International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 7 Issue 2, March-April 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Affect of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Dr. Anju Pathak
Associate Professor, Govt. R D Girls College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Dr. Anju Pathak

Biodiversity — the variety of all life, from genes and species to "Affect of Climate Change on
ecosystems — is intimately linked to Earth’s climate and, inevitably, Biodiversity"
to climate change. Biodiversity and poverty are also inextricably Published in
connected. For instance, changes to natural ecosystems influence International Journal
of Trend in
both climate change and people’s ability to cope with some of its
Scientific Research
damaging impacts. And in their turn climate change, as well as and Development
people’s responses to it, affect biodiversity. Unpicking all these (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD56209
strands clearly shows that conserving and managing biodiversity can 6470, Volume-7 |
help natural systems and vulnerable people cope with a shifting Issue-2, April 2023, pp.964-970, URL:
global climate. Yet compared to activities such as forest conservation www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd56209.pdf
and afforestation — widely noted as a way of sequestering carbon
and cutting greenhouse gas emissions — biodiversity conservation is Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
a neglected area. That must change: urgent support is needed for International Journal of Trend in
local solutions to biodiversity loss that provide benefits on all counts. Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
KEYWORDS: climate change, biodiversity, earth, greenhouse gas, Open Access article
conservation, natural, impact, damaging distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
The consequences for biodiversity of human-driven The single biggest threat to biodiversity is habitat
climate change cannot be ignored. The rate at which loss, linked to food production on land and in the sea.
the earth is warming is accelerating, and it is likely to Biodiversity needs space to survive. Every animal
take centuries for the climate system to sync back to a needs a home. That home is wilderness. When we
natural climate cycle, regardless of the mitigation remove wild lands and convert them into industrial
policies implemented. The quantity of greenhouse production spaces, we simultaneously subtract the
gases in our atmosphere is such that climate change landscapes needed for life production. The landscapes
can now no longer be considered a ‘future threat’.1 we depend on are for our own survival.
Across the planet we are already witnessing, among
When we lose biodiversity, we reduce our ability to
other things, change in species’ phenology, fight climate change, grow sustainable and healthy
distributions and abundance, mass coral bleaching
crops, have access to clean and abundant water,
events, changes in fire frequency, and the loss of
prevent pandemics, and plan for a future for our
ecosystems due to rapid de-glaciation and sea-level
children and grandchildren.4
rise. The current projection for biodiversity is grim. In
a recent report by the United Nations, an international Humans need biodiversity. And because the decline
coalition of scientists concluded that within the next in biodiversity is caused by humans, biodiversity now
80 years, we are on track to lose over one million needs us to transform our behavior.
known species. That is one species in eight. In Humans need wild nature in order to survive. The
addition, the populations of individuals species have best solution for fighting climate change and ending
plunged.2 Tigers have lost 97% of their populations, the extinction crisis is to set aside enough space for
migratory birds are estimated to have lost nature to support healthy biodiversity. That means
approximately 70% of their populations. In the span protecting at least half the planet’s land and and seas.
of only a few decades, the biomass of humans and our Scientists conclude that if we do so by 2030 we can
livestock has come to total 24x more than that of all successfully avert the worst of the climate and
other wild mammals!3 extinction emergencies. (In some cases, we need
more than half. Fragile ecosystems, like rainforests,

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 964
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
need up to 80% protected or stewarded by local, The framework includes wide-ranging steps to tackle the
sustainable communities.)5 causes of biodiversity loss worldwide, including climate
Protecting the planet at that scale may seem like a change and pollution. “An ambitious and effective post-
2020 global biodiversity framework, with clear targets
huge task, but in fact, this is a historic opportunity for
us to transform the way we live with nature. Because and benchmarks, can put nature and people back on
track,” the UN Secretary-General said, adding that, “this
we must protect half the entire planet, that means
framework should work in synergy with the Paris
every region, every community, every individual is
Agreement on climate change and other multilateral
on the frontlines of conservation. You are on the
frontlines of conservation, and you can make a agreements on forests,11 desertification and oceans.” In
December 2022, governments met in Montreal, Canada
difference.6
to agree on the new framework to secure an ambitious
The challenge is that while we need biodiversity and and transformative global plan to set humanity on a path
biodiversity needs us, most people around the world to living in harmony with nature. “Delivering on the
still don’t know about the critical importance of framework will contribute to the climate agenda, while
wildlands and the biodiversity they support. The main full delivery of the Paris Agreement is needed to allow
driver of biodiversity loss remains humans’ use of land – the framework to succeed,” said Inger Andersen, the
primarily for food production. Human activity has head of the UN Environment Programme. “We can’t
already altered over 70 per cent of all ice-free land. work in isolation if we are to end the triple planetary
When land is converted for agriculture, some animal and crises.”12
plant species may lose their habitat and face extinction.
