Unit 2

Lecture 1 e-content

On behalf of Dayalbagh Educational Institute I welcome you all to the MOOC course under Unnat Bharat
Abhiyan. In this lecture we will going to study the community engagement in entrepreneurship. This unit is
divided into two lectures and in this lecture, we are going to study the participatory rural appraisal, Creation
of entrepreneurship among rural people through local institutions, self- help groups etc. and to spell out the
various rural development programs.

This unit helps in understanding the stages of local community and participatory rural appraisal. This lecture
also gives a brief detail about the common property resource with an example of water management. Lastly,
this lecture will also explain the Jugaad, self-help groups and initiatives taken by Dayalbagh Educational
Institute.

Community development in India was initiated by Indian Government on 2 nd October 1952 through
Community Development Program (CDP). A community is a relatively self-sufficient population, residing
in a limited geographic area, bound together by feelings of unity and interdependency.

Rural community is a self-sufficient group of people which results in less environmental damage. They use
their resources in a sustainable manner and lives in harmony by giving and supporting one another. Rural
people have their belief that all are linked in neighborhood. They share what they have with their neighbours
to secure the families and community's survival, but their financial and health situations are dire. There are
three stages of the local community:

• This is the first stage which provides the information about problems, needs, and
potential in a village.
Participatory

• The second stage involved in the process a “bottom-up” approach means local level
participation
Rural

• The third stage can be used in any situation, urban or rural, with both literate and
illiterate people.
Appraisal
There are various means from which we can develop a rural area and to develop that rear we have to gather
some information. There are various tools through which we can gather information and PRA is one of the
tool which we can use to collect the information like their livelihood, common resources, problems etc.
Information collected through tools can be utilized to develop the rural area.

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA} is a method of incorporating rural people's knowledge and opinions into
the development and implementation of initiatives by non-governmental organizations and other entities. In
this we have to interact with the rural people and collect the knowledge from the villagers. PRA's
fundamental strategies include: involving and understanding a group of people through learning and
feedback sessions. Data can be collected through various ways door to door interaction, tourism department,
panchayat, BDO or from government websites. All of these ways of collecting data are time consuming and
to avoid this we can go for PRA. The survey and sampling process comprises a walk, a wealth ranking, and
social mapping; it also includes group discussions and interviews, as well as community mapping using
timelines, Venn diagrams, and other methods. Community develops their own skills needed to address
issues, analyze options and carry out activities. This approach is for the rural community, by the Rural
community and with the rural community.

There are five components of PRA like people mainly local villagers with whom we are going to work,
knowledge they are sharing with us, participation of villagers, planning to tackle the problems and lastly
actions taken accordingly.

People

Action Knowledge

Components

Planning Participation

Participatory rural appraisal is the combination of different approaches i.e. Share, Enhance, Analyze, Plan
and Act. Success of participatory rural appraisal lies mainly in Decentralization and Empowerment.
 Now we are discussing about the six principles of PRA:

1. Field Based Appraisal undertaken by a multidisciplinary team: In this, we are having a group pf people who
are going to collect the data from the villagers.
2. Flexibility and informality: In this role reversal will be done i.e. villagers will act as source of knowledge
and outsider will act as a listener so that we can get to know about them through their point.

3. Right attitude and behavior: This are about the openness, showing respect, patient, listening and reverse
learning.

4. Optimal Ignorance and Appropriate Imprecision: we have to ignore a large amount data and have to ignore
the data which are of no use.

5. On the spot analysis: data collected should be spell in presence of villagers and can correct the data if there
are any discrepancies in the data at that time.

6. Off Setting Biases and being self-critical

7. Triangulation: It is a multi-disciplinary approach in which we can cross check the data by studying the data
through observation, comments and conducting the questionnaires.

