LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

(Project work -2023)

Submitted by- - - - -
SANCHITA MAHATA

 
   SEM  : VI

   UID :20023121013

   ROLL NO :2009

   COURSE ID :62117

   COURSE CODE :SH/MTH/604/DSE-4

 
   TOPIC : LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION

Under the supervision of Dr. Samiran Karmakar

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
BANKURA SAMMILANI COLLEGE

BANKURA UNIVERSITY
 CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
2.L APLACE TRANSFORM - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - 3-11
3.I NVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM - - - - - - - - - - 11-18
4.C ONVOLUTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19-21
5.C ONCLUSION & REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - 22

1
2. Laplace Transform:-
2.1 Definition :-
Let f (t) be a function defined for t ⩾ 0. Then the Laplace transform of
f (t) is denoted by L {f (t) } on f́ (s ) and defined as
∞
L {f (t)}=f́ ( s)=∫ ❑ e
−st
f (t)dt
0

Where S is α parameter may be real or complex. Clearly L {f (t )} being a

function of S is briefly written as f́ (s ) i.e., L {f (t ) }=f́ (s)
Here the symbol L, which transforms f (t) into f́ (s ) is called Laplace
Transform operator. Then f (t) is called Inverse Laplace Transform of f́ (s )
or Simply inverse transform of f́ (s ) i.e., L { f́ (s )}
−1

2.2 Existence Condition:-

The Laplace transform does not exist for all functions. If it exists, it is
uniquely determined. For existence of Laplace, the given function has
to be continuous on every finite interval and of exponential order i.e., if
there exists positive constants ' M ' and ' a ' such that ¿ f (t)∨≤ M e for all at 

t ⩾ 0. The function f (t) is sometimes termed as object function defined f

or all t ⩾ 0 and f́ (s ) is termed as the resultant image function. Here the

parameter should be sufficiently large to make the integral convergent.
In the above discussion, the condition for existence of f (s ) is sufficient
but not necessary, which precisely means that if the above conditions
are satisfied, the Laplace transform of f (t) must exist.
But if these conditions are not satisfied, the Laplace transform may or
1
may not exist. For example, in case of f ( t )= √ t , f (t )→ ∞ as t → 0, precisely
1
means f (t)= √ t is not piecewise continues on every finite interval in the
range t ⩾ 0. However f (t ) is integrable from 0 to any positive value, say to,
Also ¿ f (t)∨≤ M e for all t >1 with m=1 and a=0. Thus L {f (t) }=
1
at 
√ π
3
s>0 exists
even if √t is not piecewise continues in the range t ⩾ 0.
2.3 Laplace Transforms of Some elementary functions:-

3
2.3.1 To find Laplace transform of f (t)=1
By definition of laplace transform, we have

[ ]
∞ ∞
e− st 1
L {1 }=∫ ❑ e (1)dt=
−st
= , S >0
0
−s 0 s

2.3.2 To find Laplace transform of f (t)=t n

, s> 0, n being any real number
greater than -1 .
By definition,
∞
L { t n }=∫ ❑e−st t n dt
0
  Let  st=x
S dt=dx . 
∞

( ) dxS
n
x
¿∫ ❑e
−x

0 s
∞
1
n+1 ∫
¿ ❑e− x x n dx
s 0
∞
1
¿
s 0 n+1 ∫❑ e−x x(n+1)−1 dx
Γ (n+1)
¿ n +1  if n>−1  and  s> 0
s
¿

n!
L { t n }= n+1
 if n> 0 , S> 0
S

2.3.3. To find Laplace transform of f (t)=e , at

a= constant. 

