DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY ETHOLOGICAL THEORIES

1. Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by

Psychoanalytic Theories - it is a theory in human development that describes the critical or sensitive periods.
development as beyond awareness and is mostly affected by emotion. It emphasized that in 2. Konrad Lorenz and “imprinting”
order to analyze development, analyzing symbolic meanings of behavior and deep inner Imprinting - learning that is rapid, Inherited traits, Parents to offspring (Hereditary).
workings of the mind. 3. John Bowlby - stressed that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has
important consequences throughout the lifespan.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
1. Development is primarily unconscious ECOLOGICAL THEORIES
2. True understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior 1. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory - focuses on five environmental systems; microsystem,
and the deep inner workings of the mind. mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
3. Early experiences with parents extensively shape development.
4. Sigmund Freud and Psychosexual Stages.
Theory Continuity/discontinuity, Biological environmental factors
COGNITIVE THEORIES early versus later experiences
1. Emphasis on the conscious thoughts
2. Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory - theory stating that children actively Discontinuity between stages - Freud’s biological interaction with
construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive continuity between early experiences early family experiences. Erikson’s
Psychoanalytic and later development; early more balanced biological cultural
development.
experiences very important; later interaction perspective.
3. Vgotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory - sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes changes in development emphasized in
how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. Erikson’s theory.
- Concept of “Scaffolding”
Piaget’s emphasis on interaction
BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORIES Discontinuity between stages in and adaptation; environment
Cognitive Piaget’s theory; continuity between provides the setting for cognitive
1. We can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured.
early experiences and later structures to develop; Information
2. Social Cognitive Theory - the view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, development in Piaget’s and Vygostky’s processing view has not
and cognitions as the key factors in development. theories; no stages in Vygostky’s addressed this issue extensively
3. Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory - behavior, environment, and cognition triad. theory of information-processing but mainly emphasizes biological
4. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning - reward and punishment shapes development. theory. -environmental interaction.
 Based from Psychoanalytic Theory. How can we determine and shape our adult personality?
Behavioral and Continuity (no stages); experience at Environment viewed as the cause
Social Cognitive all points of development is important. of behavior in both views. - By resolving conflicts between the sources of pleasure at each stage.

Discontinuity but no stages; critical or Generativity vs. Stagnation - stage in Psychosocial Stages which occurs during middle
Ethological sensitive periods emphasized; early Strong biological view adulthood that is concerned with the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives
experiences very important.
and having negative feelings otherwise.
Little attention to Identity vs. Role Confusion - it is the stage in Psychosocial Stages that explore roles in a
Ecological continuity/discontinuity; change Strong environmental view healthy manner to know the path to take in life and if they do not, confusion reigns.
emphasized more than stability. Right Order: Psychosocial Stages
1. Initiative vs. Guilt
Erik Erikson - his theory includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a 2. Industry vs. Inferiority
unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. 3. Identity vs. Role Confusion
4. Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson’s stages Developmental Period

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages:
Trust vs. Mistrust Infancy (first year) ● Developmental change occurs throughout the lifespan.
● The more successfully an individual resolves each crisis. The healthier the
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Infancy (1 to 3 years) development will be.
● Each crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point for increased vulnerability and
Initiative vs. Guilt Early childhood (Preschool years, 3 to 5 years)
enhanced potential.
Industry vs. Inferiority Middle and Late childhood
(Elementary years, 3 to 5 years) Three levels and Six Stages - Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Identity vs. Identity confusion Adolescence (10 to 20 years)

