MATLAB -- ALGEBRA

Solving Basic Algebraic Equations in MATLAB

The solve function is used for solving algebraic equations. In its simplest form, the solve function takes the
equation enclosed in quotes as an argument.

For example, let us solve for x in the equation x-5 = 0

syms x
solve(x-5==0)

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −
ans =
5

You can also call the solve function as −

syms x y
y = solve(x-5 = =0)

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −

y =5

You may even not include the right hand side of the equation −

solve(x-5)

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −

ans =5

If the equation involves multiple symbols, then MATLAB by default assumes that you are solving for x,
however, the solve function has another form −

solve(equation, variable)

where, you can also mention the variable.

For example, let us solve the equation v – u – 3t^2 = 0, for v. In this case, we should write −
syms u v t
solve(v-u-3* t^2==0, v)

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result –
ans = 3* t^2 + u

Solving Quadratic Equations in MATLAB

The solve function can also solve higher order equations. It is often used to solve quadratic equations. The
function returns the roots of the equation in an array.
The following example solves the quadratic equation x2 -7x +12 = 0. Create a script file and type the
following code −

eq = x^2 -7* x + 12= = 0;

s = solve(eq,x);
disp('The first root is: '), disp(s(1));
disp('The second root is: '), disp(s(2));

When you run the file, it displays the following result −

The first root is:3

The second root is:4

Solving Higher Order Equations in MATLAB

• The solve function can also solve higher order equations.

For example
solve((x-3)^2* (x-7)==0)

MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the following result −

ans =
3
3
7

• In case of higher order equations, roots are long containing many terms. You can get the numerical value
of such roots by converting them to double. The following example solves the fourth order equation

eq = x^4 - 7* x^3 + 3* x^2 - 5* x + 9 == 0;

s = solve(eq);

disp('The first root is: '), disp(s(1));

disp('The second root is: '), disp(s(2));
disp('The third root is: '), disp(s(3));
disp('The fourth root is: '), disp(s(4));
% converting the roots to double type
disp('Numeric value of first root'), disp(double(s(1)));
disp('Numeric value of second root'), disp(double(s(2)));
disp('Numeric value of third root'), disp(double(s(3)));
disp('Numeric value of fourth root'), disp(double(s(4)));

When you run the file, it returns the following result −

The first root is: 6.630396332390718431485053218985

The second root is: 1.0597804633025896291682772499885
The third root is: - 0.34508839784665403032666523448675 - 1.0778362954630176596831109269793* I
The fourth root is:- 0.34508839784665403032666523448675 + 1.0778362954630176596831109269793* I

Numeric value of first root 6.6304

Numeric value of second root 1.0598
Numeric value of third root -0.3451 - 1.0778i
Numeric value of fourth root -0.3451 + 1.0778i

Solving System of Equations in MATLAB

The solve function can also be used to generate solutions of systems of equations involving
more than one variables. Let us take up a simple example to demonstrate this use.

Let us solve the equations −

5x + 9y = 5
3x – 6y = 4

Create a script file and type the following code –

syms x y s;
eq1=5*x+9*y==5;
eq2=3*x-6*y==4;
s=solve([eq1,eq2],[x,y]);
s.x
s.y

When you run the file, it displays the following result −

ans = 22/19
ans = -5/57

Expanding and Collecting Equations in MATLAB

The expand and the collect function expands and collects an equation respectively. The following example
demonstrates the concepts .
When you work with many symbolic functions, you should declare that your variables are symbolic.
Example:
syms x %symbolic variable x
syms y %symbolic variable x
% expanding equations
expand((x-5)* (x+9))
expand((x+2)* (x-3)* (x-5)* (x+7))
expand(sin(2* x))
expand(cos(x+y))
% collecting equations
collect(x^3 * (x-7))
collect(x^4* (x-3)* (x-5))

When you run the file, it displays the following result −

ans = x^2 + 4* x – 45
ans = x^4 + x^3 - 43* x^2 + 23* x + 210
ans = 2* cos(x)* sin(x)
ans = cos(x)* cos(y) - sin(x)* sin(y)
ans = x^4 - 7* x^3
ans = x^6 - 8* x^5 + 15* x^4
Factorization and Simplification of Algebraic Expressions
The factor function factorizes an expression and the simplify function simplifies an expression. The
following example demonstrates the concept .

