CH 04

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes
only to
students enrolled in courses for which the textbook, Fundamentals of Machine Component Design by Robert C. Juvinall and Kurt M. Marshek
has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
SOLUTION (4.1)
Known: The one-inch thick “rectangular like” bar with oval opening is shown in Figure
P4.1. The bar is loaded in compression through two hardened steel balls.
Find: Estimate the maximum compressive stress in each of the sections A to D.
Schematic and Given Data:
C D E
A B 1"
4000 lb 2.5" 4000 lb

1"
1/2" 1/2"
dia. dia.
4"
10"
16"
18"
Assumptions:
1. An element of the shaft once deformed to the yield point will continue to deform
with no increase in stress; i.e. the material follows an idealized stress-strain curve.
2. The rectangular bar will not buckle.
3. There are no residual stresses in the rectangular bar.
4. The load is applied exactly along the centroidal axis of the bar.
Analysis:
1. Sec. A: σmax = Sy = 50 ksi
2. Sec. B: σmax = P/A = 4 ksi
3. Sec. C: σmax = P/A = 2 ksi
4. Sec. D: σmax = P/A = 1.6 ksi
5. Sec. E: σmax = Sy = 50 ksi (Same as Sec. A)
Comments:
1. All sections have average stress = P/A.
4-1
2. Sections B, C, and D should have maximum stress approximately equal to P/A.
3. The maximum stress at a cross section is equal to P/A only if the load is
uniformly distributed over the cross section.
4. A Hertz contact stress analysis – see Chapter 9.13 – would reveal that the 4000
lb force applied through each hardened steel balls would cause compressive
yielding at the ball contact location with the bar. However the bar would support
the hardened steel ball because of its diameter, the magnitude of the load, and the
compressive strength of the bar.
4-2
SOLUTION (4.2)
Known: The rectangular bar shown in Figure P4.1 is loaded in compression through
two hardened steel balls.
Find: Estimate the maximum compressive stress in each of the sections A to D.
Assumptions:
1. An element of the shaft once deformed to the yield point will continue to deform
with no increase in stress; i.e. the material follows an idealized stress-strain curve.
2. The rectangular bar will not buckle.
3. There are no residual stresses in the rectangular bar.
Analysis:
1. Sec. A: σmax = Sy = 50 ksi
2. Sec. B: σmax = P/A = 1 ksi
3. Sec. C: σmax = P/A = 0.67 ksi
4. Sec. D: σmax = Sy = 50 ksi (Same as Sec. A)
Comments:
2. Sections B and C should have maximum stress approximately equal to P/A.
3. The maximum stress at a cross section is equal to P/A only if the load is
4-3
SOLUTION (4.3)
Known: A shaft is axially loaded in compression.
Find: List the lettered sections where the average compressive stress is equal to P/A.
Also list the sections where the maximum stress is equal to P/A.
A B C D E F
Assumptions:
1. The shaft will not buckle.
2. There are no residual stresses in the shaft.
Analysis:
2. Sections B, E, and F should have maximum stress approximately equal to P/A.
Comment: The maximum stress is equal to P/A only if the load is uniformly
distributed over the cross section.
SOLUTION (4.4)
Known: A link is axially loaded in tension.
Find: Identify the sections where the average compressive stress is equal to P/A. Also
identify the sections where the maximum stress is equal to P/A.
A B C D E F
P P
4-4
Assumptions:
1. There are no residual stresses in the shaft.
2. The load is applied exactly along the centroidal axis of the link.
Analysis:
2. Sections C and D should have maximum stress approximately equal to P/A.
Comment: The maximum stress at a cross section is equal to P/A only if the load is
4-5
SOLUTION (4.5)
Known: A uniformly tapered vertical cone has a height, h, and a base diameter, d.
The volume of the cone is Vcone = (1/12) π d2h where d = the diameter of the base,
and h is the height of the cone. The cone is fabricated of a material with a density,
ρ.
Find: Determine the compressive stress at the cross section of the base, B, and at
the cross section, A, half way up the cone, and then compare the results.
h/2
A
height, h
B
base diameter, d
Assumptions:
1. The cone has uniform material properties.
2. The cone will support it own weight.
3. The supporting base surface (e.g., ground) is firm and distributes the pressure
uniformly on the base of the cone.
Analysis:
1. The compressive stress is given by σcomp = F/A = where F = force at the cross
section and A = area of the cross section.
4-6
2. The area of the cross section at B is AB= πd2/4
3. The area of the cross section at A is AA= π[d/2]2/4 = πd2/16
4. The weight of the material above section A is FA = ρ VA =

ρ(1/12) π [d/2]2[h/2]
5. The weight of the material above section B is FB = ρ VB = ρ Vcone

= ρ (1/12) π d2h
6. The compressive stress at cross section A is σAcomp = FA/AA

= {ρ(1/12) π [d/2]2[h/2]}/[ πd2/16] = ρh/6
7. The compressive stress at cross section B is σBcomp = FB/AB

= {ρ(1/12) π [d/2]2[h/2]}/[ πd2/16] = ρh/3
Comment: The compressive stress at cross section B is twice as large as the

compressive stress at cross section A.
4-7
SOLUTION (4.6)
Known: Limestone blocks approximately 8 x14 x 6 inches high are stacked dry, one on
top of the other. The limestone block density is 135 lb per cubic foot and the block has
a compressive strength of 4000 psi.
Find: Determine in theory how high the blocks could be stacked before the block on the
bottom would fail because of the compressive stress. Comment on whether the stacking
pattern would effect how high the blocks could be stacked?
Assumptions:
1. The stability of the stack is not an issue in this calculation.
2. The compressive strength and density used are sufficiently accurate.
Analysis:
1. The compressive stress is given by σcomp = F/A = where F = force at the cross
section and A = area of the cross section.
2a. The area of the cross section at the bottom of the stack is AB= W x L = 8 x 14
= 112 in2.
2b. The volume of the block, V = W x L x H = [8 x 14 x 6]/123 = 0.389 ft3
3. The weight of one block is the volume of a block in cubic feet times the
weight of limestone per cubic feet; i.e., Wblock = V x [135 lb per cubic feet] =
52.5 lb.
4. The total weight of n blocks is Wnblocks = n x Wblock
5. The compressive stress near the bottom of the bottom block is given by
σcomp = F/A = Wnblocks/ AB = [n x 52.5 lb] / 112 in2 = Scomp strength = 4000 psi
6. Solving the above for n gives, n = 8533 blocks
7. With a block height of 6 inches, the stack would be approximately 4267 feet
high or 0.808 miles high.
Comment:
1. “Wiki answers” cautions that “ Limestone is a natural earth material and so
4-8
significant variability in strength and stiffness properties may occur. As such ranges of
values are commonly quoted for the strength of rock and other geotechnical materials.
Ideally therefore the user would have access to specific lab test data for the rock type in
question. Also it is important to note that intact rock strengths require scaling for use in
rock engineering as rock masses are usually fractured and discontinuous bodies whose
behavior is often controlled by the shear strength of the discontinuities rather than the
intact strength properties of the rock. Considerable care should therefore be taken when
attempting to apply intact rock strength parameters derived in the laboratory for use in
rock mass engineering design.”
2. It is reported that Empire State Building in New York City is clad in Indiana
Limestone
3. The test developed by the American Society of Testing Materials, ASTM C170,
shows that the ultimate compressive strength of dry limestone specimens is 4,000 psi
minimum (Reference: See http://www.iliai.com/index.php?pageId=206
and http://iliai.com/index.php?pageId=2).
4. Both architects and engineers use the physical properties of stone when constructing
building walls. The Indiana quarries have historical and current test data available to
confirm the strengths of the stone produced in their operations. The limestone
properties required are those cited in the American Society of Testing and Materials
(ASTM) Standard Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone. Identified as C-568,
this specification lists five major physical property requirements.
5. As an aside, note that the density of limestone generally ranges from 135 to 160 lb
per cubic foot. The compressive strength of limestone ranges from 2175 psi to 42,060
psi (15 MPa to 290 MPa).
6. If the limestone block density is 135 lb per cubic foot and its compressive
strength is 40,000 psi, n = 85,333 blocks, and with a block height of 6 inches, the
stack would be approximately 42,667 feet high or “8.08 miles high”.
7. Does the answer of “8.08 miles high” show that we cannot build a stairway to space?
4-9
SOLUTION (4.7)
Known: A force, P, is producing shear stress in a bolt or pin made of a ductile metal
of known diameter and strength.
Find: Determine the force, P, required to produce shear failure with the configuration
shown in Fig. 4.4.
P
P d = 60 mm
Fig. 4.4
S us = 200 MPa
Assumptions:
1. Bending is negligible.
2. Plate interface friction is negligible.
3. Bolt and pin materials are homogeneous.
4. The loading is static.
5. There are no residual stresses.
Analysis: For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,
P = ASus = 2 π(30 mm)2 (200 MPa) = 1,130,972 N = 1130 kN. ■
SOLUTION (4.8D)
Known: A force, P, in a bolted or pinned joint produces shear failure in the bolt or pin.
The bolt or pin are made of steel of known diameter.
Find: Select a steel from Appendix C-4a and determine the force, P, required to
produce shear failure in a 0.750 in.-diameter bolt or pin with the configuration shown in
Fig. 4.4.
4-10
P
P d = 0.750 in.
Fig. 4.4
Decisions: Use as-rolled AISI 1040 with Su = 90.0 ksi.
Assumptions:
6. The Sus ≈ 0.62 Su is accurate for this analysis.
Analysis: For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,
P = ASus = 2 π(0.375 in)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi) = 49,303 lb. ■
Comment: Sus ≈0.62Su is from Eq. 10.16 for the shear strength of steel bolts.
SOLUTION (4.9)
Find: Determine the force, P, required to produce shear failure with the configuration
shown in Fig. 4.3.
4-11
P
P d = 30 mm
Fig. 4.3
S us = 200 MPa
Assumptions:
Analysis: For Fig. 4.3, since the bolt is in single shear,
P = ASus = π(30 mm)2 (200 MPa) = 565,486 N = 565 kN. ■
SOLUTION (4.10D)
The bolt or pin are made of steel of known diameter.
produce shear failure in a 0.750 in.-diameter bolt or pin with the configuration shown in
Fig. 4.3.
P d = 0.750 in.
Fig. 4.3
Assumptions:
4-12
Analysis: For Fig. 4.3, since the bolt is in single shear,
P = ASus = π(0.375 in)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi) = 24,651 lb. ■
4-13
SOLUTION (4.11)
Known: A force, P = 12,325 lb, loads the pinned joint shown in Fig. 4.4. The pin is
made of ANSI 1040 steel with Su = 90.0 ksi (where Sus = 0.62 Su).
Find: Determine the minimum diameter pin required to avoid pin shear failure.
P = 12, 325 lb P = 12, 325 lb

d=?
Fig 4.4
Assumptions:
3. Pin materials are homogeneous.
6. The Sus ≈0.62Su is accurate for this analysis.
Analysis:
For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,
P = 12,325 lb = A Sus = 0.5 π(d)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi)
d = 0.375 in. ■
SOLUTION (4.12D)
The bolt or pin are made of steel of know diameter.
produce shear failure in a 0.375 in.-diameter bolt or pin: (a) with the configuration
shown in Fig. 4.3, (b) with the configuration shown in Fig. 4.4.
4-14
P
P
P d = 0.375 in. P d = 0.375 in.
Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4
Assumptions:
Analysis:
1. For Fig. 4.3, since the bolt is in single shear,
P = ASus = π(0.1875 in)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi) = 6,163 lb. ■
2. For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,
P = ASus = 2 π(0.1875 in)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi) = 12,325 lb. ■
4-15
SOLUTION (4.13)
Find: Determine the force, P, required to produce shear failure: (a) with the
configuration shown in Fig. 4.3, (b) with the configuration shown in Fig. 4.4.
P
P d = 30 mm P d = 30 mm
Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4

S us = 200 MPa
Assumptions:
Analysis:
1. For Fig. 4.3, since the bolt is in single shear,
P = ASus = π(15 mm)2 (200 MPa) = 141,372N = 141 kN. ■
2. For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,
P = ASus = 2 π(15 mm)2 (200 MPa) = 282,743N = 283 kN. ■
4-16
SOLUTION (4.14D)
Known: A steel driveshaft transmits a known power at a specified angular velocity.
Find: Select the diameter for a steel driveshaft and:

