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    Navier-Stokes Equations

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    Guitar Sound
    The Navier-Stokes equations describe the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of moving fluids. They consist of a continuity equation for mass conservation and three equations for conservation of momentum in the x, y, and z directions, as well as an energy conservation equation. These are partial differential equations with four independent variables: three spatial coordinates and time. They are very complex and can only be solved approximately using computational methods like finite element analysis.

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    Navier-Stokes Equations

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    Guitar Sound
    56 views3 pages
    The Navier-Stokes equations describe the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of moving fluids. They consist of a continuity equation for mass conservation and three equations for conservation of momentum in the x, y, and z directions, as well as an energy conservation equation. These are partial differential equations with four independent variables: three spatial coordinates and time. They are very complex and can only be solved approximately using computational methods like finite element analysis.

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    The Navier-Stokes equations describe the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of moving fluids. They consist of a continuity equation for mass conservation and three equations for conservation of momentum in the x, y, and z directions, as well as an energy conservation equation. These are partial differential equations with four independent variables: three spatial coordinates and time. They are very complex and can only be solved approximately using computational methods like finite element analysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views3 pages

    Navier-Stokes Equations

    Uploaded by

    Guitar Sound
    The Navier-Stokes equations describe the velocity, pressure, temperature, and density of moving fluids. They consist of a continuity equation for mass conservation and three equations for conservation of momentum in the x, y, and z directions, as well as an energy conservation equation. These are partial differential equations with four independent variables: three spatial coordinates and time. They are very complex and can only be solved approximately using computational methods like finite element analysis.

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    On this slide we show the three-dimensional unsteady form of the Navier-Stokes

    Equations. These equations describe how the velocity, pressure, temperature,


    and density of a moving fluid are related. The equations were derived independently by
    G.G. Stokes, in England, and M. Navier, in France, in the early 1800's. The equations
    are extensions of the Euler Equations and include the effects of viscosity on the flow.
    These equations are very complex, yet undergraduate engineering students are taught
    how to derive them in a process very similar to the derivation that we present on
    the conservation of momentum web page.

    The equations are a set of coupled differential equations and could, in theory, be
    solved for a given flow problem by using methods from calculus. But, in practice, these
    equations are too difficult to solve analytically. In the past, engineers made further
    approximations and simplifications to the equation set until they had a group of
    equations that they could solve. Recently, high speed computers have been used to
    solve approximations to the equations using a variety of techniques like finite difference,
    finite volume, finite element, and spectral methods. This area of study is
    called Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD.
    The Navier-Stokes equations consists of a time-dependent continuity equation
    for conservation of mass, three time-dependent conservation of momentum equations
    and a time-dependent conservation of energy equation. There are four independent
    variables in the problem, the x, y, and z spatial coordinates of some domain, and the
    time t. There are six dependent variables; the pressure p, density r, and
    temperature T (which is contained in the energy equation through the total energy Et)
    and three components of the velocity vector; the u component is in the x direction,
    the v component is in the y direction, and the w component is in the z direction, All of
    the dependent variables are functions of all four independent variables. The differential
    equations are therefore partial differential equations and not the ordinary differential
    equations that you study in a beginning calculus class.

    You will notice that the differential symbol is different than the usual "d /dt" or "d /dx" that
    you see for ordinary differential equations. The symbol " " is is used to indicate partial
    derivatives. The symbol indicates that we are to hold all of the independent variables
    fixed, except the variable next to symbol, when computing a derivative. The set of
    equations are:

    Continuity: r/ t + (r * u)/ x + (r * v)/ y + (r * w)/ z = 0

    X - Momentum: (r * u)/ t + (r * u^2)/ x + (r * u * v)/ y + (r * u * w)/ z = - p/


    x

    + 1/Re * { tauxx/ x + tauxy/ y + tauxz/ z}

    Y - Momentum: (r * v)/ t + (r * u * v)/ x + (r * v^2)/ y + (r * v * w)/ z = - p/


    y

    + 1/Re * { tauxy/ x + tauyy/ y + tauyz/ z}

    Z - Momentum: (r * w)/ t + (r * u * w)/ x + (r * v * w)/ y + (r * w^2)/ z = - p/


    z

    + 1/Re * { tauxz/ x + tauyz/ y + tauzz/ z}

    Energy: Et/ t + (u * Et)/ x + (v * Et)/ y + (w * Et)/ z = - (r * u)/ x - (r * v)/


    y - (r * w)/ z

    - 1/(Re*Pr) * { qx/ x + qy/ y + qz/ z}

    + 1/Re * { (u * tauxx + v * tauxy + w * tauxz)/ x + (u * tauxy + v * tauyy + w * tauyz)/


    y + (u * tauxz + v * tauyz + w * tauzz)/ z}

    where Re is the Reynolds number which is a similarity parameter that is the ratio of the
    scaling of the inertia of the flow to the viscous forces in the flow. The q variables are the
    heat flux components and Pr is the Prandtl number which is a similarity parameter that
    is the ratio of the viscous stresses to the thermal stresses. The tau variables are
    components of the stress tensor. A tensor is generated when you multiply two vectors
    in a certain way. Our velocity vector has three components; the stress tensor has nine
    components. Each component of the stress tensor is itself a second derivative of the
    velocity components.

    The terms on the left hand side of the momentum equations are called the convection
    terms of the equations. Convection is a physical process that occurs in a flow of gas in
    which some property is transported by the ordered motion of the flow. The terms on the
    right hand side of the momentum equations that are multiplied by the inverse Reynolds
    number are called the diffusion terms. Diffusion is a physical process that occurs in a
    flow of gas in which some property is transported by the random motion of the
    molecules of the gas. Diffusion is related to the stress tensor and to the viscosity of the
    gas. Turbulence, and the generation of boundary layers, are the result of diffusion in the
    flow. The Euler equations contain only the convection terms of the Navier-Stokes
    equations and can not, therefore, model boundary layers. There is a special
    simplification of the Navier-Stokes equations that describe boundary layer flows.

    Notice that all of the dependent variables appear in each equation. To solve a flow
    problem, you have to solve all five equations simultaneously; that is why we call this
    a coupled system of equations. There are actually some other equation that are
    required to solve this system. We only show five equations for six unknowns.
    An equation of state relates the pressure, temperature, and density of the gas. And we
    need to specify all of the terms of the stress tensor. In CFD the stress tensor terms are
    often approximated by a turbulence model.

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