Levels of Moral Age Stages
Intimacy vs. Isolation Early adulthood (20s, 30s) Development
Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle adulthood (40s, 50s) Stage 1: Obedience and
1. Preconventional Morality 0 to 9 Punishment
Integrity vs. Despair Late adulthood (60s onwards)
Stage 2: Individualism and
Exchange
 Cognitive theory: Jean Piaget
Stage 3: Developing good
2. Conventional Morality Early adolescence to interpersonal relationships Social Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura
adulthood Stage 4: Maintaining social
order Lev Vygostsky - Stated that the sociocultural historical context defines and shapes children’s
cognitive development and their experiences and at the same time, children affect their
Stage 5: Social contract and
culture.
3. Postconventional Morality Some adults; rare individual rights
Stage 6: Universal principles *Carmen strongly believes that her daughter will behave in a better manner when she grows
up if all her daughter’s good deeds will be rewarded and that her daughter will avoid doing
bad things if all her bad behaviors will be punished. Carmen believes B.F Skinner’s concept.
Sensorimotor Stage - this stage is where infants construct understanding of the world by
using their senses and physical abilities.
Imprinting - a critical period which needs to take place at a certain and very early time in the
life of the animal or else it will not take place where the animal must immediately see the
mother after being born to form an intimate attachment.
Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Formal Continuity-Discontinuity Issue - a developmental issue that argues about the extent to
Operational Stage Operational Stage which development involves gradual and cumulative change or distinct change.
Stability - Change Issue - a developmental issue that argues whether we become an older
The infant constructs an The child begins to The child now reason The adolescent version of our early experiences or we develop into someone different from who we are at
understanding of the represent the world logically about reasons in more an earlier point in development.
world by coordinating with words and concrete events and abstract, idealistic,
sensory experiences images. These words classify objects into and logical ways. DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES
with physical actions. and images reflect different sets.
An infant progresses increased symbolic Nature and Nurture Stability - Change Continuity - Discontinuity
from reflexive, thinking and go
instinctual action at beyond the Nature refers to an Debate about whether we Debate about the extent to
birth to the beginning connection of organism’s biological become older renditions of which development involves
of symbolic thought sensory information inheritance. Nurture to its our early experience gradual. Cumulative change
toward the end of the and physical action. environmental experiences. (stability) or whether we (continuity) or distinct
stage. develop into someone stages (discontinuity).
11 Years of Age different from who we were
Birth to 2 Years of Age 2 to 7 Years of Age 7 to 11 Years of Age through Adulthood at an earlier point in
development (change).
Nature-Nurture Issue - an argument in developmental perspective that poses an idea that
CROSS - SEQUENTIAL DESIGN Study One: Research done in 2011
development is mostly affected by either the biological inheritance or the environmental Group One: 20-year-old
experiences of an individual. Different participants of participants
various ages are compared at Group Two: 40-year-old
*Carlo used a research strategy in his study where he collected 30 5-year-old children as his several points in time, to participants
respondents. He will pay them a visit for observation regarding the changes in their determine both age-related
differences and age-related Study Two: Research to be done in
development. Observation will take place every 5 years until those 5-year-old children turn
changes. Group One: Participants will be 2016
40 years old. What research strategy did he use? Longitudinal Design 25 years old
*You as a developmental researcher wanted to know the differences of parental Group Two: Participants will be
attachments between 5-year-olds, 10-year-olds, and 15-year-olds. What research strategy 45 years old
will you use? Cross- Sectional Design
*When assessing the intelligence of adults, we must be aware that the intelligence level of
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN Group One: 20-year-old people born during the 1960's and 1950’s has lower mean than the intelligence level of
participants people born in the 1990’s. Upon comparing the mean scores, you inferred that it is because
Different participants of Group Two: 40-year-old Research done in 2011 of the Cohort Effect.
various ages are compared at participants
one point in time to Group Three: 60-year-old
Cohort Effect - characteristics determined by a person’s time of birth, era, or generation
determine age-related participants
differences. rather than the person’s actual age.
A cohort is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN Study One: 20-year-old Research done in 1971 experiences as a result, such as living through the Vietnam War or growing up in the same
participants city around the same time.
The same participants are Study Two: Same participants at 40 Research done in 1991
studied at various ages to years old
determine are-related Study Three: Same participants are Research done in 2011 Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
changes. now 60 years old ● Kohlberg’s Theory is an extension of Piaget’s Moral Development Theory.
● Moral development is viewed as significantly dependent upon cognitive
development.
● Kohlberg’s theory has three levels and each level has two stages
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DYING ACCORDING TO KUBLER-ROSS:
1. Denial
Pre-Conventional Moral Reasoning Based on Avoiding Punishment
(3-7 Age) Reward and Punishment Self-interest 2. Anger
3. Bargaining
Conventional Moral Reasoning Based on Good boy Attitude 4. Depression
(8-13 Age) External Ethics Law and Order Morality 5. Acceptance

