DESIGNING ON CEMENT TREATED

SUB-BASE (CTSB)
A Project Report submitted in
Partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Civil Engineering

By

Sanjay rai (19CVLC37)

Under the supervision of

MR.AKHILESH PRADHAN
ASSISTANT PROFFESOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SIKKIM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(A constituent college of Sikkim Central University)
MARCH TO JUNE 2023
 DECLARATION

I, Sanjay Rai (Registration No: 19CVLC37), hereby solemnly declare that the work presented in

this project report entitled "Designing on cement treated sub-base at Lower-Marchak Ranipool

near NH10" has been carried out under the guidance and supervision of Mr. Rajiv Thakur (Junior

Engineer) and Mr. Sumit Kumar (Lab Technician). My internal guide for this project is Mr.

Akhilesh Pradhan. I declare that this project report is the outcome of my original work and has

not been submitted elsewhere for any other purpose. All the data, information, and references

used in this report have been duly acknowledged and cited.

I am aware that this project report will undergo evaluation and scrutiny by the competent

authorities. I am prepared to defend and provide further explanations regarding the contents of

this report, if required, during the evaluation process.

Name of Student Signature

Sanjay Rai
19CVLC37
 TABLE OF CONTENT

SL. PAGE
NO. DESCRIPTION
NO.
1
Abstract i

2
Acknowledgement ii

3
Introduction 1-3

4
Literature Review 4-7

5
Aim and Objectives 8

6
Methodology 9-10

7
Data Collection and Analysis 11-13

8
Results 14-33

9
References 34-35
 LIST OF FIGURE

SL. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE

NO. NO.
1 Figure 1 & Figure 2 Test Images 1 33

2 Figure 3 & Figure 4 Test Images 2 33

3 Graph 6.1 MDD vs OMC 20

4 Graph 6.2 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 1 24

5 Graph 6.3 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 2 25

6 Graph 6.4 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 3 26

7 Graph 6.5 Liquid Limit (Cone Penetration) 29

 LIST OF TABLE

Sl. No. NAME OF TABLE PAGE

NO.
1 Table 6.1 Calculation of MDD & OMC for CTB Material 18

2 Table 6.2 Plotting of Graph for MDD & OMC 19

3 Table 6.3 Results from Graph for OMC 20

4 Table 6.4 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 1 23

5 Table 6.5 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 2 24

6 Table 6.6 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base Sample 3 25

7 Table 6.7 Liquid Limit (Cone Penetration) 28

8 Table 6.8 Result from Graph of Liquid Limit (Cone Penetration) 29

9 Table 6.9 Water absorption test of crushed GSB 32

 (i)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to all those who have contributed

to the completion of this project report entitled "Designing on cement treated sub-base at Lower-

Marchak Ranipool near NH10”. I am immensely grateful to Mrs. Uden Kiroung Sherpa, the

Head of the Civil Engineering Department at Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology

(SIST), for her continuous support, guidance, and encouragement throughout this project. Her

expertise, valuable insights, and dedication to academic excellence have been instrumental in

shaping the direction of this research. I am truly fortunate to have had the opportunity to work

under her mentorship. I am deeply indebted to my internal guide, Mr. Akhilesh Pradhan, for his

continuous guidance, mentorship, and encouragement. His insightful feedback, valuable

suggestions, and unwavering support have been invaluable in every phase of this project. I am

grateful for his expertise and dedication, which have significantly contributed to the success of

this endeavor. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Rajiv Thakur, the Junior Engineer,

and Mr. Sumit Kumar, the Lab Technician, for their valuable assistance, cooperation, and

technical guidance. Their expertise and support were indispensable in conducting the necessary

experiments and data collection for this project.

Name of Student
Sanjay Rai
19CVCL37
 (ii)

ABSTRACT
Road infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting economic development by facilitating the

efficient movement of people and goods. The construction of high-quality roads is essential to

ensure their durability, safety, and ability to withstand heavy traffic loads. In line with this

objective, the National Highway & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL)

has initiated a project to monitor and evaluate the road construction process along the Ranipool-