PRA techniques: Direct observation and do-it-yourself are the two strategies used in PRA. Direct
observation is associated with the following questions: Who? What? When, where, and why did you do it?
in what way? Villagers are urged to contact volunteers to learn how to undertake various things in Do It
Yourself. There are various benefits of PRA listed below:

• Empowerment of the local people

• Active involvement

• Diversification and appreciation of local knowledge

• Creating a culture of open learning with each other community members

• Setting research priorities

The need and importance of tools in livelihood is to understanding the phenomena and making the best
decisions to better our relationship with the community requires the use of tools and strategies.
Understanding the nature of the people's livelihood is the first stage in planning any livelihood programme.
Environmental checklists, gender analyses, governance assessments, institutional appraisals, macro-
economic analyses, market analyses, participatory poverty assessment techniques, risk assessments, social
analyses, stakeholder analyses, strategic conflict assessments, strategic environmental assessments,
secondary data, key informants, individual and household case studies, participatory methods, and so on are
all examples of livelihood analysis.
 Rural development program is an extension work takes place within a process of development, and cannot
be considered as an isolated activity. Extension programmes and projects and extension agents are part of
the development of rural societies. The term development does not refer to one single phenomenon or
activity nor does it mean a general process of social change.

Principles of the rural development program: Rural development techniques involve implementing
initiatives in a specific rural region with government assistance in terms of knowledge and financial
resources. The following are some potential implementation concepts for rural development programs:

Access Independence Going

Try to ensure Sustainability Participation Effectiveness
Devise a forward
that the program
and its benefits program that Technological Always try to A program should be
can reach those helps and Ensure that the aspects of rural based on the effective
consult the local
in need, and supports the program plans development use of local resources
programs should people, seek out
beware of the farmer but and solutions and not necessarily on
help the farmer to their ideas and their most efficient
consequences if which does not are relevant to involve them as
some farmers take the next step in use. While efficiency
make him or his the local his development and much as possible
have access to is important, its
livelihood economic, not demand that he in the program
the program requirements are
depends upon social and take a huge often unrealistic.
while others do
the program. administrative technological leap
not.

Common Property Resources: we should focus on the common property resources which are being used
by all the people. Resources that are available to the whole community or village and over which no single
person has exclusive property rights like grazing grounds, water sources, wood etc. We will study this by
taking example of ponds, fisheries and water management. A controlled pond, artificial lake, or reservoir
that is supplied with fish for fish farming is known as a fish pond. Because of diverse uses and multiple
owners, water quality control in village tanks and ponds is more difficult and less desirable. The state's Fish
Farmers Development Agencies (FFDAs) provide farmers with technical and financial aid for digging ponds
and enhancing the current water area. By exploiting wasteland and underused water areas, these agencies
have brought fish culture to the state.

The state has created the following functions for these agencies:

1. Ponds and tanks are being renovated or reclaimed.

2. New ponds are being built.
3. The state produces flowing water fish culture.
4. Providing farmers with fish farming instruction as well as disseminating silviculture methods.
5. Production of integrated fish farming with pigs, chickens, and ducks, among other things.
6. Farmers in the state are assisted in establishing fish mills.
7. Establishment of training facilities for fish producers.

Objective and focus of community inland fisheries:

1. Making full use of available water in rural common water resources by taking up fish rearing activity.

2. Providing additional income to community organizations to sustain the Maintenance of rural water
ecosystems

3. Providing protein rich food at their reach to offer additional nutrition to the rural community

4. Employment generation for inland fishermen & Landless agriculture laborers.

Water Scarcity:

Globally more than 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Currently nearly 1/3rd of the world's
population lives in water stressed areas and this is expected to increase to 2/3rd by 2025. Tens of millions of
children cannot go to school as they must fetch water every day. Currently 30% of the rural population lack
access to drinking water, only 7 have full availability of drinking water for rural inhabitants.

The above figure shows that India is currently facing a severe water crisis and currently ranked 120 in the
water quality index. Following figure shows the contamination found in different regions of India. 1.4
million children die from diarrhea and other water- related disorders caused by contaminated water and
inadequate sanitation.
Water Management: The water management initiative works with communities to collect and store rainfall
so that it may be used directly in the groundwater system. It advocates for the restoration of traditional water
bodies, as well as the installation of water storage infrastructure and wastewater disposal 19 that is safe. It
promotes clean drinking water for everybody using low-cost, long-term technology and WASH habits.

Need of water management: According to a report by the World Health Organization and UNICEF,
around one-eighth of the world's population, or almost two-fifths of the population, lack access to clean
drinking water and basic sanitation. Water is essential for a society's growth. Water management is critical
for local communities to enhance water quality in a variety of situations, such as sustainable water usage and
efficiency. Water management necessitates careful consideration of three key issues.