By definition,
∞
L {e } ¿∫ ❑e
at −st at
e dt
0

[ ]
−(s−a)t ∞
e 1
¿ ¿ 4 = , s>0
−( s−a) 0 ( s−a)
1
L { e−at } ¿
s+a

2.3.4. To find Laplace transform of f (t)=¿ Sinat By definition,

4
 ∞
¿∫ ❑ e
−st
L {sin ⁡at } sin atdt
0
1
¿ ¿ [0−1(0−a)]
s +a 2
2

¿ ¿

2.3.5. To find Laplace transform of f (t)=¿ Cosat By definition,

∞
L {cos ⁡at } ¿ ∫ ❑ e
−st
cos at dt
0
¿ ¿

S
¿ 2 2
, S >0
s +a

2.3.6. To find Laplace transform of f (t)=sinh ⁡(at )

By definition,

{ }
at −at
e −e
L {sinh ⁡( at ) } ¿L
2
¿ ¿
1 1
[ −
2 S−a 3+a
1
]
¿ 5 ¿

2.3.7. To find Laplace transform of f (t)=cosh( at) By definition,

∞
¿ ∫ ❑e
−st
L {cosh (at )} cosh ( at) dt
0
∞
1
¿ ¿ ∫ ❑ [ e−(s− a)t +e−(s+a )t ] dt
20
¿ ¿

2.4. Properties of Laplace Transformation :-

2.4.1. Linearity Property :-
Let f (t) , g (t), h(t) be any, functions whose laplace transforms exist, then for
any constants a , b , c and K we have,
L [ af ( t ) +bg ( t )−ch ( t ) ]=a L { f ( t ) } +b L { g ( t ) } −c L {h (t)}
L{kf (t) }=kL {f (t)}

Example:-

6
  Find  L(sin 2 t cos 3 t)
1
⇒ L(sin 2 t cos 3 t)= L {sin 5 t−sin t }
2
1
¿ [ L{sin 5 t }−1 {sin t }]
2
¿
1 5
2 2[− 2
2 s + 5 s +1
1
, S> 0
2
]
2 s −10
¿
( S +1 ) ( S2 +25 )
2

2 ( S +5 )
2
¿
( S2 +1 ) ( S2 +25 )

2.4.2. First shift Property:-

 If  L[f ( t )]= f́ (s) then  L [ e f (t ) ]= f́ (s−a)
at

∞ ∞

L [ e f (t ) ] =∫ ❑ e [e f (t ) ] dt =∫ ❑e
at −st at −(s−a)t
f (t )dt
0 0

¿ f́ ( p )  where  p=s−a
¿

Application of this property give arise to following simple results:

1 1
L ( e at )=   as   L(1)=
s−a s

2.4.3. change of scale property :-

1 s
 If  L {f (t) }=f́ (s)  then  L[f (at )]= f́
a a ()
∞ ∞ p
−s ⋅ dp dp
L { f ( at ) }=∫ ❑e f ( at ) dt =∫ ❑ e
−st a
f ( p) as  at=r , dt=
0 0 a a
−( ) p
∞ s
1
¿
a0
∫ ❑e
a
f ( p ) dp

1 s
= f
a a ()  
¿
¿

2.4.4. Change of scale with shifting:-

If L {f (t ) }=f́ (s), then L {e
bt 1 s−b
f (at ) }= f́
a a ( )7
 ∞
L {e f (at ) }=∫ ❑e
bt − st bt
e f (at )dt ¿
0
∞
dp
¿∫ ❑ e−(s−b)t f (at )dt ¿ at=b ,dt=
0
a
−( ) f (b) dp
p
∞ s −b
1
¿ ∫❑ e a
¿
a0
1 s−b
¿ f́
a a ( ) ¿

2.4.5. Transforms of functions multiplied by t :- n

−d
If f (t) is a function of class A and if L {f (t)}=f́ (s) then L {tf (t)}= dS f́ (s) and
L {t f (t) }=¿.
n

Example:-
Find Laplace of t sin ⁡t 2

⇒ L { t sin ⁡t } ¿ L
2
{2t (1−cos ⁡2t )}= 12 L {t }− 12 L {t cos ⁡2 t }= 12 ⋅ s1 − 12 {−dds ⋅ s +s 2 }¿= 21s − 12 ( ss +−44 ) ¿= 2s (3( ss++44) ) ¿
2 2 2 2
2

2 2 2 2
2

2
¿ ¿

2.4.6. Transforms of functions divided by t :If L[ f ( t)]= f́ (s) then

L[ ]
f (t )
t
=∫ f́ (s )ds , provided the integral
∞
s 8 exists,
Example:
sin ⁡t π
Using Laplace Transform, show that ∫ ∞0
t
dt = ⇒
2 we know that
a
L[ sin ⁡( at )]= , s> 0
s +a 2
2

