Course outline & Conceptual definition of

culture 
 
1. Nigeria history, culture and art upto 1800.
2. Nigeria in the 1800 to 1900.
3. Nigeria under colonial rule.
4. Aspect of Nigeria culture and heritage.
5. Nigeria and challenges of nation building.
6. Reorientation strategies.
7. Trade and economics of self reliance.
8. Citizenship and civic responsibilities.
9. Contemporary social problems in Nigeria.
10. Peace,social justice and national development.

culture is fundamental to human existence and human civilization. it is dynamic and

embodies the totality of a people response to the challenges of life.
it offers meaning, purpose and value to the social-economic, religious political and ethics
of the society.

culture has no universally accepted definition, many scholar      

the term culture is derived from the latin word "colere" meaning to cultivate. culture is a
social behavior and norms found in human societies. it is considered a central concept in
anthropology and sociology and encompassing the range of phenomenon that are
transmitted through social learning.a according to a renowned philosopher terry egoton
culture is said to be one of the two or three most complex words in the English language.
that is why kazi 2008 defines culture as a total or sum total of a people way of life which is
transmitted from one generation to another through the instrument it learning. this means
the way people or members of a particular society behave 

uche 2006 identifies one characteristic of culture as that of human product of social
interaction, which provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social
needs. culture is cumulative as it is handed down from one generation to another.
koya 2016 conceptualize culture as the cumulative deposit of knowledge experiences,
hierarchies, religion, motions of time,roles, special relations, concept of universe
(cosmology) and possession acquired by a group of people.
culture has cognitive and           
with regards to cognitive aspect

aziza 2001 argues that culture refers to the totality

it includes everything that makes them distinct and unique from any other group of people ,
for example their greetings habit, dressing, taboo, food and dance patterns
fafunwa 1974 write that the child grows into and within the cultural heritage of his people
and imbibe 

culture in traditional society is not taught but it is caught

the child observe and imbibe and mimicks the actions of his elders and siblings. 

the child watches marriage, funeral he observe the coronation of a new king

  There are two types of culture

1 non material or non tangible culture

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

From the definition of culture given above certain feature or attributes of culture are
noticable
1 culture is historically created- generation after generation, new things are added to
culture.and this is accountable for it's development and change.
2. culture is unique to human species- no species has ability like human being in it's
complexity to learn, to communicate and to store, process and use information to the
same extent. culture has moral force which serve as a guide for human action and how to
behave in a society.
3. culture has unity as well as diversity- all human being have culture but all culture are not
alligned in this context, there is a distinction between culture.
culture is socially learned- culture is a natural outgrowth of the social interaction that
constitutus human groups whether in society or organization. culture is learmed from
parents, friends, and immediate surrounding through 
culture is symbolic---- it is human ability to give a thing and appreciate it therefore symbols
are the central components of culture, these are the 

Elements of culture
1. norms
2. sanctions
3. values
4. cultural traits
5. cultural complexity 
6 cultural pattern

culture epistemology and cosmology

cultural epistemology is philosophical component specially concerned with the ways and
means culture is produced and expressed and known rather than for the material
culture is epistemological because it make human experience understandable and make
them feel they know their word and places.
A very important theory in the  epistemological of culture      
is called knowledge base affect theory (kbat)
this theory was propounded by Lorraine demerath in his article titled epistemological
theory 

one fundamental question he asked was  why and how do people construct culture?
KBAT explained how

Nigeria ethnic groups

Nigeria has the most diverse culture and ethnic groups in 
Nigeria has 250 ethnic groups which were brought together under the umbrella of a
modern state the mode of socio political organization and economic traditions played
significant roles in the  way precolonial historical experience manifested in different parts
of Nigeria.
understanding the difference socio political formations in which individuals, families and
communities live their lives is important to grabbing 

social hierarchies, ideologies, world view(cosmology) and economic pursuit

       Nigerian peoples are broadly divided into two zones namely 
1 people of forest zon.e
2 savanna or grass land zone 
each if these zones are unique in their own way
the people of the forest belt are the largest known ethnic group the Yoruba, uhrobo, itsekiri
and

 al

the grassland or savanna people fall into two geographical groups

1 the middle belt
2. people of the far north
the middle belt people comprise of the TIV, idoma, Nupe, igbera, jukun, and igala in middle
belt.