Lower Marchak route near NH-10 in India. The focus of the project lies on the cement treated

sub-base, which serves as a vital component in creating a stable, strong, and durable foundation

for road construction. The cement treated sub-base plays a significant role in supporting heavy

loads and providing a reliable base for the road infrastructure. To ensure the successful

completion of this project, it is imperative to adhere to the required standards and specifications

specified by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H). The project aims to

monitor and evaluate the construction process to ensure compliance with these standards. To

achieve the project's objective, various tests will be conducted on the cement treated sub-base

during the road construction process. These tests are commonly used to evaluate the strength and

durability of road construction materials. By subjecting the sub-base to these tests, the project

aims to monitor the quality of the construction process and identify any deviations from the

Indian Standard codes specified by MORT&H. The test results will serve as a validation tool to

ensure that the construction process meets the required standards. The findings of this project

will be invaluable for enhancing the road construction process and ensuring the quality of road

infrastructure in Sikkim.
 CHAPTER

1
INTRODUCTION

As part of the requirements for the Bachelor's degree in Engineering and Technology at

Sikkim Institute of Science and Technology, Chisopani South Sikkim, a student in the final

year is required to complete a five -month industrial training program known as a major

project. The project is designed to provide the student with practical work experience in their

field of study and to familiarize them with the working environment of a company. The

training period for this project was scheduled from February 2023 to June 2023. This report

documents, experiences and data gathered during the industrial training program undertaken

in the field of road construction along the Ranipool-Lower Marchak near NH-10 route in

Sikkim. The report contains genuine content that is intended solely for informational

purposes. During the training period, conducting various tests of cement treated sub-base of

the road construction. The tests conducted which were used to evaluate the strength and

durability of road construction materials. I also investigated the impact of environmental

factors such as rainfall and landslides on the road construction process. I gained valuable

practical experience during the training period and acquired knowledge on the importance of

adhering to the required standards and specifications in road construction projects. The

experience gained from this project will prove useful in future endeavours, and the findings

of this project will help in improving the road construction process and ensuring the quality

of road infrastructure in India.

1
 This report aims to share the real work experience of the student in the field of road

construction and provide useful insights into the industrial training program at Sikkim

Institute of Science and Technology. The content of this report is genuine and intended solely

for informational purposes

Introduction of project

Road infrastructure plays a crucial role in promoting economic development by facilitating the

efficient movement of people and goods. The construction of high-quality roads is essential to

ensure their durability, safety, and ability to withstand heavy traffic loads. In line with this

objective, the National Highway & Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL)

has initiated a project to monitor and evaluate the road construction process along the Ranipool-

Lower Marchak route near NH-10 in India. The focus of the project lies on the cement treated

sub-base, which serves as a vital component in creating a stable, strong, and durable foundation

for road construction. The cement treated sub-base plays a significant role in supporting heavy

loads and providing a reliable base for the road infrastructure. To ensure the successful

completion of this project, it is imperative to adhere to the required standards and specifications

specified by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H). To achieve the project's

objective, various tests will be conducted on the cement treated sub-base during the road

construction process.

These tests are commonly used to evaluate the strength and durability of road construction

materials. By subjecting the sub-base to these tests, the project aims to monitor the quality of the

construction process and identify any deviations from the Indian Standard codes specified by

2
MORT&H. The test results will serve as a validation tool to ensure that the construction process

meets the required standards. The findings of this project will be invaluable for enhancing the

road construction process and ensuring the quality of road infrastructure in India. By closely

monitoring and evaluating the road construction process, any deviations from the required

standards can be identified and rectified promptly. This proactive approach will contribute to the

development of safe and durable road infrastructure.

Moreover, the results obtained from this project will serve as a benchmark for future road

construction projects in the region. Lessons learned and best practices identified can be applied

to similar projects, leading to improved construction techniques, cost-effectiveness, and

enhanced road performance. The project's outcomes will play a crucial role in promoting the

development of safe and durable road infrastructure, benefiting both the local population and the

nation's economy as a whole.

In conclusion, the NHIDCL project focuses on monitoring and evaluating the road construction

process along the Ranipool-Lower Marchak route near NH-10 in India. The project's primary

objective is to ensure the construction of high-quality roads by conducting various tests on the

cement treated sub-base and validating the results against the Indian Standard codes specified by

MORT&H. The findings of this project will contribute to the improvement of road construction

practices, the quality of road infrastructure, and the overall development of the region.

3
 CHAPTER

LITERATURE REVIEW

Paper 1:

Smith, J. D., & Johnson, R. A. (2018). A comprehensive review of cement-treated sub base

in road construction. Journal of Infrastructure Engineering, 26(3), 112-125.

