible for treatment to any higher required
conveyance coverage, treatment standards, reuse standards, billing and collection quality standards. Depending on the local context, the infrastructure for distribution of
protocols, monitoring protocols based on type of end use, penalty mechanisms and treated used water shall be owned and operated either by a public or private entity. This
reporting. model is particularly relevant for provision of industrial grade quality of TUW for industry.
b) Payment of services by customers for used water services and TUW as per the pricing In addition to covering all the items described above in defining the business model, the
principles in section 9.1 and the process of billing and collection mechanisms. following aspects are also relevant:
c) Financing mechanism and requirement of funds to meet the establishment of
a) The procurement models applicable are a) Build-Own-Operate (BOO), b) Build-Own-
infrastructure for SRTW, including any gap in operating cost of the infrastructure.
Operate and Transfer (BOOT), and c) Build-Operate and Transfer (BOT) with user
d) Clear roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder in an SRTW project reflecting their charges, provided the user charges collection risk by the private entity can be
involvement in financing, service provision or regulatory aspects. The implementing mitigated.
agency is expected to identify all relevant stakeholders based on the type of end use
b) The implementing agency shall mandatorily provide the quantity and quality of
of TUW.
untreated or treated used water, failing which, relevant penalties applicable on the
The implementing agency may undertake any of the following approaches in implementing agency may be applied.
implementing the business model: a) Public procurement, b) Private ownership and c) c) If the infrastructure for distribution of treated used water is owned and operated by
Public Private Partnerships. A state-owned company or institution may directly purchase the implementing agency, then the private entity responsible for treatment shall be
secondary treated used water from the utility and, if needed, set up additional treatment provided assurance of minimum guarantee on revenue from the sale of treated used
infrastructure to meet the required water quality standards. Respective state guidelines water or offtake of assured quantity of treated used water, at fixed price. The private
on procurement shall be applied. States where procurement guidelines are absent may entity shall be responsible to meet the required reuse water quality standards.
follow national guidelines issued by Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance. For d) The implementing agency may require the off-taker of the TUW to be responsible for
economies of scale, states shall encourage clustering of nearby urban and rural areas, the costs of distribution.
where appropriate, to jointly plan reuse of TUW.
In the Public Private Partnerships (PPP) Model,41 the implementing agency intention is
The implementing agency shall implement procurement contracts depending upon the to engage with a private entity to attract private investment, to leverage its efficiency,
most prevalent and successful end use of treated used water and considering highest and to provide quality treatment facility including distribution infrastructure and services
value of social, environmental and economic returns. The implementing agency shall at an optimal cost. In addition to covering all the items described above in defining the
embrace emerging models and practices as appropriate to their respective context. business model, the following additional aspects are relevant to this model:
In the Public Procurement Model, the implementing agency owns and operates the a) The implementing agency shall implement any of the following PPP models or a
conveyance, treatment and treated used water distribution infrastructure. In addition to combination thereof: a) Design-Build-Operate (DBO), b) Design-Finance-Build-
covering the items described above in defining the business model, the following Operate and Transfer (DFBOT) or BOT - annuity, c) Hybrid Annuity Models (HAM), and
additional aspects are included in this model: d) BOT – user charges or end user.
a) The implementing agency engages the services of private agency in procurement of b) In contracts where the implementing agency is completely financing the PPP
technology. The technology choice may be driven by outcome orientation that defines contracts, it shall ensure funding coverage is met by budgetary resources from central
required performance criteria instead of prescribing select technologies. The government, State government, ULB and PRI along with exploring funds from external
implementing agency considers encouraging participation of smaller private players funding agencies and banks.

26 27
c) For projects in rural areas, the implementing agency shall engage farmer associations Table 9.1 Risks and Mitigation measures
such as farmer producer organisations (FPO) and Self-Help Groups in implementing
Risks Mitigation Strategy
PPP models. A. Limited market a) The implementing agency undertakes information, education
d) The implementing agency shall consider VGF. The guidelines for financial support to acceptance on reuse and communication campaign on the benefits of TUW and
PPPs as issued by the Department of Economic Affairs shall be followed for applying of TUW corresponding regulations
VGF. States may provide additional VGF in addition to the funding from central b) Create “No freshwater” zones and mandate usage of TUW for
certain type of end uses
government as per the guidelines.
c) Mandatory use of TUW by industrial zones within a certain
e) In HAM contracts, the financing arrangement sharing ratio between implementing distance from Sewage Treatment Plant
agency and private entity shall be defined. The implementing agency pay their defined B. Unable to achieve a) The implementing agency adhere to the pricing principles so
financing share after completion of the treatment plant and the remaining portion is cost recovery based that price incentives are there for adoption of TUW
paid in the form of annuities. on pricing of TUW b) Subsidy on freshwater can impact the viability of treated used
water project and the State/ ULB/ Parastatal agency/ PRI
f) The implementing agency shall apply one or a combination of following criteria in address these on a case-to-case basis and may need to revise
selecting the PPP operator: the subsidy on freshwater
i. Lowest bid in terms of user fee from consumers C. Stakeholders involved a) The implementing agency engages with stakeholders and
in existing practices of arrives at an arrangement that is beneficial to all
ii. Royalty paid to ULB per KL of treated used water using treated and b) If the existing users of TUW are farmers and priority is
iii. Highest upfront fees untreated used water mandated to industries, suitable arrangements for sharing and
can delay the project allocation of TUW should be agreed between the
iv. Lowest present value of subsidy
and make it stakeholders. When TUW is supplied to farmers, there needs
v. Lowest capital cost and operations and maintenance cost for projects unsustainable in the to be a clear case for growing suitable crops as recommended.
vi. Highest equity premium longer run c) The priority on usage be given to the end user with the highest
social, economic and environment returns
vii. Quantum of State’s support solicited in present value D. Lack of available Depending on the local situation, one of the following approaches
g) The operations and maintenance period shall be long term and the private entity may finance for to be considered:
remain responsible for at least 15 years but not exceeding a 30-year period. establishing a) States to consider all budgetary resources available at
infrastructure for National/ State/ ULB/ PRI, including VGF mechanism
h) A balanced risk allocation and performance-based remuneration shall be applied with treatment and b) States to create a SPV to develop distribution grids
a requirement for accountability on the part of both the implementing agency and the distribution of TUW c) States to create a credit guarantee fund (as part of the SPV) for
private entity. private entity to finance the investment
d) Partnership with industry clusters/ development board/
The business models developed by the implementing agency shall be finalised after finance institutions to jointly invest in infrastructure
adequate due diligence and detailed assessment. The final decision on the approval of e) Depending on project viability, off takers of TUW to be
the business model shall lay with the State Committee on SRTW. Reuse of TUW can also responsible for treatment and conveyance. This to be strictly
be included as part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities for industries and applied in water scarce regions with water intensive industries
f) States to target investments under Corporate Social
public sector undertaking.42
Responsibility programmes
9.3 Managing risks E. Delay in project a) The implementing agency shall align water availability
execution due to lack situation along with the highest returns from the investment
The implementing agency shall identify risks and corresponding mitigation measures of prioritisation on from social, environmental and economic perspectives in
before the implementation of SRTW projects. An integrated approach to water resources type of end use of allocating TUW for different types of end uses
TUW
management shall be established, combined with locally appropriate and sustainable risk
F. Assurance on quantity a) The implementing agency complies with the purchase
reduction measures and active involvement of stakeholders from different sectors. Table and quality of TUW agreement
9.1 provides some of the key high-risk situations and corresponding mitigation strategies. supplied to end user b) In case the implementing agency is unable to meet the supply
requirements, they may be penalised or required to supply
freshwater to the end user
c) End users of treated used water are recommended to have
back up supply alternatives, in case of emergency situation

28 29
 Risks Mitigation Strategy 10.2 State programmes
G. Weak monitoring and a) Based on the type of end use, the implementing agency
enforcement of engages appropriate institutions in monitoring environment SRTW projects will be aligned to the Government of India programmes outlined above
standards has and public health outcomes and enforcement/ compliance of along with funding available from the States. Reuse of TUW shall be incorporated in all
environment and performance criteria state level programmes, where relevant, including integrated programmes that recover
public health b) For an end use in agriculture, the implementing agency may
solids and any other by-products from treating waste water.
