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பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR-PHYSICS

NAME :
STANDARD : 11 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION

PART – I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1 1

(a) 𝑇 ∝ (b) 𝑇 ∝
𝑔2 +𝑎2 √(𝑔2 +𝑎2 )1/2
1. In a simple harmonic oscillation, the acceleration against displacement for one
2 2
complete oscillation will be (c)𝑇 ∝ √𝑔2 + 𝑎2 (d) 𝑇 ∝ 𝑔 + 𝑎
(a) an ellipse (b) a circle Solution :-
(c) a parabola (d) a straight line  Let ‘m’ be the mass of the bob, then the effective force on it is given by,
Solution :- 𝑚𝑔! = √(𝑚𝑔)2 + (𝑚𝑎)2 = 𝑚√𝑔2 + 𝑎2
 In SHM, the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement and always ∴ 𝑔! = √𝑔2 + 𝑎2 = (𝑔2 + 𝑎2 )1/2
towards the equilibrium position. (I.e.) 𝑎 ∝ 𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑎 = − 𝜔2 𝑥  By law of acceleration, time period is
 The above equation is similar to the equation of straight line (i.e.) 𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥 inversely proportional to the square root of
 Thus the acceleration against displacement will be a straight line. acceleration due to gravity. (i.e)
Answer (d) 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝑙 𝑙
2. A particle executing SHM crosses points A and B with the same velocity. Having 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √ = 2𝜋 √ 2
𝑔 ! (𝑔 + 𝑎2 )1/2
taken 3 s in passing from A to B, it returns to B after another 3 s. The time period is
1
(a) 15 s (b) 6 s (c) 12 s (d) 9 s (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 ∝
Solution :- √(𝑔2 + 𝑎2 )1/2
𝟏
 Time period , Answer (b) 𝑻∝
𝑇 = 𝑇𝐴→𝐵 + 𝑇𝐵↔𝐵 + 𝑇𝐵→𝐴 + 𝑇𝐴↔𝐴 √(𝒈𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 )𝟏/𝟐
 Since the velocity of the particle at A and
B are equal, they lie in equidistant from 5. Two bodies A and B whose masses are in the ratio 1:2 are suspended from two
equilibrium position ‘O’ separate massless springs of force constants kA and kB respectively. If the two bodies
 So, 𝑇𝐴→𝐵 = 𝑇𝐵→𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝐵↔𝐵 = 𝑇𝐴↔𝐴 oscillate vertically such that their maximum velocities are in the ratio 1:2, the ratio of
 Hence, 𝑇 = 2 (𝑇𝐴→𝐵 + 𝑇𝐵↔𝐵 ) = 2 (3 + 3) = 2 × 6 = 12 𝑠 the amplitude A to that of B is
Answer (c) 𝟏𝟐 𝒔 (a) √
𝑘𝐵
(b) √
𝑘𝐵 2 𝑘𝐵
(c) √ (d) √
8 𝑘𝐵
2 𝑘𝐴 8 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
3. The length of a second’s pendulum on the surface of the Earth is 0.9 m. The length of
the same pendulum on surface of planet X such that the acceleration of the planet X is Solution :-
n times greater than the Earth is  The maximum velocity in the oscillation is ; 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 𝜔
𝑣 1 𝑚𝐴 1
(a) 0.9n (b)
09
m (c) 0.9𝑛2 m (d)
0.9  Given that, 𝑣𝐴 ∶ 𝑣𝐵 = 1 ∶ 2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝐴 ∶ 𝑚𝐵 = 1 ∶ 2 (𝑜𝑟) =
𝑣𝐵 2 𝑚𝐵 2
𝑛 𝑛2
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 2 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵
Solution :-
2 𝑎𝐴 𝜔𝐴 = 𝑎𝐵 𝜔𝐵
 We know that, Time period of second’s pendulum is 𝑇 = 2 𝑠
𝑙 0.9 𝑙𝑋 𝑎𝐴 𝜔𝐵 𝑘
 At earth : 𝑇 = 2 𝜋 √ = 2 𝜋 √ and At planet X : 𝑇𝑋 = 2 𝜋 √ = [∵ 𝜔 =√ ]
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔𝑋 𝑎𝐵 2 𝜔𝐴 𝑚
𝑙𝑋
 Here, 𝑔𝑋 = 𝑛 𝑔 , then 𝑇𝑋 = 2 𝜋 √ 𝑘
𝑛𝑔
𝑎𝐴 √ 𝐵 1 𝑘𝐵 𝑚𝐴 1 𝑘𝐵 1 𝑘𝐵
𝑚𝐵
𝑙𝑋 0.9 𝑙𝑋 0.9 = = √ = √ ( )=√
 Since 𝑇𝑋 = 𝑇 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 ; 2 𝜋 √ = 2𝜋√ (𝑜𝑟) = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑙𝑋 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝒏 𝑎𝐵 𝑘 2 𝑘𝐴 𝑚𝐵 2 𝑘𝐴 2 8 𝑘𝐴
𝑛𝑔 𝑔 𝑛𝑔 𝑔 2√ 𝐴
𝑚𝐴
Answer (a) 𝟎. 𝟗 𝒏
𝒌𝑩
Answer (b) √
𝟖 𝒌𝑨

4. A simple pendulum is suspended from the roof of a school bus which moves in a
horizontal direction with an acceleration a, then the time period is
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
6. A spring is connected to a mass m suspended from it and its time period for vertical 𝑎 𝑎
oscillation is T. The spring is now cut into two equal halves and the same mass is  For SHM, we have 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔 = √
𝑥 𝑥
suspended from one of the halves. The period of vertical oscillation is  Thus the time period of vertical oscillation is,
𝑇
(a) 𝑇 1 = √2 𝑇 (b) 𝑇 1 = 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑥 1 1 1 1
√2
𝑇
𝑇= = = 2 𝜋 √ = 2𝜋 √4 𝑚 ( + ) = 4 𝜋 √ 𝑚 ( + )
1
(c) 𝑇 = √2 𝑇 1
(d)𝑇 = √ 𝜔 𝑎 𝑎 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
2 (√ )
𝑥
Solution :-
 When two springs are in series, then 𝟏 𝟏
1 1 1 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
Answer (a) 𝑻 = 𝟒 𝝅√𝒎 [ + ]
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐
= + = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑘 =
𝑘 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
8. A simple pendulum has a time period T1. When its point of suspension is moved
 Here the spring is cut into two equal halves, then 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘 𝟏
𝑘𝟏 𝑘𝟏 𝑘𝟏 𝑘𝟏 𝑘𝟏
vertically upwards according as y = k t2, where y is vertical distance covered and k = 1
 Hence, 𝑘 = = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑘 𝟏 = 2 𝑘 𝑻𝟐
𝑘𝟏 + 𝑘𝟏 2 𝑘𝟏 2 ms−2, its time period becomes T2. Then, 𝟏
(g = 10 m s−2)
𝑻𝟐
 If ‘𝑙’ is the length and ‘𝑘’ is the spring constant, then its time period 5 11
𝟐
𝟔 5
𝑚 (a) (b) (c) (d)
is, 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 6 10 𝟓 4
𝑘
Solution :-
If the spring is cut into two equal halves, then its time period will be, 𝑑𝑦
𝑚 𝑚 1 𝑚 𝑇
 If 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑡 2 , then velocity = 𝑘(2𝑡) and acceleration is
𝟏 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 =2𝜋√ ! = 2𝜋√ = (2 𝜋 √ ) = 2
𝑘 2𝑘 √2 𝑘 √2 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑻 𝑎= 2
= [ ] = [2 𝑘 𝑡] = 2 𝑘 = 2 𝑚𝑠 −2
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Answer (b)
√𝟐  Then Initial time period ; 𝑇1 = 2 𝜋 √ = 2 𝜋 √
𝑙 𝑙
𝑔 10
7. The time period for small vertical oscillations of block of mass
m when the masses of the pulleys are negligible and spring 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
 And new time period ; 𝑇2 = 2 𝜋 √ =2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√
constant k1 and k2 is 𝑔+𝑎 10+2 12
1 1 𝑙
2𝜋√
(a) 𝑇 = 4 𝜋√𝑚 [ + ] 𝑇1 10 12 6
(𝑜𝑟)
𝑇12 6
𝑘1 𝑘2 ∴ = =√ =√ =
𝑇2 𝑙 10 5 𝑇22 5
2𝜋√
1 1 12
(b) 𝑇 = 2 𝜋√𝑚 [ + ]
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝟔
Answer (c)
(c) 𝑇 = 4 𝜋√𝑚 [𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ] 𝟓
(d) 𝑇 = 2 𝜋√𝑚 [𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ] 9. An ideal spring of spring constant k, is suspended from the ceiling of a room and a
Solution :- block of mass M is fastened to its lower end. If the block is released when the spring is
un-stretched, then the maximum extension in the spring is
 If the mass ‘m’ is pulled down by distance ‘x’ and then 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔
released, it begins oscillate in vertical direction and the (a) 4 (b) (c) 2 (d)
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 2𝑘
tension ‘T’ provide the restoring force (i.e.) 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑎 Solution :-
 If 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 be the extensions on the spring, then  Let 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 be the maximum extension, then by work- energy
𝑥 = 2 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) theorem,
 Since 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥, we have 2 𝑇 = 𝑘1 𝑥1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 𝑇 = 𝑘2 𝑥2 Workdone = change in kinetic energy
2𝑇 2𝑇
 Hence, 𝑥1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = 1
𝑀𝑔 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝑘1 𝑘2 2
2𝑇 2𝑇 1 1 1 1 𝑀𝑔
∴ 𝑥=2 ( + )=4𝑇 ( + )=4𝑚𝑎 ( + ) ∴ 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘
𝑥 1 1 𝑴𝒈
(𝑜𝑟) = 4𝑚 ( + ) Answer (c) 𝟐
𝑎 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝒌

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
10. A pendulum is hung in a very high building oscillates to and fro motion freely like a 13. When a damped harmonic oscillator completes 100 oscillations, its amplitude is
simple harmonic oscillator. If the acceleration of the bob is 16 ms−2 at a distance of 4 𝟏
reduced to of its initial value. What will be its amplitude when it completes 200
𝟑
m from the mean position, then the time period is
oscillations?.
(a) 2 s (b) 1 s (c) 2π s (d) π s 1 2 1 1
(a) 5
(b)
3
(c)
6
(d)
9
Solution :-
(b) Solution :-
 For SHM, we have acceleration ; 𝑎 = 𝜔2 𝑥  This is a case of damped vibration as the amplitude of vibration is decreasing with
2 𝑎 16 𝑎 16 −1 time.
 Hence, 𝜔 = = = 4 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔=√ =√ = √4 = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠
𝑥 4 𝑥 4
 Amplitude of vibrations at any instant t is given by 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑜 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 where a0 is the initial
2𝜋 2𝜋
 Then the time period ; 𝑇 = = = 𝜋𝑠 amplitude of vibrations and b is the damping constant.
𝜔 2
 Let T be the time period (time for one complete oscillation)
Answer (d) 𝝅𝒔 𝑎
 Given that when t = 100 T and 𝑎 = 𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛,
11. A hollow sphere is filled with water. It is hung by a long thread. As the water flows 3
𝑎𝑜 − 𝑏 (100 𝑇)
1
out of a hole at the bottom, the period of oscillation will = 𝑎𝑜 𝑒 (𝑜𝑟) = 𝑒 − 100 𝑏 𝑇
(a) first increase and then decrease (b) first decrease and then increase 3 3
(c) increase continuously (d) decrease continuously  After completing 200 oscillations. the amplitude is given by,
Solution :- 𝑎1 = 𝑎𝑜 𝑒 −𝑏 (200 𝑇) = 𝑎𝑜 𝑒 − (100+100) 𝑏 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑜 [𝑒 −100 𝑏 𝑇 × 𝑒 − 100 𝑏 𝑇 ]
 Initially the centre of mass (COM) of the 1 1 1 𝑎1 1
𝑎1 = 𝑎𝑜 [ × ] = 𝑎𝑜 [ ] (𝑜𝑟) =
sphere is at the centre of the sphere. 3 3 9 𝑎𝑜 9
 As the water slowly flows out of the hole at 𝟏
Answer (d)
the bottom, the COM of the liquid (hollow 𝟗
sphere) first goes on downward and then 14. Which of the following differential equations represents a damped harmonic oscillator
upward. ?
 The time period of the pendulum is, 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(a) +𝑦=0 (b) +𝛾 +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑙 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑇 = 2𝜋 √ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 ∝ √𝑙 (c) + 𝑘2𝑦 = 0 (d) +𝑦=0
𝑔 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Solution :-
 Here, the effective length of the pendulum first increases and then decreases.
 For damped harmonic oscillator ,
 Since time period is directly proportional to the square root of the length, the time
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 + 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
period first increase and then decrease
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Answer (d) first increase and then decrease 𝑚 = −𝑏 −𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
12. The damping force on an oscillator is directly proportional to the velocity. The units 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑘
of the constant of proportionality are (𝑜𝑟) 2
= − − 𝑦
(a) kg m s−1 (b) kg m s−2 (c) kg s−1 (d) kg s 𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 𝑘
Solution :- (𝑜𝑟) + + 𝑦=0
𝐹 𝑚𝑎 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 −2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
 Given that, 𝐹 ∝ 𝑣 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹=𝑘𝑣 ∴𝑘= = ⟹ 𝑏
 If 𝑘 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝛾, then the above equation becomes
𝑣 𝑣 𝑚 𝑠 −1
−1 𝑚
 Thus unit of ‘k’ is 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Answer (c) 𝒌𝒈 𝒔−𝟏 2
+𝛾 + 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Answer (b)
𝟐
+𝜸 + 𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
15. If the inertial mass and gravitational mass of the simple pendulum of length l are not
equal, then the time period of the simple pendulum is PART – II & III 2 AND 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS &
𝒎𝒊 𝒍 𝑚𝑔 𝑙 1. Differentiate periodic and non - periodic motion.
(a) 𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅 √ (b) 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √
𝒎𝒈 𝒈 𝑚𝑖 𝑔 Periodic motion Non -periodic motion
𝑚𝑔 𝑙 𝑚𝑖 𝑙 Any motion which repeats itself in a Any motion which does not repeat itself
(c) 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑔 (d) 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √𝑔 fixed time interval is known as periodic after a regular interval of time is known
𝑚𝑖 𝑚𝑔
Solution :- motion as non - periodic motion
 Gravitational mass is measured under gravity, (e.g.) the revolution of the earth around (e.g.) Occurrence of Earth quake,
whereas inertial mass is measured under any force. the Sun, waxing and waning of Moon, eruption of volcano etc.,
 Let 𝑚𝑖 be the inertial mass and 𝑚𝑔 be the gravitational hands in pendulum clock, swing of a
mass. Given that 𝑚𝑖 ≠ 𝑚𝑔 cradle etc.,
 Here torque on the bob, about the point of suspension 2. Define oscillatory motion.
is  When an object or a particle moves back and forth repeatedly for some duration
𝜏 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 of time its motion is said to be oscillatory or vibratory motion.
𝜏 = − 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 sin 𝜃 × 𝑙  (e.g.) Heart beat, Pendulum clock, swinging motion of the wings of an insect.
𝜏 = − 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 𝜃 𝑙 [∵ 𝐼𝑓𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙, sin 𝜃 = 𝜃 ] 3. All the oscillatory motions are periodic, whereas all periodic motions need not
be oscillatory. Explain.
 By definition. torque is given by,
 The oscillatory motion of simple pendulum, heart beat, etc., are periodic motion.
𝜏 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 × 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 But the periodic motions like motion of Earth around the Sun, waxing - waning of
𝑑2𝜃
𝜏 = 𝐼 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑖 𝑙 2 × Moon etc., do not have to and fro motion (i.e.) oscillatory motion.
𝑑𝑡 2 4. Define simple harmonic motion (SHM).
 Hence,
 SHM is a special type of oscillatory motion in which the acceleration or force on
𝑑2𝜃
𝑚𝑖 𝑙 2 = − 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 𝜃 𝑙 the particle is directly proportional to its displacement from a fixed point and is
𝑑𝑡 2 always directed towards that fixed point
2
𝑑 𝜃 5. Define force constant.
𝑚𝑖 𝑙 = − 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2  Force constant is defined as force per unit length. Its unit is N m-1
𝑑2𝜃 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 6. What is the importance of Force - Displacement graph?
2
=− 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑖 𝑙  The graph between cause (force) and effect (displacement) is a straight line
 For SHM, angular acceleration = − 𝜔2 × 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 passing through second and fourth quadrant.
𝑑2𝜃  The slope of this graph gives 1𝑘 from which value of force constant “k” can be
= − 𝜔2 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2 calculated.
 By comparing above two equations, we get 7. Define displacement of the vibrating particle.
𝑚𝑔 𝑔  The distance travelled by the vibrating particle at any instant of time from its
𝜔2 =
𝑚𝑖 𝑙 mean position is known as displacement. 𝒚=𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝝎𝒕
𝑚𝑔 𝑔 8. Define amplitude of the vibrating particle.
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜔= √  The maximum displacement from the mean position is known as amplitude (A)
𝑚𝑖 𝑙
of the vibrating particle.
 The time period is given by, 9. Define velocity.
2𝜋 𝑚𝑖 𝑙  Velocity is defined as rate of change of displacement.
𝑇= = 2𝜋 √ 𝑑𝑦
𝜔 𝑚𝑔 𝑔 𝑣= = 𝑨 𝝎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 = 𝝎 √𝑨𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑡
𝒎𝒊 𝒍 10. Define acceleration.
Answer (a) 𝟐𝝅 √  Acceleration is defined as rate of change of velocity.
𝒎𝒈 𝒈 𝑑𝑣
𝑎= = − 𝝎𝟐 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 = − 𝝎𝟐 𝒚
𝑑𝑡
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11. Define time period. 19. If the spring is cut in to two pieces, what is the spring constant of that two
 The time period (T) is defined as the time taken by a particle to complete one pieces?
oscillation. [𝑻 =
𝟐𝝅
]  The spring constant is inversely proportional to the length of the spring.
𝝎 1
12. Define frequency. (i.e.) 𝑘 ∝
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 The number of oscillation produced by the particle per second is called frequency  If 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be length of the two pieces respectively, then 𝑙1=𝑛 𝑙2
𝟏 𝒌 (𝒏+𝟏)
(f). Its S.I. unit is s-1 or hertz (Hz) [𝒇 = ]  So the spring constant of first length is, 𝒌𝟏 =
𝑻 𝒏
13. Define angular frequency. Give its unit.  The spring constant of second length ; 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒌 (𝒏 + 𝟏)
 The number of cycles or revolutions per second is called angular frequency (𝜔) 20. State and explains laws of simple pendulum
𝟐𝝅
Its S.I. unit is rad s [𝝎= = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒇] 1) Law of length :
𝑻
14. Define phase. Give its unit.  For a given value of “g”, the time period of a simple pendulum is directly
 The phase (𝝋) of a vibrating particle at any instant completely specifies the state proportional to the square root of length “𝑙” the pendulum. [𝑇 ∝ √𝑙]
of the particle. (i.e.) the position and direction of motion of the particle at that 2) Law of acceleration :
instant. 𝝋= 𝝎𝒕+𝝋𝒐  For a fixed “𝑙”, the time period of a simple pendulum is inversely
 Its S.I. unit is radian (rad) 1
proportional to the square root of acceleration due to gravity. [𝑇 ∝ ]
15. What is epoch. √𝑔
3) Law of mass of the bob :
 The phase of the vibrating particle at time t = 0 is called epoch or initial phase
(𝝋𝒐). Its S.I. unit is radian (rad)  The time period of oscillation of simple pendulum is independent of mass of
16. What is phase difference? the simple pendulum.
 Let two particles executing harmonic motions and their equations are, 4) Law of amplitude of oscillation:
𝑦1 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑1 )  For small angular displacement, the time period of simple pendulum is
𝑦2 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2 ) independent of amplitude of the oscillation.
 Then the phase difference is given by, 21. What is meant by Free oscillations
Δ𝜑= 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑2 − 𝜔𝑡+ 𝜑1 = 𝝋𝟐− 𝝋𝟏  When the oscillator is allowed to oscillate by displacing its position from
17. Write down the difference between simple harmonic motion and angular equilibrium position, it oscillates with a frequency which is equal to the natural
simple harmonic motion. frequency of the oscillator. Such an oscillation or vibration is known as free
Simple harmonic motion Angular simple harmonic motion oscillation or free vibration.
The displacement of the particle is The displacement of the particle is Examples:
measured in terms of linear measured in terms of angular (i) Vibration of a tuning fork.
(ii) Vibration in a stretched string.
displacement ⃗⃗𝑟 displacement ⃗⃗⃗𝜃
(iii) Oscillation of a simple pendulum.
Acceleration ; ⃗⃗⃗𝒂 = − 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗𝒓 Angular acceleration ; ⃗⃗⃗𝜶 = − 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝜽 (iv) Oscillations of a spring-mass system.
Force ; ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = 𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗𝒂 Torque ; ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗𝜶 22. Explain damped oscillation. Give an example.
⃗⃗⃗
Restoring force ; 𝑭 = −𝒌 ⃗⃗𝒓 Restoring torque ; ⃗⃗𝝉 = − 𝜿 ⃗⃗⃗𝜽  During the oscillation of a simple pendulum in a medium, due to the presence of
𝒌 𝒌 friction and air drag, the amplitude of oscillation decreases as time progresses.
Angular frequency ; 𝝎 = √ Angular frequency ; 𝝎 = √ It implies that the oscillation is not sustained and the energy of the SHM
𝐦 𝐈
18. What is flexibility constant or compliance? Give its unit. decreases gradually indicating the loss of energy. The energy lost is absorbed by
 The reciprocal of stiffness constant (k) is called flexibility constant or the surrounding medium. This type of oscillatory motion is known as damped
compliance. Its unit is N-1 m oscillation.
Examples
 The net compliance, if “n” springs are connected
(i) The oscillations of a pendulum (including air friction) or pendulum oscillating
(𝒊) 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 ∶ 𝐶𝑠 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖
1 1 inside an oil filled container.
(𝒊𝒊) 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍∶ = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 (ii) Electromagnetic oscillations in a tank circuit.
𝐶𝑠 𝐶𝑖
(iii) Oscillations in a dead beat and ballistic galvanometers.

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23. What is meant by maintained oscillations?
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS &
 While playing in swing, the oscillations will stop after a few cycles, this is due to
damping. To avoid damping we have to supply a push to sustain oscillations. By 1. Describe simple harmonic motion as a projection of uniform circular motion.
supplying energy from an external source, the amplitude of the oscillation can Projection of uniform circular motion :
be made constant. Such vibrations are known as maintained vibrations.  Consider a particle of mass “m” moving with uniform speed “𝑣” along a circle of
Example: radius “r” in anti-clock wise direction.
 The vibration of a tuning fork getting energy from a battery or from external  Let “𝜔” be the angular velocity, then the
power supply. angular displacement of the particle at any
24. Define Forced oscillations. Give example. instant “t” is 𝜽= 𝝎 𝒕
 Any oscillator driven by an external periodic agency to overcome the damping is  Let us project the position of the particle
known as forced oscillator or driven oscillator. In this type of vibration, the moving on a circle, on to a line parallel to
body executing vibration initially vibrates with its natural frequency and due to vertical diameter or horizontal axis, the
the presence of external periodic force, the body later vibrates with the projection traces a straight line motion which
frequency of the applied periodic force. Such vibrations are known as forced is simple harmonic in nature.
vibrations.  This means we can associate a relationship
Example: between uniform circular motions to
 Sound boards of stringed instruments. oscillatory motion.
25. Define Resonance.  The circle is known as reference circle of SHM.
 It is a special case of forced vibrations where the frequency of external periodic  Thus the SHM can also be defined as the motion of projection of a particle on an
force (or driving force) matches with the natural frequency of the vibrating diameter of a circle of reference.
body (driven). 2. Define Displacement, velocity, acceleration in SHM obtain expression for it.
 As a result the oscillating body begins to vibrate such that its amplitude Displacement :
increases at each step and ultimately it has a large amplitude. Such a  The distance travelled by the vibrating particle at any instant of time t from its
phenomenon is known as resonance and the corresponding vibrations are mean position is known as displacement.
known as resonance vibrations. 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎 𝒕 − − − − (𝟏)
Example  The displacement y takes maximum value (which is equal to A) when sin ωt = 1.
 The breaking of glass due to sound  This maximum displacement from the mean position is known as amplitude (A) of
26. What are the advantages and disadvantages of resonance. the vibrating particle. For simple harmonic motion, the amplitude is constant.
Uses : Velocity :
 The concept of resonance is used in Tuning of station (or channel) in a radio (or  The rate of change of displacement is velocity.
Television) circuits. 𝑑𝑦
 To find the frequency of tuning fork using sonometer. 𝑣= = 𝑨 𝝎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 = 𝑨 𝝎 √𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜔𝑡 = 𝝎 √𝑨𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − − − − (𝟐)
𝑑𝑡
Disadvantages :  From equation (2), when the displacement y = 0, the velocity v = ωA (maximum)
 Soliders are not allowed to march on a bridge. This is to avoid resonant and for the maximum displacement 𝑦 = ± 𝐴, the velocity v = 0 (minimum).
vibration of the bridge. While crossing a bridge, if the period of stepping on the  As displacement increases from zero to maximum, the velocity decreases from
ground by marching soldiers equals the natural frequency of the bridge, it may maximum to zero.
result in resonance vibrations. This may be so large that the bridge may Acceleration :
collapse.  The rate of change of velocity is acceleration.
 If the frequency of Earth quake is equal to the natural frequency of building, 𝑑𝑣
𝑎= = − 𝝎𝟐 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 = − 𝝎𝟐 𝒚 − − − − − (3)
then the building will vibrate with maximum amplitude due to resonance which 𝑑𝑡
leads the building to collapse.  At mean position (y = 0), velocity of the particle is maximum but the
acceleration of the particle is zero.
 At the extreme position (y = ±A), the velocity of the particle is zero but the
acceleration is maximum (∓ 𝜔2 𝐴 ) acting in the opposite direction.

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3. Show graphically the Variation of displacement, velocity and acceleration at 
If I is the moment of inertia of the body and ⃗⃗⃗𝜶 is the angular acceleration then
different instant of time during SHM. 𝒅𝟐 𝜽 ⃗
Displacement, velocity, acceleration and its graphical representation - SHM ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗𝜶 = 𝑰 − − − − − − − (2)
𝒅𝒕𝟐
Time 0 𝑻/𝟒 𝑻/𝟐 𝟑𝑻/𝟒 𝑻  From equation (1) and (2),
𝝎𝒕 0 𝝅/𝟐 𝝅 𝟑𝝅/𝟐 𝟐𝝅 𝑑2𝜃
Displacement I = − 𝑘 ⃗⃗⃗𝜃
0 A 0 A 0 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝑑2𝜃 𝑘
Velocity 2
= − ⃗⃗⃗𝜃
A𝜔 0 −𝐴𝜔 0 A𝜔 𝑑𝑡 I
𝑣 = 𝐴 𝜔 c𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 𝒅𝟐 𝜽⃗ 𝒌
Acceleration + ⃗⃗⃗𝜽 = 𝟎 − − − − − − − − − (𝟑)
0 − 𝐴𝜔2 0 𝐴𝜔2 0 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝐈
𝑎 = − 𝐴 𝜔2 s𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝒅𝟐 𝒙
⃗
 This is similar to differential equation of SHM . . [ 𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝒙 = 𝟎 ]. So the
 Thus we obtain the following graph 𝒅𝒕
motion of harmonic oscillator is a simple harmonic. Then
𝒌 𝒌
𝝎𝟐 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝝎=√ − − − − (𝟒)
𝐈 𝐥
 Thus the time period is given by
𝟐𝝅 𝑰
𝑻= = 𝟐𝝅√ − − − − − (𝟓)
𝝎 𝒌
 The frequency is given by,
𝟏 𝟏 𝒌
𝒇=
= √ − − − − − − (𝟔)
𝑻 𝟐𝝅 𝑰
5. Explain the horizontal oscillations of a spring
Horizontal oscillations of spring :
4. What is meant by angular harmonic oscillation?. Compute the time period of  Consider a system containing mass “m”
angular harmonic oscillation. attached to a mass less spring with spring
Angular harmonic oscillation : constant “k” placed on a smooth horizontal
 When a body is allowed to rotate freely about a given axis then the oscillation is surface.
known as the angular oscillation  Suppose the mass is displaced through a
Time period of angular harmonic oscillations : distance “x” towards right from its
 The point at which the resultant torque acting equilibrium position and then released, It
on the body is taken to be zero is called mean will oscillate back and forth about its mean
position. position.
 If the body is displaced from the mean position,  Let “F” be the restoring force due to
then the resultant torque acts such that it is stretching of the spring, then
proportional to the angular displacement and 𝐹 ∝ 𝑥
this torque has a tendency to bring the body (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑥 − − − − − (1)
towards the mean position.  From Newton’s second law,
 Let ⃗⃗⃗𝜃 be the angular displacement of the body 𝑑2 𝑥
and the resultant torque ⃗⃗𝜏 acting on the body, 𝐹=𝑚 − − − − − (2)
𝑑𝑡 2
⃗⃗𝜏 ∝ ⃗⃗⃗𝜃 (𝑜𝑟) ⃗⃗𝝉 = − 𝒌 ⃗⃗⃗𝜽 − − − − − − − − − (1)
𝒌  restoring torsion constant,which is torque per unit angular displacement.

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 From equation (1) and (2)  Then the total force., 𝐹 = 𝐹2 + 𝑚 𝑔
𝑑2 𝑥 𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑙 − 𝑘 𝑦 + 𝑚 𝑔
𝑚 = −𝑘𝑥  But, 𝑚 𝑔 =𝑘 𝑙 . ∴ 𝐹=− 𝑘 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2
2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑘  From Newton’s second law,
2
= − 𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑦
𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌 𝑑𝑡 2
+ 𝒙=𝟎 − − − − − − − − (3) 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑘
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎 = − 𝑦
𝒅𝟐 𝒙
⃗ 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
 This is similar to differential equation of SHM [ 𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝒙 = 𝟎 ], then 𝟐
𝒅 𝒚 𝒌
𝒅𝒕
+ 𝒚=𝟎 − − − − − − − (5)
𝑘 𝒌 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
𝜔2 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝝎=√ − − − − − − (𝟒) 
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
⃗
This is similar to differential equation of SHM [ 𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝒚 = 𝟎 ], then
m 𝐦 𝒅𝒕
 Then the time period is 𝑘 𝒌
𝟐𝝅 𝐦 𝜔2 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝝎=√ − − − − (𝟔)
𝑻= = 𝟐𝝅√ − − − − − − (𝟓) m 𝐦
𝝎 𝐤
 Its frequency,  Then the time period is

𝟏 𝟏 𝒌 𝟐𝝅 𝐦 𝒍
𝒇= = √ − − − − − − (𝟔) 𝑻= = 𝟐𝝅√ =𝟐𝝅√ − − − − − − (𝟕)
𝑻 𝟐𝝅 𝐦 𝝎 𝐤 𝐠

6. Explain the vertical oscillation of a spring. 7. Deduce the effective spring constant when the springs are connected in series.
Vertical oscillations of spring : Springs connected in series :
 Consider a system containing  Let two springs of spring constants “𝑘1 ” and “𝑘2 ” are connected in series.
mass “m” attached to a mass
less spring with spring
constant “k” which is
suspended freely from the
ceiling.
 Length of the spring before
loading = L and Elongation of
spring due to mass = 𝑙
 Let “𝐹1” be the restoring force,
then  Let “𝑘𝑠 ” be the effective spring constant in series.
𝐹1 ∝ 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐹1 = −𝑘 𝑙 − − − − − (1)  Let “F” be the applied force towards right , then the springs stretch different
 The gravitational force : 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚 𝑔 − − − − − (2) lengths. Let it be 𝑥1 and 𝑥2
 At equilibrium, 𝐹1 + 𝐹𝑔 = 0  The net displacement of the mass “m” is ; : 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
−𝑘 𝑙 + 𝑚 𝑔 = 0  From Hooke’s law
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚𝑔 =𝑘𝑙 𝐹 = − 𝑘𝑠 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )
𝑚 𝑙 𝐹
∴ = − − − − − − (3) (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = − − − − − − − (1)
𝑘 𝑔 𝑘𝑠
 If the mass is further displaced downward through a small distance “𝑦” and then  Also, 𝐹 = − 𝑘1 𝑥1 = − 𝑘2 𝑥2 , then
released, it will oscillate up and down. 𝐹
𝑥1 = − − − − − − − (2)
 Let “ 𝐹2” be the new restoring force, then 𝐹2 ∝ (𝑙 + 𝑦) 𝑘1
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹2 = −𝑘 (𝑙 + 𝑦) 𝐹
∴ 𝐹2 = −𝑘 𝑙 − 𝑘 𝑦 − − − − − − (4) 𝑥2 = − − − − − − − (3)
𝑘2

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 Put equation (2) and (3) in (1)  Thus for springs in parallel connection, the effective spring constant is greater
𝐹 𝐹 𝐹 than individual spring constant.
− − = −
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑠 9. Discuss the simple pendulum in detail and prove that the motion of simple
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 pendulum is a simple harmonic and obtain an expression for its time
= + = period.
𝒌𝒔 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝑘1 𝑘2
𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 Simple pendulum :
∴ 𝒌𝒔 = − − − − − (𝟒)  Simple pendulum is a
𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 mechanical system which
 If “n” springs are connected in series, the effective spring constant is exhibits periodic motion.
𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1  It has a bob with mass
= + + + …+ = ∑
𝑘𝑠 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑖 “m” suspended by a long
𝑖=1
 If 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘3 ……= 𝑘𝑛=𝑘, then inextensible string fixed
1 1 1 1 𝑛 on a stand.
= + + + … (𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠) =  At equilibrium, the
𝑘𝑠 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝒌 pendulum hangs
𝒌𝒔 = vertically downwards
𝒏
(i.e.) the effective spring constant reduces by the factor “n” and this is called its
mean position.
 Thus for springs in series connection, the effective spring constant is lesser than
the individual spring constants.  When the pendulum is displaced through a small distance and then released, the
8. Deduce the effective spring constant when the springs are connected in parallel. bob executes oscillatory motion about its mean position.
Springs connected in parallel :  Let “𝑙” be length of the pendulum
 Let two springs of spring constants “𝑘1 ” and “𝑘2 ” are connected in parallel.  At any displaced position, the forces acts on the bob are,
(1) The gravitational force ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑔 acting vertically downwards
(2) The tension ⃗⃗⃗𝑇 along the string to the point of suspension
 Resolving the gravitational force in to its components.
(1) Normal component ; 𝐹𝑎𝑠=𝑚 𝑔 cos𝜃
(2) Tangential component ;𝐹𝑝𝑠=𝑚 𝑔 sin𝜃
 Then the centripetal force (normal component ) along the string,
𝑚 𝑣2
 Let “𝑘𝑃 ” be the effective spring constant in parallel. 𝑇 − 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃 = − − − − − − − (1)
𝑙
 Let “F” be the applied force towards right , then both the springs stretch by same  The restoring force is
displacements. Let it be “𝑥” 𝑑2𝑠
 From Hooke’s law, 𝐹 = − 𝑘𝑃 𝑥 − − − − − − − (1) 𝑚 = − 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2
 But 𝐹1 = − 𝑘1 𝑥 and 𝐹2 = − 𝑘2 𝑥 , therefore net force is 2
𝑑 𝑠
𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 (𝑜𝑟) = − 𝑔 sin 𝜃 − − − − − − (2)
𝑑𝑡 2
− 𝑘𝑃 𝑥 = − 𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑥  From the figure , 𝑠=𝑙 𝜃 . Hence
𝒌𝑷 = 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 − − − − − (2) 𝑑2𝑠 𝑑2𝜃
 If “n” springs are connected in paralle, the effective spring constant is = 𝑙 − − − − − − − (3)
𝒏 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
 Therefore,
𝒌𝑷 = 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 + … + 𝒌𝒏 = ∑ 𝒌𝒊
𝑑2𝜃
𝒊=𝟏 𝑙 = − 𝑔 sin 𝜃
 If 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘3 ……= 𝑘𝑛=𝑘, then 𝑑𝑡 2
2
𝑑 𝜃 𝑔
𝑘𝑃 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + … … .. (𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠) = − sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙
𝒌𝑷 = 𝒏 𝒌
(i.e.) the effective spring constant increases by the factor “n”
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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 If θ is small, then sin 𝜃= 𝜃 1
2 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡)
𝑑 𝜃 𝑔 2
= − 𝜃 𝑇 1
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑙 = 1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝜽 𝒈 𝑇𝑜 2
(𝑜𝑟) + 𝜽 =𝟎 − − − − − − − − − (𝟒) 𝑇 1
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒍 − 1 = 𝛼 ∆𝑡
𝒅𝟐 𝒙⃗ 𝑇𝑜 2
 This is similar to differential equation of SHM . . [ 𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝒙 = 𝟎 ]. So the motion
𝒅𝒕 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 1
of simple pendulum is a simple harmonic. Then = 𝛼 ∆𝑡
𝑔 𝑇𝑜 2
𝜔2 = ∆𝑇 1
𝑙 = 𝛼 ∆𝑡
𝒈 𝑇𝑜 2
(𝒐𝒓) 𝝎=√ − − − − − − − − (𝟓) 𝟏
𝐥 ∆𝑻 = 𝑻𝒐 [ 𝜶 ∆𝒕] − − − − − − − − (𝟑)
 Thus the time period is given by 𝟐
 Here “Δ𝑻” is the change in time period due to the effect of temperature.
𝟐𝝅 𝒍 11. Write short notes on the oscillations of liquid column in U-tube
𝑻= = 𝟐𝝅√ − − − − − (𝟔
𝝎 𝒈 Oscillations of liquid column in U- tube :
 The frequency is given by,
𝟏 𝟏 𝒈
𝒇=
= √ − − − − − − (𝟕)
𝑻 𝟐𝝅 𝒍
10. Explain the variation of time period of simple pendulum due to change in
temperature.
Effect of temperature in time period :
 If temperature changes, the length of suspension wire also changes (linear
expansion)
 Let initial length of wire = 𝑙𝑜
Initial time period of simple pendulum = 𝑇𝑜
Change in temperature = Δ𝑡  Consider a U - shaped glass tube which consists of two open arms.
 Coefficient of linear expansion =𝛼  Let us pour a non-viscous uniform incompressible liquid of density “𝜌” in the
 Then the final length of wire due to increase in temperature, U - tube to a height “h”
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡) − − − − − − − (1)  If the liquid and the tube is not disturbed, the level of liquids in the two arms are
 Initial time period of simple pendulum, equal and in equilibrium position “O”
𝑙𝑜  It means the pressure at any point on the liquid is the same and also at the
𝑇𝑜 = 2 𝜋 √ − − − − − − − (2) surface of the liquid surface on the arm.
𝑔
 By blowing air in one arm, the level of liquid get disturbed from equilibrium
 The new time period due to change in temperature, position “O” which means the pressure at blown arm is higher than the other
𝑙 𝑙𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡) arm.
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√  This creates difference in pressure which will cause the liquid to oscillate for a
𝑔 𝑔
very short duration of time about the equilibrium position and finally comes to
𝑙0 rest.
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ √(1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡)  Time period of the oscillation is,
𝑔
 Using equation (2) we get, 𝒍
1
𝑻= 𝟐𝝅√
𝟐𝒈
𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜 (1 + 𝛼 ∆𝑡)2

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12. Discuss in detail the energy in simple harmonic motion
Expression for potential energy (U): EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
 For SHM, byHooke’ s law, ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = − 𝒌 ⃗⃗𝒓 1. Classify the following motions as periodic and non-periodic motions?
 In one dimension, 𝑭 =− 𝒌 𝒙 . Then the work done is given by, 1) Motion of Halley’s comet.
𝑑𝑊 = −𝐹 𝑑𝑥 = −(−𝑘 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2) Motion of clouds.
 Thus the total potential energy is, 3) Moon revolving around the Earth.
𝑥 Solution :-
1 1) Motion of Halley’s comet
𝑈(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑥2 - Periodic motion
2 2) Motion of clouds. - Non- periodic motion
0
𝑘 𝟏
 But 𝜔 = 2
m
2
, then 𝑘 = 𝑚 𝜔 . So 𝑼(𝒙) = 𝟐
𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐 3) Moon revolving around the Earth. - Periodic motion
𝟏 2. Which of the following functions of time represent periodic and non-periodic
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 For SHM, 𝑥=𝐴 sin𝜔𝑡 . So 𝑼(𝒕) = 𝟐
𝒎 𝝎 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 motion?. 1) sin ωt + cos ωt 2) ln ωt
Expression for kinetic energy (KE) : Solution :-
 The kinetic energy is given by, 1) sin 𝜔𝑡 + cos 𝜔𝑡 - Periodic motion
1 1 𝑑𝑥 2 2) ln 𝜔𝑡 - Non-periodic motion
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑚 [ ] 3. Which of the following represent simple harmonic motion?
2 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
 For SHM, ฀=฀sin฀฀ , then 𝑣𝑥 = = 𝐴 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔√𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 1) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
𝑑𝑡 2) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕
 Therefore kinetic energy is, 3) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒆𝒊𝝎𝒕
𝟏
𝑲𝑬(𝒙) = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 [𝑨𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 ] 4) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐥𝐧 𝝎𝒕
𝟐 𝒅𝟐 ⃗𝒙
𝟏 Solution :- The differential equation for SHM is , + 𝝎𝟐 ⃗⃗⃗𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑲𝑬(𝒕) = 𝒎 𝑨𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝝎𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝟐 1) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
Expression for total energy (E) : 𝑑𝑥
 It is the sum of potential and kinetic energy and it is given by, = 𝐴𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐵 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑬 = 𝑲𝑬(𝒙) + 𝑼(𝒙) 2
𝑑 𝑥
1 1 = − 𝐴 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐵 𝜔2 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐸 = 𝑚 𝜔2 [𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ] + 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 2
2 2 = − 𝜔2 [𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝜔𝑡]
1 1 1 2
𝐸= 𝑚 𝜔 𝐴 − 𝑚 𝜔 𝑥 + 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 2
2 2 2 2 𝑑 𝑥
2 2 2 = − 𝜔2
𝟏 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑬= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒎 𝝎 𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑑2 𝑥
𝟐 (𝑜𝑟) + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0
 Alternatively, we have 𝑑𝑡 2
 This differential equation is similar to differential equation for SHM.
𝑬 = 𝑲𝑬(𝒕) + 𝑼(𝒕)
1 1 Hence 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 represents simple hormonic motion.
𝐸 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 cos 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 2) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕
2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝐴𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 2 𝐵 𝜔 sin 2𝜔𝑡
𝑬 = 𝒎 𝝎 𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑑𝑡
𝟐 2
𝑑 𝑥
 Thus the amplitude of simple harmonic oscillator can be expressed in terms of = − 𝐴 𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 4 𝐵 𝜔2 cos 2𝜔𝑡
total energy. 𝑑𝑡 2
𝟐𝑬 𝟐𝑬 = − 𝜔2 [𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 4 𝐵 cos 2𝜔𝑡]
2
𝑨𝟐 = = 𝑑 𝑥
𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒌 (𝑖. 𝑒) ≠ − 𝜔2 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 2
𝟐𝑬 𝟐𝑬  This differential equation is not similar to differential equation for SHM.
(𝒐𝒓) 𝑨= √ =√ Hence 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 does not represents simple
𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒌
hormonic motion.
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3) 𝒙=𝑨𝒆 𝒊𝝎𝒕 𝑣12 𝜔 [𝐴2 − 𝑥12 ]
2
𝐴2 − 𝑥12
𝑑𝑥 (1) ÷ (2) ⇒ = 2 2 = 2
= 𝐴 𝑖 𝜔 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 𝑣22 𝜔 [𝐴 − 𝑥2 ] 2
𝐴 − 𝑥22
𝑑𝑡 𝑣12 𝐴2 − 𝑣12 𝑥22 = 2 2 2 2
𝑣2 𝐴 − 𝑣2 𝑥1
𝑑2𝑥 𝑣12 𝐴2 − 𝑣22 𝐴2 = 𝑣12 𝑥22 − 𝑣22 𝑥12
= 𝐴 𝑖 2 𝜔2 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = − 𝜔2 𝐴 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = − 𝜔2 𝑥 [𝑖 2 = −1]
𝑑𝑡 2 (𝑣12 − 𝑣22 ) 𝐴2 = 𝑣12 𝑥22 − 𝑣22 𝑥12
𝑑2𝑥 𝑣12 𝑥22 − 𝑣22 𝑥12
(𝑜𝑟) + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0 𝐴2 =
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑣12 − 𝑣22
 This differential equation is similar to differential equation for SHM.
Hence 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒆𝒊𝝎𝒕 represents simple hormonic motion. 𝑣12 𝑥22 − 𝑣22 𝑥12
𝐴= √ − − − − − − − (4)
4) 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒍𝒏 𝝎𝒕 𝑣12 − 𝑣22
𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐴
= 𝜔= ∴ (3) ÷ (4) ⇒
𝑑𝑡 𝜔𝑡 𝑡
2
𝑑 𝑥 𝐴 𝑇 𝑥22 − 𝑥12 𝑣12 − 𝑣22
= − = 2 𝜋√ 𝑋√
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑡2 𝐴 𝑣12 − 𝑣22 𝑣12 𝑥22 − 𝑣22 𝑥12
𝑑2𝑥
(𝑖. 𝑒) ≠ − 𝜔2 𝑥 𝑻 𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐
𝑑𝑡 2 = 𝟐𝝅√ 𝟐 𝟐
 This differential equation is not similar to differential equation for SHM. 𝑨 𝒗𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟐
Hence 𝒙 = 𝑨 𝒍𝒏 𝝎𝒕 does not represents simple hormonic motion.
5. A nurse measured the average heart beats of a patient and reported to the
4. Consider a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion. The velocity of the
doctor in terms of time period as 0.8 s. Express the heart beat of the patient in
particle at position x1 is v1 and velocity of the particle at position x2 is v2. Show
terms of number of beats measured per minute.
that the ratio of time period and amplitude is
Solution :-
𝑻 𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏𝟐  Let the number of heart beats per second be measured as f. Since the time
= 𝟐 𝝅√ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨 𝒗 𝟏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒗 𝟐 𝒙𝟏 period is inversely proportional to the heart beat, then
1 1 10
Solution :- 𝑓= = = = 1.25 𝑠 −1
𝑇 0.8 8
 For SHM, 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡  The number of heart beats per minute (60 s)
 Hence its velocity 𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜔 √𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑿 𝟔𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏−𝟏
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑣 2 = 𝜔2 [𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ] 6. Calculate the amplitude, angular frequency, frequency, time period and initial
 At position 𝑥1 phase for the simple harmonic oscillation given below
𝑣12 = 𝜔2 [𝐴2 − 𝑥12 ] − − − − − − − (1) 1) 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟒𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟏)
 And at position 𝑥2 2) 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅𝒕)
𝑣22 = 𝜔2 [𝐴2 − 𝑥22 ] − − − − − − − (2) 3) 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒕 − 𝟏. 𝟓)
(2) − (1) ⇒ 𝑣12 − 𝑣22 = 𝜔2 [𝐴2 − 𝑥12 ] − 𝜔2 [𝐴2 − 𝑥22 ] Solution :-
= 𝜔2 𝐴2 − 𝜔2 𝑥12 − 𝜔2 𝐴2 + 𝜔2 𝑥22  Equation for simple harmonic motion (SHM)
= 𝜔2 (𝑥22 − 𝑥12 ) 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑶 ) (𝒐𝒓) 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝝋𝑶 )
2
4 𝜋 2𝜋 1) For the SHM, 𝒚 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟒𝟎𝝅𝒕 + 𝟏. 𝟏)
𝑣12 − 𝑣22 = (𝑥22 − 𝑥12 ) [∵ 𝑇 = ]
𝑇2 𝜔 Amplitude ; 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟑 units
2
4 𝜋
∴ 𝑇2 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥12 ) Angular frequency ; 𝝎 = 𝟒𝟎𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏
(𝑣12 − 𝑣22 ) 2 𝝎 𝟒𝟎 𝝅
Frequency ; 𝒇= = 𝟐 𝝅 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑯𝒛
2
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 𝟐 𝝅
𝑇 =2𝜋√ 2 − − − − − − − (3) Time period ; 𝑻= =
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒔
𝑣1 − 𝑣22 𝒇 𝟐𝟎
Initial phase ; 𝝋𝑶 = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒅

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2) For the SHM , 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝝅𝒕) 8. A spring balance has a scale which ranges from 0 to 25 kg and the length of the
Amplitude ; 𝑨 = 𝟐 units scale is 0.25m. It is taken to an unknown planet X where the acceleration due
Angular frequency ; 𝝎 = 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 to gravity is 11.5 m s−1. Suppose a body of mass M kg is suspended in this spring
𝝎 𝝅 and made to oscillate with a period of 0.50 s. Compute the gravitational force
Frequency ; 𝒇= = = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑯𝒛 acting on the body.
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟏 𝟏 Solution :-
Time period ; 𝑻= = =𝟐𝒔
𝒇 𝟎.𝟓  From the theory of vertical oscillations o the spring,
Initial phase ; 𝝋𝑶 = 𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑚 𝑙
=
3) For the SHM, 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒕 − 𝟏. 𝟓) 𝑘 𝑔
Amplitude ; 𝑨 = 𝟑 units 𝑔 25 𝑋 11.5
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑘=𝑚 = = 100 𝑋 11.5 = 1150 𝑁 𝑚−1
Angular frequency ; 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 𝑙 0.25
𝝎 𝟐𝝅
 Time period in vertical oscillations,
Frequency ; 𝒇= = = 𝟏 𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝑀 𝑀
𝟏 𝟏 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇2 = 4 𝜋2
Time period ; 𝑻= = =𝟏𝒔 𝑘 𝑘
𝒇 𝟏
Initial phase ; 𝝋𝑶 = − 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅  Hence the mass of the suspended body,
7. Show that for a simple harmonic motion, the phase difference between 𝑘 𝑇2
𝝅 𝑀=
1) displacement and velocity is radian or 90°. 4 𝜋2
𝝅
𝟐 1150 𝑋 0.52 1150 𝑋 0.25
2) velocity and acceleration is radian or 90°. = 2
=
𝟐 4 𝑋 3.14 4 𝑋 9.86
3) displacement and acceleration is π radian or 180°. 287.5
=
Solution :- 39.44
𝑴 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝒈 ≈ 𝟕. 𝟑 𝒌𝒈
1) Displacement of the particle executing SHM, 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋  Thus the gravitational force acting on the body (i.e.) weight of the body,
Velocity of that particle , 𝑣 = 𝐴 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴 𝜔 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) 𝑊=𝑀𝑔
2
Thus the phase difference between displacement and velocity is, = 7.3 𝑋 11.5 = 83.95 𝑁
𝜋 𝝅 𝑾 ≈ 𝟖𝟒 𝑵
= 𝜔𝑡 + − 𝜔𝑡 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝟗𝟎°
2 𝟐 9. Consider two springs whose force constants are 1 N m−1 and 2 N m−1 which are
2) Velocity of the particle executing SHM , 𝑣 = 𝐴 𝜔 cos 𝜔𝑡 connected in series. Calculate the effective spring constant (ks ) and comment
𝜋
Acceleration of that particle, 𝑎 = − 𝐴 𝜔2 s𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴 𝜔2 cos (𝜔𝑡 + ) on ks .
2
Solution :-
Thus the phase difference between velocity and acceleration is
𝜋 𝝅  When the springs are connected in series, then the effective spring constant
= 𝜔𝑡 + − 𝜔𝑡 = (𝒐𝒓) 𝟗𝟎° 1 1 1 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
2 𝟐 = + =
3) Displacement of the particle executing SHM, 𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑘𝑠 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
Acceleration of that particle, 𝑎 = − 𝐴 𝜔2 s𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐴 𝜔2 s𝑖𝑛 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋) 𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑘𝑠 =
Thus the phase difference between displacement and acceleration is 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
= 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋 − 𝜔𝑡 = 𝝅 (𝒐𝒓) 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 1𝑋2 2
𝑘𝑠 = =
Note: 1+2 3
(1) − sin 𝜔𝑡 = sin(− 𝜔𝑡) = cos [90° − (−𝜔𝑡)] = cos( 𝜔𝑡 + 90°) 𝒌𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏
(2) − sin 𝜔𝑡 = sin(− 𝜔𝑡) = sin [180° − (−𝜔𝑡)] = sin ( 𝜔𝑡 + 180°) Comment :
 Here, 𝑘𝑠 < 𝑘1 and 𝑘𝑠 < 𝑘2
 Therefore, the effective spring constant is lesser than both k1 and k2.

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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10. Consider two springs with force constants 1 N m −1
and 2 N m−1
connected in 12. A mass m moves with a speed v on a horizontal smooth surface and collides
parallel. Calculate the effective spring constant (kp ) and comment on kp. with a nearly massless spring whose spring constant is k. If the mass stops after
Solution :- collision, compute the maximum compression of the spring.
 When the springs are connected in parallel. then the effective spring constant Solution :-
is, 𝒌𝒑 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2  When the mass collides with the spring, from the law of conservation of energy
𝒌𝒑 = 1 + 2 = 𝟑 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏 “the loss in kinetic energy of mass is gain in elastic potential energy by spring”.
Comment :  Let x be the distance of compression of spring.
1
 Here, 𝑘𝑝 > 𝑘1 and 𝑘𝑝 > 𝑘2  Kinetic energy of the spring ; 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣 2
2
1
 Therefore, the effective spring constant is greater than both k1 and k2.  Elastic potential energy of the spring ; 𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑥2
2
11. Calculate the equivalent spring constant for the following systems and also  From the law of conservation of energy ; 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑈
compute if all the spring constants are equal: 1 1
𝑚 𝑣2 = 𝑘 𝑥2
2 2
𝑚 𝑣2
∴ 𝑥2 =
𝑘
𝒎 𝒗𝟐
𝒙= √
𝒌
13. In simple pendulum experiment, we have used small angle approximation.
Discuss the small angle approximation.
Solution :-
Figure (a)   rad 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 Given that all the spring constants are equal, then 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘3 = 𝑘4 = 𝑘 0 0 0
 Here 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are in parallel connection, then, 𝑘  = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 = 2 𝑘 5 0.087 0.087
 And 𝑘3 and 𝑘4 are in parallel connection, then , 𝑘  = 𝑘3 + 𝑘4 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 = 2 𝑘 10 0.174 0.174
 Then 𝑘  and 𝑘  are in series connection, the effective spring constant is 15 0.262 0.256
1 1 1 𝑘  + 𝑘  20 0.349 0.342
=  +  =
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘  𝑘  25 0.436 0.422
1 2𝑘+2𝑘 4𝑘 1 30 0.524 0.500
= = 2
=
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 2𝑘𝑋2𝑘 4𝑘 𝑘 35 0.611 0.574
∴ 𝒌𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝒌 40 0.698 0.643
Figure (b) 45 0.785 0.707
 Since all the spring constants are equal, then 𝑘1 = 𝑘2 = 𝑘3 = 𝑘4 = 𝑘5 = 𝑘6 = 𝑘  Thus from the table, for θ in radian, sin θ ≈ θ for very small angles
 Here 𝑘1 and 𝑘2 are in parallel connection, then, 𝑘  = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 = 2 𝑘 14. If the length of the simple pendulum is increased by 44% from its original
length, calculate the percentage increase in time period of the pendulum.
 And 𝑘4 and 𝑘5 are in parallel connection, then, 𝑘  = 𝑘4 + 𝑘5 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 = 2 𝑘
Solution :-
 Then 𝑘  , 𝑘3 , 𝑘  𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘6 are in series connection, the effective spring constant is  Let be the initial length of the simple pendulum, then its initial time period,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=  + +  + = + + + 𝑇𝑖 ∝ √𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇𝑖 = 𝐾 √𝑙 − − − − − (1)
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑘 𝑘3 𝑘 𝑘6 2𝑘 𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘
 If the length is increased by 44% then its final length,
1 1+2+1+2 6 3 44 44 144
= = = 𝑙  = 𝑙 + 44% 𝑙 = 𝑙 + 𝑙 = 𝑙 [1 + ]= 𝑙 = 1.44 𝑙
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 2𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘 100 100 100
𝒌  Hence its final time period,
∴ 𝒌𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
𝟑 𝑇𝑓 ∝ √𝑙  (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾 √1.44 𝑙 − − − − − (2)