(a) determine the nominal shear stress at the surface.
(b) determine the outside diameter required to give the same outer surface stress if a
hollow shaft of inside diameter 0.9 times the outside diameter is used.
(c) compare the weights of the solid and hollow shafts.
Rotation
unknown 250 hp, n = 5000 rpm

diameter
do di d
Decision: Select a diameter of 3".
Assumptions:
1. Bending and axial loads are negligible.
2. The bar is straight and round.
3. The material is homogeneous, and perfectly elastic within the stress range
involved.
4. The effect of stress raisers is negligible.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (1.3), T = 5252
n
W
5252(250 hp)
T= = 262. 6 lb ft = 3151. 2 lb in.
5000 rpm
2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T

" d3
4-17
16 (3151. 2 lb in. )
!= = 594. 4 psi
" (3 in. ) 3 ■
3. For a hollow shaft,

do3 - (0.9)4 do3 = 33
0.344 do3 = 27
do = 4.282 in. ■
2 2
4. Wt. hollow = Area hollow = 4. 282 - (0. 9 ! 4. 282) = 0. 39 ■
Wt. solid Area solid 2
3
Comment: It is more economical to use a hollow shaft when pure shear stress is
involved.
SOLUTION (4.15)
Known: A steel propeller shaft with a given diameter transmits a known power at a
specified angular velocity.
Find:
(a) Determine the nominal shear stress at the surface.
(b) Determine the outside diameter required to give the same outer surface stress if a
(c) Compare the weights of the solid and hollow shafts.
Rotation
2500 hp, n = 2000 rpm

2 in.
do di d
Assumptions:
4-18
involved.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (1.3), T = 5252
n
W
5252(2500)
T= = 6565 lb ft = 78, 780 lb in.
2000
2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T
" d3
16 (78, 780)
!= = 50, 153 psi = 50 ksi
" (2)3 ■

do3 - (0.9)4 do3 = 23
0.344 do3 = 8
do = 2.86 in. ■
2 2
involved.
4-19
SOLUTION (4.16)
Find:
Rotation
700 kW, n = 1500 rpm

30 mm
do di d
Assumptions:
involved.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (1.2), T = 9549
n
W
9549(700)
T= = 4456. 2 N•m
1500
2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T
" d3
4-20
16 (4456. 2)
!= = 840. 56 MPa
" (0. 03)3 ■

do3 - (0.8)4 do3 = (0.03)3
0.5904 do3 = 2.7 ✕ 10-5
do = 35.8 mm ■
2 2
involved.
4-21
SOLUTION (4.17D)
Known: A 40 mm steel shaft transmits 500 kw.
Find: Select a steel from Appendix C-4a and a rotational speed for the 40 mm shaft,
and then:
(a) determine the nominal shear stress at the surface within the τ ≤ 0.2Su limit.
(b) determine the outside diameter required to give the same outer surface stress if a
(c) compare the weights of the solid and hollow shafts.
Rotation
500 kW
40 mm n = 1250 to 2000 rpm
do di d
Decisions: Select normalized AISI 4340 with Su = 1279.0 MPa. Select 2000 rpm for
the rotational speed.
Assumptions:
involved.
5. τ ≤ 0.2Su is a limit on acceptable steel selections.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (1.2), T = 9549
n
W
4-22
9549(500)
T= = 2387. 3 N•m
2000
2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T

" d3
16 (2387. 3)
!= = 190. 0 MPa
" (0. 04) 3 ■
3. τ ≤ 0.2Su
190.0 MPa ≤ 0.2(1279 MPa)
190.0 MPa ≤ 255.8 MPa

do3 - (0.8)4 do3 = (0.04)3
0.5904 do3 = 6.4 x 10-5
do = 47.7 mm ■
2 2
40
Comments:
1. The steel selected has τ ≤ 0.2Su.
2. The weight of the hollow shaft is 51% the weight of the solid shaft.
4-23
SOLUTION (4.18)
Find:
Rotation
3200 hp, n = 2000 rpm

2.5 in.
do di d
Assumptions:
involved.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (1.3), T = 5252
n
W
5252(3200)
T= = 8403 lb ft = 100, 838 lb in.
2000
2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T
" d3
16 (100, 838)
!= = 32, 868 psi = 33 ksi
" (2. 5)3 ■
4-24
do3 - (0.85)4 do3 = 2.53
0.478 do3 = 15.625
do = 3.20 in. ■
2 2
Wt. solid Area solid 2. 52
involved.
SOLUTION (4.19)
Known: The maximum shear stress is given for a hollow shaft of known geometry
subjected to pure torsion.
Find: Determine the torque that produces the given maximum shear stress.
d i = 20 mm
do = 25 mm
!
max = 570 MPa
Assumptions:
1. The shaft is straight.
2. The material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
3. There are no stress raisers.
Analysis:
16Tdo
1. From Eq. (4.3), ! = Tr =
J " d4o - d4i
!(570) 25 4 - 20 4 6
2. T= = 10.325 " 10 N•mm = 10,325 N•m ■
16(25)
4-25
SOLUTION (4.20)
Known: The same value of torque is applied to both a solid square shaft (b ✕ b) and a
solid round shaft of radius r.
Find:
(a) Determine the ratio b/r for both square and round shafts so as to produce equal
maximum shear values.
(b) Compare the weight of the two shafts for the square and round shafts.
(c) Compare the ratio of strength-to-weight for the square and round shafts.
T
T
T T
2r
b
Assumptions:
1. The shafts are straight.
4. The shafts are made of the same material.
Analysis:
1. For equal stress, equate Eq. (4.4) with Eq. (4.5).
16 T = 4. 8 T
!(2r)3 b3
16 b3 = 4. 8
8!r3
b 3 = 7. 5398
r
b = 1. 96 ■
r
4-26
Wt. square per unit length b2 b2
2. = 2= 2
= 1. 22 ■
Wt. round per unit length !r ! b
1. 96
(Strength/wt. )square T/Ws
3. = = Wr = 1 = 0. 82 ■
(Strength/wt. )round T/Wr Ws 1. 22
Comment: The round bar is more economical (higher strength to weight ratio) than
the square bar for the same shear stress.
4-27
SOLUTION (4.21)
Known: The maximum shear stress produced in a shaft transmitting torque is given.
Find: Determine the torque:

(a) In a round shaft of 40 mm diameter.
(b) In a square shaft, 40 mm on a side.
T T
dia. = 40 mm 40 mm
!
max = 400 MPa
Assumptions:
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16T3
"d
(400)(!)(40)3
T= = 5. 03 " 106 N•mm
16
= 5030 N•m ■
2. From Eq. (4.5), τ = 4. 8T

a3
400(40)3
T= = 5. 33 ! 106 N•mm = 5330 N•m
4. 8 ■
4-28
SOLUTION (4.22)
Known: The geometries of a solid round shaft and a solid square shaft of the same
size (circle diameter equal to side of square) are given.
Find: Compare the torque transmitting strength, the weight, and the ratio of strength
to weight of the two shafts.
T
T
d
d
Assumptions:
4. The shafts are made of the same material.
Analysis:
1. For equal stress, equate Eq. (4.14) with Eq. (4.5).
16 Tround 4. 8 Tsquare
=
!d3 d3
T square = Tround 16 = 1. 061 Tround

4. 8! ■
Wt. square per unit length 2

2. = d = 4 = 1. 273 ■
Wt. round per unit length ! d2 !
4
(Strength/wt. )square 1. 061
3. = = 0. 833 ■
(Strength/wt. )round 1. 273
Comment: The round bar is more economical (higher strength to weight ratio) than
the square bar for the same shear stress.
4-29
SOLUTION (4.23)
Known: A straight bar of solid rectangular cross section and one of solid round cross
section are subjected to tensile, bending, and torsional loads. Surface stresses are to be
computed for each load and each bar.
4.10
Find: Discuss briefly any inherent limitations in applying the stress formulas, σ = P/A,
σ Μy/I, τ = Τr/J to this problem.
Assumptions: Both the straight solid rectangular bar and the straight solid round bar
have no stress concentrations.
Analysis:
1. σ = P/A, σ = Μy/I are applicable to both the rectangular and the round bar.
2. τ = Τr/J is applicable to only the round bar.
Comment: If τ = Τr/J is applied to the rectangular bar it would give a surface stress
distribution essentially opposite the true distribution.
SOLUTION (4.24)
Known: A cantilever beam of rectangular cross section, length, L, width, w, and a
height h = h(x) is manufactured of steel and loaded on the end with a force F. We
are to neglect the weight of the beam.
Find: Determine the shape, h = h(x), for the beam that will produce a constant
maximum bending stress along the beam length; i.e., determine the shape of the
lightest weight beam where h the height of the beam h = h(x); i.e., find h(x).
y axis
h(x)
x
x axis
L -x
4-30
Assumptions:
1. The steel used is uniform in properties.
2. The lightest weight beam will have a constant maximum bending stress along
the length of the beam equal to the strength of the beam in bending, Sult.
Analysis:
1. The bending stress at a distance x from the wall and at c, where c = [h(x)]/2 at
h(x) is σ h(x) = Mc/I
2. The bending moment acting on the cross section of the beam at a distance x
from the wall where h = h(x) is given by Mh(x) = F (L – x)
3a. The area moment of inertia at the rectangular cross section is I h(x) = bh3/12 =
w[h(x)]3/12
3b. Letting σ h(x) = Sult and solving for h(x) gives, h(x) = [6F(L-x)/(wSult)]0.5
4. As an example, for w = 1 inch, L = 10 inches, F = 10,000 lbf, and Sult =

60,000 psi we have h(x) = [(10-x)]0.5 inches
5. For a distance x from the wall, h is given in the table below.
x (inches) h (inches) h (inches)
0 √10 3.16
1 3 3.0
2 √8 2.82
3 √7 2.65
4 √6 2.45
5 √5 2.24
6 2 2
7 √3 1.732
8 √2 1.414
9 1 1
10 0 0
Comment: The function h(x) = [10 – x] 0.5 can be sketched by noting that h(x) ≈ -[x] 0.5
and that at x = 10, h = 0 and x = 0, h = 10 0.5 = 3.16 inches.
4-31
SOLUTION (4.25)
Known: A straight round shaft is subjected to a known bending moment.
Find:
(a) Calculate the nominal bending stress at the surface.
(b) If a hollow shaft of inside diameter 0.5 times the outside diameter is used,
compute the outside diameter required to give the same outer-surface stress.
M = 2000 ft-lb
2 in.
Assumptions:
1. The bar is initially straight.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (4.8), ! = 32M for a round bar.
"d3
32(24, 000 in. lb)
!= = 30, 558 psi = 31 ksi
"(2 in. )3 ■
2. If a hollow shaft is used,
d3h - 0. 5 4 dh 3 = 23 where dh is the outer diameter of the hollow shaft.
0. 9375 d3h = 8
dh = 2. 043 in. ■
4-32
Comment: By comparing the weights of the hollow and solid shafts, to give the same
outer surface stress, it is found that a hollow shaft is more economical than a solid
shaft.
4-33
SOLUTION (4.26)
Find: Calculate the nominal bending stress at the surface.
M = 3200 ft-lb
3 in.
Assumptions:
Analysis:
From Eq. (4.8), ! = 32M for a round bar.
"d3
32(38, 400 in. lb)
!= = 14, 487 psi = 14. 5 ksi ■
"(3 in. )3
SOLUTION (4.27)
Find: Calculate the nominal bending stress at the surface.
M = 3200 ft-lb
6 in.
Assumptions:
4-34
Analysis:
From Eq. (4.8), ! = 32M for a round bar.
"d3
! = 32(38,400 in. lb)
= 1811 psi = 1.81 ksi
3
"(6 in.) ■
SOLUTION (4.28)
Known: A shaft of diameter d is subjected to a bending moment.
Find: Determine how the bending stress at the surface of the shaft changes with
values for the bending moment, M.
Assumptions:
1. The bar is round, straight, and has a constant cross section.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (4.8), ! = 32M for a round bar of constant diameter.
"d3
2. For the constant diameter shaft, the stress, σ, is directly proportional to the
applied moment, M. ■
SOLUTION (4.29)
Known: A shaft is subjected to a bending moment.
4-35
Find: Determine how the bending stress at the surface of the shaft subject to a
bending moment, M, changes with values for the shaft diameter, d.
Assumptions:
1. The bar is round, straight, and has a constant cross section.
Analysis:
"d3
2. For a round bar with a constant moment M, the stress, σ, varies as the quantity
1/d3.
Comments: In words, the shaft stress is inversely relate to the cube of the shaft
diameter. Consequently, increases in shaft diameter serve to significantly reduce the
maximum shaft surface stresses. ■
SOLUTION (4.30)
Find:
(a) Calculate the nominal bending stress at the surface.
(b) Compute the outside diameter required to give the same outer surface stress if a
hollow shaft of outside diameter 1.15 times the inside diameter is used.
4-36
M = 2000 N•m
40 mm
Assumptions:
Analysis:
"d3
32(2000 N•m)
!= = 318 MPa ■
"(0. 040 m)3
2. If a hollow shaft is used,
d3h - 1 4 d 3 = 0. 040 3 where d is the outer diameter of the hollow shaft.