But climate change is playing an increasingly important Discussion
role in the decline of biodiversity. Climate change has Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities,
altered marine, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems such as logging, pollution, commercial fishing and
around the world. It has caused the loss of local species, the development of large urban settlements, have
increased diseases,7 and driven mass mortality of plants damaged and degraded precious landscapes. Today,
and animals, resulting in the first climate-driven the destruction of forests and grasslands for
extinctions. On land, higher temperatures have forced agriculture is the single biggest driver of biodiversity
loss. Every minute, deforestation destroys a wooded
animals and plants to move to higher elevations or
area the size of 27 football pitches. Climate change is
higher latitudes, many moving towards the Earth’s poles,
currently the second biggest cause of biodiversity loss
with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems. The risk
in the ocean and the fourth biggest cause on land,
of species extinction increases with every degree of
warming. Overall, climate change affects the health of though it's likely to play a greater role in the future.
ecosystems, influencing shifts in the distribution of Forests like this area of the Xingu Indigenous Park,
plants, viruses, animals, and even human settlements. Brazil, are cleared for agricultural purposes, such as
This can create increased opportunities for animals to growing soybean to feed livestock13. If the current
trends in biodiversity loss continue, one million
spread diseases 8and for viruses to spill over to humans.
Human health can also be affected by reduced animal and plant species will be threatened with
ecosystem services, such as the loss of food, medicine extinction - more than at any other point in human
and livelihoods provided by nature. Climate change and history. This trend is so stark, some are calling it the
sixth mass extinction. This ecological crisis is already
biodiversity loss (as well as pollution) are part of an
interlinked triple planetary crisis the world is facing impacting millions of people around the world.
Overfishing is affecting food supplies and livelihoods
today. They need to be tackled together if we are to
advance the Sustainable Development Goals and secure in coastal communities, air pollution contributes to 7
million deaths every year and human disturbance of
a viable future on this planet. Governments deal with
climate change and biodiversity through two different ecosystems can help infectious diseases spread more
easily14. Coastal habitats, which can help reduce the
international agreements9 – the UN Framework
impact of extreme weather events, are also being lost,
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the UN
putting 100-300 million people at an increased risk of
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), both
floods and hurricanes. Often, the places and
established at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Similar to the
communities suffering the most because of this
historic Paris Agreement made in 2015 under the
biodiversity crisis - poorer countries, island nations,
UNFCCC, parties to the Biodiversity Convention in
Indigenous peoples and the polar regions - are not
December 2022 adopted an agreement for nature, known
those most responsible for causing it. Species and
as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework, which succeeds the Aichi Biodiversity ecosystems have evolved to thrive under specific
Targets adopted in 2010.10 conditions,15 from the range of temperatures a species
can withstand, which is called the species' climate

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 965
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
envelope, to the seasons that govern their mating and 'We are the blue planet and the marine system is
migration patterns. Global temperatures are likely to hugely important for providing us with a liveable
rise by more than 1.5°C within the next 20 years. This planet,' says Adriana. 'It's also very fragile and
is a very sudden and serious shock for many species sensitive to climate change. ''Coral reefs are like the
and will either force them to adapt, if they can, or rainforests of the sea. But they are very vulnerable to
push them towards extinction.16 warming sea temperatures, and once you lose corals,
you've then lost everything else that depends on them.
