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    Maan Singh
    The document discusses z-transforms, which are operations that transform discrete-time signal sequences into complex functions of a complex variable z. The z-transform X(z) of a sequence x(n) is defined, as is the region of convergence (ROC) and inverse z-transform. The aim is to understand z-transform operations and solve differential equations using them. Several examples are provided, including calculating the z-transform of sums of sequences, determining the inverse z-transform, analyzing a causal system, and decomposing a signal into its z-transforms.

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    Ex 3

    Uploaded by

    Maan Singh
    11 views6 pages
    The document discusses z-transforms, which are operations that transform discrete-time signal sequences into complex functions of a complex variable z. The z-transform X(z) of a sequence x(n) is defined, as is the region of convergence (ROC) and inverse z-transform. The aim is to understand z-transform operations and solve differential equations using them. Several examples are provided, including calculating the z-transform of sums of sequences, determining the inverse z-transform, analyzing a causal system, and decomposing a signal into its z-transforms.

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    The document discusses z-transforms, which are operations that transform discrete-time signal sequences into complex functions of a complex variable z. The z-transform X(z) of a sequence x(n) is defined, as is the region of convergence (ROC) and inverse z-transform. The aim is to understand z-transform operations and solve differential equations using them. Several examples are provided, including calculating the z-transform of sums of sequences, determining the inverse z-transform, analyzing a causal system, and decomposing a signal into its z-transforms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views6 pages

    Ex 3

    Uploaded by

    Maan Singh
    The document discusses z-transforms, which are operations that transform discrete-time signal sequences into complex functions of a complex variable z. The z-transform X(z) of a sequence x(n) is defined, as is the region of convergence (ROC) and inverse z-transform. The aim is to understand z-transform operations and solve differential equations using them. Several examples are provided, including calculating the z-transform of sums of sequences, determining the inverse z-transform, analyzing a causal system, and decomposing a signal into its z-transforms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    The z-transform of a sequence x(n) is given by

    where z is a complex variable. The set of z values for which X(z) exists is called the region of
    convergence (ROC) and is given by Rx−< |z| < Rx+ for some non-negative numbers Rx− and
    Rx+.
    The inverse z-transform of a complex function X(z) is given by

    where C is a counterclockwise contour encircling the origin and lying in the ROC.

    Aim: To understand the Z-transform operations and solve the differential equations.

    1. Let X1(z) = 2 + 3z−1 + 4z−2 and X2(z) = 3 + 4z−1 + 5z−2 + 6z−3. Determine X3(z) =
    X1(z)X2(z).
    2. num1 = [ 2 3 4 ]; % Numerator: s
    3. den1 = [ 1 0 0 ]; % Denominator: s^2 + 2 s + 10
    4. H = tf(num1,den1);
    5. num2 = [ 3 4 5 6]; % Numerator: s
    6. den2 = [ 1 0 0 0]; % Denominator: s^2 + 2 s + 10
    7. I = tf(den2,num2);
    8. V = 3*H*I;

    2. Determine the inverse z-transform of

    so that the resulting sequence is causal and contains no complex numbers.


    t = 1 : pi/180 : pi;
    syms z
    tf_1 = 2*z^2+3*z+4/z^2;
    tf_2 = 3*z^3+4*z^2+5*z+6/z^3;
    tf_3 = tf_1*tf_2;
    tf_4 = iztrans(tf_2);
    tf_5 = iztrans(tf_3);
    tf_6 = iztrans(tf_1);
    tf_7 = tf_4*tf_6;
    k = iztrans(tf_7);
    if t>0
    ('signal is causal')
    else
    ('signal is non causal')
    end

