Day 3 Lecture 4

Object Detection

Amaia Salvador
[email protected]

[course site]
 Deep ConvNets for Recognition for...

Images (global) Objects (local) Video (2D+T)

2
Slide Credit: Xavier Giró
Object Detection

The task of assigning a

label and a bounding box
to all objects in the image

CAT, DOG, DUCK

3
Object Detection as Classification
Classes = [cat, dog, duck]

Cat ? NO

Dog ? NO

Duck? NO

4
Object Detection as Classification
Classes = [cat, dog, duck]

Cat ? NO

Dog ? NO

Duck? NO

5
Object Detection as Classification
Classes = [cat, dog, duck]

Cat ? YES

Dog ? NO

Duck? NO

6
Object Detection as Classification
Classes = [cat, dog, duck]

Cat ? NO

Dog ? NO

Duck? NO

7
Object Detection as Classification

Problem:
Too many positions & scales to test

Solution: If your classifier is fast enough, go for it

8
 HOG

Dalal and Triggs. Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection. CVPR 2005 9
 Deformable Part Model

Felzenszwalb et al, Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models, PAMI 2010
10
Object Detection with CNNs?

CNN classifiers are computationally demanding. We can’t test all positions & scales !

Solution: Look at a tiny subset of positions. Choose them wisely :)

11
Region Proposals
● Find “blobby” image regions that are likely to contain objects
● “Class-agnostic” object detector
● Look for “blob-like” regions

Slide Credit: CS231n 12

 Region Proposals

Selective Search (SS) Multiscale Combinatorial Grouping (MCG)

[SS] Uijlings et al. Selective search for object recognition. IJCV 2013

[MCG] Arbeláez, Pont-Tuset et al. Multiscale combinatorial grouping. CVPR 2014 13

Object Detection with CNNs: R-CNN

Girshick et al. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. CVPR 2014

14
R-CNN

1. Train network on proposals

2. Post-hoc training of SVMs & Box regressors on fc7 features

Girshick et al. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. CVPR 2014

15
R-CNN

Girshick et al. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. CVPR 2014

16
R-CNN: Problems

1. Slow at test-time: need to run full forward pass of

CNN for each region proposal

2. SVMs and regressors are post-hoc: CNN features

not updated in response to SVMs and regressors

3. Complex multistage training pipeline

Slide Credit: CS231n 17

Fast R-CNN
R-CNN Problem #1: Slow at test-time: need to run full forward pass of CNN for each region proposal

Solution: Share computation of convolutional layers between region proposals for an image

Girshick Fast R-CNN. ICCV 2015 18

 Fast R-CNN Max-pool within
Convolution each grid cell
Fully-connected
and Pooling layers

Hi-res input image: Hi-res conv features: RoI conv features: Fully-connected layers expect
3 x 800 x 600 CxHxW Cxhxw low-res conv features:
with region with region proposal for region proposal Cxhxw
proposal

Girshick Fast R-CNN. ICCV 2015 Slide Credit: CS231n 19

Fast R-CNN
R-CNN Problem #2&3: SVMs and regressors are post-hoc. Complex training.

Solution: Train it all at together E2E

Girshick Fast R-CNN. ICCV 2015 20

 Fast R-CNN

R-CNN Fast R-CNN

Training Time: 84 hours 9.5 hours

Faster!
(Speedup) 1x 8.8x

Test time per image 47 seconds 0.32 seconds

FASTER!
(Speedup) 1x 146x

Better! mAP (VOC 2007) 66.0 66.9

Using VGG-16 CNN on Pascal VOC 2007 dataset

Slide Credit: CS231n 21

Fast R-CNN: Problem
Test-time speeds don’t include region proposals

R-CNN Fast R-CNN

Test time per image 47 seconds 0.32 seconds

(Speedup) 1x 146x

Test time per image

50 seconds 2 seconds
with Selective Search

(Speedup) 1x 25x

Slide Credit: CS231n 22

 Faster R-CNN

RPN Proposals
Region Proposal Network
layers
Conv Conv5_3

FC6

FC7

FC8
RoI
Pooling Class probabilities

RPN Proposals

Ren et al. Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. NIPS 2015
23
 Faster R-CNN

RPN Proposals
Region Proposal Network
layers
Conv Conv5_3

FC6

FC7

FC8
RoI
Pooling Class probabilities

RPN Proposals

Fast R-CNN

Ren et al. Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. NIPS 2015
24
 Region Proposal Network
Bounding Box Regression
Objectness scores
(object/no object)

In practice, k = 9 (3 different scales and 3 aspect ratios)

Ren et al. Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. NIPS 2015
25
 Faster R-CNN

R-CNN Fast R-CNN Faster R-CNN

Test time per 50 seconds 2 seconds 0.2 seconds

image
(with proposals)

(Speedup) 1x 25x 250x

mAP (VOC 2007) 66.0 66.9 66.9

Ren et al. Faster R-CNN: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. NIPS 2015
Slide Credit: CS231n 26
 Faster R-CNN

● Faster R-CNN is the basis of the winners of COCO and

ILSVRC 2015 object detection competitions.

He et al. Deep residual learning for image recognition. arXiv 2015

27
 YOLO: You Only Look Once

Divide image into S x S grid

Within each grid cell predict:

B Boxes: 4 coordinates + confidence
Class scores: C numbers

Regression from image to

7 x 7 x (5 * B + C) tensor

Direct prediction using a CNN

Redmon et al. You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection, CVPR 2016 Slide Credit: CS231n 28
 SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector

Liu et al. SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector, arXiv 2015 29

 SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector
System VOC2007 test mAP FPS (Titan X) Number of Boxes

Faster R-CNN (VGG16) 73.2 7 300

Faster R-CNN (ZF) 62.1 17 300

YOLO 63.4 45 98

Fast YOLO 52.7 155 98

SSD300 (VGG) 72.1 58 7308

SSD300 (VGG, cuDNN v5) 72.1 72 7308

SSD500 (VGG16) 75.1 23 20097

Training with Pascal VOC 07+12

Liu et al. SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector, arXiv 2015 30

Resources
● Related Lecture from CS231n @ Stanford [slides][video]
● Caffe Code for:
○ R-CNN
○ Fast R-CNN
○ Faster R-CNN [matlab][python]
● YOLO
○ Original (Darknet)
○ Tensorflow
○ Keras
● SSD (Caffe)

31