Ethical

ETHICAL
DECISION MAKING
TOPICS
01 ETHICAL DILEMMAS
02 DEFINE: ETHICAL DESICION

MAKING
03 FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING

ETHICAL DECISION MAKING
04 SIX ETHICAL LENSES
05 ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS
06 OBSTACLES TO ETHICAL DECISION-

MAKING PROCESS
ETHICS
Ethics refers to standards and practices that tell us

how human beings ought to act in the many
situations in which they find themselves—as friends,
parents, children, citizens, businesspeople,
professionals, and so on. Ethics is also concerned
with our character. It requires knowledge, skills, and
habits.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
An ethical dilemma is a complex situation a person
(business) faces in which a decision must be made about
the adequate action to be taken. A dilemma may derive
from the conflict between the rightness or wrongness of
the actions and the goodness or badness of the
consequences of the actions. In other words, doing what
is morally right apparently results in a bad outcome and
doing what is morally wrong seems to lead to better
effects.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
Some examples of ethical dilemma include:
Taking credit for others’ work

Offering a client a worse product for your own profit
Utilizing inside knowledge for your own profit
ETHICAL DECISION
MAKING
Ethical Decision Making Process is the
processes of choosing the best alternative for
achieving the best results or outcomes
compliance with individual and social values,
moral, and regulations.
FRAMEWORKS FOR
UNDERSTANDING
ETHICAL DECISION
MAKING
Ethical Issue
Intensity
Individual
Factors Professional or Ethical or
Business Ethics Unethical
Evaluation and Behavior
Organizational Intension
Factors
Opportunity
Ethical Issue Intensity
can be defined as the relevance or importance of

an ethical issue in the eyes of the individual, work
group, and/or organization. It is personal and
temporal in character to accommodate values,
beliefs, needs, perceptions, the special
characteristics of the situation, and the personal
pressures prevailing at a particular place and time.
Opportunity
Individual Factors
The more likely
GENDER - women are generally more ethical individuals are
than men. By “more ethical,” we mean that to perceive an
women seem to be more sensitive to ethical ethical issue as
scenarios and less tolerant of unethical important, the
actions. less likely they
EDUCATION or WORK EXPERIENCE - he more
are to engage in
education or work experience that one has, the
better he or she is at ethical decision making. questionable or
NATIONALITY - nationality and culture appears unethical
to be significant in that it affects ethical behavior.
decision making
.
AGE - the older you are, the more ethical you are.
LOCUS OF CONTROL - External Control VS Internal

Control
External Control - see themselves as going with

the flow because that’s all they can do.
Internal Control - believe that they control the

events in their lives by their own effort and skill.
Opportunity
Organizational Factors
The more ethical
the organization’s values often have greater employees
influence on decisions than a person’s own perceive an
values. organization’s
Ethical choices in business are most often
made jointly, in work groups and committees,
culture to be, the
or in conversations and discussions with less likely they
coworkers. Employees approach ethical issues are to make
on the basis of what they have learned not only unethical
from their own backgrounds but also from
others in the organization. decisions.
.
Opportunity
Describes the conditions in an organization that

limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior.
Opportunity results from conditions that either
provide rewards, whether internal or external,
or fail to erect barriers against unethical
behavior.
Opportunity
SIX
ETHICAL
LENSES
The Right Lens
Some suggest that the ethical action is

the one that best protects and respects
the moral rights of those affected. This
approach starts from the belief that
humans have a dignity based on their
human nature per se or on their ability to
choose freely what they do with their
lives. On the basis of such dignity, they
have a right to be treated as ends in
themselves and not merely as means to
Opportunity
other ends.
The Justice Lens

Justice is the idea that each person

should be given their due, and what
people are due is often interpreted as
fair or equal treatment. Equal treatment
implies that people should be treated as
equals according to some defensible
standard such as merit or need, but not
necessarily that everyone should be
treated in the exact same way in every
respect.
Opportunity
The Utilitarian Lens

Some ethicists begin by asking, “How

will this action impact everyone
affected?”—emphasizing the
consequences of our actions.
Utilitarianism, a results-based approach,
says that the ethical action is the one
that produces the greatest balance of
good over harm for as many
stakeholders as possible. It requires an
accurate determination of the likelihood
of a particular result and its impact.
Opportunity
The Common Good Lens

