Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion Bio

HAMDARD PUBLIC SCHOOL
Blood Groups
&
Blood
Transfusion
CLAS 11 B-2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank our Principal Mrs. Saher Sayed and my
biology teacher Mr. Abu Shama for their invaluable guidance
and motivation which has sustained my efforts in all the
stages of this Project work. My thanks and appreciation also
goes to the people who have willingly helped me out with
their abilities including my parents and my friends.

Topics for discussion
INDEX
Blood group systems: an introduction
Blood Transfusion: an introduction
Precautions
Adverse effect of Blood transfusion
Exchange Transfusion
Biology is the study of
complicated things that
have the appearance of
having been designed
with a purpose.
Richard Dawkins
Blood group systems
Blood is a fluid connective tissue and the most crucial
component of the circulatory system. A blood group is also
called a blood type.
Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian scientist discovered the ABO
blood group system in the year 1900. In his experiments, he
mixed different blood types and noted that the plasma from
certain blood types produced agglutinates or formed clusters
which were caused by the absence of molecules on red blood
cells and resulted in antibodies to defeat that molecule.
Blood group systems
He then made a note of the agglutination and divided the
blood types into 4 different groups. The blood grouping
system is pivotal in blood transfusion. Our immune system
recognizes another blood type as foreign and attacks it if
introduced into the body causing a transfusion reaction. Any
inappropriate match with the Rh and ABO blood types
causes the most serious and life-threatening transfusion
reactions. Therefore, before a blood transfusion, it is
suggested to have a blood group checked.
What are ABO
and Rh blood
groups?
During the blood transfusion, the
two most important group systems
examined are the ABO-system and
the Rhesus system.

ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
The basis of ABO grouping is of two antigens- Antigen A and Antigen
B. The ABO grouping system is classified into four types based on the
presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cell surface and
plasma antibodies.
Group A – contains antigen A and antibody B.

Group B –contains antigen B and antibody A.
Group AB –contains both A and B antigens and no antibodies (neither
A nor B).
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Group O – contains neither A nor B antigen and both antibodies A and B.
The ABO group system is important during blood donation or blood
transfusion as mismatching of blood group can lead to clumping of red
blood cells with various disorders. It is important for the blood cells to
match while transfusing i.e. donor-recipient compatibility is necessary.
For example, a person of blood group A can receive blood either from
group A or O as there are no antibodies for A and O in blood group A.

RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
In addition to the ABO blood grouping system, the other
prominent one is the Rh blood group system. About two-thirds of
the population contains the third antigen on the surface of their
red blood cells known as Rh factor or Rh antigen; this decides
whether the blood group is positive or negative. If the Rh factor is
present, an individual is rhesus positive (Rh+ve); if an Rh factor is
absent individual is rhesus negative (Rh-ve) as they produce Rh
antibodies. Therefore, compatibility between donor and
individual is crucial in this case as well.

Erythroblastosis foetalis: this is a haemolytic condition that occurs due
to the incompatible blood types of a mother and her foetus. This
condition arises when the mother is Rh-negative and the foetus is Rh-
positive. In the first pregnancy, the blood of Rh -ve mother and Rh +ve
foetus does not mix due to the placental barrier. But during delivery,
there are chances that some of the Rh +ve foetal blood enters the
maternal bloodstream. If the maternal blood (Rh -ve) gets exposed to
the Rh +ve blood of the foetus, the mother starts producing antibodies
against the Rh antigen.

In the case of second or subsequent pregnancies with Rh +ve foetus,
there are chances that the Rh antibodies in the maternal blood mixes
with the foetus blood. In that case, the Rh antibodies from the maternal
blood will destroy the RBCs of Rh +ve foetus and can even lead to the
death of the foetus, or an infant after birth.

BLOOD TRANSFUSION
It is the process of transferring blood or blood
components from one person (the donor) into the
bloodstream of another person (the recipient).

Richard Lower pioneered the first blood transfusion
from animal to human in 1665 at the Royal Society.

In 1840 Dr. Blundell, performed the first successful
whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia.

Before a blood transfusion is given, there are many
steps taken to ensure the quality of the blood
products, compatibility, and safety of the recipient.

The transfusion typically uses sources of blood:
one's own (autologous transfusion), or someone
else's (allogeneic or homologous transfusion).