∞
L (
sin ⁡at
t ) ¿∫ ❑
S
2
a
s +a
2
dS
¿ ¿

π s
¿ −tan −1 ⁡ =cot −1 ⁡
2 a ()
s
a ()
However by definition,
∞
L ( t )
sin ⁡at
=∫ ❑e−st
0
( )
sin ⁡at
t
dt
∞

∴∫ ❑ e
0
−st
( sina⁡at ) dt=cot ⁡( as ) −1

on taking a=1 and s=0 in the above relation, we get

 ∞

∫ ❑ sint ⁡t dt =cot−1 ⁡0= π2

0

2.4.7. Laplace Transform of Integral of f (t ) :-

[ ]
t
L ∫ ❑ f (u)du = 1s f́ ( s)  where  Lf (t)=f́ (s)
0

2.4.8. Laplace Transforms of Derivatives :-

Let f (t) be a continuous function for all t ⩾ 0 and be of
exponential order as t → ∞ and f ( t) if also be piecewise continues '

for all t ⩾ 0 and be of exponential order t → ∞ , then

L [ f ' (t) ]=SL( f (t))−f (0)
Example :-
Find sin ⁡√ t and hence deduce √ t√
cos ⁡ t

d cos ⁡√ t
⇒ let sin ⁡√ t=f (t) then f (t)= (sin ⁡√t)=
'
dt 2 √t
But L f (t)=S f́ ( s)−f (0) where f́ (s )=L(sin ⁡√ t)
'

¿ √ π e−1 / 4 s
3 /2
2s

( )
−1
cos ⁡√ t √ π e 4 s −0   as  f ( 0 )=sin 0=0
∴L =s ⋅
2 √t 3
2s2

( )√
−1
cos ⁡√t π 4s
on, L
√t
=
s
e

2.4.9. Evaluation of Integrals by Laplace transform:-

example :-
Evaluate ∫ t e sin t dt .
∞
0
−3 t

⇒ The integral ∫ t e sint dt is comparable to ∫ e f ( t ) dt with s=3 and

∞
0
−3 t ∞ −st
0

f (t)=t sin ⁡t
1
Now L(sin ⁡t )= s +1 = f́ ( s) , s> 0
2

∴ L(t sin ⁡t)=

d
dS
f́ ( s)=
−d 1
=
( )
2s
ds s +1 ( s 2+1 )2
2

Hence the integral ∫0 e

∞ −3t
t sin t dt =L(t sin ⁡t)
10
 ∞
2 ⋅3
¿ when s=3 , ∫ ❑ e
−3 t
t sin ⁡tdt= 2
0 ( 3 2+1 )
3
¿=
50
¿

3 . Inverse Laplace Transform :-

3.1. Definition :-
If f (s ) be the Laplace transform of a function f (t) i.e., if L {f (t)}=f ( s),
then f (t ) is called the Inverse Laplace transform of the function f (s )
and is written as f (t)=L {f ( s)}, where L is called the Inverse
−1 −1

Laplace transformation operator.

3.2. Inverse Laplace Transform of some elementary. functions:-
1 1
3.2.1. To find inverse Laplace transform of s , s >0 Since, L {1 }= s , s>0
so by definition,
L
−1
{1s }=1 , s >0
1
3.2.2. To find + inverse Laplace transform of s
n+1 , n being any real
Γ (n+1)
number, such that n ⟩−1. Since L {t }= s , s>0 , n>−1 so by
n
n+1

definition,

{ } { }
n
Γ (n+ 1) 1 t
L
−1
n+1
=t
n
 on  L
−1
n +1
=
Γ (n+1)
n>-1 , s>0
s s

1
3.2.3. To find inverse Laplace transform of S
n+1 , n being a positive integer
n!
Since L {t }= s , s>0 so by definition,
n
n+1

{ } { }
n
−1 n! n −1 1 t
L n+1
=t  or  L n+1
= , s >0
s s n!