1. 15 h h
0. 428 d3h = 6. 4 ! 10-5
dh = 0. 0531 m = 53 mm ■
Comment: By comparing the weights of the hollow and solid shafts, to give the same
outer surface stress, it is found that a hollow shaft is more economical than a solid
shaft.
SOLUTION (4.31)
Known: A known maximum normal stress is produced by a bending moment.
Find: Determine the value of bending moment:
(a) In a straight round rod of 40 mm diameter.
(b) In a straight square rod, 40 mm on a side.
4-37
M M
40 mm
40 mm
!
max = 400 MPa
Assumptions:
1. The bars are initially straight.
Analysis:
1. From Eq. (4.8), M = πd3σ/32 for a solid round bar.
!(40 mm)3 (400 MPa)
M= = 2. 51 " 106 N•mm
32
= 2510 N•m ■
3
b
2. From Eq. (4.7), M = Zσ where Z = 6 for a square bar.
(From Appendix B-1)
3 (40 mm)3(400 MPa)

M=b!=
6 6
6
= 4. 27 ! 10 N mm = 4270 N•m
•
■
Comment: The section modulus Z of square shaft is greater than that of a circular
shaft whose diameter is equal in magnitude to the length of the side of the square
shaft.
4-38
SOLUTION (4.32)
Known: The circumference of a tree trunk decreases with height above the
ground. A tree branch circumference decreases as the distance of the branch cross
section increase from the trunk.
Find: Determine (experimentally or mathematically) how the circumference of a

tree trunk varies with height above the ground, and how a tree branch
circumference varies as the distance from the tree trunk increases. Determine if
the equations of engineering mechanics and strength of materials show a
relationship with tree (a) geometry, (b) shape, (c) forces -- gravity and wind. Also,
comment on the role played by the need of the tree for sunlight and water.
Branch Branch
Trunk
Tree
Assumptions:
A number of assumptions can be made, examples of which are listed below.
1. The branch is generally perpendicular to the tree trunk.
2. The tree trunk is oriented in a vertical direction.
3. The tree has adapted to the stresses produced by the forces of gravity and wind.
4. The tree has adapted to collect the maximum amount of energy from sunlight.
5. The roots of the tree have adapted to provide water and other nutrients for the
tree.
4-39
6. The tree trunk and its major branches will adapt to produce the lightest weight
trunk and branches so as to have a constant maximum bending stress along the
length of the trunk or branch equal to the strength of the wood in bending, Sult,
while also taking into account potential maximal loading from wind, weather and
possibly animals.
7. The analysis will be done for a branch that is modeled as a cantilever beam
directed perpendicular to the trunk.
8. The branch will be assumed to have a round cross section of diameter d where d
decreases as a function of the distance from the trunk to the cross section.
9. Bending stresses in the trunk are dominant and compressive loading can
probably be ignored.
Analysis:
For a branch:
1. The bending stress at a distance x from the trunk and at c, where c = [h(x)]/2
at h(x) is σ h(x) = Mc/I
2. The bending moment acting on the cross section of the branch at a distance x
from the trunk where h = h(x) is given by Mh(x) = F (L – x) where L is the
length of the branch and F is the weight of the branch section from x to L.
3a. The area moment of inertia at the circular cross section is I d(x) = πd4/64 =
π[d(x)]4/64
3b. Letting σ d(x) = Sult and solving for d(x) gives, d(x) = [6F(L-x)/(wSult)]0.5
4. As an example, consider a branch with a length of 10 feet. Assuming that the

outer wood fiber of the branch has a bending strength of Sult = 10,000 psi. w =
1 inch, L = 10 feet, F = ? lbf, we have
h(x) = [(10-x)]0.5 inches
5. For a given distance x from the trunk, d is given in the table below.
x (feet) d (inches) d (inches)
0 √10 3.16
1 3 3.0
2 √8 2.82
3 √7 2.65
4-40
4 √6 2.45
5 √5 2.24
6 2 2
7 √3 1.732
8 √2 1.414
9 1 1
10 0 0
Actual measurements from the branch of a live oak tree in Austin, Texas, on March 2,
2011 gave the following values:
X Circumference (in.) Diameter (in.) Diameter (ft)
0
1 14 4.456342171 0.371361848
2 12.5 3.978876938 0.331573078
3 11 3.501411706 0.291784309
4 9.25 2.944368934 0.245364078
5 10.5 3.342256628 0.278521386
6 9 2.864791395 0.238732616
7 9 2.864791395 0.238732616
8 8.25 2.626058779 0.218838232
A plot of the measured data gives:
4-41
Comment: The function h(x) = [10 – x] 0.5 can be sketched by noting that h(x) ≈ -[x] 0.5
and that at x = 10, h = 0 and x = 0, h = 10 0.5 = 3.16 inches.
It can be observed that trunks and branches taper from base to tip and clear that a
primary function is the trees need to gather sunlight with the least amount of biomass.
The tree wood itself is a fairly flexible material that will bend and deform under loading
and thus reduce peak stresses while also providing the structure necessary to gather
light.
A large root base helps to gather water and nutrient while also securing the tree against
gravity and wind loading.
4-42
SOLUTION (4.33)
Known: A rectangular beam has an initial curvature, r, equal to twice the section
depth, h.
Find: Compare its extreme-fiber bending stresses with those of an otherwise identical
straight beam.
M M
Assumption: The material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
2
bh
1. For a straight beam, from Eq. (4.7) where Z = (From Appendix B-1).
6
!i = - 6M2 ; ! o = + 6M2
bh bh
2. For a curved beam, from Eq. (4.10)
e=r- A = 2h - bh = 2h - h = 2h - h
ro r
ln r o
ln 2. 5h
dA/! b d!/! i 1. 5h
ri
= 2h - h = . 042385 h
ln(5 3)
3. From Eq. (4.9),
4-43
Μ c i M(0. 5h - .042385h)
σi = = = 7. 1978M
2
eAr i (. 042385h)(bh)(1. 5h) bh
But for direction of "M" shown, σ i = -7. 20M

2
bh
M(0. 5h + . 042385h) - 5. 119M

!o = =
(. 042385h)(bh)(2. 5h) bh2
But for direction shown of M: !o = +5. 20M

bh2
4. From Eq. (4.11), with Z = bh2/6:
Ki = 7. 1978 = 1. 20 and Ko = 5. 119 = 0. 85

6 6
which is consistent with Fig. 4.11.
5. The inner and outer fiber bending stresses for the curved beam are 120% and
85% of the straight beam stresses. ■
4-44
SOLUTION (4.34)
Known: A known force is exerted on an S-hook.
Find: Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress.
200 lb
3 in.
1 in. dia. round rod
4 in.
200 lb
Assumption: Material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
1. At point A, the tensile stress due to bending is
! = 32M Kt [From Eq. (4.11)]

"d3
The tensile stress due to tension is
! = P = 4P2 [From Eq. (4.1)]

A "d
200 lb
r = 3 in.
600 in. lb A
200 lb
4-45
Thus, the combined tensile stress is
! = 32M3
Kt + 4P2
"d "d
r 3
2. From Fig. 4.11, for c = 0. 5 = 6, Kt = 1. 14.
32(600) 4(200)
3. ! = (1. 14) + = 6, 967 + 255
"(1)3 "(1)2
= 7, 222 psi
At point A, σ = 7.2 ksi.
4. At point B, from Fig. 4.11, for
r 4
c = 0. 5 = 8, Kt = 1. 10
32(800) 4(200)
! = (1. 10) +
"(1)3 "(1)2
= 8,964 + 255 = 9,219 psi.
200 lb
800 in. lb
r = 4 in.
200 lb
At point B, σ = 9.2 ksi. This point corresponds to the location of the maximum
tensile stress. ■
Comment: The inner fiber is stressed more than the outer fiber because the stresses
due to the direct tension and bending are of the same sign, and hence, add up to give a
large resultant stress.
4-46
SOLUTION (4.35)
Known: A known force is exerted on an S-hook.
Find: Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress.
200 lb
5 in.
1 in. dia. round rod
7 in.
200 lb
Analysis:
1. At point A, the tensile stress due to bending is
! = 32M Kt [From Eq. (4.11)]

"d3
The tensile stress due to tension is
! = P = 4P2 [From Eq. (4.1)]

A "d
200 lb
r = 5 in.
1000 in. lb A
200 lb
4-47
Thus, the combined tensile stress is
! = 32M3
Kt + 4P2
"d "d
2. From Fig. 4.11, for r = 5 = 10, Kt = 1. 12.

c 0. 5
32(1000) 4(200)
3. ! = (1. 12) + = 11, 408 + 255
"(1)3 "(1)2
= 11, 663 psi
At point A, σ = 11.7 ksi.
4. At point B, from Fig. 4.11, for
r 7
c = 0. 5 = 14, Kt = 1. 09
32(1400) 4(200)
! = (1. 09) +
"(1)3 "(1)2
= 15,597 + 255 = 15,852 psi.
200 lb
1400 in. lb
r = 7 in.
200 lb
At point B, σ = 15.9 ksi. This point corresponds to the location of the maximum
tensile stress. ■
Comment: The inner fiber is stressed more than the outer fiber because the stresses
due to the direct tension and bending are of the same sign, and hence, add up to give a
large resultant stress.
4-48
SOLUTION (4.36)
Known: The critical section of a crane hook is considered to be trapezoidal with
dimensions as shown.
Find: Determine the resultant stress (bending plus direct tension) at points P and Q.
40 80
120
A A 60
P Q
70,000 N
Analysis:
1.
40
120 = +
c c
c
80 40 40
c (rectangle) = 60, c (triangle) = 40
4-49
Ac (rectangle) + Ac(triangle)
c (trapezoid) =
A(trapezoid)
4800(60) + 2400(40)
= = 53. 33
60(120)
2. I of trapezoid about its centroidal axis = I of rectangle + I of triangle, each about

the centroidal axis of trapezoid. Using the parallel axis theorem and equations
from Appendix B-1:
3
40(120) 2
I(trapezoid) = + 4800(60 - 53. 33)
12
40(120)3
+ + 2400(40 - 53. 33)2
36
= 5. 76 ! 106 + . 213 ! 106 + 1. 92 ! 106 + . 426 ! 106

= 8. 32 ! 106 mm4
3. r 60 + 53. 33 From Fig. 4.11, Ki = 1.52, Ko = 0.73.

c (trapezoid) = 53. 33 = 2. 13.
4. The tensile stress due to tension is
! = P [From Eq. 4.1)]

A
and tensile stress due to bending is
! = K Mc [From Eq. (4.11)].