implications from use engage with department of agriculture and agriculture
of TUW for certain universities in respective states for guiding farmers and FPOs In states where there are no parastatal agencies to provide used water services, creation
end uses on suitable crops and agronomic practices. Additionally, the
of an SPV may be considered for cities above 5 lakh population to manage sewage and
importance of incorporating sanitation safety measures,
during irrigation and periodic monitoring of soil and farmer’s supply TUW to end users. The SPV may also manage and finance infrastructure for
health would also be considered distribution of TUW.43 States may also consider providing credit guarantee facility for
c) For an end use in relation to environment, the implementing private entities to finance investments in SRTW projects. States shall mandate all the
agency shall engage research institutions and civil society ULBs and PRIs to ring fence the sanitation budget line within their respective budgets.
organisations to monitor the quality of water in waterbodies States may provide additional VGF as per the PPP guidelines issued by the Department of
along with creation of public awareness
Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance.
H. Insufficient bidders in a) Based on the type of services required from the private entity,
public and PPP the qualification conditions shall encourage small private Respective State UDDs and PRI departments shall coordinate various funding sources and
procurement models sector players and local agencies to ensure larger pool in
be responsible for convergence. Financing of both capital and operation and
tenders, thereby resulting in lower cost and ease of operations
managed locally maintenance costs of SRTW projects shall include a combination of:
b) Technology choice driven by an outcome orientation instead
a) Funds provided by Government of India under centrally sponsored schemes.
of prescribing select technologies will encourage wider
participation b) Funds from State government programme and Urban Development Department
budget.
c) Funds from Central and State finance commissions.
10 Financing
d) Loans take by State Government from international organizations
10.1 National programmes e) Funds deployed by PPP operators.
The Government of India under the aegis of MoJS may identify national funding f) Revenue from the sale of TUW and sale of other by-products from the treatment
mechanisms from ongoing and future programmes to promote SRTW in States and Union plant.
Territories (UTs) and issue guidelines on funding eligibility. National funds may be used g) Own source of funds of ULB and PRI which would include sanitation tax or user charges
to partially finance project costs depending on eligibility criteria, with the remaining levied and sewerage connection fees.
contribution from the State and/or private entity. The eligibility principles for utilizing Funding of pre-feasibility and feasibility assessments may be made available from State
national funding for SRTW are given in Annex 4. An additional modality is to provide credit urban development department budgets, including from ULBs or parastatal agencies.
guarantee facility for private entities to access finance for investing in SRTW
infrastructure. The implementing agency shall seek funding for SRTW projects from companies under
CSR programmes.
Ongoing programmes of the Government of India through which SRTW funding may be
sourced include the AMRUT, SBM, JJM, Clean Ganga Fund for Ganga States, and through The implementing agency may raise funds for the SRTW investment using
the NRCD. The initial proportion of funding for SRTW, allocated from such programmes, social/development impact bonds and suitable financial instruments used by impact
will be determined for each category of reuse and announced formally by MoJS. The investors to promote TUW.
proportion will be reviewed regularly, at least every three years, and adjusted as
10.3 Incentives
necessary, taking into account the availability of funding, implementation experience and
achievement of SRTW targets. States may consider applying incentives in the form of tax rebates and waivers of other
charges for promotion of SRTW in both new properties and in retro-fitting existing
For TUW in agriculture, PMKSY scheme can be applied for treatment of used water and
properties. They include but are not limited to:
conveyance of TUW. Funds from the Central Finance Commission shall be used for the
development of infrastructure.
30 31
 a) Individual households/ apartments/ gated colonies treating their used water in a compliance on standards. State governments will be responsible to undertake water
decentralized manner and reusing it onsite (including dual plumbing) as permissible audits to ensure the overall water balance and water allocation of TUW as an alternative
shall be eligible for rebates in property tax as decided by the State or ULB or PRI. source of water.
b) States/ ULB/ PRI may mandate all new apartments/gated colonies, malls, hotels, The implementing agency will be responsible for leading monitoring and compliance of
industries, clubs, colleges, universities, hospitals, sports stadiums etc. to mandatorily outcome, process and service standards on SRTW projects implemented within their
treat and reuse the TUW in their premises (including dual plumbing). As a result, these jurisdiction. Water quality specifications for TUW to be monitored according to CPCB
developments may be eligible for rebates in the construction permit fee or other guidelines for the presence of emerging contaminants, heavy metals, pesticide residues
charges, as applicable for sanction of building plans. and antibiotic residues. The implementing agency will engage with SPCBs for monitoring
c) The implementing agency may give land on lease to PPP operator. outcome standards. Based on the type of end use, they will engage appropriate
d) States may provide rebate on Goods Services and Tax (GST) on purchase of machinery institutions and implement appropriate surveillance measures in monitoring outcome
or equipment for the treatment plant incorporating reuse. The rebate shall be linked standards. The State may require a percentage of revenue generated from the sale of
to a minimum investment amount. TUW be allocated for independent monitoring and ensuring compliance. The amount
e) The implementing agency may provide electricity rebates for the operations of would be determined based on monitoring needs and financial viability of the projects.
treatment plants and conveyance of TUW. Institutional responsibilities include:
f) States may provide exemption from payment of GST on pipes for conveyance of TUW. a) For an end use for industries, where quality standards depend upon the nature of the
g) State may exempt custom duty on SRTW projects financed by external organisations. industry and their water quality requirements, self-compliance mechanisms will be
h) States may implement a scheme of issuing and trading of TUW reuse certificates put in place and monitoring by SPCB as part of broader regulatory commitments.
(Annex 2) to incentivise ULBs or PRIs and target end users (e.g. industries) to achieve b) For an end use in agriculture, the implementing agency will engage with departments
the targets set on SRTW. The certificates can be used as a mechanism to maintain of agriculture and agriculture universities in guiding farmers on crops developed,
commitment to SRTW by ULBs or PRI and target end users where viability of reuse is incorporating sanitation safety measures on irrigation practices and periodic
uncertain or low. monitoring of soil and farmer’s health. States shall engage irrigation departments in
monitoring of reuse in agriculture.
