Role of Metallurgy in Engineering 2

Teacher Name: Student Name:
SAEED OMER MUHAMMAD UMAIR

Roll No: 108127
BSME 22-26
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and

Applied Sciences, Islamabad
Submission Date: 28 December 2022

Role of Metallurgy in Mechanical Engineering:
Metallurgy:
“The branch of science and technology concerned with the properties
of metals and their production and purification”.
Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that

studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-
metallic compounds, their mixtures, which are known as Alloys. It is a process that
is used for the extraction of metals in their pure form. The compounds of metals
mixed with soil, limestone, sand and rocks are known as minerals. Metals are
commercially extracted from minerals at low cost and minimum effort.
Relation of Metallurgy with Mechanical Engineering:

Mechanical Engineering is a broad engineering specialization that involves the
design, analysis, construction and maintenance of various machine systems or
tools whereas Metallurgical engineering is an engineering field which deals with
all kind of metal related ores. The Metallurgy concentration provides mechanical
engineers with the materials and metallurgical knowledge needed by industrial
sector to meet the requirements of the 4 th industrial revolution. Physical
metallurgy which links the structure of materials(primarily metals) with their
properties. Concepts such as alloy design and microstructural engineering help
link processing and thermodynamics to the structure and properties of metals.
Importance of Metallurgy in Mechanical Engineering:

Metallurgy form a very essential part of manufacturing modern aircraft, vehicles
of transportation (automobiles, trains, ships) and recreational vehicles, buildings,
implantable devices, cutlery and cookware, coins and jewelry, firearms and
musical instruments.
Different types of metals are used that include:
 Iron Platinum
 Aluminum Gold
 Cupper Silver
 Zinc Lead, etc.
But today I am going to discuss about Iron and its properties its usage and its role
in Mechanical Engineering.
IRON:
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal
which belong to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is,
by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in front of oxygen, forming
much of Earth’s outer and inner core. Iron is one of the most important industrial
metals supporting urbanization and economic growth.
Mining of Iron:
‘If you can’t grow it you have to mine it’ is a famous saying that
encapsulates the importance of minerals and metals in the modern world. Iron
ore accounted for 93% of the metals mined in 2021, with 2.6 billion tonnes
extracted from the ground. It’s important to know that this is ore production,
which is typically higher than metal production since metals are extracted and
refined from ores. For example, the iron metal content of this ore is estimated at
1.6 billion tonnes.
Metal/Ore 2021 Mine Production % of total

(tonnes)
Iron ore 2,600,000,000 93.4%
Industrial metals 181,579,892 6.5%
Technology and precious 1,474,889 0.05%
metals
Total 2,783,054,781 100.0%
With 98% of it to converted into pig iron to make steel, iron ore is ubiquitous in
our lives. Steel made from iron ore is used in construction, transportation and
household appliances and it’s likely that you encounter something made out of it,
especially if you live in a city
Importance of Iron:
Iron is an incredibly useful substance. It's less brittle than stone yet, compared to
wood or copper, extremely strong. If properly heated iron is also relatively easy to
shape into various forms as well as refine using simple tools. And speaking of
those tools unlike wood iron can handle high temperatures allowing us to build
everything from fire tongs to furnaces out of it. In contrast to most substances,
you can also magnetize iron making it useful in the creation of electric motors and
generators. The Earth's crust is 5 percent iron and in some areas the element
concentrates in ores that contain as much as 70 percent iron.
When you compare iron and steel with something like aluminum, you can see
why it was so important historically. To refine aluminum, you need access to huge
quantities of electricity. Furthermore to shape aluminum you have to either cast it
or extrude it. Iron however is much easier to manipulate.
The only real problem with iron and steel is rust. Fortunately you can control rust
by painting, galvanizing, chrome plating or coating the iron with a sacrificial
anode, which corrodes faster than the stronger metal. Think of this last option as
hiring a bodyguard to take a bullet for the president. The more active metal has to
almost completely corrode before the less active iron or steel begins the process.
Humans have come up with countless uses for iron from carpentry tools and
culinary equipment to complicated machinery and instruments of torture. Before
iron can be put to any of these uses however it has to be mined from the ground.
At room temperature, iron is in the form of ferrite, or α-iron, a body-centered
cubic structure. The density of α-iron is 7.86 g/cc. At 910°C it changes to γ-iron,
which is face-centered cubic and somewhat softer. At 1535°C iron melts, and boils
at 3000°C .Cobalt melts at 1480°C, nickel at 1455°C. The specific heat of any of the
three metals is about 0.107 cal/g-K. The thermal conductivities of Fe, Co and Ni
are 3.37, 3.81 and 4.19 cal/s-cm-K. Their electrical resistivities are 9.71, 6.24 and
6.84 μΩ-cm. These are "worse" than those of copper by factors of only 4 to 6, so
the iron metals are very good conductors of electricity and heat. Comparing the
numbers shows how similar these metals are in their physical properties. Cobalt
and nickel do not make useful alloys with carbon, as iron does. They are much too
expensive to use as structural metals other than as alloying elements or coatings.
Applications of Iron in Engineering:

The engineering industry is moving towards lots of innovation and new products
with changing demand of customers. Iron is used in almost every field of
engineering. The top 05 applications of iron powder are:
 For manufacturing Diamond Tools

 To produce magnetic cores and wedges
 For surface coating
 MR fluids
 Fertilizers
Conclusion:
Metallurgy has a very important role in Mechanical Engineering. All
the metals are used in our daily life and they are essential for survival of earth. In
today’s discussion, I was not able to discuss about all metals so I choosed only one
metal i.e: Iron. All I can say is that we can’t live without Iron.
References:
 https://www.engineeringchoice.com/what-is-cast-iron/
 https://www.industrialheating.com/articles/91845-the-relevance-of-metallurgy-in-
engineering-and-manufacturing#:~:text=Physical%20metallurgy%2C%20which%20links
%20the,goods%20and%20services%20are%20produced.
 https://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/blogs/the-role-of-metallurgy-in-todays-society
 https://www.agnisteels.com/blog/Post/the-role-of-iron-in-the-steel-manufacturing-
industry
 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1243/0954407021529165
 https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159925056.pdf

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Teacher Name: Student Name:

SAEED OMER MUHAMMAD UMAIR

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and

Submission Date: 28 December 2022

of metals and their production and purification”.

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that

Relation of Metallurgy with Mechanical Engineering:

Importance of Metallurgy in Mechanical Engineering:

Metal/Ore 2021 Mine Production % of total

Applications of Iron in Engineering:

 For manufacturing Diamond Tools

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