I
5. At P, the resultant stress is
! = P - Ko Mc
A I
70, 000N [70, 000(60 + 53. 33)N•mm](66. 67 mm)
= - (0. 73)
7200 mm 2 8. 32 ! 106 mm4
= 9.72 MPa - 46.41 MPa = -36.69 MPa ■
6. At Q, the resultant stress is
! = P + Ki Mc
A I
4-50
[70, 000(113. 33)N•mm](53. 33 mm)
= 9. 72 MPa + (1. 52)
8. 32 ! 106 mm4
= 9.72 MPa + 77.29 MPa = 87.01 MPa ■
SOLUTION (4.37)
Known: The critical section of a crane hook is considered to be circular with areas as
shown.
Find: Determine the resultant stress (bending plus direct tension) at points P and Q.
A = 7,200 mm 2
A A
60
P Q
70,000 N
Analysis:
1. c = d = 4A/! = A/! = 7200/! = 47. 87 = 48 mm
2 2
4 ! 96 4
2. I = !d = = 4. 17 " 106 mm4
64 64
3. r 60 + 48 From Fig. 4.11, Ki = 1.50, Ko = 0.75

c (circle) = 48 = 2. 25.
4-51
4. The tensile stress due to tension is
! = P [From Eq. 4.1)]

A
and tensile stress due to bending is
! = K Mc [From Eq. (4.11)].

I
5. At P, the resultant stress is
! = P - Ko Mc
A I
= 70, 000N [70, 000(60 + 48)N•mm](48 mm)
- (0. 75)
7200 mm 2
4. 17 ! 106 mm4
= 9.72 MPa - 65.27 MPa = -55.55 MPa ■
6. At Q, the resultant stress is
! = P + Ki Mc
A I
[70, 000(108)N•mm](48 mm)
= 9. 72 MPa + (1. 50)
4. 17 ! 106 mm4
= 9.72 MPa + 130.53 MPa = 140.25 MPa ■
Comment: By comparing the resultant stresses in Solutions 4.21 and 4.22, it is

evident that for the same area of cross section the trapezoidal section is stronger and
hence, more economical than a circular cross section crane hook. This is the reason,
for the use of trapezoidal shaped cross sections in crane hooks for practical
applications.
4-52
SOLUTION (4.38)
Known: The geometry of a trapezoidal cross section is given.
h(2b + a)
Find: Prove that the centroidal distance c is .
3(b + a)
a X
Analysis:
1.
b
h = +
c c
c
a
b a-b
c (rectangle) = h , c (triangle) = h
2 3
Ac (rectangle) + Ac(triangle)
c (trapezoid) =
A(trapezoid)
(a - b)h h
bh h +
= 2 2 3 = 3bh + (a - b)h
(a - b)h 6b + 3(a - b)
bh +
2
4-53
h(3b + a - b) h(2b + a)
= = ■
3(2b + a - b) 3(b + a)
SOLUTION (4.39)
Known: The limiting tensile stress in a C-clamp is given.
Find: Determine the maximum force F that can be exerted by the screw.

13 in.
16
3 in.
16
σmax = 30 ksi 3 in.
4
3 in.
2 in. 16
F
1 in.
Analysis:
1.
c
1
2
= +
ATEE = 0.2929 in.2

A1 = 0.1406 in.2
A2 = 0.1523 in.2
4-54
A1 c1 + A2 c2
2. c TEE =
A1 + A2
(0. 1406) ( 3 ) + (0. 1523) ( 3 + 13 )

= 32 16 32
0. 1406 + 0. 1523
= 0. 0132 + 0. 0904 = 0. 3537 in.
0. 2929
3. I of tee about its centroidal axis = I 1 + I 2 , each about centroidal axis of tee.
Using the parallel axis theorem and equations from Appendix B-1:
3
( )( )
3 3
I TEE = 4 16 + (0. 1406) (0. 3537 - 3 )
2
12 32
3
+
3 13
16 ( )( )
16 + (0. 1523) (0. 3537 - 19 ) 2
12 32
ITEE = 0. 00041 + 0. 00950 + 0. 00838 + 0. 00878
4
= 0. 02707 in.
4. r c = (1 + 0. 3537)/0. 3537 = 3. 83
From Fig. 4.11, Ki = 1.30
5. Using Eq. (4.1) and Eq. (4.11), the resultant tensile stress is:
! = Mc Ki + P
I A
(3. 3537F) (0. 3537)
30,000 = (1. 30) + F
0. 02707 0. 2929
30,000 = 56.97F + 3.41F

Therefore, F = 497 lb ■
Comment: Outer fiber stress = -(3. 3537)(497)(0. 6463) (0. 82) + 497
0. 02707 0. 2929
= -30, 935 psi ■
Even though slightly higher than the tensile stress, it would normally be acceptable.
4-55
SOLUTION (4.40)
Known: A known force is exerted on a rocker arm.
Find: Determine the maximum tensile stress in section A-A.

24 mm
A 5 mm
30 mm 8 mm
30 mm
A 5 mm
Sec A-A
12,000 N
Analysis:
1.
M
P
P = 12,000 N
M = 360,000 N mm
30 mm
12,000 N
2. Tension due to axial load and tension due to bending are additive at the bottom
surface. Using Eqs. (4.1) and (4.11), ! = Ki Mc + P

I A
3. From Fig. 4.11, for r c = 30 = 2, Ki = 1.41.

15
4-56
4.
24 mm 24 mm 16 mm
5 mm
20 mm
30 mm 8 mm = 30 mm -
2
1
Sec A-A 5 mm
24(30)3 16(20)3
I = I1 - I2 = - = 43, 333 mm4
12 12
5. (360, 000 N•mm) (15 mm)

! = (1. 41)
43, 333 mm4
12, 000 N
+ 2 = 176 + 30 = 206 MPa
(720 - 320) mm ■
SOLUTION (4.41)
Known: A solid square-section beam with known dimension is used in place of the
beam in Sample Problem 4.2.
Find: Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum shear stress. Use Eq.
(4.12) and check the result with Eq. (4.14).

80,000 N
60 mm
60 mm
100 mm 100 mm
40,000 N 40,000 N
Assumptions:
1. The beam is straight.
2. The beam material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
4-57
Analysis:
y=c
3 4
1. Eq. (4.12) ! = V ydA; I = bh = 60 = 1. 08 " 106 mm4
Ib 12 12
y = yo
30
40, 000 N
!max = y(60) dy
1. 08 " 106 mm4 60 mm 0
y2 30
!max = 0. 0370 = 16. 67 MPa
2 0 ■
(40, 000 N)
2. Eq. (4.14) !max = 3 V = 3 = 16. 67 MPa ■
2 A 2 3600 mm2
SOLUTION (4.42)
Known: Eqs. (4.12) and (4.13) are given.
Find: Using Eq. (4.12), derive Eq. (4.13).
dy
r
y r
Analysis:
y=c
!= V ydA [Eq. (4. 12)]

Ib
y = yo
4 4
I = !d = !r
64 4
dA = 2(r2 - y2) 1/2 dy

y=r
V 1
!max = 2y(r2 - y2)2 dy
("r4/4)(2r)
y=0
4-58
y=r
1
!max = 2V5 (r2 - y2)2 2ydy
"r
y=0
undu = u where u = r2 - y2, n = 1 ,

n +1
use
n+1 2
3 y=r
-(r2 - y2)2
!max = 2V5 • = 2V5 • r = 4 V2
3
"r 3/2 y=0 "r 3 2 3 "r
τ max = 4 V ■
3Α
SOLUTION (4.43)
Known: Eqs. (4.12) and (4.13) are given.
Find: Using Eq. (4.12), derive Eq. (4.14).

dy
y
h
Analysis:
With Eq. (4.12) and Appendix B-1 we have respectively,
y=c
3
!= V ydA and I = bh . From the schematic, dA = bdy, thus
Ib 12
y = y0
h/
]
2 2
y
τ = 12V
2 3 (b) 2
bh 0
2
τ = 12V(b)(h)
2 3 =3 V =3V ■
b h (2)(4) 2 bh 2 A
4-59
SOLUTION (4.44)
Known: An I-beam with given dimensions is simply supported at each end and
subjected to a know load at the center.
Find: Compute the maximum transverse shear stress. Compare the answer with the
approximation obtained by dividing the shear load by the area of the web, with the
web considered to extend for the full 8-in. depth.
1000 lb 3 1 in. 1 in.

2 2
3 in.
8 8 in.
1 in.
3 1 in. 2
500 lb 500 lb 2
Assumption: The beam material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
1. τmax exists at the neutral bending axis,
!= V ydA [Eq. (4. 12)]

Ib
2.
3.5 3.5 3.125
8 = 8 - 7
2
1
4-60
From the above figure,
3 3
3. 5(8) 3. 125(7) 4
I = I1 - I2 = - = 60. 01 in.
12 12
3.5 4
3. !max = 500 y(0. 375dy) + y(3. 5dy)

(60. 01) (0. 375)
0 3.5
2 2 2
= 22. 22 0. 375 3. 5 + 3. 5 4 - 3. 5 = 197 psi ■
2 2 2
4. To check,
!max " 500 = 167 psi ■

( 3 )(8)
8
Comment: The rough check is 15% low in this case.
SOLUTION (4.45)
Known: A box section beam, where the top plate of the section is cemented in place,
is loaded with a specified force.
Find: Determine the shear stress acting on the cemented joint.

12 kN
Cement
L L
2 2
5 5
50 mm
5 5
40 mm
4-61
5 50 40
5 50 mm
= 1 - 2
5
5
30
40
40 mm
Assumption: The beam material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
y = 25
1. From Eq. (4.12), ! = V ydA

Ib
y = 20
2. From the above figure, I = I1 - I2
3 3
(40)(50) (30)(40) 4
= - = 256, 667 mm
12 12
25 25
6000 6000(40) y2
3. != y(40dy) =
(256, 667)(10) 2, 566, 670 2 20
20
= 10.5 MPa ■
SOLUTION (4.46)
Known: A shaft between self-aligning bearings A and B is loaded through belt forces
applied to a central sheave.
Find:
(a) Determine and make a sketch showing the stresses acting on the top and side
elements, T and S.
(b) Represent the states of stress at T and S with three-dimensional Mohr circles.
(c) At location S, show the orientation and stresses acting on a principal element,
and on a maximum shear element.
4-62
100 mm
2000 N
100 mm
B
Free
T end of
S shaft
20 mm dia.
shaft
A
120 mm dia.
sheave
400 N
Connected to
flexible coupling
and clutch
T
A B
1200 N 2400 N
1200 N 1200 N
V
-1200 N
M 120,000 N•mm
T 96,000 N•mm
Assumptions:
1. The weights of the shaft and sheave are negligible.
4-63
3. The effect of stress concentrations is negligible.
4. The shaft material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
1. For torsion, Eq. (4.4),
16(1600)(60)
! = 16T3 = = 61. 12 MPa
"d "(20)3
2. For bending, Eq. (4.8),
32(1200)(100)
! = 32M 3
= = 152. 79 MPa
"d "(20)3
3. For transverse shear, Eq. (4.13),
4(1200)
!=4 V= = 5. 09 MPa
3 A 3(")(10)2
4. y y
T x S x 152.79 MPa
! = 66.21 MPa ! = 61.12 MPa
! max
5.
! x (0,66) !
x (153,61)
o
0 38.66
0
" "
"1 T 51.4˚ "1 S
y (0,-61)
y (0,-66)
o
6. " 2 = -21 25.7
y " = 77
S x
153 S S
"1 = +174
61.1 != 98
Original
Element o
19.3
Principal Max Shear
4-64
SOLUTION (4.47)
Known: A shaft between self-aligning bearings A and B is loaded through belt forces
applied to a central sheave.
Find:
(a) Determine and make a sketch showing the stresses acting on the top and side
elements, T and S.
(b) Represent the states of stress at T and S with three-dimensional Mohr circles.
(c) At location S, show the orientation and stresses acting on a principal element,
and on a maximum shear element.
100 mm
2000 N
100 mm
B
Free
T end of
S shaft
20 mm dia.
shaft
A
140 mm dia.
sheave
400 N
Connected to
flexible coupling
and clutch
4-65
T
A B
1200 N 2400 N
1200 N 1200 N
V
-1200 N
M 112,000 N•mm
T 112,000 N•mm
Assumptions:
1. The weights of the shaft and sheave are negligible.
3. The effect of stress concentrations is negligible.
Analysis:
1. For torsion, Eq. (4.4),
16(1600)(70)
! = 16T3 = = 71. 30 MPa
"d "(20)3
2. For bending, Eq. (4.8),
32(1200)(100)
! = 32M3
= = 152. 79 MPa
"d "(20)3
3. For transverse shear, Eq. (4.13),
4(1200)
!=4 V= = 5. 09 MPa
3 A 3(")(10)2
4-66
4. y y
T x S x 152.79 MPa
! = 76.4 MPa ! = 71.3 MPa
! max
5.
! x (0,76.4) !
x (153,71.3)
o
43
0 0
" "
"1 T 47˚
"1 S
y (0,-71.3)
y (0,-76.4)
o
6. " 2 = -28.5 23.5
y
153 " = 77
S x
S S
71.3 "1 = +181
Original ! = 105
Element
o
21.5
Principal Max Shear
4-67
SOLUTION (4.48)
Known: A bicycle crankshaft is a horizontal shaft supported in the frame by two ball
bearings, which connects the two pedal crank arms.
Find:
(a) Show, with the aid of a simple sketch, the most severe loading condition
normally encountered by this shaft. Show all important dimensions, and state
any assumptions made concerning the loading.
(b) Show on your sketch the location of greatest stress in this shaft, and make a
Mohr-circle representation of this state of stress.