Adriana explains, 'Climate change affects biodiversity
'Marine ecosystems are more sensitive to climate
because species are being forced to move out of areas
change than life on land, possibly because land
where they've evolved for millions of years. Climate
species have more options for adaptation, such as
change is making those areas uninhabitable for
migrating to higher altitudes. 21
them.17''Species are trying to move to places where
they can take refuge from the increasing Results
temperatures, for example by moving up mountains Just as climate change alters habitats and ecosystems,
or travelling north. But because we've already taken loss of biodiversity contributes to climate change and
away so much space from nature, sometimes they intensifies its effects. Adriana explains, 'Loss of
have nowhere to run. 'Populations that can't migrate biodiversity affects climate change because there are
or adapt, such as some plant and insect species, are at incredible ecosystems throughout the world, from
risk of becoming locally extinct. In turn, this will trees to soils to peat lands, that are huge carbon sinks.
reduce the genetic diversity of the entire species, This means they are incredibly important for pulling
making it more vulnerable to pests, diseases and other emissions out of the atmosphere and slowing climate
pressures. If this happens to a food crop that we rely change. ''The more we deforest, the more we degrade
on, it could damage our food system,18 putting our peat lands and erode our soils, the less nature is
millions at risk of malnutrition and famine. While able to help us mitigate against climate change. 'A
many species will be negatively affected by climate recent study has found that sections of the Amazon
change, some species may find the range of available rainforest,22 the world's largest single carbon store on
habitat increases. This, coupled with the increased land, are now releasing more carbon than they are
movement of people and goods around the world, is able to store due to deforestation and climate change.
leading to an increase in the number of species being This relationship between the climate crisis and
introduced and becoming established outside of their biodiversity loss is creating what is called a positive
natural range. Some of these species, which are called feedback loop or, in this case, a vicious circle. For
invasive species, aggressively compete with the local example, the high temperatures caused by climate
native species for resources, negatively affecting the change have made our forests drier and more
biodiversity of the area.19 vulnerable to wildfires. In turn, those wildfires release
yet more carbon into the atmosphere, speeding up the
It's not just the rising temperatures caused by global
greenhouse effect even further23. The dual
warming that present a risk to biodiversity. The
environmental crises of climate change and
mounting climate crisis is causing ice and snow to
melt, raising sea levels and eroding vital coastal biodiversity loss are daunting, but we can do
ecosystems. Extreme weather events, such as something about them if we act now. Governments
set out their plans to tackle this crisis at COP15, the
hurricanes, are happening more frequently, in some
most recent meeting of the United Nations
cases causing catastrophic flooding that sweeps away
Convention on Biological Diversity. It look place in
homes and vegetation and threatens the lives of
humans and animals. Wildfires are also becoming Montreal, Canada, from 7 to 19 December 2022.We
need to act not only to limit or prevent further climate
worse. Climate change is warming our oceans,
leading to rises in sea levels and changes in the ocean change and biodiversity loss, but to adapt to changes
that we can no longer stop. For example, we can take
currents that species rely on for food and
reproduction. The high levels of carbon dioxide in the actions to make the impact of these changes less
severe, known as mitigation, such as developing
atmosphere are dissolving into the ocean, leading to
ocean acidification. This is making it harder for better flood prevention to help coastal communities
creatures such as crabs and sea urchins to make their and ecosystems withstand rising sea levels and more
shells and exoskeletons. Coral reefs are responding to frequent and severe flooding24.We need to understand
the trends and patterns affecting biodiversity loss. To
the stress of higher temperatures by expelling the
help with this, our scientists have developed the
colourful algae they depend on for food, which can
Biodiversity Trends Explorer tool, which allows
ultimately cause the coral to die.20
people around the world to track biodiversity changes
between 2000 and 2050. It's helping policymakers,

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 966
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
including representatives at COP15, to compare the such as eucalyptus, over a vast area can capture and
state of local ecosystem biodiversity among countries store carbon - also called carbon sequestration - a
and explore the factors driving regional biodiversity monoculture plantation like this won't provide a home
loss.25Some climate change mitigation options, such for a rich variety of species. In addition, if a pest or
as increased production of biofuel, could change land- disease swept through the landscape, it could wipe
use patterns and threaten biodiversity. So, it's out the entire plantation. Growing a mix of native tree
important that ecosystem protection is considered species alongside rivers, on the other hand, can
when developing policies to address climate change. capture carbon whilst also helping to manage
Protecting nature through habitat restoration and flooding and prevent landslides.31 Restoring
conservation can help tackle the climate crisis while mangrove forests along coastlines can reduce the
also having amazing benefits for biodiversity.26 For impact of extreme storms on local communities and
instance, rewilding is the process of allowing a economies and provide a valuable natural habitat for
landscape to regrow and replenish itself without any fish, birds and other plants. It's important to consider
human interference. Rewilded spaces can help lock in not only what trees to plant, but where to plant them.
