Meth Intest

The LAB N 8.
“Digestive system: The middle part of the digestive

tract. Intestine”
Slides for drawings
Description of Slides
Slide 1. The duodenum. The transverse section. Stain: hematoxylin and eosin.
Двенадцатиперстная кишка
The small intestine has typical for gastrointestinal tract four functional tunics (layers):
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. The mucosa of all regions displays
intestinal villi which are outgrowths of the mucosa (epithelium plus lamina propria) projecting
into the lumen of the small intestine. Between the villi are small openings of simple tubular
glands called intestinal glands (crypts) that extend from the intervillous spaces to the muscularis
mucosae. The epithelium of the small intestine is a simple columnar type. The epithelium of the
villi is composed of absorptive, goblet and some endocrine cells. The epithelium of the villi is
continuous with that of the glands. The main cell type is absorptive cell (enterocyte). Absorptive
cells are tall, slender columnar cells, each with an oval nucleus in the basal half of the cell. At
the apex of each cell is a homogeneous layer stained with eosin in pink color, the brush
(striated) border, consisting of abundant dense packed microvilli. Goblet cells are interspersed
between the absorption cells. These cells have lightly stained cytoplasm.
The duodenum represents the first part of the small intestine. The major histological
feature of duodenum which differentiates the duodenum from the jejunum and ileum is the
extensive mass of coiled branched tubular of mucous glands (Brunner’s glands) in the
submucosa. The tall cells have poorly stained mucigen-filled cytoplasm and basally located
nuclei. In addition villi in the duodenum are leaf-shaped while they gradually assume the form a
finger as the ileum is reached.
LABELS: I) Mucosa: 1) villus; 2) crypt; 3) simple columnar absorptive
epithelium; 4) goblet cell; 5) lamina propria; 6) muscularis mucosae, consisting
of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers; II) Submucosa 7) secretory units
of the duodenal glands; III) Muscularis externa, with inner circular layer (8)
and outer longitudinal layer (9); IY) Serosa.
Slide 2. The jejunum. The transverse section. Stain: hematoxylin and eosin.
Тощая кишка.
The jejunum has the same basic structure but the mucous glands in the submucosa are absent.
Note that the jejunum villi are more narrow than those of the duodenum. The proportion of
goblet cells in the epithelium increases. Lymphoid tissue (diffuse or solitary lymphoid nodules)
becomes more prominent.
LABELS: I) Mucosa: 1) villus; 2) crypt; 3) simple columnar absorptive
epithelium; 4) goblet cell; 5) lamina propria; 6) muscularis mucosae, consisting
of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers; II) Submucosa; III) Muscularis
externa, with inner circular layer (8) and outer longitudinal layer (9); IY)
Serosa.
Slide 3. The large intestine. Longitudinal section of colon transversum. Stain:

hematoxylin-eosin.
Толстая кишка.
The main histological differences between the small intestine and the large intestine
walls: 1) No villi are present in this portion of the intestine; 2) The intestinal crypts are long; 3)
Simple columnar epithelium of the crypts is characterized by a great abundance of goblet cells
and absorptive cells. The lamina propria is rich in lymphoid cells and large lymphoid nodules.
The nodules frequently extend into the submucosa.
LABELS: I) Mucosa: 1) simple columnar epithelium; 2) lamina propria; 3)
muscularis mucosae with inner circular (a) and outer longitudinal (b) layers; II)
Submucosa; III) Muscularis externa with inner circular (a) and outer
longitudinal (b) layers of smooth muscles; IY) Serosa;5) Lymphoid nodule.
Slide 4(without drawing). Vermiform appendix. Chronic inflammation. The

transverse section. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
The general structure of the appendix conforms to that of the rest of the large intestine. The
most characteristic feature of the appendix is the presence of masses of lymphoid tissue in the
mucosa and submucosa. The lamina propria and upper submucosa are diffusely infiltrated with
lymphocytes. The lymphoid tissue also forms follicles often containing germinal centres. These
follicles bulge into the lumen. Note that the crypts are much less closely packed than elsewhere
in the large intestine.
Electron micrographs
Apical region of intestinal epithelial cell (brush border; glycocalix).
This micrograph illustrates the main ultrastructural feature of enterocytes, the absorptive cells
of the small intestine. The micrograph shows the enormous number of microvilli which increase
surface area of the plasma membrane. The microvilli are of uniform length and constitute the
brush border of light microscopy. This micrograph also shows the filamentous cytoskeleton
(actin microfilaments) of the microvili extending into the superficial cytoplasm. Here, in the
terminal web, it becomes integrated into the cytoskeleton of the body of the cell. The glycocalyx
of the enterocyte microvilli is unusually prominent. It provides protection against autodigestion
and acts as the site for adsorption of pancreatic digestive enzymes. Enterocytes are tightly bound
near their luminal surface by junctional complexes which prevent direct access of luminal
contents into as well as holding the epithelium together. The junctional complex is made up of
here components: a tight junction (zonula occludens), a continuous adhering junction or zonula
adherens and a row os spot-adhering junctions or desmosomes.

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The LAB N 8.

“Digestive system: The middle part of the digestive

Slide 3. The large intestine. Longitudinal section of colon transversum. Stain:

Slide 4(without drawing). Vermiform appendix. Chronic inflammation. The

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