Highest stress at top of shaft
adjacent to bearing support.
5/8 in. dia. 4 in.
6.5 in.
250 lb
Assumptions:
1. The crank arm is horizontal.
2. A 250 lb rider exerts his entire weight on one pedal.
3. The weight at the crank shaft is negligible.
4. The effect of stress concentration is negligible.
5. The crankshaft material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
6. The load is applied slowly.
Analysis:
1. From measuring an actual standard adult size bicycle we obtain,
Torque arm = 6.5"
Moment arm = 4"
2. The highest stress is at the top of the shaft, adjacent to the bearing support.
3. On basis of 5/8" diameter, for bending, using Eq. (4.8)
32(250 lb)(4 in. )

! = 32M3 = = 41. 7 ksi
"D "(0. 625)3
4-68
4. For torsion, Eq. (4.4)
16(250 lb)(6. 5 in. )

! = 16T3 = = 33. 9 ksi
"D "(0. 625 in. )3
5.
! = 33.9 ksi
y
A x
A
" = 41.7
Top View Enlarged View at A
6.
"
x (0,+33.9)
0 +!
! 2 ! -19 ksi !1 ! 61 ksi
y (+41.7,-33.9)
Comments:
1. The answers depend on the measured dimensions.
2. The loading conditions assumed are hypothetical, the effect of dynamic foot load
on the pedal, and the inclusion of stress concentration factors in the analysis will
give more representative stress values.
4-69
SOLUTION (4.49)
Known: A static vertical load is applied to the handle of a hand crank.
Find:
(a) Copy the drawing and mark on it the location at highest bending stress. Make a
three-dimensional Mohr-circle representation of the stresses at this point.
(b) Mark on the drawing the location at highest combined torsional and transverse
shear stress. Make a three-dimensional Mohr-circle representation of the stresses
at this point.

200 mm
a
25-mm-dia.
round rod
250 mm bent into crank
100 mm
1000 N
a b
Assumptions:
1. The weight of the hand crank is negligible.
2. The effect of the stress concentration is negligible.
3. The crank material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
1. For bending, Eq. (4.8)
32(300 mm)(1000 N)
! = 32M = = 195. 6 MPa
"d3 "(25 mm)3
16(250 mm)(1000 N)
! = 16T3 = = 81. 5 MPa
"d "(25 mm)3
4-70
3. For transverse shear, Eq. (4.13)
4(1000 N)
!tr = 4V = = 2. 7 MPa
3A 3"(12. 5 mm)2
4. From the Mohr circle for "a",
!max = 128 "Pa, #max = 225 "Pa.
From the Mohr circle for "b",
!max = 84.2 "Pa, #max = 84. 2 "Pa.
5.
"
y
a x
!tor
a
b
y
x
b
!tor + !tran.shr.
6.
y (0, 81.5) Highest
" = 128 shear stress +"
+"
y (0, 84.2)
Highest
! = 225 normal
0 stress +!
+!
40°
! = -30
x (195.6, -81.5) x (0, -84.2)
Mohr circle for "a" Mohr circle for "b"
4-71
SOLUTION (4.50)
Known: A static vertical load is applied to the handle of a hand crank.
Find:
(a) Copy the drawing and mark on it the location at highest bending stress. Make a
three-dimensional Mohr-circle representation of the stresses at this point.
(b) Mark on the drawing the location at highest combined torsional and transverse
shear stress. Make a three-dimensional Mohr-circle representation of the stresses
at this point.

50 mm
a
25-mm-dia.
round rod
250 mm bent into crank
100 mm
1000 N
a b
Assumptions:
1. The weight of the hand crank is negligible.
2. The effect of the stress concentration is negligible.
3. The crank material is homogeneous and perfectly elastic.
Analysis:
32(150 mm)(1000 N)
! = 32M3
= = 97. 78 MPa
"d "(25 mm)3
16(250 mm)(1000 N)
! = 16T3 = = 81. 5 MPa
"d "(25 mm)3
4-72
3. For transverse shear, Eq. (4.13)
4(1000 N)
!tr = 4V = = 2. 7 MPa
3A 3"(12. 5 mm)2
4. From the Mohr circle for "a",
!max = 95. 0 "Pa, #max = 144 "Pa.
From the Mohr circle for "b",
!max = 84.2 "Pa, #max = 84. 2 "Pa.
5.
"
y
a x
!tor
a
b
y
x
b
!tor + !tran.shr.
6.
y (0, 81.5) Highest
" = 95.0 shear stress +"
+" y (0, 84.2)
! = 144 Highest
normal
0 stress +!
+!
59°
! = -41.1
x (97.8, -81.5)
x (0, -84.2)
Mohr circle for "a" Mohr circle for "b"
4-73
SOLUTION (4.51)
Known: An electric motor is loaded by a belt drive.
Find: Copy the drawing and show on both views the location or locations on the shaft
of the highest stress. Make a complete Mohr-circle representation of the stress at this
location.

1 in. dia. shaft
3000 lb
belt tension
Motor
6 in. dia.
1000 lb
belt tension
1 in.
Assumptions:
1. The weight of the structure is negligible.
Analysis:
16(2000 lb)(3 in. )
! = 16T3 = = 31 ksi
"d "(1 in. )3
32(4000 lb)(1 in. )
! = 32M3
= = 41 ksi
"d "(1 in. )3
3. The Mohr circle representation is given above.
4-74
4.
Answer to 1
3000 lb
tension of
top belt
1000 lb
5.
+" " max = 37
y (0, 31)
31 ksi
y
0 !1 = 58
+! x
!2 = -17 56.5° 41 ksi
x (41, -31)
Mohr circle representation Critical element
SOLUTION (4.52)
Known: An electric motor is loaded by a belt drive.
Find: Copy the drawing and show on both views the location or locations of the
highest stress on the shaft. Make a complete Mohr-circle representation of the stress
at this location.

1 in. dia. shaft
3000 lb
belt tension
Motor
5 in. dia.
1000 lb
belt tension
1 in.
4-75
Assumptions:
1. The weight of the structure is negligible.
Analysis:
16(2000 lb)(2. 5 in. )
! = 16T3 = = 25 ksi
"d "(1 in. )3
32(4000 lb)(1 in. )
! = 32M3
= = 41 ksi
"d "(1 in. )3
3. The Mohr circle representation is given below.
4.
Answer to 1
3000 lb
tension of
top belt
1000 lb
5.
+" "max = 32
y (0, 25) 25 ksi
y
0 !1 = 53
+! x
!2 = -12 50.7° 41 ksi
x (41,-25)
4-76
SOLUTION (4.53)
Known: A solid round shaft with a known diameter is supported by self-aligning
bearings at A and B. Two chain sprockets that are transmitting a load are attached to
the shaft.
Find: Identify the specific shaft location subjected to the most severe state of stress,
and make a Mohr-circle representation of this stress state.

B
1 in. dia. shaft
2 in.
1000 lb
A
3 in.
4 in.
4 in.
500 lb
3 in.
Assumptions:
1. The loads are static.
2. Stress concentrations can be ignored.
4-77
Analysis:
1.
3 in. 4 in. 3 in.
A B
650 lb 850 lb
500 lb 1000 lb
650 lb
V
150 lb
- 850 lb
Mmax = 850 lb(3 in.) = 2550 in.lb
M
!MA = 0
1000(7) + 500(3) = F B(10)
FB = 8500/10 = 850 lb
[!F v = 0]
FA = 500 + 1000 - 850
= 650 lb
2.
Bottom of shaft; just to left of gear B
4-78
The location subjected to the most severe state of stress is at the bottom of the
shaft, just to the left of the smaller gear.

32(2550)
! = 32M3
= = 26 ksi
"d "13
For torsion, Eq. (4.4)
16(2000)
! = 16T3 = = 10. 2 ksi
"d "13
4.
+" "max = 17
(26,10.2)
-3.5 38° 30 26 ksi

0
+!
(0,-10.2) 10.2 ksi
SOLUTION (4.54)
the shaft.
4-79
B
1 in. dia. shaft
2 in.
1000 lb
A
3 in.
4 in.
3 in.
500 lb
3 in.
Assumptions:
2. Stress concentrations can be ignored.
4-80
Analysis:
1.
3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
A B
750 lb 750 lb
500 lb 1000 lb
750 lb
V
250 lb
- 750 lb
Mmax = 750 lb(3 in.) = 2250 in.lb
M
!MA = 0
1000(6) + 500(3) = FB(10)
FB = 7500/10 = 750 lb
[!F v = 0]
FA = 500 + 1000 - 750 = 750 lb
2.
Bottom of shaft; just to left of gear B
4-81
The location subjected to the most severe state of stress is at the bottom of the
shaft, just to the left of the smaller gear.
32(2250)
! = 32M3
= = 22. 92 = 23 ksi
"d "13
For torsion, Eq. (4.4)
16(2000)
! = 16T3 = = 10. 2 ksi
"d "13
4.
+" " max = 15.4
(23,10.2)
-3.87 41.6° 26.9 23 ksi

0
+!
(0,-10.2) 10.2 ksi
SOLUTION (4.55)
the shaft.
4-82
B
F
100 mm dia.
50 mm dia.
A 30 mm
dia. 50 mm
4000 N
100 mm
50 mm
Assumptions:
2. Stress concentration can be ignored.
Analysis:
1.
Top Fg = 2000 N
1500 N D
view
B 1000 N
Front
view
500 N A C
4000 N
3000 N
4-83
2.
2000 N
1500 N
500 N
A B C D A B C D
1000 N
4000 N
3000 N
Front view Top view
3000 N
V V 1500 N
-1000 N -500 N
150 N•m
M M
-75 N•m
100 N•m 100 N•m
T T
3. The most severe state of stress is at B
2 2
M= [(3000)(50)] + [(500)(50)] = 152, 069 N•mm
T = 4000 (25) = 100,000 N•mm
32(152, 069)
! = 32M3
= = 57. 4 MPa
"d "(30)3
16(100, 000)
! = 16T3 = = 18. 9 MPa
"d "(30)3
4-84
5.
+"
"max = 34.3 MPa
(0,18.9)
!1 = 63 MPa 18.9
0
+!
! 2 = -5.7 33°
57.4
(57.4,-18.9)
Mohr circle representation of point B
SOLUTION (4.56)
Known: A small pressurized cylinder is attached at one end and loaded with a pipe
wrench at the other. The stresses due to the internal pressure and the pipe wrench are
known.
Find:
(a) Draw a Mohr-circle representation of the state of stress at point A.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the maximum shear stress at A.
(c) Sketch the orientation of a principal element, and show all stresses acting on it.
400 MPa
300 MPa
A
200 MPa
4-85
Assumption: The "positive-clockwise" rule is used.
Analysis:
1.
+! !max = 278 MPa
"2 = 144 MPa
x
103° "1 = 556 MPa
0 "3 +"
300 400
y
2. The maximum shear stress at A is ! max = 278 MPa ■