Findings:

Cement-treated sub base provides improved strength and stability to road construction

projects, reducing the risk of premature failure and increasing the lifespan of the pavement.

Optimal cement content and curing conditions are crucial factors that significantly influence

the strength development and long-term performance of cement-treated sub base.

The proper compaction technique ensures the achievement of the desired density and

strength, preventing issues like differential settlements and rutting.

Utilizing local materials in cement-treated sub base construction can be economically

advantageous while considering the availability and sustainability aspects.

4
Paper 2:

Gupta, S., Sharma, R. K., & Kapoor, S. (2017). Evaluating the performance of cement-

treated sub base in highway construction: A state-of-the-art review. Construction and

Building Materials, 150, 50-65.

Findings:

Cement-treated sub base exhibits superior strength, stiffness, and resistance against moisture-

induced distress, making it an excellent choice for highways subjected to heavy traffic loads

and adverse environmental conditions.

The presence of fine-grained materials, such as silt and clay, can negatively affect the

performance of cement-treated sub base by reducing its strength and increasing the potential

for shrinkage and cracking.

The curing period significantly influences the strength development of cement-treated sub

base, with longer curing durations generally resulting in higher strength values.

Proper quality control measures during construction, including accurate cement content

measurement, uniform mixing, and adequate compaction, are critical to ensuring the desired

performance of cement-treated sub base.

5
Paper 3:

Choudhary, S., & Pandey, B. (2016). Evaluation of moisture-density relationship of cement-

treated sub base materials for road construction. International Journal of Sustainable Built

Environment, 5(2), 147-157.

Findings:

The moisture-density relationship of cement-treated sub base materials is crucial for

achieving the desired compaction levels and optimal load-bearing capacity.

The maximum dry density of cement-treated sub base materials increased with increasing

cement content, while the optimum moisture content decreased.

Compaction energy significantly influenced the moisture-density relationship, with higher

compaction efforts leading to increased dry density and reduced optimum moisture content.

Moisture content significantly affected the strength and stiffness of cement-treated sub base

materials, highlighting the need for precise moisture control during construction.

6
Paper 4:

Biswas, P., & Ray, S. (2015). Performance evaluation of cement-treated sub base layer in

road construction: A case study. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 21(1), 105-

113.

Findings:

The use of cement-treated sub base layers significantly improved the strength and load-

bearing capacity of road pavements, leading to reduced deformations and enhanced

durability.

Adequate compaction during construction was critical for achieving the desired strength and

performance of cement-treated sub base layers.

The addition of cement in the sub base mix resulted in improved soil stabilization, reduced

plasticity, and enhanced resistance to moisture-induced damage.

Regular maintenance and periodic inspections are necessary to identify any distress or

deterioration in the cement-treated sub base layer and to implement timely remedial measures

for long-term performance.

7
 CHAPTER

3
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to design a cement-treated sub-base in road and pavement construction

in Lower Marchak, Ranipool near NH10 in Sikkim of high quality and conforms to the Indian

Standard codes specified by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H). By

conducting various tests on the layer of the road construction, this project aims to monitor the

quality of the construction process and identify any deviations from the required standards. The

findings of this project will be useful in improving the road construction process and ensuring

the quality of the road infrastructure in Sikkim.

Objectives

1. Understand and familiarize with the Indian Standard codes specified by MORT&H for

cement-treated sub-base construction in road and pavement projects.

2. Develop a testing and monitoring plan to assess the quality of the cement-treated sub-

base during road construction in Lower Marchak, Ranipool near NH10 in Sikkim.

3. Execute the testing and monitoring plan, collecting samples at various stages of

construction, to evaluate the quality of the cement-treated sub-base layer.

4. Analyze the test results, identify any deviations from the required standards, and provide

recommendations for improving the road construction process to ensure high-quality road

infrastructure in Sikkim.

8
 CHAPTER

4
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology design employed to fulfill the objectives of this project,

which focuses on designing a high-quality cement-treated sub-base in road and pavement

construction in Lower Marchak, Ranipool near NH10 in Sikkim. The chosen research design is a

systematic approach that encompasses a literature review, development of a testing and

monitoring plan, field implementation, laboratory testing, data analysis, and the formulation of

recommendations. This research design was selected to ensure a comprehensive and structured

evaluation of the cement-treated sub-base construction, aligning with the objectives of the

project.