Post - Conventional Moral Reasoning Based on Social Contract

(Adulthood) Personal Ethics Principle Denial and Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Isolation
Preoperational Stage - centration and irreversibility are the salient features at this stage. The dying The dying The dying The dying person The dying person
Cellular-Clock Theory - theory of aging that argues about the maximum number of times person denies person’s denial person develops comes to accept develops a sense
that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80, and as we age, our cells have less capacity to that she or he is gives way to the hope that the certainty of of peace. An
divide. really going to anger, death can her or his death. acceptance of
Infatuation - love that has passion but no intimacy and no commitment die. resentment, somehow be A period of her or his fate
rage, and envy. postponed. depression or and in many
Fatuous Love - love that has both passion and commitment but no intimacy
preparatory grief cases, a desire to
may appear. be left alone.
TYPES OF LOVE Passion Intimacy Commitment
*In sexual maturation, the reproductive organs such as ovaries, uterus, and vagina in
Infatuation Present Absent or low Absent or low
females: penis, scrotum, and testes in males are also called Primary Sexual Characteristics.
Affectionate love Absent or low Present Present And the additional signs of sexual maturity, for example, breast development in females
and the appearance of underarm and pubic hair in both sexes are called Secondary Sexual
Fatuous love Present Absent or low Present Characteristics.
Consummate love Present Present Present
*During sexual maturation process, Menarche is the first menstruation in females and
Spermarche is the first ejaculation in males.
Passion - Sexual and Physical Attraction
Intimacy - emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship
Commitment - intent to maintain the relationship even in the face of problems
*According to James Marcia, identity development includes four identity statuses based
Identity-foreclosed individuals When asked if she had
from the combination yielded from Erik Erikson’s process of exploration and commitment. have committed themselves to ever reconsidered her
values and goals without political beliefs, Emily
The following are the Identity Statuses by James Marcia: exploring alternatives. They answered, “No, not really,
● Identity achievement Identity foreclosure accept a ready-made identity our family is pretty much
● Identity moratorium LE, HC chosen for them by authority in agreement on these
figures-usually parents but things.”
● Identity foreclosure
sometimes teachers, religious
● Identity diffusion leaders, or romantic partners.

THE FOUR IDENTITY STATUSES Identity-diffused individuals When asked about his
lack clear direction. They are attitude toward
IDENTITY STATUSES DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE not committed to values and nontraditional gender
Identity diffusion goals, nor are they actively roles, Justin responded,
Having already explored When asked how willing
LE, LC trying to reach them. They may “Oh, I don’t know. It
alternatives, identity-achieved she would be to give up
never have explored doesn’t make much
individuals are committed to a going into her chosen
alternatives or may have found difference to me.
Identity achievement clearly formulated set of occupation if something
the task too threatening and
HE,HC self-chosen values and goals. better came along. Lauren
overwhelming.
They feel a sense of responded, “Well, I might,
psychological well-being of but I doubt it. I’ve thought
sameness through time, and of long and hard about law as During adolescence, striving for autonomy is a vital aspect of one’s development. The
knowing where they are going. a career. I’m pretty certain following are the two important components of autonomy:
it’s for me.”
● Emotional Component
Moratorium means “delay or When asked whether he ● Behavioral Component
holding pattern.” These had never had doubts
individuals have not yet made about his religious beliefs,
Identity moratorium definite commitments. They Ramon said, “Yes, I guess Emotional Component Behavioral Component
HE, LC are in the process of exploring - I’m going through that
Making decisions independently by
gathering information and right now. I just don’t see
Relying more on oneself and less on parents carefully weighing one’s own judgment and
trying out activities, with the how there can be a God
for support and guidance. the suggestions of others to arrive at a
desire to find values and goals and yet so much evil in the
well-reasoned course of action.
to guide their lives. world.”
Cliques - peer groups who are about five to seven members who are friends and usually
Adolescence Puberty
resemble one another in family background, attitudes, and values.
The transition between childhood and Flood of biological events leading to an
adulthood. adult-sized body and sexual maturity.
Cliques Crowds