According to the common good

approach, life in community is a good in
itself and our actions should contribute
to that life. This approach suggests that
the interlocking relationships of society
are the basis of ethical reasoning and
that respect and compassion for all
others—especially the vulnerable—are
requirements of such reasoning.
The Virtue Lens

A very ancient approach to ethics

argues that ethical actions ought to be
consistent with certain ideal virtues that
provide for the full development of our
humanity. These virtues are dispositions
and habits that enable us to act
according to the highest potential of our
character and on behalf of values like
truth and beauty.
Opportunity
The Care Ethics Lens

Care ethics is rooted in relationships and in the need to listen

and respond to individuals in their specific circumstances,
rather than merely following rules or calculating utility. It
privileges the flourishing of embodied individuals in their
relationships and values interdependence, not just
independence. It relies on empathy to gain a deep appreciation
of the interest, feelings, and viewpoints of each stakeholder,
employing care, kindness, compassion, generosity, and a
concern for others to resolve ethical conflicts.
Opportunity
ETHICAL
DECISION-MAKING
PROCESS
Identify the problem.
Identify the potential issues involved.
Review relevant ethical guidelines.

Know relevant laws and regulations.
Obtain consultation.
Consider possible and probable

courses of action.
List the consequences of the probable
courses of action.
Decide on what appears to be the best

course of action.
Review the course of action

OBSTACLE TO
ETHICAL DECISION
MAKING:
RATIONALIZATIONS
1. If It’s Necessary, It’s Ethical
2. The False Necessity Trap
3. If It’s Legal and Permissible, It’s Proper
4. It’s Just Part of the Job
5. It’s All for a Good Cause
6. I Was Just Doing It for You
7. I’m Just Fighting Fire With Fire
8. It Doesn’t Hurt Anyone
9. Everyone’s Doing It
10. It’s OK If I Don’t Gain Personally
Opportunity
11. I’ve Got It Coming
12. I Can Still Be Objective
THANK'S FOR
LISTENING
REFERENCES
MARKKULA CENTER FOR APPLIED ETHICS AT SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY
HTTPS://WWW.SCU.EDU/ETHICS/ETHICS-RESOURCES/A-FRAMEWORK-FOR-ETHICAL-DECISION-MAKING/
THE DILEMMA OF BUSINESS ETHICS(PANELIKBALE TOTA, HIDAJET SHEHU)

HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00195-5
FORD, R. C., & RICHARDSON, W. D. (1994). ETHICAL DECISION MAKING: A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL
LITERATURE. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS, 13, 205-221.
FERRELL, O. C., & FRAEDRICH, J. (2021). BUSINESS ETHICS: ETHICAL DECISION MAKING AND CASES. CENGAGE
LEARNING.
HTTPS://SAYLORDOTORG.GITHUB.IO/TEXT_HUMAN-RELATIONS/S09-02-MAKING-ETHICAL-DECISIONS.HTML
COREY, G., COREY, M . S., & CALLANAN, P. (1998). ISSUES AND ETHICS IN THE HELPING PROFESSIONS.
TORONTO: BROOKS/COLE PUBLISHING COMPANY; SYRACUSE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION.
HTTPS://WEB.ENGR.UKY.EDU/~JRCHEE0/CE%20401/JOSEPHSON%20EDM/MAKING_ETHICAL_DECISIONS.PDF

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ETHICAL

02 DEFINE: ETHICAL DESICION

03 FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING

04 SIX ETHICAL LENSES

06 OBSTACLES TO ETHICAL DECISION-

Ethics refers to standards and practices that tell us

Taking credit for others’ work

can be defined as the relevance or importance of

LOCUS OF CONTROL - External Control VS Internal

External Control - see themselves as going with

Internal Control - believe that they control the

Describes the conditions in an organization that

Some suggest that the ethical action is

Justice is the idea that each person

Some ethicists begin by asking, “How

According to the common good

A very ancient approach to ethics

Care ethics is rooted in relationships and in the need to listen

Identify the potential issues involved.

Review relevant ethical guidelines.

Consider possible and probable

Decide on what appears to be the best

Review the course of action

THE DILEMMA OF BUSINESS ETHICS(PANELIKBALE TOTA, HIDAJET SHEHU)

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