Testing and Monitoring Plan Development:

Develop a detailed testing and monitoring plan based on the literature review and the specific

requirements of the project. This plan should include the selection of appropriate tests, sampling

locations, sampling frequency, and the equipment required for conducting the tests. Consider

tests such as compaction tests, moisture content tests, strength tests, and any other relevant tests

based on the Indian Standard codes.

Field Implementation:

Execute the testing and monitoring plan in the field during the construction process. This

involves working closely with the construction team to ensure proper sample collection at

different stages, including before and after compaction, and during curing. Adhere to the

sampling locations and frequency determined in the testing and monitoring plan.

9
Laboratory Testing:

Transport the collected samples to a laboratory equipped for conducting the specified tests.

Perform the tests following the standard procedures outlined in the Indian Standard codes. This

may involve tests such as compaction tests using a Proctor test apparatus, moisture content

determination using an oven drying method, and strength tests using appropriate testing

equipment.

Data Analysis:

Analyze the test results obtained from the laboratory and compare them with the specified

standards outlined in the Indian Standard codes. Identify any deviations or non-compliance and

assess the quality of the cement-treated sub-base layer. Use statistical analysis methods to

determine the significance of any variations from the required standards.

Recommendations and Reporting:

Based on the data analysis, provide recommendations for improving the construction process and

ensuring the quality of the road infrastructure in Sikkim. Prepare a detailed report summarizing

the methodology, test results, findings, and recommendations. This report can serve as a

reference for future road construction projects and assist in implementing quality control

measures.

Continuous Improvement:

Evaluate the effectiveness of the recommendations and lessons learned from the project to

improve future construction processes. This may include incorporating feedback from

stakeholders, updating the testing and monitoring plan, and implementing corrective actions to

address any identified shortcomings.

10
 CHAPTER

5
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

The objective is to evaluate the quality and suitability of the material for cement-treated subbase

construction, as it involves gathering information and conducting various tests on the subbase

material at the selected site in Lower Marchak, Ranipool, Sikkim.

The following tests have been identified for data collection:

Moisture Content:

Moisture content determination is essential to assess the suitability of the subbase material for

compaction and cement mixing. This test helps determine the amount of water present in the

material and ensures optimal moisture levels for achieving proper compaction and cement

hydration.

Gradation Analysis:

A sieve analysis is performed to determine the particle size distribution of the subbase material.

This analysis helps assess the material's suitability for compaction and determines the required

cement content. By examining the gradation curve, the presence of excessively fine or coarse

particles can be identified, aiding in adjusting the mix proportions.

Atterberg Limits:

Atterberg limits tests are conducted to determine the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity

index of the subbase material. These tests evaluate the soil's strength, plasticity, and compaction

characteristics. The liquid limit represents the moisture content at which the material transitions

11
from a plastic to a liquid state, while the plastic limit represents the moisture content at which the

material can no longer be molded. The plasticity index provides an indication of the material's

plasticity and workability.

California Bearing Ratio (CBR):

The CBR test measures the strength and load-bearing capacity of the cement-treated subbase

material. It determines the relative strength of the material by comparing its resistance to

penetration with that of a standard material. The CBR value is essential for evaluating the

subbase's ability to withstand traffic loads and ensure long-term performance.

Unconfined Compressive Strength:

Compressive strength tests are performed on cured cement-treated samples to evaluate their

strength development over time. This test provides an indication of the material's load-bearing

capacity and its ability to withstand compressive forces. It helps ensure that the cement-treated

subbase meets the required strength criteria for road construction.

Moisture-Density Relationship:

Moisture-density tests, such as the Proctor or Modified Proctor test, are conducted to determine

the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the compacted subbase material.

These tests provide essential information for achieving the desired compaction levels during

construction. The results help optimize the moisture content for achieving maximum density and

enhance the subbase's load-bearing capacity.

During the data collection phase, samples of the subbase material are collected at various

locations within the project site. The sampling is performed at different stages of the construction

process, including before compaction, after compaction, and during curing. The samples are

carefully handled, labeled, and transported to the laboratory for testing.