1 1
3.2.4. To find inverse Laplace transform of since L {e }= s−a , s>a so
at
, s >a
11 s−a
by definition,

L
−1
{S−a
1
}=e , s> a at
 1
3.2.5. To find inverse Laplace transform of 2
s −a
2, s> ¿ a∨¿.
a
Since L {sinh ⁡at }= s −a 2 2
, s>¿ a∨¿ so by definition

L−1
{ 2
a
s −a
2 } 1
=sinh ⁡at  or  L−1 2 2 =
s −a
sinh ⁡at
a {
, S>|a |  
}
s
3.2.6. To find inverse Laplace transform of 2
s −a
2
, s> ¿ a∨¿

s
Since L {cosh ⁡at }= s −a 2 2
, s >¿ a∨¿ so by definition

L−1
{ 2
s
s −a
2 }
=cosh at , s ∨a∨¿
⟩
1
3.2.7. To find inverse Laplace transform of 2
s +a
2 , s>0

a
Since L {sin ⁡at }= s + a 2 2
, s >0 so by definition

L
−1
{ }
2
a
s +a2
=sin ⁡at  or  L
−1
2
1
s +a 2
=
sin ⁡at
a { }
, s> 0

s
3.2.8. To find inverse Laplace transform of s + a2
2 ,
s
s>0 Since L {cos ⁡at }= 2
2
, s>0 so by definition
s +a

L−1
{ } s
2
s +a
2
=cos ⁡at , s >0

3.3. Properties of Inverse Laplace Transform :-

3.3.1. Change of scale property :-
If L−1
{ f́ (s )}=f (t) then L
−1 1 t
{ f́ (as) }= f
a a ()
proof :- 12
By definition, we have L {f (t ) }=∫ ∞
0 f (t) e
−st
dt= f́ (s)

⇒ L−1 { f́ ( s)}=f (t)

{ ( )}
∞
∴L f
t
a
¿ ∫❑ f
0
( at ) e−st t
dt  let  =u
a

{ ( )}
∞
t
¿∫ ❑ f ( u ) e
−sau
⇒L f a du ∴ dt =a du
a 0
¿ ¿
Taking inverse Laplace transformation on both sides we get,

f ( at )=L −1
[af (as)]

−1 1 t
 i . e.,  L {f (as)}= f
a a ()
similarly we can prove L
−1
{ ( )}
f
s
a
=af (ta)

Example:

 If  L−1
{ 2
1
s +64
=
}
sin ⁡8 t
8
, find  L−1 2
1
s +4
, a >0 
{ }
⇒  Given  L
−1
{ 1
2
s +64
=
8 }
sin ⁡8 t

3.3.2. Linearity property :-

If c and c ane any constants while f́
1 2 1 (s) and f́ 2 (s) and Laplace transforms
of f (t) and f (t) respecively then
1 2

L
−1
{c 1 f́ 1 ( s)+c 2 f́ 2 (s )} ¿ c1 L
−1
{f́ 1 (s)}+ c2 L−1 {f 2 (s)}
¿ ¿

Proof :-
By definition, we have L {f (t ) }=∫ ∞
0 f (t) e
13
−s t
dt = f́ ( s)

−1
⇒ L {f ( s)}=f (t)

Now L {c 1 f 1 (t )+c 2 f 2 (t) ]=∫ ∞0 [ c 1 f 1 (t)+ c2 f 2(t)] e−st dt

∞ ∞
¿ c 1∫ ❑f 1 (t) e dt+ c 2∫ ❑f 2 (t )e
−st − st
dt
0 0
¿ c1 L { f 1 (t) }+ c 2 L { f 2 (t ) }
¿ c 1 f́ 1 (s )+ c 2 f́ 2(s)

Taking inverse from both sides, we get

−1
L {c 1 f́ 1 (s)+c 2 f́ 2 (s )}=c1 f 1 (t )+ c 2 f 2 (t) L−1 { c 1 f́ 1(s)+c 2 f́ 2 (s)}=c 1 L−1 { f́ 1 (s )}+c 2 L−1 { f́ 2 (s)} ¿
¿

3.3.3. First Translation or shifting property : If L −1

{f (s )}=f (t) then
L {f (s−b)}=e f ( t).
−1 bt
Proof :-
By definition, we have f́ (s )=L{f (t)}=∫ ∞
0 f (t)e−st dt

L
−1
{f´ ( s ) }=f (t )
∞ ∞
∴ f́ ( s−b)=∫ ❑ f (t )e dt ¿∫ ❑ {t {e bt f (t)} e− st dt
−(s−b )t −1