Example:
Create a script file and type the following code −
syms x
syms y
factor(x^3 - y^3)
factor([x^2-y^2,x^3+y^3])
simplify((x^4-16)/(x^2-4))

When you run the file, it displays the following result −

ans = (x - y)* (x^2 + x* y + y^2)

ans = [ (x - y)* (x + y), (x + y)* (x^2 - x* y + y^2)]
ans = x^2 + 4

Differentiation

Start by declaring x for a variable. The command for differentiation is diff. It has the following form
diff(function)

For example,
>> syms x
>> diff(x^3-2*x+5)
ans = 3*x^2-2

To get n-th derivative use diff(function, n)

For example, to get the second derivative of x^3 -2x+5, use:
>> diff(x^3-2*x+5, 2)
ans = 6*x

Similarly, the 23rd derivative of sin(x) is obtained as follows.

>> diff(sin(x), 23)
ans =-cos(x)

• To evaluate derivative at a point, we need to represent the derivative as a new function.

• For example, to find the slope of a tangent line to x2+3x-2 at point 2, we need to find the derivative and
to evaluate it at x=2.

>> diff(x^2+3*x-2) %first we find the derivative

ans = 2*x+3
>> f = @(x) 2*x+3 %then we representative the derivative as a function
>> f(2) %and, finally, we evaluate the derivative at 2
ans = 7

You can make a derivative (or integral or an output of some other function operator) into a function
automatically using matlab Function command using the following format.
f = matlabFunction ( command involving an operation on a given function )

For example, this last problem can be solved by

f = matlabFunction(diff(x^2+3*x-2))

followed by f(2).

Optimization
Recall the steps needed in order to find minimum or maximum values of a given function (using second
derivative test)
In MATLAB, start with syms x.
1. Finding derivative: diff(function)
2. Finding critical points: solve(copy-paste the answer from step 1)
3. Finding second derivative: diff(function, 2)
4. Evaluating second derivative at critical points: g=@(x) paste the second derivative Then
use g(critical value) to find the value of the second derivative at the critical value.
5. Evaluating function at critical points: f=@(x) function formula followed by f(critical
value)

For example, to find extreme values of x^3 -2x+5, start by finding first derivative:

>> diff(x^3-2*x+5)
ans = 3*x^2-2
%Then find critical point(s):
>> solve(3*x^2-2)
ans = 6^(1/2)/3
-6^(1/2)/3
vpa(ans, 3)
ans = .816, -.816
%Find second derivative
>> diff(x^3-2*x+5, 2)
ans = 6*x
%Evaluate this at critical points.
>> g=@(x) 6*x
>>g(.816)
ans = 4.896
%Positive answer means that the function has minimum at x=.816
>> g(-.816)
ans = -4.896
%Negative answer means that the function has maximum at x=.816
%Finding y-values of maximum and minimum:
>> f=@(x) x^3-2*x+5
>>f(.816)
ans = 3.911 %This is the local minimum value.
>>f(.816)
ans = 6.088 %This is the local maximum value

Integration

We can use Matlab for computing both definite and indefinite integrals using the command int.
For the indefinite integrals, start with syms x followed by the command int(function)
For example, the command
>> int(x^3)
evaluates the integral ∫ 𝑥 3 ⅆ𝑥 and gives us the answer
ans = 1/4*x^4

For definite integrals, the command is

int(function, lower bound, upper bound)

For example,
>> int(x^2, 0, 1)
1
evaluates the integral ∫0 𝑥 3 ⅆ𝑥
The answer is ans = 1/4

Matlab can evaluate the definitive integrals of the functions that do not have elementary primitive
functions.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Suppose that we need to find the integral of ∫ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 from 1 to 3

The command >> int(sin(x)/x, 1, 3) does not gives us a numerical value.