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
 Divide equation (2) by (1)
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
𝑇𝑓 𝐾 √1.44 𝑙
= = √1.44 = 1.2 1. Consider the Earth as a homogeneous sphere of radius R and a straight hole is
𝑇𝑖 𝐾 √𝑙
bored in it through its centre. Show that a particle dropped into the hole will
 If 𝑇𝑖 = 1 𝑠 then 𝑇𝑓 = 1.2 𝑠.
𝑹
 That is time period increases by 0.2 𝑠 (or) 20% execute a simple harmonic motion such that its time period is 𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅√
𝒈
∴ 𝑻𝒇 = 𝑻𝒊 + 𝟐𝟎% 𝑻𝒊
Solution :-
15. Write down the kinetic energy and total energy expressions in terms of linear  Let ‘O’ be the centre of earth and let it will be the
momentum, For one-dimensional case. equilibrium position of particle executing SHM
Solution :-
 At any instant the distance of particle be ‘x’ from ‘O’
1) Kinetic energy,
 Let ‘g’ be the acceleration due to gravity at earth
1 1 𝑚 1
𝐾𝐸(𝑥) = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑚 𝑣𝑥2 = 𝑚2 𝑣𝑥2 surface and the acceleration due to gravity at the depth
2 2 𝑚 2𝑚 ‘d’ is
𝟏
𝑲𝑬(𝒙) = 𝒑𝟐 [𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣] 𝑑 𝑅−𝑑 𝑥
𝟐𝒎 𝒙 𝑔1 = 𝑔 [1 − ] = 𝑔 [ ]= 𝑔 [ ]
2) Total energy, 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
 Then the force acting on the particle be,
𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸(𝑥) + 𝑈(𝑥) 𝑥
𝟏 𝟏 𝐹 = − 𝑚 𝑔1 = −𝑚 𝑔 [ ]
𝑬= 𝒑 𝟐 + 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑅
𝟐𝒎 𝒙 𝟐  By Newton’ law of motion,
16. Compute the position of an oscillating particle when its kinetic energy and 𝑑2𝑥 𝑥
potential energy are equal. 𝑚 2
= −𝑚 𝑔 [ ]
𝑑𝑡 𝑅
Solution :- 𝑑2𝑥 𝑔
 Kinetic energy of the system, =− 𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑅
2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑚 𝜔2 ( 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑 𝑥 𝑔
2 2 + 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑅
 Potential energy of the system, 𝑑2𝑥
1  This differential equation is similar to differential equation of SHM [ 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0]
𝑑𝑡
𝑈 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 2 
2 So, the particle dropped will execute SHM and hence
 Since the kinetic energy and potential energy of the oscillating particle are equal, 𝑔 𝑔
1 1 𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔 = √
𝑚 𝜔2 ( 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝑅 𝑅
2 2 The time period of SHM is,
𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2
2𝜋 𝑅
𝐴2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 2 𝑥 2 𝑇= = 2 𝜋√
𝐴2 𝜔 𝑔
∴ 𝑥2 =
2 2. Consider a simple pendulum of length l = 0.9 m which is properly placed on a
𝑨 trolley rolling down on a inclined plane which is at θ = 45° with the horizontal.
𝒙 = ± Assuming that the inclined plane is frictionless, calculate the time period of
√𝟐
oscillation of the simple pendulum.
Solution :-
 The effective value of acceleration due to
gravity will be equal to the component of g
normal to the inclined plane which is
𝑔′ = 𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠

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 Then the time period is given by, 𝑦 2 𝑦2
(𝑥 − 𝐴 [ ] 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑) = 𝐴2 (1 − 2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝑙 𝑙 𝐵 𝐵
𝑇 = 2 𝜋√ 1 = 2 𝜋√ 𝐴2 2
𝑦 𝐴 𝑦 𝐴2 𝑦 2
𝑔 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 − 2 𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵2
0.9 0.9 0.9 𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴𝑦
𝑇 = 2 𝜋√ = 2𝜋 = 2 × 3.14 × √ 𝑥 2 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 − 2 𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
9.8 × cos 45° √ 1 9.8 × 0.707 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
9.8 × 𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴𝑦
√2 𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜑 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 ) − 2 𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝐵 𝐵
2
𝐴2 𝑦 2 𝐴𝑦
0.9 𝑥 + 2 −2𝑥 cos 𝜑 = 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑
𝑻 = 6.28 × √ = 6.28 × √0.1290 = 6.28 × 0.3604 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝒔 𝐵 𝐵
6.9286  Divide by 𝐴2 on both sides
3. A piece of wood of mass m is floating erect in a liquid whose density is ρ. If it is 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐
+ 𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋 − − − (4)
slightly pressed down and released, then executes simple harmonic motion. 𝑨 𝑩 𝑨𝑩
𝒎 Case (a)
Show that its time period of oscillation is 𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅√  When 𝜑 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 0. Then equation (4) becomes
𝑨𝒈𝝆
Solution :- 𝑥 2 𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦
2
+ 2 − =0
 Let the wood piece of mass ‘m’ and area ‘A’ floating in liquid of density ‘ ’ is 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝑥 𝑦 2
pressed down by a distance ‘𝑥’ and released, so that it execute SHM. (𝑜𝑟) ( − ) =0
 The restoring force is given by, 𝐹 = 𝑘 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥 𝑦
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚𝑔=𝑘𝑥 (𝑜𝑟) − =0
𝐴 𝐵
𝑚𝑔 (𝜌 𝑉) 𝑔 (𝜌 𝐴 𝑥) 𝑔 𝑦 𝑥
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑘= = = = 𝜌𝐴𝑔 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝐵 𝐴
 The time period of vertical oscillation is, 𝑩
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒚= 𝒙
𝒎 𝒎 𝑨
𝑻 = 𝟐 𝝅√ = 𝟐 𝝅√  This is in the form of 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 which is equation of straight line passing
𝒌 𝑨𝒈𝝆 through origin with positive slope
4. Consider two simple harmonic motion along x and y-axis having same Case (b)
frequencies but different amplitudes as x = A sin (ωt + φ) (along x axis) and  When 𝜑 = 𝜋, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 0. Then equation (4) becomes
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝑥 2 𝑦2 2 𝑥 𝑦
y = B sin ωt (along y axis). Then show that
𝑨𝟐
+ 𝑩𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝝋 + + =0
𝑨𝑩 𝐴2 𝐵 2 𝐴𝐵
and also discuss the special cases when 𝑥 𝑦 2
𝝅 𝝅 𝝅 (𝑜𝑟) ( + ) =0
(a) φ = 0 (b) φ = π (c) 𝝋 = (d) 𝝋 = and A = B (e) 𝝋 = 𝐴 𝐵
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝑥 𝑦
Solution :- (𝑜𝑟) + =0
 Given that 𝐴 𝐵
𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) − − − − − − (1) =−
𝐵 𝐴
𝑦 = 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − − − − − − (2) 𝑩
 From (1) (𝑜𝑟) 𝒚=− 𝒙
𝑨
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑  This is in the form of 𝒚 = −𝒎𝒙 which is equation of straight line passing
𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 through origin with negative slope
 Squaring on both sides, Case (c)
𝜋
(𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑)2 = 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑  When 𝜑 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 1. Then equation (4) becomes
2
(𝑥 − 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑)2 = 𝐴2 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜑 − − − (3) 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝑦
 From equation (2) , = sin 𝜔𝑡 and hence equation(3) can be written as + =𝟏
𝐵 𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐
 This is equation for ellipse, whose centre is in origin
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11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
Case (d)  Similarly the average potential energy is,
𝜋 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
 When 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐵, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = 1. Then equation (4) 1 1 1 1
2
becomes 〈𝐸𝑃 〉 = ∫ 𝐸𝑃 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 2 2𝑇
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 0 0 0
+ = 𝟏 (𝒐𝒓) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 𝑇
𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟐 1 1 − cos 2𝜔𝑡 1 sin 2𝜔𝑡 𝑇
 This is equation for circle whose centre is in origin 〈𝐸𝑃 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑡 − ]
2𝑇 2 4𝑇 2𝜔 0
Case (e) 0
𝜋 1 1 1 2𝜋
 When 𝜑 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 cos 𝜑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 𝜑 = . Then equation (4) becomes 〈𝐸𝑃 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑇] [∵ 𝜔 = , sin 0° = sin 4𝜋 = 0]
4 √2 √2 4𝑇 𝑇
𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ − ( )= 〈𝑬𝑷 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − − − − − − − (2)
𝑨𝟐 𝑩𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
 This is equation for oblique or tilted ellipse  Then the total energy
5. Show that for a particle executing simple harmonic motion (a) the average value 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
〈𝑬〉 = 〈𝑬𝑲 〉 + 〈𝑬𝑷 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 + 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐
of kinetic energy is equal to the average value of potential energy. (b) average 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
𝟏  Hence average kinetic energy and average potential energy becomes
potential energy = average kinetic energy = (total energy) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐
Solution :- 〈𝑬𝑲 〉 = 〈𝑬𝑷 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 = [ 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 ] = 〈𝑬〉 = × 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝟒 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 Suppose a particle of mass m executes SHM of period T. 6. Compute the time period for the following
 The displacement of the particles at any instant t is given by system if the block of mass m is slightly
𝑦 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 displaced vertically down from its
 The velocity of the particles at that instant t is given by equilibrium position and then released.
𝑑𝑦
𝑣= = 𝜔 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 Assume that the pulley is light and smooth,
𝑑𝑡 strings and springs are light.
 Then kinetic energy is,
1 1 Solution :-
𝐸𝐾 = 𝑚 𝑣 2 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 Case (i) : Here Pulley is fixed rigidly .
2 2
 The potential energy is  When the mass displace by ‘y’ and the spring will also stretch by ‘y’.
1 1 Therefore, 𝑻 = 𝒌 𝒚
𝐸𝑃 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝑦 2 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡  From the figure 𝐹 = 𝑇
2 2
 Hence the average kinetic energy is, 𝑚𝑎 = − 𝑘𝑦
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑑2 𝑦
1 1 1 1 𝑚 =−𝑘𝑦
〈𝐸𝐾 〉 = ∫ 𝐸𝐾 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑇 𝑇 2 2𝑇 2
𝑑 𝑥 𝑘
0 0 0 =− 𝑦
𝑇 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
1 1 + cos 2𝜔𝑡 1 sin 2𝜔𝑡 𝑇 𝒅𝟐 𝒙 𝒌
〈𝐸𝐾 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑡 + ] + 𝒚=𝟎
2𝑇 2 4𝑇 2𝜔 0 𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒎
0
1 2𝜋  This differential equation is similar to differential equation of SHM
〈𝐸𝐾 〉 = 𝑚 𝜔2 𝐴2 [𝑇] [∵ 𝜔 = , sin 0° = sin 4𝜋 = 0] 𝑑2 𝑥
4𝑇 𝑇 [ + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0] So, the particle dropped will execute SHM. Hence
𝑑𝑡 2
𝟏
〈𝑬𝑲 〉 = 𝒎 𝝎𝟐 𝑨𝟐 − − − − − − − (1) 𝑘 𝑘
𝟒 𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔 = √
𝑚 𝑚
 The time period of SHM is,
𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝑻= = 𝟐 𝝅√
𝝎 𝒌

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
Case (ii) : Here Mass displace by y and pulley also displaces by y. Hence 𝑇 = 4 𝑘𝑦
 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑇
𝑚𝑎 = − 4 𝑘𝑦
𝑑2𝑦
𝑚 =−4𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2𝑥 4𝑘
=− 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
𝑑2𝑥 4 𝑘
+ 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑚
 This differential equation is similar to differential
𝑑2 𝑥
equation of SHM [ 2 + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0] So, the particle
𝑑𝑡
dropped will execute SHM
4𝑘 4𝑘
𝜔2 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔= √
𝑚 𝑚
 The time period of SHM is,
𝟐𝝅 𝒎
𝑻= = 𝟐 𝝅√
𝝎 𝟒 𝒌

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
EXAM NO is moved vertically upwards according as y = k t2, where y is vertical distance covered
NAME : 𝑻𝟐
and k = 1 ms−2, its time period becomes T2. Then, 𝟏
(g = 10 m s−2)
UNIT -10 OSCILLATIONS 𝑻𝟐
𝟐
5 11 6 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks 6 10 5 4
9. An ideal spring of spring constant k, is suspended from the ceiling of a room and a
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 block of mass M is fastened to its lower end. If the block is released when the spring is
Note : (i) Answer all the questions un-stretched, then the maximum extension in the spring is
𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑔
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and (a) 4 (b) (c) 2 (d)
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 2𝑘
corresponding answer
10. A pendulum is hung in a very high building oscillates to and fro motion freely like a
1. In a simple harmonic oscillation, the acceleration against displacement for one
simple harmonic oscillator. If the acceleration of the bob is 16 ms−2 at a distance of 4
complete oscillation will be
m from the mean position, then the time period is
(a) an ellipse (b) a circle
(c) a parabola (d) a straight line (a) 2 s (b) 1 s (c) 2π s (d) π s
2. A particle executing SHM crosses points A and B with the same velocity. Having taken 11. A hollow sphere is filled with water. It is hung by a long thread. As the water flows
3 s in passing from A to B, it returns to B after another 3 s. The time period is out of a hole at the bottom, the period of oscillation will
(a) 15 s (b) 6 s (c) 12 s (d) 9 s (a) first increase and then decrease (b) first decrease and then increase
(c) increase continuously (d) decrease continuously
3. The length of a second’s pendulum on the surface of the Earth is 0.9 m. The length of
12. The damping force on an oscillator is directly proportional to the velocity. The units
the same pendulum on surface of planet X such that the acceleration of the planet X is
of the constant of proportionality are
n times greater than the Earth is
(a) kg m s−1 (b) kg m s−2 (c) kg s−1 (d) kg s
09 2 0.9
(a) 0.9n (b) m (c) 0.9𝑛 m (d) 2 13. When a damped harmonic oscillator completes 100 oscillations, its amplitude is
𝑛 𝑛
𝟏
4. A simple pendulum is suspended from the roof of a school bus which moves in a reduced to of its initial value. What will be its amplitude when it completes 200
𝟑
horizontal direction with an acceleration a, then the time period is oscillations?.
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1
(a) 𝑇 ∝ 2 2 (b) 𝑇 ∝ (c)𝑇 ∝ √𝑔 + 𝑎 2
(d)𝑇 ∝ 𝑔 + 𝑎 2
(c) 5 (b) (c) (d)
𝑔 +𝑎 √𝑔2 +𝑎2 3 6 9
5. Two bodies A and B whose masses are in the ratio 1:2 are suspended from two 14. Which of the following differential equations represents a damped harmonic oscillator
separate massless springs of force constants kA and kB respectively. If the two bodies ?
oscillate vertically such that their maximum velocities are in the ratio 1:2, the ratio of 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(a) 2 + 𝑦 = 0 (b) 2 + 𝛾 + 𝑦 = 0
the amplitude A to that of B is 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐵 2 𝑘𝐵 8 𝑘𝐵 (c) 2 + 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 0 (d) + 𝑦 = 0
(a) √ (b) √ (c) √ (d) √ 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑘𝐴 8 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐴
15. If the inertial mass and gravitational mass of the simple pendulum of length l are not
6. A spring is connected to a mass m suspended from it and its time period for vertical equal, then the time period of the simple pendulum is
oscillation is T. The spring is now cut into two equal halves and the same mass is 𝑚 𝑙 𝑚𝑔 𝑙
suspended from one of the halves. The period of vertical oscillation is (a) 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √ 𝑖 (b) 𝑇 = 2𝜋 √
𝑚 𝑔 𝑔 𝑚 𝑔 𝑖
1 1 𝑇 1 1 𝑇
(a) 𝑇 = √2 𝑇 (b) 𝑇 = (c) 𝑇 = √2 𝑇 (d)𝑇 = √ (c) 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑚𝑔
√𝑔
𝑙
(d) 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑚𝑖
√𝑔
𝑙
√2 2
𝑚𝑖 𝑚𝑔
7. The time period for small vertical oscillations of block of mass m when
the masses of the pulleys are negligible and spring constant k1 and k2 is
1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑇 = 4 𝜋√𝑚 [ + ] (b) 𝑇 = 2 𝜋√𝑚 [ + ]
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2

(c) 𝑇 = 4 𝜋√𝑚 [𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ] (d) 𝑇 = 2 𝜋√𝑚 [𝑘1 + 𝑘2 ]

8. A simple pendulum has a time period T1. When its point of suspension PART - II 6 X 2 = 12
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
 11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT – 10 OSCILLATIONS COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
16. Differentiate periodic and non - periodic motion.
17. Define simple harmonic motion (SHM).
18. Define time period in SHM
19. Define angular frequency. Give its unit.
20. What is flexibility constant or compliance? Give its unit.
21. Define resonance.
22. What is meant by damped harmonic oscillations?
23. A nurse measured the average heart beats of a patient and reported to the doctor in
terms of time period as 0.8 s. Express the heart beat of the patient in terms of number
of beats measured per minute.
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
24. Describe simple harmonic motion as a projection of uniform circular motion.
25. Show graphically the Variation of displacement, velocity and acceleration at different
instant of time during SHM.
26. Write down the differences between simple harmonic motion and angular harmonic
motion?
27. State and explains laws of simple pendulum
28. Write short notes on the oscillations of liquid column in U-tube
29. Give the advantages and disadvantages of resonance.
30. Consider two springs whose force constants are 1 N m −1 and 2 N m−1 which are
connected in series and parallel. Calculate the effective spring constant ks and kp.
Comment on ks and kp
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
31. Define Displacement, velocity, acceleration in SHM obtain expression for it
(OR)

அக்கினிக் குஞ்ச ொன்று கண்டேன் – அதத

What is meant by angular harmonic oscillation?. Compute the time period of angular
harmonic oscillation.
32. Explain the horizontal oscillations of a spring அங்சகொரு கொட்டிட ொர் சபொந்திதே தைத்டதன்
(OR)
சைந்து தனிந்தது கொடு – தழல்
வீரத்தில் குஞ்ச ொன்றும் மூப்சபன்றும் உண்டேொ?
Deduce the effective spring constant when the springs are connected in series
33. Discuss the simple pendulum in detail and prove that the motion of simple pendulum
is a simple harmonic and obtain an expression for its time period. தத்தரிகிே தத்தரிகிே தித்டதொம்
(OR)
Discuss in detail the energy in simple harmonic motion - மகொகவி சுப்பிரமண்ய பொரதியொர்

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502