Groups of about five to seven members who Characterized more by shared reputations
are friends and, therefore, usually resemble or images than actual interactions. They Early Adolescence Middle Adolescence Late Adolescence
one another in family background, attitudes, are larger and more loosely organized.
11-12 to 14 years period of 14 to 16 years Pubertal 16 to 18 years the young
and values.
rapid pubertal change changes are now nearly person achieves full adult
complete. appearance and anticipates
*Zia, a grade 1 student was instructed to arrange the stickers of different sticks from shortest assumption of adult roles.
to longest. Zia successfully arranged the sticks depending on its length. If you will explain this
using JEan Piaget’s approach. Zia already developed Seriation. *Luna, a toddler, is smiling every time she sees her mother smiling at her. At times, she is
also seen as sticking her tongue out since she sees it from her father whenever playing with
SOME CONCEPTS FROM JEAN PIAGET her. She also taps her own thighs during sleep time as seen from her parents. This special
Seriation form of communication is called Interactional Synchrony.
The ability to order items along a quantitative dimensions, such as length or weight. *The conflict of toddlerhood, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, is resolved favorably when
Reversibility parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
The capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning
to the starting point. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Ego Centrism
Approximate Age Psychosocial Crisis/Task Virtue Developed
Young children struggle to see things from other’s perspective.
Conservation Infant - 18 months Trust vs. Mistrust Hope
Children discover that changes in appearance do not necessarily correspond in changes in
weight, volume, etc. 18 months - 3 years Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Will

3 - 5 years Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose

Adolescence - the transition from childhood to adulthood.
5 - 13 years Industry vs. Inferiority Competency

13 - 21 years Identity vs. Confusion Fidelity

 Vygotsky’s concept. What is being done in this teaching method? Scaffolding - unti-unting
21 - 39 years Intimacy vs. Isolation Love
tinuturuan hanggang matutunan madevelop yung skills.
40 - 65 years Generativity vs. Stagnation Care *Gio, age 10 is having difficulty in learning how to fix his bicycle chain. However, he cannot
follow the instructions properly due to lack of tools. Afterwards, Gio told himself that he is a
65 and older Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom
failure and he doesn't want to use the bike anymore.
● Gio shifted from problem-centered coping to emotion-centered coping.
Proactive Aggression - it is a type of aggression in early childhood, where a child acts to ● Gio only utilized a problem-centered coping.
fulfill a need or desire such as obtaining an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as ● Gio is expected to acquire a sense of emotional self-efficacy at his age.
adult or peer attention-and unemotionally attacks a person to achieve their goal.
*In early adulthood, an individual chooses their vocation and personality is a vital factor in it.
Proactive Aggression Reactive Aggression The following are personality types in choosing vocation according to John Holland:
● An investigative person enjoys working with ideas
Aka. Instrumental Aggression, when Aka. Hostile Aggression, an angry, defensive ● A social person might want to work as a teacher or a public servant
children act to fulfill a need or desire, response to provocation or a blocked goal and ● A conventional person likes the business field and they value material possessions.
unemotionally attack a person to is meant to hurt another person.
achieve their goal.
Personality - people are attracted to occupations that contemplate their personalities. John
Holland (1985, 1997) identified six personality types that affect vocational choice.
Gross-Motor Development - the motor development of an infant that helps them get The investigative person, who enjoys working with ideas, is likely to select a scientific
around in the environment, such as crawling, standing, and walking. occupation (anthropologist, physicist, engineer).
The social person, who likes interacting with people, gravitates toward human services
Gross-Motor Development Fine-Motor Development (counseling, social work, or teaching).
The realistic person, who prefers real-world problems and working with objects, tends to
Refers to control over actions that help Smaller movements, such as reaching and choose a mechanical occupation (construction, plumbing, or surveying).
infants get around in the environment, such grasping.
The artistic person, who is emotional and in high need for individual expression, looks
as crawling, standing, and walking.
toward an artistic field (writing, music, or the visual arts).
The conventional person, who likes well-structured tasks and values material possessions
*Luna’s father is teaching her to ride a bicycle. At first, he is holding the bike handlebar to and social status, has traits well-suited to certain business fields (accounting,banking, or
guide Luna. After several tries, he is just holding the end of the seat to guide Luna in quality control).
balancing the bicycle. When he felt that Luna could now balance the bicycle without The enterprising person, who is adventurous, persuasive, and a strong leader, is drawn to
support, he let go of the seat and just walked beside her daughter as she pedaled. Using sales and supervisory positions or to politics.
Emerging Adulthood - the transition to adult roles has become so delayed and prolonged All three factors are influenced by each other, known as triadic reciprocal causation.
that it has spawned a new transitional period extending from the late teens to the mid-to
late-twenties. *In which level of Kohlberg’s theory morality is externally controlled, due to fear of authority
Social Clock - refers to age-graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning a and in order to avoid punishment and satisfy personal needs children engage in moral
first job, getting married, birth of the first child, buying a home, and retiring. behavior? Preconventional Level.