more carbon, restore biodiversity and support the Planting on grasslands, peat lands or tundra -
reintroduction of lost or endangered native species. If naturally treeless Arctic regions - can actually
woodlands, peat bogs, grasslands and other natural increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the
environments in the UK were restored, for example, atmosphere and enhance global warming. Whereas
they could lock away more than a tenth of the planting garden, park and street trees can help cool
country's greenhouse gas emissions a year.27Roughly the local environment and increase urban
190 countries have committed to a '30x30' target, biodiversity. Their contribution to carbon
which would protect at least 30 percent of the planet's sequestration, though relatively small, can be
land and ocean by 2030. If reached, this goal would significant. Scientists estimate that urban trees in the
be a powerful contribution to addressing biodiversity USA capture about 20 million tonnes of carbon
and climate change.28 dioxide each year. Agroforestry, where trees are
grown among crops and livestock, is another nature-
Conclusions
Interventions that both support nature and help us to based solution. It provides benefits such as protecting
tackle or adapt to climate change are called nature- the soil from erosion and degradation, creating a
based solutions, or natural climate solutions. Experts favourable microclimate and encouraging
have estimated that nature-based solutions can biodiversity, which in turn can help with pest
contribute 20-37% to keeping temperature increases control.32 Humans are largely responsible for the dual
below 2°C.Nature-based solutions include helping ecological crises of climate change and biodiversity
rainforests and mangrove forests to recover and loss, and we can't expect the natural world to fix
regrow, protecting carbon-storing peat lands and everything for us. Nature-based solutions must be
restoring our ocean's sea grass meadows and kelp combined with slashing our global greenhouse gas
emissions.33 This will include dramatically reducing
forests. Bringing nature into cities by creating green
our consumption and moving from fossil fuels to
roofs and bio diverse parkland areas is another
clean and renewable energy sources, such as wind
example of a nature-based solution29. As well as the
and solar. Well-designed offshore wind installations
benefits these green areas have for our mental health,
can even imitate reefs and provide habitats for marine
they can also moderate the impact of heat waves in
species at the same time. But taking a more holistic
urban areas, reduce pollution and help with water
approach by tackling the climate and biodiversity
drainage. We can also have a positive impact by
taking better care of our many rare and precious crisis together will benefit both and offers us the best
chance for a future where the planet can support us.34
ecosystems here in the UK, says Adriana. 'The UK
has peat lands and ancient woodlands, both of which References
are hugely important for capturing and storing tonnes [1] Bradshaw CJ, Ehrlich PR, Beattie A, Ceballos
of carbon dioxide. They are really unique and G, Crist E, Diamond J, et al. (2021).
precious systems that are supporting our climate, but "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a
they are in need of restoration.30 'Nature restoration Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation
makes good financial sense too. Every $1 spent on Science. 1. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419.
ecosystem restoration gives a return of around $30 in
[2] Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M,
economic benefits, as well as being a source of
Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance
employment. Tree planting has attracted a lot of WF (November 13, 2017). "World Scientists'
optimism as a nature-based solution to the climate Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice".
crisis. But while planting a fast-growing tree species,

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 967
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. [9] Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark,
doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Moreover, we have Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a
unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller
roughly 540 million years, wherein many human populations are necessary to preserve
current life forms could be annihilated or at what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation.
least committed to extinction by the end of this 272. 109646.
century. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-
3207. S2CID 250185617. Conservation
[3] Cowie RH, Bouchet P, Fontaine B (April
biologists standardly list five main direct
2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction
drivers of biodiversity loss: habitat loss,
or speculation?". Biological Reviews of the
overexploitation of species, pollution, invasive
Cambridge Philosophical Society. 97 (2): 640–
species, and climate change. The Global
663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMID 35014169.
Assessment Report on Biodiversity and
S2CID 245889833.