0 0
¿ ¿

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides we get

L−1 { f́ (s−b)}=e bt f (t) L−1 { f́ ( s−b)}=ebt L−1 { f́ (s)}¿
¿ 14
3.3.4. Second Translation or shifting property: If L −1
{ f́ (s )}=f (t ) then
L
−1
{e−as f́ ( s)}=g (t) Where g(t )= [ f (t−a) , t >a
0, t <a

Proof :-
By definition, we have f́ (s )=L{f (t )}=∫ ∞ −st
0 e f (t ) at
−1
⇒ L { f́ ( s) }=f (t)
∞ ∞

∴e −as
f́ ( s)=e −as
∫ ❑ f (t)e −st
dt=∫ ❑ f (t) e−s (t +a ) dt
0 0
∞
¿∫ ❑f ( t+ a−a ) e−s (t +a ) dt   let t +a=u , dt=du
0
∞

¿∫ ❑ f (u−a)e
−su
du
a
∞
¿=∫ ❑f (t−a)e
−st
dt
a
∞ ∞

¿∫ ❑(0) e −st
dt+∫ ❑ f (t−a)e−st dt
0 a

[
∞
f (t−a) ; t> a
¿ ∫ ❑ g ( t ) e−st dt ; g ( t )=
0 0 ; t< a
¿ L {g(t )}
¿

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get

L−1 {e−as f ( s) }=g (t)= [ f (t−a) ; t >a

0 ; t <a

3.3.5. Inverse Laplace transform of Derivatives:-

If L { f́ (s )}=f (t) then
−1

15
i) L −1
{ }
d f́ (s)
ds
=−tf (t)

{ }
2
d f́ (s)
ii) L −1

ds
2
=¿

Proof :-
i) By definition, we have f́ (s )=L{f (t )}=∫ ∞
0 f (t )e
−st
dt

∞ ∞
d f́ (s) d
¿ ∫ ❑ f (t )e dt=∫ ❑ f (t)(−t)e dt
− st −st
∴
ds ds 0 0
¿ ¿−L {tf (t ) }

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides we get

L−1 { }
d f́ (s)
ds
=−tf (t )

i.e., L −1
{ } d f́ ( s)
ds
=−t L−1 { f́ (s )}

i.e., L −1
{ f́ (s )}=
t
L { }
−1 −1 d f́ ( s)
ds
ii) Differentiating both sides of above equation w.r.t. s we get,
2 ∞ ∞
d f́ (s) d
¿− ∫ ❑[tf ( t)] e−st dt =−∫ ❑(−t )[tf (t)]e−st dt
ds
3
ds 0 0
¿ ¿

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides, we get

{ }
2
d f́ ( s)
L−1 =¿
d s2

3.3.6. Inverse Laplace Transform of Integrals: If L −1

{ f́ (s )}=f (t ) then
f (t )
L−1 { ∫ ∞0 f́ (u)du }=
t
16
Proof :-
By definition we have, f́ (s )=L{f (t )}=∫ ∞
0 f (t)e
−s t
dt
 ( )
∞ ∞ ∞
∴∫ ❑ f́ (u)du ¿ ∫ ❑ ∫ ❑ f (t)e−ut dt du
s s 0

( ) dt
∞ ∞
e−ut
¿ ¿∫ ❑ f (t)
0 −t s
∞
f ( t) −s t
¿ ¿∫ ❑ e dt
0 t
¿ ¿

Taking Inverse Laplace transform on both sides, we get

{∫ }
∞
−1 f (t )
L ❑ f́ ( u ) du =
s t

3.3.7. Multiplication by the powers of S :

If L { f́ (s )}=f (t ), then L {s f́ (s)−f́ ( 0) ¿=f (t )
−1 −1 '

If f (0)=0 then L {s f́ (s)}=f (t )

−1 '

Proof :- By definition we have f́ (s )=L{f (t )}=∫ ∞

0 f (t )e
−st
dt

∞
∴ L { f (t ) } ¿∫ ❑ f (t )e
' ' −st
dt
0
¿ ¿ 0−f (0)+ SL{f (t)}
¿ ¿

Taking inverse Laplace transform on both sides we get

−1 '
L {S f́ ( s )−f (0) }=f (t )
17
Clearly,if f (0)=0, then L −1
{S f́ ( s ) }=f ' (t )