12
The identified tests are carried out in accordance with the relevant Indian Standard codes and

established testing procedures. The data collected from these tests will provide valuable insights

into the quality of the subbase material, its suitability for cement treatment, and compliance with

the specified standards. These findings will serve as a basis for evaluating the quality of the

construction process and making informed decisions to ensure the road infrastructure in Sikkim

meets the required standards and durability:

13
 CHAPTER

6
RESULT
The data collection phase of this project involved conducting various tests on the subbase

material at the selected site in Lower Marchak, Ranipool, Sikkim. These tests were performed to

assess the quality and suitability of the material for cement-treated subbase construction. The

results obtained from the tests provide valuable insights into the characteristics and performance

of the subbase material.

Several tests were carried out, including moisture content determination, gradation analysis,

Modified Proctor test , Atterberg limits tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) testing, unconfined

compressive strength testing, and moisture-density relationship testing. These tests were

conducted in accordance with the relevant Indian Standard codes and established procedures to

ensure accurate and reliable results.

The results obtained from these tests are attached below, providing quantitative data that will be

crucial for evaluating the quality of the subbase material and assessing its compliance with the

specified standards. The results will be analyzed and interpreted to gain a comprehensive

understanding of the material's properties and performance.

These findings will serve as a foundation for further analysis and decision-making in the project.

By examining the results, we can identify any deviations or non-compliance with the required

standards, which will aid in formulating recommendations for improving the construction

process and ensuring the quality of the road infrastructure in Sikkim.

14
The attached test results will be thoroughly analyzed, and their implications will be discussed in

subsequent sections, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of the subbase material and its

suitability for cement-treated subbase construction. These findings will contribute to enhancing

the road construction process and promoting the long-term durability and sustainability of the

road network in Sikkim.

Test 1: MDD and OMC

Procedure:

The procedure to conduct Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content

(OMC) tests, commonly known as the Proctor or Modified Proctor tests, involves the following

steps:

1. Sample Collection: Collect representative samples of the subbase material from the

project site. Ensure that the samples are free from any contaminants or large particles that

could affect the test results.

2. Sample Preparation: Dry the collected samples in an oven at a temperature of around

110-115°C until they reach a constant weight. Break down any large particles to achieve

a suitable particle size for testing.

3. Sample Weighing: Weigh an appropriate amount of the dried sample, typically around

1.5 to 2.5 kg, depending on the test requirements. Record the sample weight accurately.

4. Moisture Content Determination: Determine the initial moisture content of the sample

before compaction. This can be done by using a moisture content balance or by oven-

drying a separate portion of the sample and comparing the weights before and after

drying.

15
5. Compaction Test Setup: Set up the compaction mould on the compaction apparatus.

Ensure that the mold is clean and coated with a thin layer of release agent, such as light

oil, to prevent sticking of the compacted sample.

6. Sample Layering: Place a thin layer of the subbase material in the mold and compact it

using a specified number of blows from a compaction hammer or compaction machine.

The compaction process should be carried out in multiple layers, each with a specified

weight or thickness.

7. Moisture Addition: Add water to the remaining portion of the sample and thoroughly mix

it to achieve the desired moisture content. This can be determined based on preliminary

tests or as per project requirements.

8. Compaction: Place the moistened subbase material in the mould and compact it using the

specified number of blows. Repeat this process for each layer, ensuring uniform

compaction throughout.

9. Sample Extraction: Carefully extract the compacted sample from the mould and trim off

any excess material using a straightedge or knife. Weigh the compacted sample

accurately and record the weight.

10. Sample Drying: Place the compacted sample in the oven and dry it at the specified

temperature until it reaches a constant weight. This ensures that all moisture is removed

from the sample.

11. Calculation of MDD and OMC: Calculate the MDD and OMC using the following

formulas:

 MDD = (Dry Weight of the Sample) / (Volume of the Mould)

16
  OMC = [(Initial Moisture Content - Final Moisture Content) / (Dry Weight of the

Sample)] × 100

12. Repeat Testing: For more accurate results, it is recommended to perform multiple tests

with varying moisture contents to identify the maximum dry density and optimum

moisture content.

By following this procedure, the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content

(OMC) of the subbase material can be determined. These values are essential for achieving the

desired compaction levels during road construction and ensuring the stability and load-bearing

capacity of the subbase layer.