We have just
ans = sinint(3)-sinint(1)

Using the command vpa, we obtain the answer in numerical form.

>> vpa(ans, 4)
ans = 0.9026

Solving ODE in MATLAB

First Order Equations:

MATLAB is primarily a numeric package, it can certainly solve straight forward differential equations
symbolically.

For example, the first order differential equation 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑦

We can solve above equations in MATLAB’s using built-in dsolve(). So, we use
>>y = dsolve(’Dy = y’,’x’)
y = C1*exp(x)

• D indicate the derivative in MATLAB.

• The entire equation appear in single quotes.
• By Default t to be the independent variable in MATLAB. so here x must be explicitly specified as the
independent variable.
• Alternatively, if you are going to use the same equation a number of times, you might choose to define it
as a variable, say, eqn1

>>eqn1 = ’Dy = y’
eqn1 =Dy = y
>>y = dsolve(eqn1,’x’)
y = C1*exp(x)
To solve an initial value problem, say, equation (1.1) with y(0) = 1, use

>>y = dsolve(eqn1,’y(0)=1’,’x’)
y = exp(x)

or

>>inits = ’y(0)=1’;
>>y = dsolve(eqn1,inits,’x’)
y = exp(x)

• If we want to plot the solution to get a rough idea of its behaviour.

• We run immediately into two minor difficulties:
(1) our expression for y(x) isn’t suited for array operations (.*, ./, .ˆ).
(2) y, as MATLAB returns it, is actually a symbol (a symbolic object).
• The first of these obstacles is straightforward to fix, using vectorize().
• For the second, we employ the useful command eval(), which evaluates or executes text strings that
constitute valid MATLAB commands. Hence, we can use

>>x = linspace(0,1,20);
>>z = eval(vectorize(y));
>>plot(x,z)

• You may notice a subtle point here, that eval() evaluates strings (character arrays), and y, as we have
defined it, is a symbolic object.
• However, vectorize converts symbolic objects into strings.

Second and Higher Order Equations

• Suppose we want to solve and plot the solution to the second order equation
• y′′(x) + 8y′(x) + 2y(x) = cos(x); y(0) = 0, y′(0) = 1.

The following (more or less self-explanatory) MATLAB code suffices:

>>eqn2 = ’D2y + 8*Dy + 2*y = cos(x)’;

>>inits2 = ’y(0)=0, Dy(0)=1’;
>>y=dsolve(eqn2,inits2,’x’)

y=

1/65*cos(x)+8/65*sin(x)+(-1/130+53/1820*14ˆ(1/2))*exp((-4+14ˆ(1/2))*x) -
1/1820*(53+14ˆ(1/2))*14ˆ(1/2)*exp((4+14ˆ(1/2))*x)

>>z = eval(vectorize(y));
>>plot(x,z)

Systems

• Suppose we want to solve and plot solutions to the system of three ordinary differential equations
First, to find a general solution,

>>[x,y,z]=dsolve(’Dx=x+2*y-z’,’Dy=x+z’,’Dz=4*x-4*y+5*z’)

x = 2*C1*exp(2*t)-2*C1*exp(t)-C2*exp(3*t)+2*C2*exp(2*t)-
1/2*C3*exp(3*t)+1/2*C3*exp(t)

y = 2*C1*exp(t)-C1*exp(2*t)+C2*exp(3*t)-C2*exp(2*t)+1/2*C3*exp(3*t)-
1/2*C3*exp(t)

z = -4*C1*exp(2*t)+4*C1*exp(t)+4*C2*exp(3*t)-4*C2*exp(2*t)-
C3*exp(t)+2*C3*exp(3*t)

To solve an initial value problem, we simply define a set of initial values and add them at the end of our
dsolve() command.