Ecosystem Services found that in recent
[4] "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". decades habitat loss was the leading cause of
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. terrestrial biodiversity loss, while
Retrieved June 28, 2021. overexploitation (overfishing) was the most
[5] Chen, Jim (2003). "Across the Apocalypse on important cause of marine losses (IPBES,
Horseback: Imperfect Legal Responses to 2019). All five direct drivers are important, on
Biodiversity Loss". The Jurisdynamics of land and at sea, and all are made worse by
Environmental Protection: Change and the larger and denser human populations.
Pragmatic Voice in Environmental Law. [10] Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert
Environmental Law Institute. p. 197. (April 21, 2017). "The interaction of human
ISBN 978-1-58576-071-8. population, food production, and biodiversity
[6] "Hippo dilemma". Windows on the Wild. New protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264.
Africa Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-86928-380-3. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391.
S2CID 12770178. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
[7] Stokstad, Erik (May 6, 2019). "Landmark Research suggests that the scale of human
analysis documents the alarming global decline population and the current pace of its growth
of nature". Science. contribute substantially to the loss of biological
doi:10.1126/science.aax9287. For the first time diversity. Although technological change and
at a global scale, the report has ranked the unequal consumption inextricably mingle with
causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in demographic impacts on the environment, the
land use—principally agriculture—that have needs of all human beings—especially for
destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other food—imply that projected population growth
kinds of exploitation. These are followed by will undermine protection of the natural world.
climate change, pollution, and invasive species,
which are being spread by trade and other [11] Hughes, Alice C.; Tougeron, Kévin; Martin,
activities. Climate change will likely overtake Dominic A.; Menga, Filippo; Rosado, Bruno H.
the other threats in the next decades, the authors P.; Villasante, Sebastian; Madgulkar, Shweta;
note. Driving these threats are the growing Gonçalves, Fernando; Geneletti, Davide; Diele-
human population, which has doubled since Viegas, Luisa Maria; Berger, Sebastian; Colla,
1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per Sheila R.; de Andrade Kamimura, Vitor;
capita of use of materials is up 15% over the Caggiano, Holly; Melo, Felipe (January 1,
past 5 decades.) 2022). "Smaller human populations are neither
a necessary nor sufficient condition for
[8] Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, biodiversity conservation". Biological
Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, et al. (May 2014). Conservation. 277: 109841.
"The biodiversity of species and their rates of doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109841. ISSN 0006-
extinction, distribution, and protection". 3207. Through examining the drivers of
Science. 344 (6187): 1246752. biodiversity loss in highly biodiverse countries,
doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID we show that it is not population driving the
24876501. S2CID 206552746. The overarching loss of habitats, but rather the growth of
driver of species extinction is human commodities for export, particularly soybean
population growth and increasing per capita and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or
consumption.

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 968
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
biofuel consumption in higher income [22] Carrington D (February 2, 2021). "Economics
economies. of biodiversity review: what are the
recommendations?". The Guardian. Retrieved
[12] "Climate change and biodiversity" (PDF).
February 8, 2021.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on [23] Dasgupta P (2021). "The Economics of
February 5, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2012. Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline
Messages" (PDF). UK government. p. 1.
[13] Kannan, R.; James, D. A. (2009). "Effects of
Retrieved December 16, 2021. Biodiversity is
climate change on global biodiversity: a review
declining faster than at any time in human
of key literature" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 50
history. Current extinction rates, for example,
(1): 31–39. Archived from the original (PDF)
are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the
on April 15, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2014.
baseline rate, and they are increasing.
[14] "Climate change, reefs and the Coral Triangle".
[24] Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Barnosky AD, García
wwf.panda.org. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
A, Pringle RM, Palmer TM (June 2015).
[15] Aldred, Jessica (July 2, 2014). "Caribbean coral "Accelerated modern human-induced species
reefs 'will be lost within 20 years' without losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction".
protection". The Guardian. Retrieved Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253.
November 9, 2015. Bibcode: 2015SciA....1E0253C.
[16] Ketcham, Christopher (December 3, 2022). doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606.
"Addressing Climate Change Will Not "Save PMID 26601195.
the Planet"". The Intercept. Retrieved [25] De Vos JM, Joppa LN, Gittleman JL, Stephens
December 8, 2022. PR, Pimm SL (April 2015). "Estimating the
[17] Caro, Tim; Rowe, Zeke; et al. (2022). "An normal background rate of species extinction"
inconvenient misconception: Climate change is (PDF). Conservation Biology. 29 (2): 452–62.
not the principal driver of biodiversity loss". doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. PMID 25159086.