17
 Table 6.1 Calculation of MDD & OMC for CTB Material

CALCULATION OF MDD & OMC FOR CTB MATERIAL

Volume of Mould 3375 cc

Water % 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Mould No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Wt of Mould, gms 1314 1375 1420 1355 1413 1370 1379 1390 1399 1400 1380 1400 1350 1384 1389
0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 8

Wt of Mould + 2055 2117 2161 2131 2190 2146 2183 2196 2204 2212 2191 2213 2156 2191 2198
wet material, gms 2 3 8 3 6 6 6 0 2 9 7 0 6 6 5

Wt of Wet 7412 7415 7418 7763 7776 7766 8046 8060 8052 8124 8117 8130 8066 8076 8087
material, gms

Wet Density, 2.19 2.19 2.19 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.39 2.39 2.39
gm/cc 6 7 8 0 4 1 4 8 6 7 5 9 0 3 6

Avg. wet density 2.197 2.302 2.386 2.407 2.393

Container No. 21 22 27 10 9

Container Wt., 82 80 85 84 81.5

gms

Cont.+ wet 600 712 639 648 520

sample, gms

18
Cont.+ dry 590.1 689.45 609.65 606.56 480.9
sample, gms

Wt of water, gms 9.9 22.55 29.35 41.44 39.1

Wt of dry sample, 508.1 609.45 524.65 522.56 399.4

gms

Moisture 1.95 3.70 5.59 7.93 9.79

Content,%

Dry density g/cc 2.155 2.220 2.260 2.230 2.180

Table 6.2 Plotting of Graph for MDD & OMC

Plotting of Graph for MDD & OMC

Trial No. 1 2 3 4 5

1 Moisture Content, % 1.95 3.70 5.59 7.93 9.79

2 Dry density gm/cc 2.155 2.220 2.260 2.230 2.180

19
 GRAPH MDD Vs OMC FOR CTB

2.320
2.300
2.280
2.260
Dry Density in gm/cc

2.240
2.220
2.200
2.180
2.160
2.140
2.120
2.100
2.080
2.060
2.040
2.020
2.000
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.0010.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
Moisture Content in %

Graph 6.1 MDD vs OMC

Table 6.3 Results from Graph for OMC

From Graph:-

Maximum Dry Density, gm/cc 2.260 gm/cc

Optimum Moisture Content, % 5.80 %

20
Test 2: Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base

Gradation of cement-treated sub base involves determining the particle size distribution of the

material. This procedure helps ensure that the sub base meets the specified requirements for a

given construction project. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to conduct gradation of cement-

treated sub base:

Gather the necessary equipment:

Sieves of various sizes (commonly used sizes are 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 μm, 300 μm,

and 150 μm)

Balance capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 gram

Oven for drying samples

Sample containers

Rubber pestle or spoon for assisting in sieving

1. Collect a representative sample of the cement-treated sub base material. The sample

should be obtained from different locations within the project area to account for any

potential variation.

2. Take a sufficient amount of the collected sample, typically around 10 kg, and place it in a

container.

3. If the sample contains moisture, spread it out in a thin layer and allow it to air dry until it

reaches a constant weight. Alternatively, the sample can be dried in an oven at a

temperature of around 110°C (230°F) until it reaches a constant weight.

21
4. Once the sample is dry, break it down into smaller pieces using a rubber pestle or spoon,

ensuring that there are no large clumps present.

5. Prepare the sieves by arranging them in descending order of sieve size, with the largest

sieve on top and the smallest at the bottom. Place a pan or tray at the bottom to collect the

particles passing through the smallest sieve.

6. Weigh each sieve and record its weight before beginning the sieving process.

7. Take a portion of the prepared sample and place it on the top sieve. The amount of

sample used will depend on the anticipated particle size distribution and the available

equipment. However, a common practice is to use around 500 grams.

8. After the shaking is complete, carefully remove each sieve from the stack and weigh it

along with its retained material. Record the weight of the retained material for each sieve.

9. Empty the material retained on each sieve into separate sample containers, ensuring that

each container is properly labeled to indicate the sieve size.

10. Weigh the empty pan or tray that collected the material passing through the smallest sieve

and record its weight.

11. Collect the material from the pan or tray and place it in a separate container, again

making sure it is properly labeled.

12. Repeat steps 8 to 13 with the remaining portion of the sample, if necessary, until the

entire sample has been sieved.

13. Calculate the percentage passing for each sieve size by dividing the weight of material

passing through the sieve by the initial dry weight of the sample and multiplying by 100.

22
 14. Prepare a gradation chart or graph to represent the particle size distribution of the cement-

treated sub base material. Plot the sieve sizes on the x-axis and the percentage passing on

the y-axis.

Analyze the gradation results to determine if the particle size distribution meets the specified

requirements for the project. Compare the obtained gradation curve with the target gradation

curve to assess the suitability of the sub base material.

Table 6.4 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 1

GRADATION OF CEMENT TREATED SUB BASE (CTSB)

Wt. of Total Sample no 1 (gm) 29950

Sieve size in Wt. of Cum Wt. Cum wt of Combined Specification Limits

mm Retained In of retained % Passing as per
(gm) Retained in (%)
in (gm) MORTH 400-1

Lower UPPER
Limit LIMIT

53.000 0 0 0 100 100 100

26.500 9980 9980 33.32 66.68 50 80

4.750 11750 21730 72.55 27.45 15 35

0.075 7550 29280 97.76 2.24 0 5

PAN

23
120

100

80

LL
60
% PASSING
UL
40

20

0
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000

Graph 6.2 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 1

Table 6.5 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 2

GRADATION OF CEMENT TREATED SUB BASE (CTSB)

Wt. of Total Sample no. 2 (gm) 34200

Sieve size in Wt. of Cum Wt. Cum wt of Combined Specification Limits

mm Retained In of retained % Passing as per MORTH
(gm) Retained in (%) 400-1
in (gm)
Lower UPPER
Limit LIMIT

53.000 0 0 0 100 100 100

26.500 12500 12500 36.55 63.45 50 80

4.750 13705 26205 76.62 23.38 15 35

0.075 7050 33255 97.24 2.76 0 5

PAN

24
120

100

80

LL
60
% PASSING
UL
40

20

0
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000

Graph 6.3 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 2

Table 6.6 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base Sample 3

GRADATION OF CEMENT TREATED SUB BASE (CTSB)

Wt. of Total Sample no. 3 (gm) 34200

Sieve size in Wt. of Cum Wt. Cum wt of Combined Specification Limits

mm Retained In of retained % Passing as per MORTH
(gm) Retained in (%) 400-1
in (gm)
Lower UPPER
Limit LIMIT

53.000 0 0 0 100 100 100

26.500 12500 12500 36.55 63.45 50 80

4.750 13705 26205 76.62 23.38 15 35

0.075 7050 33255 97.24 2.76 0 5

PAN

25
120

100

80
LL
60
% PASSING

40 UL

20

0
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000

Graph 6.4 Gradation of Cement Treated Sub Base for Sample 3

Test 3: Liquid Limit by Cone Penetration Method

The liquid limit and plastic limit tests are commonly performed to determine the consistency

limits of a soil sample. The cone penetration method is a widely used technique to conduct these

tests. Here’s a step-by-step procedure to conduct the liquid limit and plastic limit tests using the

cone penetration method:

Equipment needed:

1. Liquid limit device (Casagrande apparatus)

2. Grooving tool

3. Weighing balance

4. Porcelain dish

5. Spatula or trowel

6. Oven for drying samples

26
 7. Glass plate

8. Moisture cans or containers

9. Cone penetrometer

10. Stopwatch or timer

Liquid Limit Test:

1. Take a representative soil sample, typically between 20-30 grams, and place it in a

porcelain dish.

2. Break down any larger aggregates in the soil sample using a spatula or trowel. Ensure

that the soil is evenly distributed in the dish.

3. Add water gradually to the soil sample in the dish while mixing thoroughly until the soil

reaches a plastic state.

4. Allow the soil-water mixture to soak for about 15 to 30 minutes to ensure uniform

moisture distribution throughout the sample.

5. Set up the liquid limit device (Casagrande apparatus) by adjusting the drop height of the

cup and fixing it in position.

6. Take a small portion of the moist soil from the dish and place it in the cup of the liquid

limit device.

7. Use the grooving tool to create a groove in the soil sample along the centerline of the cup.

8. Start rotating the crank handle of the device at a constant rate (about 2 revolutions per

second) to close the groove.

9. Continue rotating the crank handle until the two halves of the soil groove come into

contact and close over a distance of 13 mm.

27
10. Record the number of blows (or revolutions) required to close the groove. This number

represents the liquid limit of the soil sample.

11. Repeat steps 6-10 at least two more times with fresh soil samples to obtain consistent

results. Take the average of the liquid limit values obtained.

Table 6.7 Liquid Limit (Cone Penetration)

LIQUID LIMIT (CONE PENETRATION)

Determination No. 1 2 3 4

No. of Penetration (mm) (No.) 14 19 23 27

Container No. (No.) 10 11 12 13

Weight of empty Container = w (gm) 16.9 17.2 18.21 16.7

Weight container + wet soil = w1 (gm) 34.73 38.22 42.89 39.08

Weight container + dry soil = w2 (gm) 32.15 34.8 38.54 34.85

Weight of water = (w1-w2) (gm) 2.58 3.42 4.35 4.23

Weight of oven dry soil = (w2-w) (gm) 15.25 17.6 20.33 18.15

Moisture content = (w1-w2)/(w2-w) x 100 16.9 19.45 21.4 23.3

(%)

28
 30

25
Moisture Content (%)

20

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Penetration (mm)

Graph 6.5 Liquid Limit (Cone Penetration)

Table 6.8 Result from Graph of Liquid Limit (Cone Penetration)

Liquid Limit (WL%) 20.00

Test 4: Water absorption test of Crushed GSB

Water absorption test is performed to determine the amount of water absorbed by crushed

Granular Sub-Base (GSB) material. Here's a step-by-step procedure to conduct the water

absorption test for crushed GSB:

Equipment needed:

1. Crushed GSB samples

2. Weighing balance

3. Oven for drying samples

4. Water container

29
 5. Measuring cylinder

6. Sieve (4.75 mm)

7. Sample containers

8. Towels or paper towels

Procedure:

1. Collect representative samples of crushed GSB material from different locations within

the project area. The sample should be sufficient in quantity to perform multiple tests and

ensure a representative analysis.

2. Take each sample and break it down into smaller pieces to ensure uniformity and to

remove any large aggregates or stones.

3. Preheat the oven to a temperature of around 110°C (230°F).

4. Weigh a clean, dry sample container on a weighing balance and record its weight. This

will be used to determine the dry weight of the sample.

5. Place a sufficient quantity of the crushed GSB sample in the container and weigh it

accurately. Record the weight as the initial weight of the sample.

6. Transfer the sample from the container onto a clean, dry tray or pan, ensuring an even

distribution of the material.

7. Place the tray with the sample in the preheated oven and allow it to dry for approximately

24 hours or until a constant weight is achieved. This constant weight indicates that the

sample is completely dry.

8. Remove the tray from the oven and allow it to cool down to room temperature.

9. Weigh the tray with the dried sample accurately and record the weight as the final dry

weight of the sample.

30
10. Calculate the water absorption of the crushed GSB using the following formula:

11. Water Absorption (%) = [(Initial Weight - Final Dry Weight) / Final Dry Weight] x 100

12. Take another clean sample container and fill it with water.

13. Immerse the dried crushed GSB sample completely in the container of water for a

specified duration, typically around 24 hours.

14. After the specified soaking time, remove the sample from the water container and gently

tap it to remove any excess water on the surface.

15. Place the wet sample on a sieve with a 4.75 mm opening and allow it to drain for a few

minutes.

16. Weigh a clean, dry sample container and record its weight.

17. Transfer the wet sample from the sieve into the container and weigh it accurately. Record

the weight as the wet weight of the sample.

18. Place the wet sample container in the oven and dry it at the same temperature as

mentioned in Step 3 until a constant weight is achieved.

19. Weigh the dried sample container accurately and record the weight as the final dry weight

of the wet sample.

20. Calculate the water absorption of the crushed GSB sample by using the following

formula:

21. Water Absorption (%) = [(Wet Weight - Final Dry Weight) / Final Dry Weight] x 100

22. Repeat the entire process with multiple samples to ensure accuracy and obtain an average

water absorption value for crushed GSB.

31
 Table 6.9 Water absorption test of crushed GSB

WATER ABSORPTION TEST OF CRUSHED GSB ( IS : 2386 Part - III )

Description/Trail No: I II MEAN

(A) Wt. of Sample taken (gms)

(B) Wt. of Density Basket (gms)

(C) Wt. of Density Basket + Aggregate in Water

(D) SSD Wt. of Aggregate (gms) 1950.0 2080.0

(E) Wt. of Oven dried Aggregate (gms) 1924.0 2052.0

(F) Water Absorption : (D-E) / (E X 100) % 1.35 1.36 1.36

Remarks: Water Absorption is Less Than 2%

32
Project Site Images:

Figure 1 & Figure 2 Test Images 1

Figure 3 & Figure 4 Test Images 2

33
 CHAPTER

7
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