11 Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance and Review
c) For an end use for environment purpose, the implementing agency will, as
11.1 Principles and responsibilities for M&E appropriate, engage CGWB, research institutions and civil society organisations to
monitor the quality of surface and ground water. They may also be engaged to create
Monitoring and evaluation of SRTW is required to:
awareness on TUW amongst citizens. Relevant State department or State Pollution
a) Track performance targets on SRTW as set out by the State. Control Board shall display through an online system the water quality of the water
b) Ensure compliance on outcome, process and service standards in SRTW projects. bodies receiving TUW.
c) Evaluate pricing of TUW, incentives and penalties/sanctions, and The State shall monitor related provisions outlined in other policies mentioned in section
d) Ensure transparent reporting mechanisms. 5 and as, required, implement sanitation safety plans as risk mitigation barriers along
with outcome standards in SRTW projects.
At the national level, MoHUA has developed SLBs on used water management to assess
performance of citywide sanitation. The benchmark currently has provision for the 11.2 Information systems
indicator on reuse of TUW and it shall be updated to capture additional indicators as
required by this Framework. Similarly, this should be undertaken by responsible agencies At the national level, MoJS shall develop and maintain an online information system to
for TUW in rural areas. Consolidation of data captured by the states and ULBs on reuse track the progress and extent of reuse, type of end uses, quality of surface and
performance targets shall be undertaken at the national level. groundwater, and number of jobs created/sustained from SRTW projects. The data shall
be linked to monitoring and tracking of SDGs by NITI Aayog. The data collected at the
State governments will be responsible for monitoring the performance of the national and state levels shall be reflected as an indicator in India’s Composite Water
implementing agency in achieving the national targets and targets outlined in their
Management Index, administered by NITI Aayog
respective state SRTW policies. State governments shall devise data collection and
reporting systems using the indicators developed for SLBs. The implementing agency States shall also develop and maintain their respective information systems which will be
shall develop a database on approved SRTW projects and reporting format to track integrated with the national online information system. States may request cities to set
32 33
 up online quality monitoring system to monitor efficiency of treatment operations along capacities of ULBs in SRTW, in line with the sectoral reforms that the State may be
with details on all treatment facilities, details on capacity utilisation, treated water quality implementing. ULBs will need to provide training on SRTW to their own staff – using the
standards and quantity of TUW reused. States shall audit the information tracked by cities specialized agency selected by the State Government. ULBs could also utilize ongoing
at periodic frequency, as decided by the State Committee on SRTW. National and State Government Schemes for training and capacity building. Training
modules for the implementing agency are to include project preparation, IEC activities,
As part of the sustainability reporting mandate, industries and corporate sectors are
technology, roles, standards, monitoring mechanisms and business models.
encouraged to include the percentage of reused treated water in their processes and list
their CSR accountability initiatives. Targeted training to be given to a broad range of stakeholders across different sectors of
end use such as: Departments of Agriculture and Fisheries, farmer communities,
11.3 Periodic review of implementation
industries, industrial board, municipal end users for green spaces, parks, agroforestry,
States will, through the State Committee on SRTW, periodically assess the NGOs, private sector players.
implementation of the State policy. This includes evaluation of uptake by end uses,
12.2 Research & Development
pricing of TUW, incentives, penalties and business models including procurement
contracts. Relevant National institutions are to be identified to provide model training modules for
use by State training institutions. National training and research establishments across a
12 Capacity Building, Research & Development and Awareness Generation range of sectors, such as agriculture, aquaculture, industry, urban development and
12.1 Capacity Building and Training other sources and on groundwater, will need to work together to integrate aspects of
SRTW into their curricula and applied research activities.
The National Water Policy (2020, forthcoming) emphasizes the need for capacity building.
For SRTW this applies to planners, managers, designers and users at the National, State, Research and development is to be conducted on new technologies for TUW and also
ULB and PRI on research, development and promotion of state-of-art technology for across the range of technical, financing, pricing, procurement, health and environmental
effective and economic management of water resources. It requires cooperation aspects.
between academic/ research institutions and government agencies. These capacity Regarding water quality, research studies should be conducted to analyze the
building and training programmes are to include modules on reuse potential of TUW and composition of the pollutants to assess the soil health, emerging contaminants in
implementation modalities. agricultural produce and impact on groundwater.
The MoJS will, within a year of Framework approval, formulate a strategy on capacity 12.3 Awareness Generation
building programmes for periodic training and re-training of technical and managerial
staff for smooth implementation of SRTW in the States, ULBs and PRIs for building Awareness generation programmes for overcoming negative public perceptions on
capacity at the organizational as well as individual levels for implementing reuse of TUW. SRTW, based on scientific evidence and early experiences, are to be organized frequently
in States, ULBs and PRIs. This may be delivered as stand-alone campaigns or as part of
Capacity building programmes need to include training, re-training and Quality wider water literacy campaigns.
Improvement Programme (QIP) for water and sanitation planners and managers at all
levels in India, both in public and private sectors. Effective coordination will be required Awareness generation campaigns on SRTW will be undertaken by Ministry of Education
to ensure complementarity across various disciplines. for schools, colleges and educational institutions as part of the curricula. Where
appropriate, in-situ decentralized used water treatment plants can be established as
A Training Need Assessment (TNA) will be undertaken by the State, ULB and PRI on all demonstration sites for SRTW.
aspects of operationalization of SRTW including technical, business models and public
awareness aspects. Consistent and targeted messaging are to be included throughout the water and
sanitation communication programmes of the Central Government. A knowledge base of
The ongoing in-service training programmes in States, ULB and PRI are to incorporate successful examples will be needed to support the communication efforts.
modules on SRTW for the technical and managerial officials of aligned departments.
Specialist agencies of the State Government, academic institutions and private sector
organizations with capability to train its State, ULB, PRI personnel and to orientate of
elected representatives on aspects related to SRTW are to be identified. These agencies
will focus on capacity building (including training and development of systems) and

34 35
 Annexures SPVs, departments of industries, agriculture and irrigation, the private sector and civil
society organisations.
Annex 1: Model Framework for State SRTW Policy
5 Water Quality Standards and Environmental Considerations
Note: Detailed provisions of the State Policy will be consistent with those of the national
framework to facilitate access to support from national level funding programmes. Aligned to the national framework and regulations on water quality standards and other
norms related to SRTW as well as defining specific standards and requirements of the
Cover page State level, including linkages with broader water resources and river basin planning.
Letter(s) (Minister/Secretary, State Department of Urban Development)
Glossary and Abbreviations 6 Business Models
Defines the types of business models that are considered appropriate to fulfil the
1 Introduction
objectives of the State policy with cross referencing to the National framework. Refer to
Describes the current situation in the State related to sanitation provision, treatment of the annex on business models in the National framework.
used water and the scale and experiences of SRTW.