Conservation Letters. 15 (3): e12868. S2CID 19121609.
doi:10.1111/conl.12868. S2CID 246172852. [26] Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Raven PH (June 2020).
[18] United Nations Environment Programme "Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of
(2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific biological annihilation and the sixth mass
blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and extinction". Proceedings of the National
pollution emergencies. Nairobi: United Academy of Sciences of the United States of
Nations. America. 117 (24): 13596–13602.
Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713596C.
[19] "Global Biodiversity Outlook 3". Convention doi:10.1073/pnas.1922686117. PMC 7306750.
on Biological Diversity. 2010. PMID 32482862.
[20] Cohen L (September 15, 2020). "More than 150 [27] Andermann T, Faurby S, Turvey ST, Antonelli
countries made a plan to preserve biodiversity a A, Silvestro D (September 2020). "The past and
decade ago. A new report says they mostly future human impact on mammalian diversity".
failed". CBS News. Retrieved September 16, Science Advances. 6 (36): eabb2313.
2020. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A.
[21] Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. PMC 7473673.
Gonzalez, Andrew; Hooper, David U.; PMID 32917612.
Perrings, Charles; Venail, Patrick; Narwani, [28] Marine Extinctions: Patterns and Processes - an
Anita; Mace, Georgina M.; Tilman, David; overview. 2013. CIESM Monograph 45 [1]
Wardle, David A.; Kinzig, Ann P.; Daily,
Gretchen C.; Loreau, Michel; Grace, James B.; [29] "Relative abundance | biology | Britannica".
Larigauderie, Anne (June 7, 2012). www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 23,
"Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity". 2022.
Nature. 486 (7401): 59–67. Bibcode: [30] Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper
2012Natur.486...59C. DU, Perrings C, Venail P, et al. (June 2012).
doi:10.1038/nature11148. ISSN 0028-0836. "Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity"
PMID 22678280. S2CID 4333166. (PDF). Nature. 486 (7401): 59–67.
Bibcode:2012Natur.486...59C.

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 969
 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
doi:10.1038/nature11148. PMID 22678280. 1960. doi:10.1890/15-1759.1. PMID 27859190.
S2CID 4333166. ...at the first Earth Summit, S2CID 5920426. two recent data meta-analyses
the vast majority of the world's nations declared have found that species richness is decreasing
that human actions were dismantling the Earth's in some locations and is increasing in others.
ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and When these trends are combined, these papers
biological traits at an alarming rate. This argued there has been no net change in species
observation led to the question of how such loss richness, and suggested this pattern is globally
of biological diversity will alter the functioning representative of biodiversity change at local
of ecosystems and their ability to provide scales
society with the goods and services needed to
[33] Cardinale B (June 2014). "Overlooked local
prosper.
biodiversity loss". Science. 344 (6188): 1098.
[31] Tagliapietra D, Sigovini M (2010). "Biological doi:10.1126/science.344.6188.1098-a. PMID
diversity and habitat diversity: a matter of 24904146.
Science and perception". Terre et Environment
[34] Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett;
(PDF). Vol. 88. pp. 147–155. ISBN 978-2-
Gonzalez, Andrew; Hooper, David U.; Perrings,
940153-87-9. Archived from the original (PDF)
Charles; Venail, Patrick; Narwani, Anita; Mace,
on February 2, 2017. Retrieved September 18,
Georgina M.; Tilman, David; Wardle, David A.;
2019.
Kinzig, Ann P. (June 6, 2012). "Biodiversity
[32] Gonzalez A, Cardinale BJ, Allington GR, loss and its impact on humanity". Nature. 486
Byrnes J, Arthur Endsley K, Brown DG, et al. (7401): 59–67. Bibcode:2012Natur.486...59C.
(August 2016). "Estimating local biodiversity doi:10.1038/nature11148. ISSN 0028-0836.
change: a critique of papers claiming no net PMID 22678280. S2CID 4333166.
loss of local diversity". Ecology. 97 (8): 1949–

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD56209 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 2 | March-April 2023 Page 970