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    2 Classification of Malocclusion

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    Shaira Ungab
    Edward Angle was credited with developing the first system for classifying malocclusions in the 1890s based on the relationship between the upper and lower first molars. He described Class I, II, and III malocclusions depending on whether the lower molar was in the proper position, retruded, or protruded respectively. The British Standards Institute later expanded on Angle's classification by dividing Class II malocclusions into Division 1 and 2 based on the incisor relationship. Modern orthodontists still use Angle's molar classification system as well as other indices to further characterize malocclusions.

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    2 Classification of Malocclusion

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    Shaira Ungab
    451 views4 pages
    Edward Angle was credited with developing the first system for classifying malocclusions in the 1890s based on the relationship between the upper and lower first molars. He described Class I, II, and III malocclusions depending on whether the lower molar was in the proper position, retruded, or protruded respectively. The British Standards Institute later expanded on Angle's classification by dividing Class II malocclusions into Division 1 and 2 based on the incisor relationship. Modern orthodontists still use Angle's molar classification system as well as other indices to further characterize malocclusions.

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    2 Classification of Malocclusion (1)

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    Edward Angle was credited with developing the first system for classifying malocclusions in the 1890s based on the relationship between the upper and lower first molars. He described Class I, II, and III malocclusions depending on whether the lower molar was in the proper position, retruded, or protruded respectively. The British Standards Institute later expanded on Angle's classification by dividing Class II malocclusions into Division 1 and 2 based on the incisor relationship. Modern orthodontists still use Angle's molar classification system as well as other indices to further characterize malocclusions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    451 views4 pages

    2 Classification of Malocclusion

    Uploaded by

    Shaira Ungab
    Edward Angle was credited with developing the first system for classifying malocclusions in the 1890s based on the relationship between the upper and lower first molars. He described Class I, II, and III malocclusions depending on whether the lower molar was in the proper position, retruded, or protruded respectively. The British Standards Institute later expanded on Angle's classification by dividing Class II malocclusions into Division 1 and 2 based on the incisor relationship. Modern orthodontists still use Angle's molar classification system as well as other indices to further characterize malocclusions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 4

    Classification of Malocclusion

    Edward Angle was largely credited with beginning the first ideas of orthodontic classification in 1890’s. For this
    reason, he was subsequently known as the Father of Orthodontics, for the development of the speciality as we know
    it today. In order to categorize and classify presenting malocclusions, he proposed that there should be an envisaged
    occlusal ideal or normal. It was the departure from this ideal that would be classed as malocclusion. This normal
    situation would see an even bite, typically the MB cusp of the upper first molar sitting in the MB groove of the LR6.
    This would, in an aligned and proportioned dentition give an ideal overjet of 2-3mm, and a balanced and healthy
    occlusion. However, Angle realized further the importance of a smooth and consistent arch form, or line of occlusion.
    This was also crucial to the normal occlusion. A deviation from this smooth line would therefore be classed as CL I
    malocclusion.

    He observed typical patterns of change in this relationship also, which produced differing malocclusions that he was
    also able to classify. These patterns were either a relative retrusion of the lower arch when compared to the upper
    arch (class II), or relative protrusion of the lower arch when compared to the upper arch (class III). Both of these
    patterns would be observed and qualified by the occlusal contact between the upper and lower first molars. Whilst
    Angle noted that there were associated changes which were also apparent in other features of the dentition, as well
    as in more severe cases extra oral signs of this deviation from the normal, it was this molar position which he focused
    upon to qualify the observation.

    The below figures demonstrate the molar positions which Angle identified to give a Class I, II, III relationship
    respectively.

    Class I Malocclusion. Upper first molar MB cusp occludes within the MB groove of the lower first molar. Misaligned
    teeth.

    Class II Malocclusion. Lower first molar MB cusp occludes distal to the class I position. In the photograph the
    relationship is seen to be a half unit class II not full.

    Class III Malocclusion. Lower first molar MB cusp occludes mesial to the class I position.
    The description of Andrews molar relationships can include variation of the molar position by half a unit in each
    direction. As such the degree of alteration from Class I can be described as Half Unit Class II or Half unit Class III for
    example. This allows for a more accurate explanation of the precise occlusal relationship for the patient in question.

    It should also be noted than in certain cases the molar relationship may be asymmetric. In these cases, if the Class II or
    Class III relationship exists only unilaterally, and the opposing side is class I, then it would be labelled as subdivision
    (Patient is class II subdivision).

    As noted, whilst the classification according to Angle focused on the occlusal situation between the first molars only,
    there would typically be an expected pattern of changes evident elsewhere in the occlusion and dentition. The most
    obvious of these is the incisors. There were multiple attempts to classify the incisal relationship in a way that was
    confluent with existing classification as introduced by Angle but the most widely accepted today is that of the British
    Standards Institute classification if incisor relationship. This was introduced in 1983, and remains the most widely
    accepted and used descriptive system in the world today.

    This followed the Class I/II/III pattern that Angle had determined, but further identified the division of
    Class II relationships into two subcategories, Class II Division 1 and Class II division 2. It should be noted that then
    classifications are entirely separate to that of the molar relationship, and whilst usually the two will be aligned this is
    not always the case.
    Class I Incisor Relationship. In this situation it can be seen that the lower incisor edge occludes with (or lies directly
    below) the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisors

    Class II Division I. The lower incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum plateau, the incisors are proclined, and the
    overjet is increased.

    Class II Division II. The lower incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum of the upper incisors, the incisors are typically
    retroclined, deep bite and the overjet is reduced.
    Classification Molar relationship

    Class I

    Div 1 Div 2

    Class II

    Class III

    Classification Summary Table

    Discuss the following classification of malocclusion:


    Sec A
    1. Simon’s classification
    2. Bennett’s classification
    3. PAR Index
    4. IOTN Index by Shaw
    Sec B
    1. Ballard’s classification
    2. Ackerman and Proffit classification
    3. Massler and Frankel
    4. Malalignment Index by Van Kurt and Pennel

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