7 Financing SRTW
2 Objectives of the SRTW Policy
Sets out the options for financing SRTW projects including links to central and State
Articulates the objective and vision of SRTW in the State based on the type of sectors programmes and describes other sources including domestic private-sector financing and
driving the State economy and agreed set of priorities for reuse. The State policy will sub-sovereign and non-sovereign financing from external funding agencies.
provide timebound targets to be achieved on collection and treatment of used water and
on SRTW. The targets are to be consistent with the national service level benchmarks and 8 Implementation Approach and Timeline
reuse targets of the national framework. States will introduce mandatory use targets Sets out the requirements for the State, ULBs, PRIs and other relevant bodies to develop
appropriate to the local context as a regulatory measure or as part of incentive coordinated SRTW strategies and implementation plans to operationalize and sustainably
programmes, incorporating lessons from implementation experiences gained from other achieve the targets of the SRTW policy. Includes public awareness campaigns. Refer to
States. Similarly, States will also consider designation of associated ‘no-freshwater’ the National policy on the suggested strategy for developing the implementation
zones. In considering the designation of mandatory use and no freshwater zone approach and target timelines.
provisions, the requirement for potable water and high quality treatment processes for
some industries needs to be taken into consideration. The policy will also set out the 9 Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance and Review
guiding principles governing the planning, design, implementation and monitoring of
Describes the provisions for end-users, SPCBs and other relevant agencies to monitor
SRTW programmes/projects in the State.
implementation and performance of SRTW in the State and contribute to State and
3 Legislative and Regulatory Context national level reporting systems. To be included as part of the State level strategy and
implementation plan.
Describes the framework of related national and State legislation, policies and
regulations and municipal rules and regulations within which the State policy will 10 Capacity Building, Research and Training
operate.
Describes the State-wide programme of capacity building, research and training needed
4 Roles and Responsibilities for involved agencies and stakeholders to effectively implement SRTW policy and the
approach to engaging training institutes and other technical agencies for upgrading
Provides a list of all relevant agencies and other stakeholders that will perform roles and institutional and human resources capacity of ULBs, PRIs and others on SRTW.
assume responsibilities for implementing and overseeing the State policy. It will define
the powers and functions of the regulatory authority for SRTW in the State. The focus will Annexures (Optional)
predominately be on bodies within the State, including public agencies, local level
State level guidelines, M&E framework, outcome and service standards, model purchase
institutions, end-users, the private sector and civil society and identify the points of
agreements, other relevant documents.
interaction with national level agencies and external agencies providing financial and
technical support. At the minimum, the State policy should identify roles and
responsibilities of State urban and rural departments, ULBs, PRIs, SPCB, parastatals and
36 37
Annex 2 Business Models water to the estate. The technology involved sand/disc filtration, ultra-filtration, reverse osmosis and
activated carbon filters. Based on the success of this pioneering project, demand for treated used
There are numerous business models for implementation of SRTW. Some of the successful water arose from other industries and industrial estates in SMC. A study undertaken by SMC to
business models on SRTW implemented in India and globally are provided here as guidance estimate the demand for treated used water by industries led to planning of clusters for developing
to the implementing agency. tertiary treatment facilities (Bamroli, Dindoli and Bhesan).

Safe reuse of treated used water in industries As of 2020, SMC had set up tertiary treatment plants with a combined capacity of 115 MLD for INR
314 crores with financial support from Swarnim Jayanti Mukhya Mantri Sherhri Vikas Yojana of the
Secondary treated used water from STPs has to be treated further to produce industry Government of Gujarat, Smart City Mission of Government of India and numerous industry end-users.
grade water for industry or industrial zone. The business models for SRTW in industry can be Under this model, SMC is responsible for preparation and execution of the project along with
implemented in one of the following three approaches: allocation of land and funding. A private operator is engaged through tender for construction and
operation of the plant for 10 years and the supply of treated used water at the desired quality. The
a) Minimum guarantee and fixed price model: The implementing agency enters into a long- industrial users commit to purchasing an assured quantity of treated used water at a fixed price with
term contract with an industry or industrial zone for bulk consumption of TUW at an agreed annual increases based on increases in O&M cost as per RBI indexation. The tertiary treatment plant
price. The implementing agency can set up a tertiary treatment unit and operate it on its own. for Bamroli cluster has a fixed cost of INR 56 lakhs per month, electricity charges of about Rs 40 lakhs
Alternatively, if the implementing agency enters into a PPP arrangement for design, build and per month, variable cost of INR 1,860 per MLD per month and other additional costs to ensure quality
operations of the tertiary treatment unit to a private entity, they will be responsible to in terms of alkalinity, TDS and color depending on the inlet quality. In 2014, tertiary treated used water
monitor compliance by the private entity to supply the agreed quantity of TUW to the bulk was priced at INR 18.2 per KL and in 2020 the rate is at INR 32 per KL. In December 2020 the Bamroli
consumer. The implementing agency makes a net annuity payment to the private entity to cluster tertiary treatment plant made profits of INR 1.3 crores from the sale of treated used water.
SMC generates annual revenue of INR 140 crores from the sale of treated used water. By 2025, SMC
ensure a guaranteed minimum revenue. The private entity responsible for treatment can sell
plans to productively reuse 70% of total sewage generated by City residents.
additional TUW to other consumers.
b) Reuse buy-back model: An alternative arrangement is for the implementing agency to enter Safe reuse of treated used water in agriculture and agroforestry
into a PPP arrangement with a private entity to develop and operate a tertiary treatment unit. The business model has high application to treatment plants located at the peri-urban part of
The implementing agency pays a fixed O&M cost to the private entity and provides full buy a town or city with agriculture in the vicinity or where sufficient land is available for
back guarantee for TUW. The implementing agency is responsible to deliver TUW to the afforestation or for treatment plants in rural areas. The business model is most promising
industries at a price fixed or as agreed with the industries. where no alternative water sources are available for agriculture or agroforestry.
c) Reuse PPP model – investment by end user: In this approach, the industry or industrial Agriculture reuse: The institutional arrangement across the sanitation-agriculture interface is
board purchases secondary TUW from the implementing agency. The industry or the important with involvement of departments of agriculture or local universities, farmer groups
industrial board is responsible for setting up the infrastructure for tertiary treatment and or civil society organisations working with the farmers. The model requires a high level of
conveyance of the TUW at an agreed price to participating industries. Alternately the industry participatory planning and trust building for the recipients of the TUW as well as their
could contract operation and management of tertiary treatment unit to an agency and pay customers in its safety. Guidance should be provided to farmers on types of crops cultivated
them a fixed O&M fee. which are safe for consumption and have high demand or provide revenue that meets
Surat – revenue generating model for the city from sale of TUW farmers’ expectations. The reuse revenue to the treatment plant comes from sale of TUW to
the farmers. The treatment plant operator can also sell treated sludge (biosolids) to farmers
Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) with a population of about 7 million is responsible for provision of that can serve as a soil ameliorant.
sewerage and treatment services and has a target of achieving 100% coverage by 2021. The City has
11 STPs of 1173 MLD capacity and is augmenting those with another 6 STPs to provide a total plant Agroforestry reuse: The institutional partnership between treatment plant operator,
capacity of 1,656 MLD. As of June 2020, the City reused 16% of the treated used water out of about implementing agency and the forest department is key in this model. The reuse revenue to
927 MLD collected and treated. SMC has a sewer length of 1,957 kms covering 99.5% of the the treatment plant is from sale of TUW to the forest department.
population.