The latter is much more common than the former.
Using another's blood must first start with a
donation of blood. Blood is most commonly
donated as whole blood intravenously and
collecting it with an anticoagulant.

Processing and Testing of Blood
Donated blood is usually subjected to processing
after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in
specific patient populations.
Collected blood is then separated into blood
components by centrifugation: RBCs, plasma,
platelets, albumin protein, clotting factor
concentrates, cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen
concentrate, and immunoglobulins (antibodies).

Processing and Testing of Blood
All donated blood is tested for infections like HIV,
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis. It is also
tested for ABO and Rh groups, along with the
presence of any red blood cell antibodies. Pathogen
Reduction treatment is done.

Conditions when blood transfusion is
necessary
Anaemia
Hemorrhage
Trauma
Burns
Surgery
Adverse effect of Blood Transfusion
These are associated with several complications, many of which
can be grouped as immunological or infections such as:

Acute hemolytic reaction
Delayed hemolytic reaction
Allergic reaction
Post-transfusion purpura
Transfusion associated acute lung injury
HIV
Hepatitis C
P R E C A U T I O N S
Donors must be healthy, without any sexually transmitted
diseases or diseases caused by viruses.

Only compatible blood must be transfused.
Both matching and cross-matching must be done.
Rh compatibility must be confirmed.
Apparatus for transfusion must be sterile.
Temperature of blood to be transfused must be the same
as the body temperature.

No rapid infusion of blood since it can cause load on the
heart, resulting in many complications.

EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
It is the procedure that involves the removal of
the patient's blood completely and
replacement with fresh blood or plasma of the
donor.
It is an important life-saving procedure carried
out in conditions such as severe jaundice,
sickle cell anemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, etc.

Resources
Online sources used

Byjus
Guyton-Physiology- 11th Edition
Essentials of Medical Physiology, 6th Edition by K
Sembulingam

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HAMDARD PUBLIC SCHOOL

biology teacher Mr. Abu Shama for their invaluable guidance

and motivation which has sustained my efforts in all the

stages of this Project work. My thanks and appreciation also

goes to the people who have willingly helped me out with

their abilities including my parents and my friends.

During the blood transfusion, the

two most important group systems

examined are the ABO-system and

the Rhesus system.

presence or absence of antigens on the red blood cell surface and

Group A – contains antigen A and antibody B.

The ABO group system is important during blood donation or blood

transfusion as mismatching of blood group can lead to clumping of red

match while transfusing i.e. donor-recipient compatibility is necessary.

group A or O as there are no antibodies for A and O in blood group A.

prominent one is the Rh blood group system. About two-thirds of

the population contains the third antigen on the surface of their

red blood cells known as Rh factor or Rh antigen; this decides

whether the blood group is positive or negative. If the Rh factor is

present, an individual is rhesus positive (Rh+ve); if an Rh factor is

absent individual is rhesus negative (Rh-ve) as they produce Rh

antibodies. Therefore, compatibility between donor and

individual is crucial in this case as well.

to the incompatible blood types of a mother and her foetus. This

maternal bloodstream. If the maternal blood (Rh -ve) gets exposed to

against the Rh antigen.

death of the foetus, or an infant after birth.

components from one person (the donor) into the

bloodstream of another person (the recipient).

from animal to human in 1665 at the Royal Society.

whole blood transfusion to treat haemophilia.

steps taken to ensure the quality of the blood

products, compatibility, and safety of the recipient.

one's own (autologous transfusion), or someone

else's (allogeneic or homologous transfusion).

Using another's blood must first start with a

donation of blood. Blood is most commonly

donated as whole blood intravenously and

collecting it with an anticoagulant.

after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in

specific patient populations.

Collected blood is then separated into blood

components by centrifugation: RBCs, plasma,

platelets, albumin protein, clotting factor

concentrates, cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen

concentrate, and immunoglobulins (antibodies).

All donated blood is tested for infections like HIV,

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis. It is also

tested for ABO and Rh groups, along with the

presence of any red blood cell antibodies. Pathogen

Reduction treatment is done.

can be grouped as immunological or infections such as:

diseases or diseases caused by viruses.

as the body temperature.

heart, resulting in many complications.

the patient's blood completely and

replacement with fresh blood or plasma of the

out in conditions such as severe jaundice,