3.
!1 = 556 MPa
!2 = 144 MPa
!3 = 0
A
!2
!1
51.5°
SOLUTION (4.57)
Known: A small pressurized cylinder is attached at one end and loaded with a pipe
wrench at the other. The stresses due to the internal pressure and the pipe wrench are
known.
Find:
(a) Draw a Mohr-circle representation of the state of stress at point A.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the maximum shear stress at A.
(c) Sketch the orientation of a principal element, and show all stresses acting on it.
4-86
100 MPa
135 MPa
A
100 MPa
Analysis:
1.
+!
!max = 110 MPa
"2
x
80° "1 = 219 MPa
"3 100
+"
0 135
2. The maximum shear stress at A is !max = 110 MPa ■
4-87
3.
!1 = 219 MPa
!2 = 16 MPa
!3 = 0
A
!2
!1
40°
Comment: At the outer surface of an internally pressurized cylinder, the tangential

stress is analytically twice the axial stress. That is, the axial stress for a thick walled
pr2 2p r 2
cylinder is !a = 2 i i 2 and the tangential stress is !t = 2 i i 2 . Therefore, !t = 2.
r o - ri r o - ri !a
We could speculate in this problem that a stress concentration existed which increased
the axial stress from 50 MPa to 60 MPa.
4-88
SOLUTION (4.58)
Known: An internally pressurized section of round steel tubing is subjected to known
tangential, axial, and torsional stresses at the surface.
Find: Draw a Mohr-circle representation of the surface stresses.
100
y x
200
50
Analysis:
+! (MPa) !max = 110
73.9 y (200,50)
0 45˚ +"
221 (MPa)
x (100,-50)
Comment: The principal stress σ3 is zero because the radial stress is zero at the outer
surface.
4-89
SOLUTION (4.59)
250
y x
200 400
Analysis:
+! (MPa) !max = 269
y (400,200)
0 111 69˚
+"
539 (MPa)
x (250,-200)
Comments:
1. The principal stress σ3 is zero because the magnitude of the radial stress
decreases from its maximum value at the inner surface to zero in the outer
surface.
2. The tangential stress is analytically twice the axial stress at the outer surface of
an internally pressurized cylinder. We could speculate in this problem that a
stress concentration existed which increased the axial stress from 200 MPa to
250 MPa.
4-90
SOLUTION (4.60)
250
y x
400
150
Analysis:
+" (MPa) "max = 246

"max = 168
y
(400,150)
0 157 63˚ +!
493 (MPa)
x (250,-150)
Comments:
surface.
stress concentration existed which increased the axial stress from 200 MPa to
250 MPa.
4-91
SOLUTION (4.61)
30
y x
45
18
Analysis:
+! (MPa) !max = 28.5
y (45,18)
0 18 67˚ +"
57 (MPa)
x (30,-18)
Comment: The principal stress σ3 is zero because the magnitude of the radial stress
is zero at the outer surface.
4-92
SOLUTION (4.62)
Known: A cylinder is internally pressurized to a known pressure which causes known
tangential and axial stresses in the outer surface.
Find: Draw a Mohr-circle representation of the stresses in the outer surface and
determine the maximum shear stress experienced.
200
400
Free surface, ! = 0
3
Analysis:
+! !max = 200 MPa
"1 = 400 MPa

0 "3 = 0 +"
"2 = 200 MPa
The maximum shear stress in the outer surface is 200 MPa.
Comment: The principal stress σ3 is zero at the outer surface.
4-93
SOLUTION (4.63)
Known: A cylindrical ring has an outer diameter, D, an inner diameter, d, and a width,
w. A solid cylindrical disk of diameter (d + Δd) and width w is press fit completely into
the ring. The value of (D-d) is very small for the thin ring.
Find: Discuss how you would calculate the pressure on the outer cylindrical surface of
the inner cylinder disk.

W
W
d+!d d D
Assumption: The thin elastic ring stretches while the solid cylinder disk remains the
same diameter during the press fit assembly process.
Analysis:
1. The outer circumference of the outer solid cylindrical disk is π((d + Δd)) prior to
being press fit into the cylindrical ring.
2. The inner circumference of the cylindrical ring is πd prior to the solid cylinder disk
being press fit into the cylindrical ring.
3. Since the more elastic ring stretches and the solid cylinder disk remains the same
diameter, the ring increases in length by δ = π(d + Δd) – πd = π( d + Δd – d) =
π(Δd)
4. The strain in the ring – ignoring curvature and interface friction -- would be in the
tangential direction and would be given by εt = ΔL/L = [π(Δd)] / [πD] = [π(Δd)] /
[πd] = σt / E, where E is the Young’s modulus of elasticity.
5. Solving for σt gives, σt = (Δd) E/d (a)
6. From a free body diagram of half of the ring (180 degrees), we have
4-94
2 σt w t = p w d
7. Solving for the radial interface pressure, p, gives
p = (2 σt t)/d (b)
8. Combining equations (a) and (b) yields
p = [(2 t)/d] [(Δd) E/d] = [2 t (Δd) E]/d2 (c)
Comment: Note that D – d ≈ 0 which means that D ≈ d.
4-95
SOLUTION (4.64)
150 MPa
Free surface, ! = 0
300 MPa 3
Assumptions:
1. The "positive-clockwise" rule is used.
2. No stress concentrations exist at the location shown.
Analysis:
+! !max = 150 MPa
" 1 = 300 MPa

0 "3 = 0 +"
"2 = 150 MPa
The maximum shear stress in the outer surface is 150 MPa.

Comments:
1. The principal stress σ3 is zero at the outer surface.
an internally pressurized cylinder.
4-96
SOLUTION (4.65)
20 ksi
30 ksi Free surface, ! = 0

3

Analysis:
+! !max = 15 ksi
"1 = 30 ksi
0 "3 = 0 +"
" 2 = 20 ksi
The maximum shear stress in the outer surface is 15 ksi.

Comments:
surface.
stress concentration existed that increased the axial stress from 15 ksi to 20 ksi.
4-97
SOLUTION (4.66)
29 ksi
Free surface, ! = 0
43 ksi 3
Assumption: The tangential and longitudinal stresses increase linearly with increase
in internal pressure.
Analysis:
+! !max = 22 ksi
"1 = 43 ksi
0 "3 = 0 +"
"2 = 29 ksi
Comments:
1. A linear relationship exists between σt and pi, and σaxial and pi. The values of σt
and σaxial are determined using the values of pi, σt and σaxial in Problem 4.65 and
pi in Problem 4.66.
2. The tangential stress is analytically twice the axial stress at the outer surface of an
internally pressurized cylinder. We would speculate in this problem that a stress
concentration existed which increased the axial stress from 21.5 ksi to 29 ksi.
4-98
SOLUTION (4.67)
Known: The inner surface of a pressurized cylinder experiences known tangential
and axial stresses.
Find: Draw a Mohr-circle representation of the stresses in the inner surface, and
determine the maximum shear stress.
200
600
100
Analysis:
+! !max = 350 MPa
-100 MPa 600 MPa

0 +"
200 MPa
The maximum shear stress equals 350 MPa.
4-99
SOLUTION (4.68)
and axial stresses.
75
350
100
Analysis:
+! !max = 225 MPa
-100 MPa 350 MPa

0 +"
75 MPa
The maximum shear stress equals 225 MPa.
4-100
SOLUTION (4.69)
and axial stresses.
24 ksi
40 ksi
10 ksi
Analysis:
+! !max = 25 ksi
-10 ksi 40 ksi

0 +"
24 ksi
The maximum shear stress equals 25 ksi.
SOLUTION (4.70)
Known: A triaxial stress element has a critical three dimensional stress.
Find: Calculate the first, second, and third stress invariants. Determine the principal
normal stresses, the maximum shear stresses and draw the three Mohr circles.
4-101
! x = 60, 000 psi

! y = "30, 000
! z = "15, 000
# xy = 9000
# yz = "2000
# zx = 3500
Assumptions:
1. The stress is completely defined by the given normal and shear stresses.
2. The member behaves as a continuum.
Analysis:
1. Compute the first, second, and third stress invariants.
I1 = ! x + ! y + ! z = 60, 000 " 30, 000 " 15, 000 = 15, 000
I 2 = ! x ! y + ! y ! z + ! z ! x " # 2xy " # 2yz " # 2zx
= (60, 000)(!30, 000) + (!30, 000)(!15, 000) + (!15, 000)(60, 000)
! (9, 000)2 ! (!2, 000)2 ! (3, 500)2 = 2.347E 9
I 3 = ! x ! y ! z + 2" xy " yz " zx # ! x " 2yz # ! y " 2zx # ! z " 2xy
= 60, 000(!30, 000)(!15, 000) + 2(9, 000)(!2, 000)(3, 500)
! 60, 000(!2, 000)2 ! (!30, 000)(3, 500)2
! (!15, 000)(9, 000)2 = 2.8216E 13
■
2. The characteristic equation is solved for the principal normal stresses after
substituting values for the stress invariants.
4-102
! 3 " I1! 2 + I 2 ! " I 3 = 0
! 3 " 15, 000! 2 " 2.347E 9 ! " 2.8216E 13 = 0
!1 = 61, 033; ! 2 = "14, 804; ! 3 = "31, 230 psi ■
3. The principal shear stresses are
| "1 # " 3 | | 61, 033 # (#31, 230) |
!13 = = = 46,131
2 2
| " # "1 | | #14, 804 # 61, 033 |
! 21 = 2 = = 37, 918
2 2
| " # " 2 | | #31, 230 # (#14, 804) |
! 32 = 3 = = 8, 213psi
2 2 ■
Comments:
1. The maximum shear stress, since σ1 > σ2 > σ3 , is τmax= τ13.
2. A Mohr’s three-circle diagram is shown below.
SOLUTION (4.71)
4-103
! x = 45, 000 psi
! y = 25, 000
! z = "50, 000
# xy = 4000
# yz = 2000
# zx = "3500
Assumptions:
Analysis:
I1 = ! x + ! y + ! z = 45, 000 + 25, 000 " 50, 000 = 20, 000
I 2 = ! x ! y + ! y ! z + ! z ! x " # 2xy " # 2yz " # 2zx
= (45, 000)(25, 000) + (25, 000)("50, 000) + ("50, 000)(45, 000)
" (4, 000)2 " (2, 000)2 " ("3, 500)2 = "2.407E 9
I 3 = ! x ! y ! z + 2# xy # yz # zx " ! x # 2yz " ! y # 2zx " ! z # 2xy
= 45, 000(25, 000)("50, 000) + 2(4, 000)(2, 000)("3, 500)
" 45, 000(2, 000)2 " (25, 000)("3, 500)2
" (50, 000)(4, 000)2 = "5.599E 13
! 3 " I1! 2 + I 2 ! " I 3 = 0
! 3 " 20, 000! 2 + 2.407E 9 ! + 5.599E 13 = 0
!1 = 45, 868; ! 2 = 24, 322; ! 3 = "50,190 psi
4-104
| "1 # " 3 | | 45, 868 # (#50,190) |
!13 = = = 48, 029
2 2
| " # "1 | | 24, 322 # 45, 868 |
! 21 = 2 = = 10, 773
2 2
| " # " 2 | | 50,190 # (24, 322) |
! 32 = 3 = = 37, 256 psi
2 2 ■
Comments:
SOLUTION (4.72)
4-105
! x = 50, 000 psi
! y = "10, 000
! z = 15, 000
# xy = "3500
# yz = "1000
# zx = 2000
Assumptions:
Analysis:
I1 = ! x + ! y + ! z = 50, 000 " 10, 000 + 15, 000 = 55, 000
I 2 = ! x ! y + ! y ! z + ! z ! x " # 2xy " # 2yz " # 2zx
= (50, 000)("10, 000) + ("10, 000)(15, 000) + (50, 000)(15, 000)
" (3, 500)2 " ("1, 000)2 " (2, 000)2 = 8.275E 7
I 3 = ! x ! y ! z + 2# xy # yz # zx " ! x # 2yz " ! y # 2zx " ! z # 2xy
= 50, 000("10, 000)(15, 000) + 2("3, 500)("1, 000)(2, 000)
" (50, 000)("1, 000)2 " ("10, 000)(2, 000)2
" (15, 000)("3, 500)2 = 7.680E 12
! 3 " I1! 2 + I 2 ! " I 3 = 0

! 3 " 55, 000! 2 + 8.275E 7 ! + 7.680E 12 = 0
!1 = 50, 323; ! 2 = 14, 911; ! 3 = "10, 234 psi
4-106
| "1 # " 3 | | 50, 323 # (#10, 234) |
!13 = = = 30, 279
2 2
| " # "1 | | 14, 911 # 50, 323 |
! 21 = 2 = = 17, 706
2 2
| " # " 2 | | #10, 234 # (14, 911) |
! 32 = 3 = = 12, 573 psi
2 2 ■
Comments:
SOLUTION (4.73)
Known: The geometry and the tensile force acting on a specimen are known.
Find: Determine the maximum value of stress at the hole and at the semicircular
notch.
4-107
d = 50 mm
45000 N 100 mm 45000 N
Thickness = 25 mm r = 15 mm
Assumption: The material is homogeneous and elastic.
Analysis:
1. Nominal stress at the hole, ! hnom = 45000 = 36 MPa.
(100 - 50)25
2. d/b = 50/100 = 0.5
From Fig (4.40b), Kt = 2.3
3. Therefore, the maximum stress at the hole σhmax = Kt σhnom = 2.3(36) = 82.8
MPa
4. The nominal stress at the notch, ! Nnom = 45000 = 25.7 MPa.
(70)(25)
5. H/h = 100/70 = 1.43, r/h = 15/70 = 0.2. From Fig (4.39b), Kt = 2.0
6. Therefore, maximum stress at the notch σNmax = Kt σNnom = 2.0(25.7) = 51.4
MPa.
Comments:
1. The above stress concentration factor is theoretical based on a theoretical elastic,
homogeneous, isotropic material.
2. The value of the maximum stress at the hole is greater than that at the notch.
SOLUTION (4.74)
Known: The geometry and the tensile force acting on a specimen are known.
Find: Determine the maximum stress at both the hole and the notch.