In both agriculture and agroforestry end uses, there should be assured commitment from the
Surat is also known for its textiles, housing more than 450 textile dyeing and printing houses with treatment plant operator on the quantity and quality of TUW supplied. For the conveyance
considerable potential for reuse of municipal used water providing adequate treatment is undertaken.
of the treated water, financial contribution from treatment plant, implementing agency and
Pandesara Industrial Estate that lies within the Surat Municipal limits has 125 water consumers of bulk
end user of TUW can be explored.
water that could switch to reused water. In 2014 SMC, in collaboration with the Pandesara Industrial
Estate and the State Government, built a 40 MLD tertiary treatment plant to supply industrial grade
38 39
  In Maharashtra and Karnataka, farmers have adopted on-farm safety measures like the use of
settling tanks and filters before letting untreated used water into the farms to reduce solid
particulates or suspended solids. Some farmers use nets to cover the tanks to overcome the
Auctioning of treated used water for reuse in agriculture problem of mosquito breeding and some filter the untreated used water to prevent debris and
fouling of soil before letting it into the field. There are cases where farmers use protective gear
The model is a variation to the agriculture SRTW business model. The engagement of such as boots and implement drip irrigation to avoid direct contact with crops, grow non-edible
institutions across the sanitation-agriculture interface will be the same. The implementing crops when using untreated used water and also dilute one part of used water with three parts of
agency along with the treatment plant operator auctions TUW to farmers. The quantity and freshwater.
quality of TUW should be assured by the treatment plant operator. The farmers can organize
Risk reduction measures are not sufficiently widespread and support is needed to introduce them in
themselves into small bidding consortiums/groups or as individuals. The opening bid price is
the transition to SRTW. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed sanitation safety
generally the last year’s auction price, and then the bid amounts are raised gradually upwards
planning (SSP) to implement guidelines on safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. SSP was
through calling the amounts publicly. The implementing agency enters into purchase applied in Devanahalli, Karnataka and pathogen transmission barriers were developed to safeguard
agreement with the highest bidder. The implementing agency may allow the winner of the the health of farmers and consumers.
bid to trade the reuse water with other farmers. The payment arrangement can be on a
quarterly basis or as per the harvest cycle. For the conveyance of the treated water, Treated used water for Aquaculture
contribution from treatment plant operator, implementing agency and end user of TUW can
The business model is highly applicable for treatment plants with a pond-based system or
be explored.
where secondary treated used water is discharged to ponds or lakes. The model is applicable
Managing the transition to safer irrigation with used water in India to both urban and rural treatment plants.

Many farmers in peri-urban and rural areas adjacent to urban centers irrigate their farms with used In the case of pond-based treatment system, aquaculture can be integrated in the treatment
water, either treated or untreated. While there are no national estimates on land area cultivated with system and the treatment plant operator enters into a partnership with a private entity
used water, studies by the IWMI-Tata Program in 17 locations in five States (Gujarat, Maharashtra, involved in sales and marketing of fish. In this case, the treated water can be released safely
Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, and Tamil Nadu) reported more than 57,000 ha of such land.44 The in the environment or reused for irrigation as per the agriculture reuse business model.
total area irrigated by used water in India is likely to be several times this number.
In the case where TUW is discharged to a pond or lake, the ULB can contract a private entity
Untreated and treated used water from cities and housing development runs off into
to undertake aquaculture and the revenue from this contract can be allocated for used water
streams/nallahs/irrigation canals/stormwater drains, often with little dilution from freshwater. Faced
treatment works.
with limited availability of freshwater (due to scarce and saline groundwater, no access to canal water
and high diesel costs to extract groundwater from deep wells), farmers view the relatively easy access In both scenarios, the institutional arrangement requires a partnership with the department
to a reliable supply of untreated/treated used water as a viable alternative to meet irrigation demand. of fisheries or research institution experienced in aquaculture to provide guidance and
The nutrient value of used water further reduces their costs for fertilizer. monitor any contaminant accumulation in the harvested fish.
The Framework envisages a transition towards a situation where such farmers safely irrigate with used
Water-Swap model for agriculture and industry
water, treated to the requisite standard and maintaining nutrients where possible. During this
transition, the Framework promotes adoption of safer irrigation practices for existing use. The This business model addresses the increasing demand for urban water and to manage scarce
following examples describe formal arrangements between municipalities and farmers’ cooperatives urban water resource especially during severe periods of drought as an adaptation strategy.
to access TUW and cases where farmers have adopted improved on-farm irrigation practices. With the JJM providing drinking water through individual tap connections, this model will
 In Gujarat, farmers pay municipalities for supplying TUW; farmers in Patan municipality pay increasingly be applicable to rural areas. The model looks at reallocating freshwater from
annually INR 12,000 for supply of TUW. The TUW from Gandhinagar is conveyed through a 22 km agriculture and/or industries (including construction) to urban or rural domestic use in
underground pipeline which is accessed at many places by the farmers. The Irrigation Department exchange for TUW within the same basin, and it may help optimize water allocations with
charges for this use as per prescribed rates of water lifting from a notified river. In many lift sector specific water quality requirements.
irrigation schemes across India, farmers demand the provision of used water in years of drought
due to its reliable supply. The main contract is between the implementing agency and the irrigation department,
farmers or farmers group that have access to water rights or with access to canal water in the
 Municipalities and villages in northern Gujarat auction TUW for irrigation. In the villages of case of end use in agriculture, or the industry association or relevant industry development
Anadpur (Yaksh), Mota Dhavda and Sanyara, used water is auctioned annually at INR 5,000 –
board in the case of end use in industry. The model is complex in terms of engagement with
11,000. In Unjha municipality, the base price for auction starts at INR 4 lakhs (5 MLD STP) and
multiple partners to get their buy-in and especially ensuring end users of TUW understand
allocated to the highest bidder for three years’ contract. The bidder sells TUW to farmers at INR
70 – 90 on a per hour supply basis and earns a profit of about INR 1 lakh after incurring cost for 41
maintenance and labor.

40
the underlying rationale. Water-swap model requires incentivizing end users of TUW to CMWSSB set up TTRO plants of 45 MLD each in Koyambedu and Kodungaiyur using a Design Build
participate in the arrangement and release their surface-or groundwater for urban or rural Operate contract to supply treated used water to the SIPCOT industries at Irungattukottai,
domestic consumption. The model may require additional treatment infrastructure to Sriperumbudur & Oragadam and other industries in north Chennai region including Manali and
address the water quality aspects as required by the end user. In addition, investments in Ennore. The plan included laying of pipes for conveyance of treated used water (about 85 kms) and
setting up an intermediate storage tank to manage the supply. The total project cost for both the TTRO
water conveyance will be required. Contracts can be structured either for the entire year for
plants and conveyance was INR 834 crores. CMWSSB and industries have an agreement on the
urban and rural areas which face water scarcity and hence address freshwater supply deficit
quantity and quality of treated used water supplied and consumed under which industries agreed to
or it can be seasonal which can be invoked in times of severe drought.
draw a minimum quantity of treated used water and CMWSSB agreed to supply it at assured quality
The additional freshwater gained through this arrangement can then be sold at a higher price parameters. CMWSSB plans to use the profits generated from the sale of treated used water for
to urban consumers and the obtained revenues can support cost recovery of treatment and investment in capital costs for water source augmentation and the cross-subsidization of water and
sanitation service to Chennai residents.
conveyance TUW.
CMWSSB is in the process of setting up pilot Tertiary Treatment Ultra Filtration (TTUF) plants at
Safe reuse of treated used water for improving bio-diversity and managed aquifer Perungudi and Nesapakkam to use the treated used water for recharging of lakes which are one of the
recharge key sources for potable water supply. The Government of Tamil Nadu has approved the budget to set
up 260 MLD capacity for recharging of lakes in and around Chennai. CMWSS Board is aiming to achieve
Treated used water can be reused for landscaping, parks, rejuvenation of wetlands, lakes and
the target of about 60% reuse of treated used water after completion of all ongoing reuse projects.
ponds to improve the bio-diversity within and around urban and rural centres. When reuse
of TUW is for wetlands, lakes and ponds, the distance from the treatment plant to the location Corporate Social Responsibility Model for reuse of treated used water
will require conveyance of the TUW. One option is for the conveyance to utilize unlined open
irrigation channels. Natural filtration processes take place during conveyance in open With the implementing agency constrained in financing of treatment infrastructure, they
channels and seepage into the soil leading to aquifer recharge. Over time, surface and ground could approach the private sector to drive CSR models to fill the required gap. In water scarce
water reservoirs around such a system will improve. This now becomes a source of renewed regions, private sector CSR could invest in treatment infrastructure. Industries investing in-
fresh water for the urban and rural area. It becomes the responsibility of the ULB or PRI to house treatment infrastructure for high quality TUW, may be encouraged to provide a portion
ensure appropriate management of this source of water which can be harnessed in drier of TUW for environmental purposes or to improve green spaces in the urban areas under their
periods. CSR programmes.

In most urban towns in India, water tanker operators tap aquifers to supply freshwater to In the reuse of TUW for agriculture, the implementing agency could engage private companies
urban consumers. The implementing agency could regulate this market and monetise it for to train farmers on practices as part of CSR so as to ensure safety of harvested goods for end
the operations and maintenance of the treatment plant. consumers. The implementing agency can engage with the CSR programmes of supermarket
chains to buy back crops from farmers safely cultivating products using TUW. Wholesalers,
Chennai – at the forefront of reusing treated used water. traders or supermarkets can support this process through contracts with farmer cooperatives
One of the first large scale examples of reuse of treated used water in the country was implemented which allow them to secure a reliable crop supply while offering inputs, training or credit.
in Chennai, a City with a population of 8 million which is under constant pressure for sources of supply
Tradeable reuse certificates for treated used water
of freshwater for the growing number of residents and expanding industries. Chennai Metropolitan
Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) is responsible for the provision of water supply and The objective of this trading model is to maintain commitment to reuse of TUW amongst the
sanitation services. The City is divided into 5 zones for delivery of sanitation services and has a total entities on whom the State has set targets. The model addresses gaps in supply and demand
installed STP capacity of 727 MLD. CMWSSB has undertaken multiple projects to reuse treated for TUW in different regions of the State45 or where cost to supply TUW is high or a project is
municipal used water by industries so as to free up the limited volume of freshwater for domestic
unviable based on limited ability of pay of end users for TUW.
consumption. As of March 2021, the reuse of treated water by industries has allowed around 90 MLD
of fresh water (15% of total water supplied to the city) to be reallocated to domestic supply.
The entities here will be the utilities treating the used water, ULBs or PRI, and end users of
CMWSSB has been supplying secondary treated sewage from Kodungaiyur STP to industries since TUW. Targets may be set according to the type of end use that the State wants to promote.
1993, including Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited, Madras Fertilizers Limited and Manali In this model the State issues reuse certificates to entities that implement SRTW projects or
Petrochemical Limited. Initially the industries set up tertiary treatment and reverse osmosis (TTRO) use TUW. The State creates a platform for trading of certificates. The model works when
plants, however since CMWSSB has set up its own TTRO plant, it has started the supply of treated used mandatory targets are set for ULBs to achieve minimum reuse targets. For entities that do
water to those industries.
not meet the required minimum targets, they can purchase reuse certificates through the
platform from entities that have achieved more than the minimum target. This mechanism
42 43
can ensure cross-financing of SRTW projects to regions where viability is high and optimises Annex 3 Technology
the limited money available to finance such projects.
In the existing plan of treating used water generated from domestic sources, which is mostly
In implementing this model, lessons can be learnt from other sectors that have implemented from households in the ULB, used water is treated to standards referred to as secondary
similar mechanisms (e.g. renewable energy certificates) by designing the system to avoid treated used water (STW).
unintended consequences such as enforcement of penalties, revision of targets on reuse for In the case of TUW for reuse projects, the quality of treated water will vary based on the type
future demand for certificates and limited awareness of the certificates. of end use and the related standards prescribed. If the standards prescribed are more
Onsite reuse of treated used water stringent than those for secondary treated used water, additional treatment modules/facility
will need to be developed. Figure A3 indicates the incremental technology interventions
SRTW has onsite applications at the same location where the used water gets treated. An required to achieve different end uses of TUW.
objective for a treatment plant along with public and environment outcomes relates to
providing a visual appeal and to meet odour standards. Landscaping by lawns and trees should
be a critical feature of any treatment plant. TUW can be used to meet the water requirement
for maintaining the landscape. TUW can also be used onsite for cleaning of vacuum and
suction trucks, cleaning of sewers and desludging of onsite sanitation systems.
In gated colonies, apartment complexes and institutions that are required to have treatment
plants, TUW can be used for landscaping and for flushing toilet water by implementing dual
plumbing systems. Where dual plumbing systems are incorporated, the planning norms for
per capita use of water in the building can be divided into two parts, one to be delivered by
freshwater and the other by TUW.

Figure A3: Incremental technology interventions to achieve end use water quality
standards
CPHEEO’s Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems (2013), provides details on
different treatment technologies as applicable to a range of conditions.46 The manual
provides details on the design considerations and operating requirements for the
technologies based on type of end usage of TUW.
A compendium of sewage treatment technologies and its assessment was prepared by Indian
Institute of Technology, Kanpur and published by the National River Conservation Directorate,
Ministry of Environment and Forests47. The compendium provides information on the
performance of treatment technologies implemented in the country and categorizes them
according to performance, costs, energy and other resource requirements and land
requirement.
44 45
Technology for industrial reuse: The technology should meet industrial grade water and Annex 4 Eligibility conditions to access funding for SRTW from national
following advanced treatment technology are recommended: programmes
1. Multi-grade filter, Dual Media Filter, Ultrafiltration The State shall be eligible to access the funding for SRTW from national programmes
2. Multi-grade filter, Ultra Screen, UV system under the following conditions:
3. Multi-grade filter, Ultra Screen, Ozonator
 States have an approved State specific SRTW policy with measures taken for its
If the STW has higher TDS (> 1,000 ppm), Reverse Osmosis is suggested to be incorporated in implementation.
each of the above system
 States have clearly delineated roles and responsibility on regulation,
Technology for agriculture end use: STW is suggested to disinfect with U-V or ozone. implementation and monitoring of compliance of SRTW projects.