Suppose we have x(0) = 1, y(0) = 2, and z(0) = 3. We have, then,

>>inits=’x(0)=1,y(0)=2,z(0)=3’;
>>[x,y,z]=dsolve(’Dx=x+2*y-z’,’Dy=x+z’,’Dz=4*x-4*y+5*z’,inits)

x = 6*exp(2*t)-5/2*exp(t)-5/2*exp(3*t)
y = 5/2*exp(t)-3*exp(2*t)+5/2*exp(3*t)
z =-12*exp(2*t)+5*exp(t)+10*exp(3*t)

Finally, plotting this solution can be accomplished as

>>t=linspace(0,0.5,25);
>>xx=eval(vectorize(x));
>>yy=eval(vectorize(y));
>>zz=eval(vectorize(z));
>>plot(t, xx, t, yy, t, zz)

Finding Numerical Solutions:

MATLAB has a number of tools for numerically solving ordinary differential equations. We will focus on the
main two, the built-in functions ode23 and ode45 , which implement versions of Runge–Kutta 2nd/3rd-
order and Runge–Kutta 4th/5th-order, respectively.

First Order Equations with M-files

We can solve the same ODE as first defining f(x, y) as an M-file firstode.m.

function yprime = firstode(x,y);

yprime = x*yˆ2 + y;
In command window
>>xspan = [0,.5];
>>y0 = 1;
>>[x,y]=ode23(‘firstode’,xspan,y0);
>> x
x=
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
>> y
y=
1
1.0526
1.1111
1.1765
1.25
1.3333
1.4286
1.5384
1.6666
1.8181
1.9999
>>plot(x,y)

Example to solve Runge-Kutta 4th/5th-order

We can solve the same ODE as first defining f(x, y) as an M-file firstode.m.

function yprime = firstode(x,y);

yprime = x*yˆ2 + y;
In command window
>>xspan = [0,.5];
>>y0 = 1;
>>[x,y]=ode45(‘firstode’,xspan,y0);
>>x
>>y
>>plot(x,y)

Laplace Transforms with MATLAB

Calculating the Laplace F(s) transform of a function f(t) is quite simple in Matlab. First you need to specify
that the variable t and s are symbolic ones. This is done with the Command
>> syms t s

Next you define the function f(t). The actual command to calculate the transform is

>> F=laplace(f,t,s)

To make the expression more readable one can use the commands, simplify and pretty.

Here is an example for the function f(t),𝑓(𝑡) = −1.25 + 3.5𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 + 1.25𝑒 −2𝑡

>> syms t s
>> f=-1.25+3.5*t*exp(-2*t)+1.25*exp(-2*t);
>> F=laplace(f,t,s)

F = 5/(4*(s + 2)) + 7/(2*(s + 2)^2) - 5/(4*s)

>> simplify(F)
ans = (s - 5)/(s*(s + 2)^2)

>> pretty(ans)
𝑠−5
𝑠(𝑠 + 2)2

which corresponds to F(s),

𝑠−5
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠 + 2)2

Alternatively, one can write the function f(t) directly as part of the laplace command:

>>F2=laplace(-1.25+3.5*t*exp(-2*t)+1.25*exp(-2*t))
F2 =
5/(4*(s + 2)) + 7/(2*(s + 2)^2) - 5/(4*s)
>> simplify(F)
ans =
(s - 5)/(s*(s + 2)^2)
>> pretty(ans)
𝑠−5
𝑠(𝑠 + 2)2

Inverse Laplace Transform

The command one uses now is ilaplace. One also needs to define the symbols t and s.
Lets calculate the inverse of the previous function F(s),
𝑠−5
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠 + 2)2

>> syms t s
>> F=(s-5)/(s*(s+2)^2);
>> ilaplace(F)
ans = (5*exp(-2*t))/4 + (7*t*exp(-2*t))/2 - 5/4
>> simplify(ans)
ans = (5*exp(-2*t))/4 + (7*t*exp(-2*t))/2 - 5/4
>> pretty(ans)
exp(-2 t) 5 t exp(-2 t) 7 5
-------------- + ---------------- - -
4 2 4

Which corresponds to 𝑓(𝑡) = −1.25 + 3.5𝑡𝑒 −2𝑡 + 1.25𝑒 −2𝑡

Alternatively one can write

>> ilaplace((s-5)/(s*(s+2)^2))

We can also do inverse Laplace transform using partial fraction expansion, and MATLAB can help you with
that.

If you want to find the partial-fraction expansion, the following MATLAB program gives you the coefficients
in the expansion. You write the coefficients of the numerator and the denominator in separate vectors and
MATLAB gives you the coefficients with the corresponding poles in the expansion.

Example:

>> n=[0 0 4 4 4];

>> d=[1 3 2 0 0];
>> [r,p]=residue(n,d)
r=
-3
4
-1
2
p=
-2
-1
0
0

Therefore, the partial fraction expansion is

>> F(s)=(-3/(s+2))+(4/(s+1))-(1/s)+(2/s^2);
>> ilaplace(F)
ans =2*t + 4*exp(-t) - 3*exp(-2*t) - 1
>> simplify(ans)
ans =2*t + 4*exp(-t) - 3*exp(-2*t) - 1
>> pretty(ans)
2 t + 4 exp(-t) - exp(-2 t) 3 - 1

OR
Directly we can use
>> F(s)=(4*s^2+4*s+4)/(s^2*(s^2+3*s+2));
>> ilaplace(F)
ans =2*t + 4*exp(-t) - 3*exp(-2*t) - 1

Solve Linear Programming Problem in MATLAB:

𝑦
Objective function: max 𝑥 + 3
Constraints:
𝑥+𝑦 ≤2
𝑦
𝑥+ ≤1
4
𝑥−𝑦 ≤2
𝑥
+ 𝑦 ≥ −1
4
𝑥+𝑦 ≥1
−𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 2
𝑦 1
𝑥+ =
4 2
−1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.5
1
− ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1.25
2
Use the following commands:

>> x = optimvar('x','LowerBound',-1,'UpperBound',1.5);
>> y = optimvar('y','LowerBound',-1/2,'UpperBound',1.25);
>> prob = optimproblem('Objective',x + y/3,'ObjectiveSense','max');
>> prob.Constraints.c1 = x + y <= 2;
>> prob.Constraints.c2 = x + y/4 <= 1;
>> prob.Constraints.c3 = x - y <= 2;
>> prob.Constraints.c4 = x/4 + y >= -1;
>> prob.Constraints.c5 = x + y >= 1;
>> prob.Constraints.c6 = -x + y <= 2;
>> prob.Constraints.c7 = x + y/4 == 1/2;

Convert the problem object to a problem structure.

>> problem = prob2struct(prob);
>> [sol,fval]=linprog(problem)

Optimal solution found.

sol =
0.1875
1.25
fval =
-0.60417

Export and Import the excel sheet :

Program to export the given data to excel file:

First save the file in desktop (save as export1)
>> x=[1:5]';
>> y=[6:10]';
>> xlswrite('C:\Users\MSC\Desktop\export1.xlsx',x)
>> xlswrite('C:\Users\MSC\Desktop\export1.xlsx',y,'B1:B5')
>> z=x+y;
>> xlswrite('C:\Users\MSC\Desktop\export1.xlsx',z,'C1:C5')

Program to import the data from the excel file.