4-108
200 mm d = 30 mm
65000 N 65000 N
Thickness = 25 mm r = 15 mm
Assumption: The material is homogeneous and elastic.
Analysis:
1. The nominal stress at the hole and notch is ! nom = 65000 = 18.57 MPa.
(200 - 60)25
2. For the notch: H/h = 200/170 = 1.2, r/h = 15/170 = 0.09. From Fig (4.39b), Kt =
2.45.
Therefore, the maximum stress in the notch σNmax = 2.45(18.57) = 45.5 MPa.
3. For the hole: d/b = 30/200 = 0.15. From Fig (4.40b), Kt = 2.5.
Therefore, the maximum stress in the hole σhmax = 2.5(18.57) = 46.4 MPa.
Comments:
1. The above stress concentration factor is theoretical based on a theoretical elastic,
homogeneous, isotropic material.
2. The value of the maximum stress at the hole is greater than that at the notch.
3. Divide the plate into two notched bars. For each notched bar, σnom = 18.57
MPa, H/h = 1.43, r/h = 0.21, Kt = 1.95, σmax = 36.2 MPa.
4-109
SOLUTION (4.75)
Known: The concept of force flow can be used to study the flow of forces in a machine
or structural component.
Find: Answer the following two questions:

1. Is using force flow to study stress in a component an art or a science?
2. Can the concept of force flow be used to study problems where numerical values for
loads are indeterminate?
Comments:
1. The application of force flow is an art that is based on the sciences of statics and
strength of materials. A sketch of the flow of force through a body aids in an
understanding of the loading of various body parts. For example, if two body parts
are loaded in series each body part will carry the same load. But if two body parts
are in parallel, the stiffer part will carry more load. Also, a study of the flow of force
around notches and holes will aid in identifying stress concentrations – areas where
the imaginary force flow lines are closer together (e.g. visualize an idealize fluid
flow).
2. The concept of force flow can be used to study problems where numerical values for
loads are indeterminate because in many cases we do not need exact values but only
an idea of what percent of the total force will flow though a member or component.
SOLUTION (4.76)
Known: Free body diagrams are use to determine forces and moments.
Find: Explain why free body diagrams are so important in determining forces and
stresses.
Comment:
1. A free-body diagram is a sketch of a body or part of a body that shows all of the
forces acting on such body.
2. Free body diagrams are important because they show all the forces that act on a
body (or part of a body). Once a free body diagram is drawn for a body in static
equilibrium and all the forces acting on the body are shown, we know that the vector
sum of forces are equal to zero and the vector sum of moments are equal to zero.
This fact allows for the calculation of unknown forces, moments, and geometry.
Once forces are determined, known equations can be used to calculate stresses.
3. A simpler answer would be that using free body diagrams allow engineers to
determine with mathematical calculations unknown loads and geometry.
4-110
SOLUTION (4.77)
Known: A stepped shaft with known dimensions is supported by bearings and carries
a known load.
Find: Determine the maximum stress at the shaft fillet.
1000 N
d = 40 mm
r = 5 mm
A B
70 mm
500 mm 250 mm
RA
RB
4-111
B
A
500 mm
250 mm 667 N
333 N
1000 N
70 mm
V
333 N
-667 N
C
168 N•m
M
G
47 N•m
D E F
Assumptions:
1. The shaft remains straight .
Analysis:
1. Σ MB = 0 : Hence RA = 333 N
Σ FY = 0 : RA + RB = 1000, Therefore RB = 667 N
2. From similar triangle, ΔCDF and ΔGEF,
GE = 47 N•m. The stress due to bending at the critical shaft fillet is equal to
32(47)
!nom = 32M 3
= = 7. 5 MPa.
"d "(0. 04)3
3. r/d for the critical shaft fillet = 5/40 = 0.125
D/d = 80/40 = 2
From Fig. (4.35a), Kt = 1.65
Therefore, σmax = σnom Kt = 7.5(1.65) = 12.4 MPa
4-112
Comment: The above stress concentration factor is theoretical based on a theoretical
elastic, homogeneous, isotropic material.
SOLUTION (4.78)
Known: A steel notched flat bar has a known stress concentration factor for tensile
loads, a given cross-sectional area in the plane of the notches, and specified tensile
and compressive yield strengths.
Find:
(a) Make a drawing showing the approximate shape of the stress distribution curve
when the bar is loaded to 5,000 lb tension, and also after the load is removed.
(b) Repeat for a 10,000 lb load.
(c) Repeat for a 15,000 lb load.
P P
2
A = 0.5 in.
K t= 2
S yt = Syc = 30 ksi
Assumptions:
1. The material is homogeneous.
2. The strain concentration factor remains equal to the stress concentration factor Kt
during yielding.
3. The triaxiality of stress developed at the base of the notch may be neglected.
4. The bar is initially free of residual stress.
5. An idealized stress-strain curve is appropriate for analysis.
Analysis:
4-113
1. -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Elastic release curve Load on
Load off (zero stress)
2. -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
(Elastic
(Elastic release Load Load on curve)
curve) off
3. -60 -30 0 30 60
(Elastic release Load Load on

curve) off (Elastic curve)
SOLUTION (4.79)
Find:
when the bar is loaded to 5,000 lb compression, and also after the load is
removed.
P P
S yt = S yc = 30 ksi
2 Kt= 2
A = 0.5 in.
4-114
Assumptions:
during yielding.
Analysis:
1. 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30
Elastic release curve Load on
2. 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40
(Elastic release (Elastic

Load Load on curve)
curve)
off
3. 60 30 0 -30 -60
(Elastic release Load Load on

curve) off (Elastic curve)
4-115
SOLUTION (4.80)
Find:
when the bar is loaded to 5,000 lb tension, and also after the load is removed.
P P
2
A = 0.5 in.
K t= 3
S yt = Syc = 30 ksi
Assumptions:
during yielding.
4-116
Analysis:
1. !av = 10 ksi, !max = 30 ksi

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
(Elastic release curve) Load on

2. !av = 20 ksi, !max-elastic = 60 ksi, !max-actual = Sy = 30 ksi

-60 -30 -20 0 20 30 60
Elastic release Load

off Elastic curve
curve Load on
3. !av = 30 ksi, !max-elastic = 90 ksi, !max-actual = Sy = 30 ksi

-90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90
Elastic release Load on

curve Elastic curve
Load off
Load off curve for elastic release
4-117
SOLUTION (4.81)
Known: A steel notched flat bar has a known stress concentration factor for axial
loads, a known cross-sectional area in the plane of the notches, and specified tensile
Find:
when the bar is loaded to 5,000 lb compression, and also after the load is
removed.
P P
2
A = 0.5 in.
K t= 3
S yt = Syc = 30 ksi
Assumptions:
during yielding.
4-118
Analysis:
1. !av = -10 ksi, !m ax = -30 ksi
30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30
(Elastic release curve) Load on

2. !av = -20 ksi, !m ax-elastic = -60 ksi, !max-actual = Sy = -30 ksi

60 30 20 0 -20 -30 -60
Elastic release Load

off Elastic curve
curve Load on
3. !av = -30 ksi, !m ax-el astic = -90 ksi, !max-actu al = Sy = -30 ksi
90 60 30 0 -30 -60 -90
Elastic release Load on

curve Elastic curve
Load off
Load off curve for elastic release
SOLUTION (4.82)
Known: A rectangular bar with a central hole is made of steel with known tensile and
compressive yield strengths.
Find: Make a drawing showing the approximate stress distribution in the plane of the
hole:
(a) When a tensile force of 400 kN is applied to each end of the bar.
(b) After the load is removed.
4-119
10 mm dia.
P 60 mm
P = 400 kN
20 mm
S yt = S yc = 600 MPa
Assumptions:
during yielding.
Analysis:
1. Net area = 20(60 - 10) = 1000 mm2
400, 000 N
2. !avg = P/A = = 400 MPa
0. 001 m2
3. Since σavg < Syt, the part will not fail by yielding of the entire cross section.
4. With Syt = Syc = 600 MPa, we can find (a) and (b) for this problem as follows.
5. From Fig. 4.40, Kt = 2.5
6. !max = Kt!avg = 2. 5(400) = 1000 MPa (elastic value)
7.
-800 -400 0 400 800
Solid curve is
Answer to b answer to a.
Elastic curve
Plane of the hole
4-120
SOLUTION (4.83)
Known: A rectangular bar with a central hole is made of steel with known tensile
hole:
(a) When a compressive force of 400 kN is applied to each end of the bar.

10 mm dia.
60 mm
P
P = 400 kN
20 mm
Assumptions:
during yielding.
Analysis:
1. Net area = 20(60 - 10) = 1000 mm2
-400, 000 N
2. !avg = P = = -400 MPa
A 0. 001 m2
3. Since σavg < Syt, the part will not fail by yielding of the entire cross section in
compression.
4. With Syt = Syc = 600 MPa, we can find (a) and (b) for this problem as follows:
5. From Fig. 4.40, Kt = 2.5
6. !max = Kt!avg = 2.5(-400) = -1000 MPa (elastic value)
4-121
7.
800 400 0 -400 -800
Solid curve is
Elastic curve
Plane of the hole
SOLUTION (4.84)
Known: A rectangular bar with a central hole is made of steel with known tensile and
compressive yield strengths.
hole:
(a) When a tensile force of 100 kN is applied to each end of the bar.

6 mm dia.
P 40 mm
P = 100 kN
10 mm
Assumptions:
during yielding.
Analysis:
1. Net area = 10(40 - 6) = 340 mm2
4-122
100, 000N
2. !avg = P/A = = 294 MPa
340 mm2
3. From Fig. 4.40, Kt = 2.55
4. !max = Kt!avg = 2. 55(294) = 750 MPa (elastic value)
5.
-600 -450 -300 -150 0 150 300 450 600 750
Solid curve is
Elastic curve
Load off
Plane of the hole
Comment: The material at the hole yields when loaded and when unloaded.
SOLUTION (4.85)
Known: A rectangular bar with a central hole is made of steel with known tensile
hole:
(a) When a compressive force of 100 kN is applied to each end of the bar.