Alternately, including a maturation pond at the STP or at the farm level may also meet the  States shall apply the funds primarily for tertiary treatment and distribution
requirement. infrastructure.
Technology for aquifer recharge: For direct injection for groundwater recharge, STW should  National funding is available for infrastructure improvement in existing STPs to
undergo micro-filtration, followed by reverse osmosis and U-V disinfection before injecting, meet the required reuse standards. It is not available for new STPs except for
however for aquifer recharging through surface water spreading method, reverse osmosis those in towns with a population less than 30,000 and with reuse incorporated.
can be excluded due to natural filtration processes.  National funding is available to cities that meet the minimum required Service
Level Benchmarks in sanitation as defined by MoHUA.
In addition to above list of technologies, the Swachh Bharat Committee periodically meets to
review and approve technologies concerning sanitation.  National funding is available if the State can demonstrate that the minimum cost
recovery principles as per the feasibility study report is achieved and projects that
In selecting the technology, the implementing agency shall apply following principles: independently have the potential to achieve full cost recovery should be
- Meets the required standards based on the intended purpose of SRTW implemented without financial support from national programmes.
- Low requirement of space  There will be a maximum total amount that any one State can utilize from the
- Low consumption on energy national funding to ensure budget effectiveness and to incentivize uptake of
- Capital and operating cost should not make the project unviable SRTW across the country.

The State policy may recommend treatment technologies as applicable based on its  State shall contribute and demonstrate 50% funding which can include funds from
contextual situation to guide the implementing agency from the list provided by CPHEEO private sector. However, for North Eastern states, Jammu and Kashmir and Hill
manual, compendium on performance of treatment technologies by IIT Kanpur, additional list States, funding will be available up to a maximum of 90% and 100% for Union
provided in this annexure and new technologies approved by the Swachh Bharat Committee. Territories.

References
http://cpheeo.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/engineering_chapter7.pdf
https://ejalshakti.gov.in/MISC/InnovationAccrMC_Rep_S.aspx
https://nmcg.nic.in/writereaddata/fileupload/15_Technologies%20Involved.pdf

46 47
 Endnotes
Annex 5: No-freshwater zone 1
https://www.wqa.org/whats-in-your-water/emerging-contaminants
2
Defined in the FSSM Policy 2017
This annexure provides guidance on implementation of no-freshwater zones. The States 3
http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletter/sewagepollution.pdf
may use these measures to encourage promotion of SRTW. The measures should not 4
http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletter/sewagepollution.pdf
discriminate against existing users of TUW and should be developed through a Endnotes
5
http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletter/sewagepollution.pdf
6 https://www.wqa.org/whats-in-your-water/emerging-contaminants
1
participatory process. The State shall consider the local context including extent of water https://www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2017/05/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf
7 Defined in the FSSM Policy 2017
2
CPCB –Guidelines for Techno-economic feasibility of implementation of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) for water
stress in devising the rules for implementation. 3
http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletter/sewagepollution.pdf
polluting industries, Draft Jan 2015, also referenced at
4
http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletter/sewagepollution.pdf
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Final-ZLD%20water%20polluting%20industries.pdf
A ‘no-freshwater zone’ demarcated by the State or ULB or PRI is to promote TUW and it 8 http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/cpcb_newsletter/sewagepollution.pdf
5
For example, in Singapore, the term NEWater is used.
shall have following features: 9 https://www.unwater.org/app/uploads/2017/05/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdf
6
CPCB report, March 2021 accessed from
7
CPCB –Guidelines for Techno-economic feasibility of implementation of Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) for water
https://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvMTIyOF8xNjE1MTk2MzIyX21lZGlhcGhvdG85NTY
 The strict usage of TUW shall be applicable in the demarcated zone for industry, polluting
0LnBkZg== industries, Draft Jan 2015, also referenced at
energy generation, construction, municipal uses and agriculture end use only. The http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Final-ZLD%20water%20polluting%20industries.pdf
10
https://nrcd.nic.in/writereaddata/FileUpload/NewItem_210_Inventorization_of_Sewage-
8
For example, in Singapore,
Treatment_Plant.pdf the term NEWater is used.
, or http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/Database/STST_wastewater_2090.aspx
usage of freshwater shall be for potable consumption only or other uses where a
OfCPCB
this report,
amountMarch 26% is2021 accessed from
9
estimated to be reused by industry after taking into account an efficiency loss, meaning
demonstrated need has been agreed. https://cpcb.nic.in/openpdffile.php?id=UmVwb3J0RmlsZXMvMTIyOF8xNjE1MTk2MzIyX21lZGlhcGhvdG85NTY
that approximately only 6% of used water is currently reused.
0LnBkZg==
11
 The restriction on usage of freshwater shall not be applicable for households in World Bank. Water and Sanitation Program (WSP); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2016.
Recycling and reuse https://nrcd.nic.in/writereaddata/FileUpload/NewItem_210_Inventorization_of_Sewage-
10
the zone. There will be a penalty to households that sell freshwater extracted of treated wastewater in urban India: A proposed advisory and guidance document.
Treatment_Plant.pdf , or http://www.sulabhenvis.nic.in/Database/STST_wastewater_2090.aspx
Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water,
from the zone. Of this
Land andamount 26% is(WLE).
Ecosystems estimated
57p. to be reused
(Resource by industry
Recovery after taking
and Reuse Seriesinto
8). account an efficiency loss, meaning
that
12 approximately only 6% of used water is currently reused.
https://mohua.gov.in/pdf/627b8318adf18Circular-Economy-in-waste-management-FINAL.pdf
 Crops cultivated by farmers in the zone will be strictly regulated based on water 11
13 World Bank. Water and Sanitation Program (WSP); International Water Management Institute (IWMI). 2016.
https://www.wri.org/news/2019/08/release-updated-global-water-risk-atlas-reveals-top-water-stressed-
availability and food safety considerations Recycling and reuse of treated wastewater in urban India: A proposed advisory and guidance document.
countries-and-states
 Where it has been agreed for viability reasons that freshwater is supplied in the Colombo,
14 Sri Lanka:
54% of India’s International
groundwater wells Water
have Management
shown a dropInstitute (IWMI). levels
in groundwater CGIARbetween
Research2009
Program on Water,
and 2015 with
Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 57p. (Resource
16% declining by more than 1 m/year, data from WRI Aquastat.Recovery and Reuse Series 8).
zone, it will be priced higher than the regular price (except for households and 15 https://mohua.gov.in/pdf/627b8318adf18Circular-Economy-in-waste-management-FINAL.pdf
12
This information is available from water composite index report: https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-
other justifiable cases) and the pricing of TUW will be either based on pricing 13
https://www.wri.org/news/2019/08/release-updated-global-water-risk-atlas-reveals-top-water-stressed-
08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf
principles set out in the Policy or there may be incentives of lower pricing initially countries-and-states
16
Chhattisgarh (undated), Gujarat (2018), Haryana (2019 ), Jammu and Kashmir (2017), Jharkand (2017),
14
54% of India’s
Karnataka (2017),groundwater
Madhya Pradesh wells(2017),
have shown a drop in
Maharashtra groundwater
(2019 levels(2019),
draft), Punjab between 2009 and
Rajasthan 2015Tamil
(2016), with
to make TUW attractive.