*The Midlife transition in which fertility declines is called Climacteric. In women, it brings an Cooing - is the first sound growing out of reflexes by babies during 2-4 months (like “oaoo”).
end to reproductive capacity which is called Menopause. Babbling - alternate vowel consonant sounds (like “ba-ba-ba,” “da-da-da'') made by babies
*In Piagetian theory, a component of adaptation [process of modification in thinking during 5-11 months.
(schemes) that takes place when old ways of understanding something no longer fit rather
than fitting new information into his or her existing way of thinking is known as? A correct sequential rendering of the prenatal development stages are the following:
Accommodation. ● Germinal
● Embryonic
ACCOMODATION ● Fetal
● When the child sees a cow for the first time, she will assimilate it to her schema of
“doggy” as a four-legged animal. *Which of the following are true?
● When the mother told her that it is a cow, she will accommodate this new 1. Cephalocaudal principle is a principle of physical growth that states structures nearest the
information and will refer to that animal as “cow” not a “doggy.” head develop first.
● The child will learn that not all four-legged animals are called “doggy.” 2. Proximodistal principle is a principle of physical growth that states structures nearest the
center of the body develop first.
Latency Stage - in Freud's psychosexual theory he has given the least importance. ● Both statements are true.
Parentese - the tendency of some parents to talk to young children with a raised tone of *The following are risk factor for mother during pregnancy, EXCEPT
voice and an exaggerated pattern of speaking. ● None of the above
* It involves the use of the smaller muscle of the hands, commonly in activities like using
The three factors that reciprocally influence development according to Albert Bandura are pencils, scissors, construction with lego or duplo, doing up buttons and opening lunch boxes.
the following: ● Fine motor skills
* Liza can correctly name the primary and the secondary colors. She can also understand the
● Behavior - Actions and Decisions concept of counting and may know a few numbers from 1-20 and she is turning 3 years old.
● Person - Internal Competencies (Cognitive, Emotional, and Physical) Liza has: Advanced cognitive skills.
● Environment - External (Spaces, Laws, Objects)
*Lalaine is a 3-year-old girl who shows more independence compared to her age. She most
likely wants to please and be with friends. She always agrees to the rules and loves to show
her talents like singing and dancing in front of an audience.
She is mostly to have: Advance Psychosocial skills.
*Raya is 6 years old, his mother observes that he has limitations in holding objects using his
palm in both hands. Raya has a possible delay in: Psychomotor skills.
*The following are issues of Young Adult:
● Identity development
● Relationship (Intimate relationships, separation, divorce)

*Kai is a 22 years old college student who has an emerging interest in romantic relationships
and sexuality. She shows more independence from her parents and feels a lot of sadness or
depression, which can lead to poor grades at school, alcohol or drug use, unsafe sex, and
other problems whenever she encounters life challenges.
Kai has: Delayed psychosocial development.

* Shiro is a 45 years old admin staff in a reputable BPO company. According to him, he is
experiencing a midlife crisis. The following are the symptoms of a midlife crisis:
● Deep sadness, regret, and frequent restlessness and daydreaming
● Feeling like past decisions have boxed you in
● Increase impulsivity, indulgent behavior