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    The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Key developments included the increased use of machines, new sources of energy like steam power, and new methods of organizing industrial production. While it led to economic growth and higher wages for some, early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, pollution, and social problems. The Third Industrial Revolution began in the 1970s, driven by new information technologies and automation that further transformed manufacturing.

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    2 - Sector

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    Roxy
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    The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Key developments included the increased use of machines, new sources of energy like steam power, and new methods of organizing industrial production. While it led to economic growth and higher wages for some, early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, pollution, and social problems. The Third Industrial Revolution began in the 1970s, driven by new information technologies and automation that further transformed manufacturing.

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    The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Key developments included the increased use of machines, new sources of energy like steam power, and new methods of organizing industrial production. While it led to economic growth and higher wages for some, early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, pollution, and social problems. The Third Industrial Revolution began in the 1970s, driven by new information technologies and automation that further transformed manufacturing.

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    9 views2 pages

    2 - Sector

    Uploaded by

    Roxy
    The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century and later spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Key developments included the increased use of machines, new sources of energy like steam power, and new methods of organizing industrial production. While it led to economic growth and higher wages for some, early industrialization also brought poor working conditions, pollution, and social problems. The Third Industrial Revolution began in the 1970s, driven by new information technologies and automation that further transformed manufacturing.

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    of 2

    FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

    ABSTRACT
    The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain between 1760 and 1830, but the British monopoly could not last
    forever. Two Englishmen, William and John Cockerill, introduced the Industrial Revolution to Belgium in 1807, and
    Belgium soon became the first country in continental Europe to transform itself economically. However, France
    industrialised more slowly and less thoroughly than Britain or Belgium, and the uncertain political situation slowed down
    major investments in industrial innovations. Other European states were far behind, as their own middle classes lacked the
    wealth, power and opportunities of their British, French and Belgian partners. Although Germany, with vast resources of
    coal and iron, did not begin its industrial expansion until after national reunification, which took place in 1870.
    The Soviet Union became a major industrial power, and in the mid-20th century the Industrial Revolution extended to
    non-industrialised areas such as China and India.
    The industrial revolution occurred along with capitalist economies. In capitalism, businessmen (capitalists) started to
    arrange labour centrally in factories and introduced the division of labour to increase production and profitability. Unlike
    the craft and guild systems that preceded it, capitalist production promoted technological change and innovation at an
    incredible speed.
    ADVANTAGES
    ● Advancements in production.
    ● Growth in innovations and inventions.
    ● Workers earned higher wages.
    ● Improvements in transportation networks.

    DISADVANTAGES
    ● Deplorable working conditions and child labour.
    ● Unsanitary living conditions and pollution.
    ● Food shortages.

    CHARACTERISTICS
    - The use of new basic materials, mainly iron and steel.
    - The use of modern sources of energy.
    - Invention of new machines, such as the spinning machine and the power loom.
    - The new organisation of work, known as the factory system, which led to a greater division of labour and specialisation
    of functions.
    - Major advances in transport and communications.
    - The increasing application of science to industry.
    Non-industrial developments.
    - Agricultural improvements.
    - Economic changes that led to a wider distribution of wealth, the decline of land as a source of wealth in the face of
    increased industrial production and increased international trade.
    - Political changes reflecting the shift in economic power.
    - Radical social changes, such as the growth of cities, the development of workers' movements and the emergence of new
    models of authority.
    - Widespread cultural transformations.
    -Confidence in the ability to manage resources and master nature increased.
    INVENTIONS
    Steam Engine 1712→ Thomas Newcomen (Wales)
    Spinning Jenny 1764→ James Hargreaves (England)
    Patent for cotton gin in 1794→Eli Whitney (USA)
    Telegraph dev in the 1830s and 1840s → Samuel Morse and other inventors (USA) What hath God wrought?

    THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

    1
    The Third Industrial Revolution began in the ’70s in the 20th century through partial automation using
    memory-programmable controls and computers. Since the introduction of these technologies, we are now able to
    automate an entire production process - without human assistance.
    It began after the Second World War came to an end. It was the United States, the countries of Western Europe and Japan
    that led the transformations. The creator of the concept of the Third Industrial Revolution was Jeremy Rifkin, an
    American sociologist and economist. --> European Parliament in 2006.
    Its main basis would be the rise of new technologies, mainly information technologies. Internet and all the advances
    developed from the network.

    CONSEQUENCES
    The economy and work have become globalised .
    Ease of communication and transport over great distances .
    Great advances in matters related to energy .
    Decreasing importance of labour in relation to innovations, leading to an increase in the number of workers in certain
    sectors but a major cutback in others .
    Increased human dependence on technology .
    Technological improvement has enabled some tasks in more basic economic sectors such as the primary sector to be
    performed.
    The first Factor that led to the search for these energies was economic, the price of traditional energy sources rose. This
    worsened even more in the 1970s and 1980s, with the oil crises.
    World War II --> Concern for the environment appeared, which led to the start of studies to find less polluting energy
    alternatives.
    Energy sources such as wind, hydro, solar and geothermal energy are exploited. Despite all the research, fossil fuels are
    still the most widely used today.
    Nuclear power is another energy source that has gained importance. However, its use is still controversial, mainly because
    of safety and waste issues.
    Capitalism had taken hold as the dominant system almost everywhere in the world, with the exception of the Soviet bloc.
    However, various events caused this financial and monopoly capitalism to enter into crisis at the end of the 1960s.
    The prices of raw materials and energy sources rose sharply. Numerous countries went into crisis and unemployment rose
    sharply. Workers, students and other social sectors began to hold protests, both over economic problems and in defence of
    the environment.
    The Welfare State began to be strengthened, which translated into new taxes to be able to offer social rights to the
    population.
    Faced with this situation, some companies opted to spread their headquarters and products across several different
    countries. On the positive side this opened up economic possibilities, but on the negative side it led to increased
    unemployment in many areas.
    Another cost-saving tactic of companies was to decentralise productivity. Subcontracting--> New technology.
    INVENTIONS
    In 1962, ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) created the internet under the direction of John Licklider.
    The first computer was invented by Charles Babbage (1822) but was not built until 1991! Alan Turing invented computer
    science. USA
    The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X was the first handheld cellular phone, first call→ Motorola engineer Martin Cooper from
    Sixth Avenue in New York.
    The first wind turbine ever built by Charles F. Brush in 1887. USA
    Modern nanotechnology truly began in 1981, when the scanning tunnelling microscope allowed scientists and engineers
    to see and manipulate individual atoms. IBM scientists Gerd Binnig and Heinrich. Switzerland

    RETURN OF INDUSTRIES
    In the last 3 years, 153 companies have returned to the United States, and 208 have returned to the European Union.
    40% of Mango's factories are in Spain or nearby countries whereas only 3 years ago this was much lower (>25%).
    Apple is expected to move 15-30% of its production from China to other Southeast Asian countries or even to Mexico.
    General Motors is reshoring its battery production to Michigan where a new hub for lithium-based products is to emerge
    soon
    Yasmine Jebari Gorfti Mesmoudi Atou.
    2

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