    3. Given a causal system


    y(n) = 0.9y(n − 1) + x(n)
    a. Determine H(z) and sketch its pole-zero plot.
    b. Plot |H(ejω)| and H(ejω).
    c. Determine the impulse response h(n).
    4. clearvars; clc; close all;
    5.
    6. % u(t) : 0 for n<0 and 1 for n>=0
    7. oldparam = sympref('HeavisideAtOrigin',1);
    8.
    9. syms n z
    10. assume(n, 'integer');
    11.
    12. %%time series
    13. x(n)=((0.9)*n)*heaviside(1-n);
    14.
    15. % break into two time series
    16. x1(n)=( (0.9)*n )* heaviside(-n);
    17. x2(n)=( (0.9)*n )* (heaviside(n-1)-heaviside(n-2));
    18.
    19. % plot time series
    20. ntest=-8:1:8;
    21.
    22. subplot(2,1,1); stem(ntest, x(ntest), 'b^');
    23. title(texlabel(x(n))); xlabel('n'), ylabel('x(n)');
    24.
    25. subplot(2,1,2); stem(ntest, x1(ntest), 'ro'); hold on;
    26. subplot(2,1,2); stem(ntest, x2(ntest), 'g*','Color', [0 .5 0]);
    27. legend('x1', 'x2'); title('decomposition to x1(n), x2(n)');
    28.
    29. %%z-transform of x1(n)
    30.
    31. % create "time reversed" version
    32. x1r(n)=subs(x1(n),n,-n);
    33.
    34. % z-transform of x1r(n)
    35. X1r(z)=simplifyFraction( ztrans(x1r(n),n,z) );
    36.
    37. % z-transform of x1(n)
    38. X1(z)=simplifyFraction( subs(X1r(z),z,z^-1) );
    39.
    40. %%z-transform of x2(n)
    41. X2(z)=simplifyFraction( ztrans(x2(n)) );
    42.
    43. %%calculation of z-transform of x(n)
    44.
    45. X(z)=X1(z)+X2(z);

    H = tf([0 -180 90],[100 -200 0 100]);


    pzmap(H)
    bode(H)
    clc;
    clear all;
    close all;
    N1 = 50;
    num1 = [0 -180 90];
    den1 = [100 -200 0 100];
    y1 = impz (num1, den1, N1);
    n2 = 0 : N1-1;
    stem(n2, y1);
    H = tf([0 180 90],[100 -200 0 200]);
    num1 = [ 0 180 90 ]; % Numerator: s
    den1 = [ 100 -200 200 ]; % Denominator: s^2 + 2 s + 10
    H = tf(num1,den1);

    pzmap(H)
    bode(H)
    % MATLAB CODE (WITH INITIAL CONDITIONS):
    % To clear all variables from the current workspace
    clear all
    clc
    disp("Solving 2nd Order Homogeneous Difference Equations in MATLAB |
    GeeksforGeeks")

    % To Declare them as Variables


    syms r c1 c2 n
    F=input('Input the coefficients [a,b,c]: ');

    % Coefficients of the 2nd Order Difference Equation


    a=F(1);b=F(2);c=F(3);

    % Auxiliary Equation Formed


    eq=a*(r^2)+b*(r)+c;
    S=solve(eq);

    % Roots of the Auxiliary Equation Formed


    r1=S(1);r2=S(2);

    % Determinant of the Auxiliary Equation Formed


    D=b^2-4*a*c;
    if D>0
    y1=(r1)^n;
    y2=(r2)^n;
    yn=c1*y1+c2*y2;
    elseif D==0
    y1=(r1)^n;
    y2=n*((r2)^n);
    yn=c1*y1+c2*y2;
    else
    P=abs(r1);
    t=angle(r1);
    y1=((P)^n)*cos(n*t);
    y2=((P)^n)*sin(n*t);
    yn=c1*y1+c2*y2;
    end
    IC=input('Enter the initial conditions in the form [y0,y1]:');

    % Initial conditions
    y0=IC(1);y1=IC(2);
    eq1=subs(yn,n,0)-y0;
    eq2=subs(yn,n,1)-y1;

    % Finding C1 & C2
    [c1,c2]=solve(eq1,eq2);
    yn=simplify(subs(yn));
    disp ('The solution of the difference equation yn=')
    disp(yn)

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