3.3.8. Division by S :-

{ }
t
f́ ( s)
−1
 If  L { f́ ( s ) }=f (t) then  L −1
=∫ ❑ f (u) du
s 0

Proof :-
let g(t )=∫ f (u) du
t
0

Then g (t)=f (t ) with g(0)=0

'
 ∴ L { g ' (t ) }=SL{g (t) }−g(0)
⇒ L {f (t)}=SL{g (t)}−0
⇒ f́ ( s)=SL {g(t)}
f́ ( s)
⇒ L{g (t)}=
s

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides, we get

{ }
t
f́ ( s )
L−1 =g(t)=∫ ❑ f (u) du
s 0

4. Convolution :-
4.1. Definition :-
let F (t) and G(t) be two functions of18class A then the convolution of them
is denoted and defined as
t t
F∗G=∫ ❑ F (u)G(t−u) du  on  F∗G=∫ ❑ F (t −u)G(u) du
0 0

The relation F∗G, is also known as falting or resultant of F (t) and G(t).
4.2. Properties of convolution :-
i) F∗G=G∗F i.e., the commutative low for convolution holds good
ii) F∗(G+ H)=F∗G+ F∗H and (F+ G)∗H=F∗H +G∗H i.e., the distributive law for
convolutions holds good.
iii) F∗(G∗H )=( F∗G)∗H i.e., the associative law for convolutions holds good.
4.3. The convolution Theorem :-
If f (t) and g(t ) are two function and if L {f (s )}=f (t ) and L { ǵ( s)}=g (t) then
−1 −1

t t
L {f´ ( s ) ǵ ( s ) }=f ( t )∗g (t )=∫ ❑ f ( u ) g ( t−u ) du=∫ ❑ f ( t−u ) g ( u ) dt
−1

0 0

where f∗g is called the convolution of f and g.

 19

Proof :-
By definition, we have
∞
f́ (s)=L {f (t)}=∫ ❑ f (t )e
− st
dt  and 
0
∞

ǵ(s)=L {g(t )}=∫ ❑ g(t)e

−st
dt
0

{ }{∫ }
∞ ∞

∴ f́ (s) ǵ (s )= ∫ ❑ f ( t ) e−su du ❑ g (v )e−sv dv

0 0

∞ ∞
¿ ∫ ❑∫ ❑ e
−s ( u+ v )
f ( u ) g ( v ) dudv  let u+ v=t so , dv =dt
0 0

{∫ }
∞ t

¿∫ ❑ dt e
−st
¿ ❑du f (u) g (t−u)
0 0

¿ ¿ L {f (t)∗g (t)}

Taking inverse Laplace transform of both sides we get

t
L {f´ ( s ) ǵ ( s ) }=f ( t )∗g (t )=∫ ❑ f ( u ) g(t−u)du
−1

20

Example :-
Use convolution theorem to find L −1
¿

¿
Now using convolution theorem, we get
t
L {f´ ( s ) ǵ ( s ) }=∫ ❑ f ( u ) g(t−u) du
−1

0
¿

21

19
19
 5.CONCLUSION:-
The knowledge of Laplace transform has in recent years
become an essential part of mathematical background required of
engineers and scientists .This is because the transform method an
easy and effective means for the solution of many problems arising
in engineering. The method of Laplace transformation is proving to
be the most effective and easy way of solving differential equations
and hence it is replacing other methods of solution of the
differential equation. The most frequent function encompassed in
electronics engineering is continuous function and most of the
functions are in the time domain and we need to convert them in
the frequency domain. This operation is performed excellently by
the Laplace transform and hence it’s application is further enlarged
using it in the solution of the continuous functions.

REFERENCE :-
(I)Advanced Differential Equations by Dr.M.D.Raisinghania.
(II) Introduction to Differential Equations by Kalipada Maity.

22
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to warmly acknowledge and express my deep
sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my guide prof. Samiran
Karmakar,department of Mathematics, Bankura. Sammilani
College, Bankura,for his keen guidance and preparation of this
project. My heartfelt thanks to all my friends for their invaluable
co-operation and constant inspiration during my project work.

I owe a special debt gratitude to my revered parents for their

blessings and inspiration.

Your’s sincerely
Sanchita Mahata

23