• Technology is very critical to any water resource management. Technology also has to
understand the local context and be sensitive to social categories of gender, class,
Technology caste, poverty etc. on the ground.

• Institutional network of all the state, providers, distributors, community and

marginalized groups need to be addressed. The existing institutional challenges that
Institution has resulted in the present state of affairs needs to be addressed and new
arrangements need to be facilitated at community, local, regional and state levels.

• The knowledge system presently in water is technology dominated. It has a very

close impact on poverty and therefore, water resources and solutions in India will
require multidisciplinary approach and people working on this issue will need to
Knowledge Systems think and act beyond their specified roles and disciplines to tackle the issue of water
crisis and to ensure equitable access to water for all.
 Sustainable Development Goals 6 dedicated to the theme of clean water and sanitation and further divided
into some sub categories as follows:

Drinking
Water

Sanitation
Eco-
and
Systems
Hygiène
Clean Water
and
Sanitation

Water Water
Resource Quality
Management
Water-use
Efficiency

In this regard, DEI also have taken an initiative and completed a river bank filtration project near Yamuna
River providing 100 kilolitres of water daily to the nearby people.

Jugaad (entrepreneurship):

“Social entrepreneurship in terms of operation and leadership could be applicable to non-profit

organizations as much as for-profit social enterprises although in terms of activities and legal entity they are
very different. Jugaad is a Hindi word meaning an innovative fix or an improvised solution born from
ingenuity. Jugaad is the gutsy art of spotting opportunities in the most adverse circumstances and
resourcefully improvising solutions using simple means.

 Co-discover end-user needs: Jugaad innovators don’t design solutions by sitting in an insular R&D lab.
Instead, they collaborate with local partners to learn about local problems and identify end user needs.
 Co-develop frugal and sustainable solutions: Jugaad innovators don’t develop new solutions on their own.
Rather, they engage local—and even global—partners to design and build their frugal offerings.
 Co-deploy solutions to a large number of users: Jugaad innovators in emerging markets solve the “last-mile
problem” by leveraging grassroots partners to make their frugal solutions accessible to a large number of
customers

Jugaad: The DEI Way

A display-cum-selling counter, DEI Quantum Jugaad, has opened in the Institute to sell the products
produced by the students. Various clothing articles including DEI Uniform and different processed and
preserved food items are being regularly being sold at the counter.
 Kabaad se Jugaad

DEI is also conducting a waste management program in which various types of waste has been recycled and
reuse.

Self Help Groups/ Mahila Mandal

Self-Help Groups play an important part in economic growth and have grown into a movement. Women
make up the majority of SHG members. Women's engagement in economic growth is growing by the day,
and they also play a critical role in improving the economic position of their families. As a result, the
process of women's empowerment has accelerated.

DEI-SHGs

ATMA ADyNam LLLE

ATMA (Apparel & Toy Making Association)

• Training for stitching of apparels and making soft toys at ten different villages of Rajaborari (District Harda,
MP) since Nov 2014.
• As a result, more than 150 ladies from Rajaborari and several surrounding villages are now trained to take
job work related to sewing.

• Women are now stitching college uniforms (Kurta and Salwar), Gent’s kurtas and pajamas, Pillows,
Cushion covers and other such items like soft toys of acceptable quality levels.

ADyNam (Agricultural and Diary Nano Processing of Multi- Products)

• The availability of local agricultural crop of Rajaborari area was explored and based on that training for
value added products using Food processing & Preservation techniques was imparted. More than 80 men
and women in the area were trained.

• Products were made from Amla as Murabba, Squash, Candy, Pickle, Supari. Similarly training for mango
candy & pickle, jackfruit pickle, lemon pickle and chilly pickle preparation was done.
 Life Long Learning and Extension Activities

• To raise opportunities for Self- employment and economic independence

• To generate awareness towards environmental protection & conservation, national integration, healthy living
conditions, small family norms, gender equality, social evils and career consciousness.

Conclusion

In this lecture we have learned about:

• Participatory rural appraisal, its principle, benefits.

• Water management in rural areas

• Jugaad, a frugal innovation way

• Self help groups through examples of Dayalbagh Educational Institute