Create excel file in This PC/Documents/Matlab
Save as data
A B C
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
In Matlab commands
>>filename=’data.xlsx’
>>A=xlsread(filename)
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
>>x=xlsread(filename,’A:A’)
x=
1
4
7
>>x=xlsread(filename,’D:D’)
x=
[]
>>x=xlsread(filename,’1:1’)
1 2 3
>>y=xlsread(filename,’B:B’)
y=
2
5
8
>>x+y
3
9
15

Program of Trapezoidal Rule:

% Use Trapezoidal rule for 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 for given data. Also plot the graph of original function and graph
derived from the data points.
Save file in desktop as ‘trap’
>>x=linspace(0,1,11);
>>y=x.*sin(x);
>>x=x’;
>>y=y’;
>> xlswrite('C:\Users\MSC\Desktop\trap.xlsx',x)
>>xlswrite('C:\Users\MSC\Desktop\export1.xlsx',y,’B1:B11’)
>>filename=’trap.xlsx’;
[save this file in documents/matlab]
>>A=xlsread(filename)
>>x1=xlsread(filename,’A:A’)
>>y1=xlsread(filename,’B:B’)
>>t1=0;
>>for i=2:10;
t1=t1+y1(i);
end
>>sum=(y1(1)+y1(11)+2*t1)*(1/(2*10))
>>plot(x,y);
hold on
>>plot(x1,y1);
>>legend(‘x*sin(x)’,’appox’)

Exercises:
(1) Find the approximate root of the following equations . Also plot the graph to check answers.
(a) cosx=sinx (b) 𝑥 + log 𝑥 = 2 (c) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 (d) sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 1
5 4 3 2
(2) Find the real roots of 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(3) Solve the following system of linear equations
(a) 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9, −6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
(b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 − 𝑧 = 2
(c) 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3(−𝑥 + 1), 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, −2(3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧) = 1
(4) Find the extreme values of the following functions:
1 5 4𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)3 (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = (1+𝑥 2 )
(5) Solve the following differential equations also plot the graphs.
(a) 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = −6 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1
(b) 𝑡𝑦 (𝑖𝑣) + 2𝑦 ′′′ − 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑦 ′′ + (𝑡 3 − 4𝑡)𝑦 ′ + 𝑡 2 sin 𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1, 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 0, 𝑦 ′′′ (0) = 1,
(c) 𝑡 4 𝑦 ′′ − 2𝑡 3 𝑦 ′ − 𝑡 8 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1
(6) Determine {𝑒 2𝑥 , sin 3𝑥, cos 𝑥} is linearly independent.
𝜋
(7) Find the Wronskian of {3 cos 2𝑥, 3 − 6 sin2 𝑥} at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 .
(8) Solve the following system of Differential equations. Also plot the graph.
(a) 𝑥 ′ (𝑡) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑦 ′ (𝑡) = 3𝑥 + 8𝑦, 𝑥(0) = 2, 𝑦(0) = 3
(b) 𝑥 ′ = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑧, 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧, 𝑧 ′ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑥(0) = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑧(0) = 0
𝜋
(c) 𝑥 ′ = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑥 (2 ) = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0
1 1
(9) Solve ∫0 1+𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 by taking six equidistance subintervals using simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
(10) solve 𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦(0) = 2 by Runge-kutta method for 2/3 order and 4/5th order.
(11) Solve the following LPP
(a) min 𝑧 = 5𝑥 + 3𝑦
constraints 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 14, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 2
(b) min 𝑧 = 200𝑥 + 300𝑦
constraints 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 1200, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 400, 2𝑥 + 1.5𝑦 ≥ 900, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
(c) min 𝑧 = 40𝑥 + 60𝑦
constraints 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 70, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 40, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 90, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
(12) Find Inverse Laplace transform of the following by factorization.
12 12+78 105𝑠+840
(a) 𝑉(𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠2 +8𝑠+16) (b) 𝑉(𝑠) = (𝑠2 +8𝑠+52) (c) 𝑉(𝑠) = (𝑠2 +9.5𝑠+17.5)(𝑠2 +8𝑠+80)