16%
Nadudeclining
(draft 2019), by more
Uttarthan 1 m/year,
Pradesh data from WRI Aquastat.
(draft 2018)
 The implementing agency shall assure provision of an agreed quantity and quality 17 This information is available from water composite index report: https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-
15
Policy Working paper Annex 3, Table 1
of TUW. If the implementing agency is unable to assure required quantity and 08/CWMI-2.0-latest.pdf
18
https://www.iea.org/articles/introduction-to-the-water-energy-nexus
19 Chhattisgarh (undated), Gujarat (2018), Haryana (2019 ), Jammu and Kashmir (2017), Jharkand (2017),
16
quality of water, it shall be responsible to provide freshwater to the end users of In considering the designation of mandatory use and no freshwater zone provisions, the requirement for
Karnataka
potable water (2017),
and Madhya Pradesh
high-quality (2017),processes
treatment Maharashtra
for some(2019 draft), Punjab
industries needs (2019), Rajasthan
to be taken (2016), Tamil
into consideration.
TUW Nadu
20 (draft 2019), Uttar Pradesh (draft 2018)
Discussions are underway on the scope of some of the Government’s missions and any changes will be
17
Policy Working
reflected in the textpaper
onceAnnex 3, Table
they have been1 formalized.
 Groundwater and surface water permits will be issued and strictly monitored on
21 https://www.iea.org/articles/introduction-to-the-water-energy-nexus
18
The SRTW framework covers treatment and reuse of domestic sewage. The treatment and reuse of industrial
their usage. The zone shall be applied to regions where groundwater is In considering
is coveredthe designation of policy
mandatory use and no freshwater zone provisions, the requirement for
19
effluent under a separate process.
overexploited potable
22 water and high-quality treatment
A related initiative being undertaken by SEIP program processes for some industries
under needs to
Indo-German be taken into
Development consideration.
Cooperation. The
20
Discussions are underway on the scope of some of the Government’s missions
status of the policy on industrial water reuse and ZLD will be clarified including status developing guidelines and any changes will be
on
reflected in
industrial the text
reuse once they have been formalized.
by CPCB.
23 The SRTW framework covers treatment and reuse of domestic sewage. The treatment and reuse of industrial
21
Soil-Aquifer Treatment method can be considered for recharging the aquifer using secondary treated sewage
effluent isIncovered
effluent. under secondary
this method a separate treated
policy process.
wastewater is injected into specially designated recharge basins,
22
A related initiative being
where residual contaminants are removedundertaken by by
SEIPnatural
program under through
filtration Indo-German
sand andDevelopment
adsorptionCooperation.
on the aquifer’sThe
status of the policy on industrial water reuse and ZLD will be clarified including status developing
solid skeleton, by upper soil aeration and by long retention time in the aquifer it naturally filtrates. To avoid guidelines on
industrial reuse by CPCB.
contamination, there is complete separation between the reclaimed effluents introduced and aquifer water,
23
Soil-Aquifer
which is achieved Treatment method
by controlling thecan be considered
shape forcreated
of artificially recharging
water the aquifer
level using secondary
depression, treated
which creates sewage
hydrologic
effluent.that
trough In prevents
this method the secondary
reclaimed watertreatedfromwastewater
spreading.is However,
injected into specially
specific designated
methodology for recharge basins,
reducing salinity
where residual
ingress through contaminants
TUW rechargeare removedWater
to Ground by natural
wouldfiltration
need to be through sand and
determined adsorption
by States duringon the
the aquifer’s
finalisation
solid
of skeleton,
their respective by upper
policiessoil aeration and by long retention time in the aquifer it naturally filtrates. To avoid
contamination, there is complete separation between the reclaimed effluents introduced and aquifer water,
which is achieved by controlling the shape of artificially created water level depression, which creates hydrologic 49
trough that prevents the reclaimed water from spreading. However, specific methodology for reducing salinity
ingress through TUW recharge to Ground Water would need to be determined by States during the finalisation
of their respective policies
48 49
24
Reuse in this context includes reuse by the environment provided it has demonstrated beneficial outcomes.
Discharging into a river where no assessment has been made of its utility is not considered to be a beneficial
use.
25
Directive by Ministry by Power, Government of India. Letter Reference No. 11/1O4/2015-Th-II (C. No.
2287522) dated 5 March 2020
26
Handbook of Service Level Benchmarks, CPHEEO, MoUD, Govt of India
27
National Building code of India, 2016, Bureau of Indian Standards.
28
Masterplan for Artificial Recharge to Ground Water in India (2013), CGWB, Ministry of Water Resources, Govt
of India.
29
Guidelines to regulate and control Ground Water Extraction in India (With effect from 01.06.2019), CGWA,
MoWR, RD, GR, dated 12.12.2018, effective June 2019.
30
For example WHO Sanitation Safety Plan, 2016 and USEPA Guidelines for Water Reuse, 2012.
31
Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems. CPHEEO, Government of India, 2013.
32
The specified limits of BOD are currently 10 mg/L for edible crops and 20 mg/L for non-edible crops.
33
Such as WHO standards/ USEPA Guidelines/EU Regulations
34
The USEPA provides norms for the reuse of reclaimed water to recharge the aquifers which are used for
potable and non-potable uses.
35
CPCB ENVIS Report: Water Quality Management in India, 2008
(http://cpcbenvis.nic.in/envis_newsletter/ENVIS_NEWSLETTER_1.pdf)
36
CPCBE NVIS Report 2001
(http://www.cpcbenvis.nic.in/scanned%20reports/PCL%204%20Environmental%20Standards.pdf)
37
The SRTW Policies of Gujarat, Haryana and Karnataka specify that the BOD and TSS of TUW for supply to
different users, except for rejuvenation of water bodies or used in agriculture/irrigation, shall not be more than
10 mg/l.
38
For example, treated wastewater delivered to high water consuming industry in a water scarce region.
39
For example, where the new TUW is apportioned between existing farmers and higher value users, a cross-
subsidy could be included to enable farmers to adopt higher efficiency irrigation methods and maintain
production levels with less water. Pricing models would consider how safer and more efficient production of
high value produce from TUW would, over time, lead to an increased ability to pay for TUW among farmer
groups.
40
A model agreement can be part of guidelines to be formulated at national level
41
The model can cover a single universal treatment process – from primary to tertiary level to be more cost
effective
42
For CSR financing, SRTW is considered under the general heading of sanitation
43
Can be for dispersed end users and also for cluster end users, e.g. in an industrial cluster, sometimes there
might not be financial strength within the industries to fund the distribution infrastructure
44
Shah, T., Verma, S., Durga, N., Rajan, A., Goswami, A and Palrecha, A. 2016. Har Khet ko Pani (Water to every
farm): Rethinking Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY). IWMI-Tata Policy Paper, June. Available
online: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/iwmi-tata/PDFs/iwmi_tata_pmksy_policy_paper_june_2016.pdf
45
Consideration could also be given to a system of tradable reuse certificates at national level.
46
Chapter 7 of part A
47
https://nmcg.nic.in/writereaddata/fileupload/15_Technologies%20Involved.pdf

50
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