people of the far north are the Hausa, Fulani and kanuri. the two largest and prominent of
the middle belt grass land people are the Tivs and Nupe.
the Tivs are located in the benue valley in the east and the Nupe in the middle Niger valley
in the west. it has been established, however,that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria
came originally from either Egypt or Sudan or both therefore the early history of Nigeria
political social and economic activities has strong activity of north Africa. the far north is
home to numerous ethnic groups and  religious activities at this juncture it is significant to
look at the predominant ethnic groups
1. kanuri ethnic groups -the  kanuri ethnic groups are mainly domicile in Borno, Borno is
one of the oldest emipre in the world the founder of Borno empire is Mai umme jilmmi 
 who reigned the Borno empire from 1088-1097 years. he was the first person to call the
empire kanuri empire with the capital Njimi located at kanem in Chad , Borno because the
melting point of several people from which the kanuri emerged as the dominant group
because of its strategic geographical setting. it is interesting to note that Mai Dunamal 1
who was the son of Mai umme jilmmi took over the mountain of leadership from his father
and expanded the Borno empire. Dunamal the first ruled the Borno empire from 1097-10.   
      Dunamal the first was a devoted Moslem he mad 3 pilgrimage to mecca the holy land
of Islam. next after Dunamal the first was Dunamal the second who ruled from 1221-1259
years. Dunamal the second continued the territorial expansion of kanem Borno empire. he
established a system of decentralized government with deligated powers 
1. the Mai (king) was at the herm of affairs of the empire with full authority over 12 advisor
who controlled state policy. the state or empire was divided into 4 provinces each under a
provincial governor, the governorships of the provinces were in the hands of the royal
queen mother Know a the magira and Gumsu the first wife of Mai exerting a degree of
influence on state matters.

In kanem Borno empire,the system of transferring provincial governors  to the sons of the
royal family brought competition, intrigues and suspicion among the princes of the empire
this lead to external treat from the bulala who came from north of Niger and forced the
safiwa
 
and forced the dynasty to migrate South wards in the 13th century.
subsequently the attacks from the bulala and the Sao intensified during the reign of Mai
dauda from 1366-1376 years who was driven from the capital kanem. later he was
captured and killed.
mai  dauda was succeeded by another man know as Mai Umar ibn Idris who transferred
the capital to Borno . the founder of the second kanuri empire was Mai Ali Ghali. Ghali reign
Borno from 1472-1504 years.

Nigeria physical environment.

Nigeria is situated in west Africa lying between latitudes of 400N and longitude of 2500
West and 1445 East. the Nigerian state is border to the south by the gulf of guinea for
about 850km,by the republic of Benin to the west for 773km to it's north is republic of Niger
for 1497km, Chad is equally bordered at its north east boundary for 87km and Cameroon to
it's east for about 1690km. Nigeria has a total area of 923768km² of which the total land
area is 913768km² and 10000km² is water.. Nigeria is blessed with abundant water
resources estimated at 226 billion m³ of surface water and 40billion m³ of ground water
 Nigeria has beautiful climate that varies from arid in the north, tropical in the center and
equitorial in the south. the climate is largely control by prevailing winds and nearness to the
Atlantic ocean. the two dominant air masses in Nigeria are the dry wind from the Sahara
and the wet winds from the Atlantic ocean.
marginal alterations have been recorded due to land form characteristic, configuration of
surrounding shore line and generally flat topography of the country.
  Rain fall is a single most important element for defining the climatic seasons in the
tropics hence, Nigeria has two dominant seasons 
1) wet season
2 dry  season
two principal wind current affect Nigeria
the south westerlies dominant the raining season of the year while the north easterlies
dominant the dry season
speed in dry season are slower which occurs from November to march while the west
season occurs from April to October though variation are notice within the context of wet
season in major industrial cities in Nigeria like Lagos, porthacourt, Kano, kaduna, ibadan
and Aba.
major animal found in both forest and savanna areas of Nigeria are leopards, golden cat,
monkeys, gorilla and wild pigs. today these animals can be found in protected places
domicile in places like zoo especially university of ibadan.

vegetation in Nigeria varies dramatically  in relation to climate, soil, elevation and human
impact on the environment. north of the forest is the guinea savanna being a region of tall
grasses and trees the southern margin of the guinea savanna has been so altered by
humans that it is also called the derived savanna

 
  

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