6 mm dia.
P 40 mm
P = 100 kN
10 mm
Assumptions:
during yielding.
4-123
Analysis:
1. Net area = 10(40 - 6) = 340 mm2
-100, 000N
2. !avg = P/A = = -294 MPa
340 mm2
3. From Fig. 4.40, Kt = 2.55
4. !max = Kt!avg = -2. 55(294) = -750 MPa (elastic value)
5.
600 450 300 150 0 -150 -300 -450 -600 -750
Solid curve is
Elastic curve
Plane of the hole
SOLUTION (4.86)
Known: A notched bar with known tensile and compressive yield strength has a
stress concentration factor for tensile loading of 2.5. The bar is loaded in tension with
calculated notch-root stresses varying with time.
Find: Copy the drawing and add a curve showing the variation with time of actual
notch-root stresses.
Notched Bar
K t = 2.5
Calculated elastic stress (MPa)
400 S yt = S yc = 200 MPa
200
-200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time
4-124
Assumptions:
during yielding.
Analysis:
600
400
MPa
200
0 Time
2 4 6 8 10 12
-200
Calculated elastic stress
Actual Notch-root stress
SOLUTION (4.87)
Known: A notched bar with known tensile and compressive yield strength has a
stress concentration factor for tensile loading of 3.0. The bar is loaded in tension with
calculated notch-root stresses varying with time.
Find: Copy the drawing and add a curve showing the variation with time of actual
notch-root stresses.
4-125
Notched Bar
K t = 3.0
Calculated elastic stress (MPa)
400 S yt = S yc = 200 MPa
200
-200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time
Assumptions:
during yielding.
Analysis:
600
400
MPa
200
0 Time
2 4 6 8 10 12
-200
Calculated elastic stress
Actual Notch-root stress
4-126
SOLUTION (4.88)
Known: Three notched tensile bars (see Fig. 4.39) have stress-concentrations of 1,
1.5 and 2.5 respectively. Each is made of ductile steel and have Sy = 100 ksi, a
rectangular cross-section with a minimum area of 1 in.2, and is initially free of
residual stress.
Find: Draw the shape of the stress-distribution curve for each case when
(a) A tensile load of 50,000 lb is applied.
(b) The load is increased to 100,000 lb.
(c) The load is removed.
P P
A = 1 in.2
Sy = 100 ksi
Analysis:
K=1 K = 1.5 K = 2.5 100
50 75
(a)
50 50
100 100 100
(b)
-50 -100
(c)
4-127
SOLUTION (4.89)
Known: Two rectangular steel beams having a known tensile yield strength are
loaded in bending and Z = I/c is known. The dimensions and a stress concentration
factor are given for both beams.
Find:
(a) For each beam, determine what moment, M, causes (1) initial yielding, and (2)
complete yielding.
(b) Beam A is loaded to cause yielding to a depth of 1/4 in. Determine and plot the
distribution of residual stresses which remain after the load is removed.

0.5 in.
0.5 in.
1 in.
1.5 in. B
1 in. A
Z = (1/12) in.3 Z = (1/12) in.3 0.5 in.
Syt = 80 ksi S yt = 80 ksi

Kt = 3
Assumptions:
1. The idealized stress-strain curve is appropriate.
2. The beam is homogeneous.
3. There are no residual stresses initially.
Analysis:
1. For initial yielding, using Eqs. (4.7) and (4.21),
Beam A: ! = Syt = M
Z
M = Syt Z = 80, 000 1 = 6667 in•lb ■

12
Beam B: ! = Syt = M Kt
Z
1
Syt Z 80, 000 12
M= = = 2222 in•lb ■
Kt 3
4-128
2. For complete yielding,
0
F
h/2
F
Thus, for both beams,
2 2 2 [ 1 1 1
2 2 2 ]
M = F( h ) = (Syt)( h )(b) ( h ) = (80, 000)( )( ) ( ) = 10, 000 in. lb ■
3. For loading beam A to yield the beam to a depth of 1/4 in. and then releasing the
load we have:
0 80 110 -30 ksi 0

(1/4) in. +25 ksi
-25 ksi
(1/4) in.
+30 ksi
"Moment on" curve Residual stresses
and Elastic curve
4. The moment to yield the beam to a depth of 1/4 in. is given by

M = (stress)(area)(mom. arm) + (avg. stress)(area)(mom. arm)
80, 000 1 1 1
= 80, 000 1 1 3 + = 9167 in•lb
4 2 4 2 4 2 3
5. The elastic stress for M = 9167 in•lb is calculated as
!elastic = M = 9167 = 110 ksi

Z 1
12
6. The residual stresses are shown on the right side in the above figure.
Comment: An overload causing yielding produced residual stresses that are

favorable to future loads in the same direction and unfavorable to future loads in the
opposite direction.
4-129
SOLUTION (4.90)
Known: Two rectangular steel beams having a known tensile yield strength are loaded
in bending and Z = I/c is known. The dimensions and a stress concentration factor are
given for both beams.
Find:
(a) For each beam, determine what moment, M, causes (1) initial yielding and (2)
complete yielding.
(b) Beam A is loaded to cause yielding to a depth of 6.35 mm. Determine and plot the
distribution of residual stresses that remain after the load is removed.

12.5 mm
12.5 mm
25 mm
25 mm 37.5 mm B
A
12.5 mm
Z = 1302 mm3 Z = 1302 mm3
Syt = 550 MPa S yt = 550 MPa
K t = 2.5
Assumptions:
1. The idealized stress-strain curve is appropriate.
2. The beam is homogenous.
3. There are no residual stresses initially.
Analysis:
1. For initial yielding, using Eqs. (4.7) and (4.21),
Beam A: ! = Syt = M
Z
■
M = Syt Z = (550 MPa)(1302 mm3) = 716.1 N·m
Beam B: ! = Syt = M Kt
Z
S ytZ 550 MPa (1302 mm 3) ■
M= = = 286.44 N·m
Kt 2.5
4-130
2. For complete yielding,
0
F
h/2
F
Thus, for both beams,
25 12.5 25 = 1074.22
M = F( h ) = (Syt)( h )(b) ( h ) = 550 MPa N·m ■
2 2 2 2 2
3. For loading beam A to yield the beam to a depth of 6.35 mm and then releasing
the load we have:
0 550 -208.5 MPa 0

6.35 mm 758.5 +176.3 MPa
6.35 mm -176.3 MPa

+208.5 MPa
"Moment on" curve Residual stresses
and Elastic curve
4. The moment to yield the beam to a depth of 6.35 mm is given by

M = (stress)(area)(mom. arm) + (avg. stress)(area)(mom. arm)
= 550 MPa 6.35 mm 12.5 mm 18.65 mm
+ 550 MPa 6.15 mm 12.5 mm 8.20 mm

2
M = 987.54 N·m
5. The elastic stress for M = 987.54 N·m is calculated as
! elastic = M = 987.54 N·m = 758.5 MPa

Z 1302 mm 3
6. The residual stresses are shown on the right side in the above figure.
Comment: An overload causing yielding produced residual stresses that are

favorable to future loads in the same direction and unfavorable to future loads in the
opposite direction.
4-131
SOLUTION (4.91)
Known: A 12 in. length of aluminum tubing with a cross-sectional area of 1.5 in.2
expands 0.008 in. from a stress-free condition at 60°F when the tube is heated to a
uniform 260°F.
Find: Determine the end loads on the aluminum tubing loads and the resultant
compressive stresses.
12.000 in. 12.008 in.

T = 60 oF T = 260 oF
P = 0 lb P = 0 lb P=? P=?
Assumptions:
1. The tube material is homogenous and isotropic.
2. The material stresses remain within the elastic range.
3. No local or column bending occurs.
Analysis:
1. For the unrestrained tube
∈ = αΔΤ = (12!10 / F)(200 F ) = 2.4x10
-6 " " -3 in.
in.
ΔL = L∈ = 12 in. (2.4!10 ) = 0.0288 in.
-3
4-132
2. Since the measured expansion was only 0.008 in., the constraints must apply
forces sufficient to produce a deflection of 0.0208 in. From the relationship
! = PL
AE
which is from elementary elastic theory, where δ = 0.0208 in., L = 12.000 in.,
A = 1.5 in.2, and E = 10.4 × 106 ksi.
With substitution we have
P (12.000 in.)
0.0208 in. =
(1.5 in.2) 10.4×10 6 psi
( )
yielding P = 27,040 lb
3. The resultant stress is, ! = P = 27,040 lb = 18,027 psi

A 2
1.5 in. ■
Comment: Since these answers are based on elastic relationships, they are valid only if
the material has a yield strength of at least 18.03 ksi at 260°F.
SOLUTION (4.92)
Known: A 250 mm length of steel tubing with a cross-sectional area of 625 mm2
expands longitudinally 0.20 mm from a stress-free condition at 26°C when the tube is
heated to a uniform 249°C.
Find: Determine the end loads on the steel tubing and the resultant internal stresses.
250 mm 250.2 mm
T = 26 oC T = 249 oC
P = 0 kN P = 0 kN P=? P=?
4-133
Assumptions:
1. The tube material is homogenous and isotropic.
2. The material stresses remain within the elastic range.
Analysis:
1. For the unrestrained tube
∈ = αΔΤ = (12!10 )(249-26) = 2.68!10
-6 -3
ΔL = L∈ = 250 mm (2.68!10 ) = 0.669 mm

-3
2. Since the measured expansion was only 0.20 mm, the constraints must apply
forces sufficient to produce a deflection of 0.469 mm. From the relationship
! = PL
AE
which is from elementary elastic theory, where δ = 0.469 mm, L = 250 mm, and
A = 625 mm2 = 625 mm × 1 m × 1 m = 0.000625 m
2
1000 mm 1000 mm
E = 207!10 Pa = 207!10 N2 = 207!10 N 2

9 9 3
m mm
P 250 mm
Therefore, 0.469 mm = 625 mm 2 207!10 3 N
mm 2
and P = 242,707 N
242,707 N
3. The resultant stress is, σ = = 388 MPa
625 mm 2 ■
Comment: Since these answers are based on elastic relationships, they are valid only if
the material has a yield strength of at least 388 MPa at 249°C.
4-134

CH 04

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 04

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 04

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes

Find: Estimate the maximum compressive stress in each of the sections A to D.

Schematic and Given Data:

4000 lb 2.5" 4000 lb

Find: Estimate the maximum compressive stress in each of the sections A to D.

Schematic and Given Data:

Schematic and Given Data:

Schematic and Given Data:

1. The cone has uniform material properties.

2. The cone will support it own weight.

3. The area of the cross section at A is AA= π[d/2]2/4 = πd2/16

4. The weight of the material above section A is FA = ρ VA =

5. The weight of the material above section B is FB = ρ VB = ρ Vcone

6. The compressive stress at cross section A is σAcomp = FA/AA

7. The compressive stress at cross section B is σBcomp = FB/AB

Comment: The compressive stress at cross section B is twice as large as the

Schematic and Given Data:

1. The stability of the stack is not an issue in this calculation.

2. The compressive strength and density used are sufficiently accurate.

2b. The volume of the block, V = W x L x H = [8 x 14 x 6]/123 = 0.389 ft3

4. The total weight of n blocks is Wnblocks = n x Wblock

6. Solving the above for n gives, n = 8533 blocks

Schematic and Given Data:

Analysis: For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,

P = ASus = 2 π(30 mm)2 (200 MPa) = 1,130,972 N = 1130 kN. ■

Decisions: Use as-rolled AISI 1040 with Su = 90.0 ksi.

Analysis: For Fig. 4.4, since the pin is in double shear,

P = ASus = 2 π(0.375 in)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi) = 49,303 lb. ■

Schematic and Given Data:

Analysis: For Fig. 4.3, since the bolt is in single shear,

P = ASus = π(30 mm)2 (200 MPa) = 565,486 N = 565 kN. ■

Schematic and Given Data:

Decisions: Use as-rolled AISI 1040 with Su = 90.0 ksi.

Analysis: For Fig. 4.3, since the bolt is in single shear,

P = ASus = π(0.375 in)2 (0.62)(90.0 ksi) = 24,651 lb. ■

P = 12, 325 lb P = 12, 325 lb

Schematic and Given Data:

Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4

Decisions: Use as-rolled AISI 1040 with Su = 90.0 ksi.

Schematic and Given Data:

Fig. 4.3 Fig. 4.4

Find: Select the diameter for a steel driveshaft and:

Schematic and Given Data:

unknown 250 hp, n = 5000 rpm

Decision: Select a diameter of 3".

2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T

3. For a hollow shaft,

Schematic and Given Data:

2500 hp, n = 2000 rpm

3. For a hollow shaft,

Schematic and Given Data:

700 kW, n = 1500 rpm

3. For a hollow shaft,

Schematic and Given Data:

2. From Eq. (4.4), ! = 16 T

4. For a hollow shaft,

Schematic and Given Data:

3200 hp, n = 2000 rpm

Schematic and Given Data: