PPD Concepts
PPD Concepts
PPD Concepts
The maximum continuous power available from a hydro-electric plant under the most adverse hydraulic
conditions is called B. Firm power
The area under load curve divided by the maximum demand represents: D. Diversity factor
The ratio of maximum load to the rated plant capacity is called: B. Utilization factor
Peak load for a period of time divided by installed capacity is: C. Utilization factor
The ratio of the sum individual maximum demands of the system to the maximum demand of the whole
system is: A. Diversity factor
The ratio between the actual power and the apparent power in any circuit known as the _____ of that
circuit: C. Power factor
The ratio of the average load to the peak load over a designated period of time is called: A. Load factor
The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of the system to the overall maximum demand of
the whole system: B. Diversity factor
Peak load for a period of time divided by installed capacity is: C. Utilization factor
The area under load curve divided by the maximum demand represents: D. Diversity factor
The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of the system to the overall maximum demand of
the whole system is known as: B. Diversity factor
ICE
Percent excess air is the difference between the air actually supplied and the theoretically required
divided by: A. The theoretically air supplied
The viscosity of most commercially available petroleum lubricating oil changes rapidly above: B. 180 F
When 1 mol carbon combines with 1 mol oxygen: B. 1 mol carbon dioxide
What are the immediate undesirable products from the petroleum based lubricating oil when subjected
to high pressure and temperature? A. Gums, resins and acids
What kind of bonding do common gases that exist in free state as diatomic molecules experiences?
B. Covalent bonds
A theorem that states that the total property of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the properties that
the individual gases would have if each occupied the total mixture volume alone as the same
temperature: A. Gibbs theorem
A small enough particles suspended in a fluid will exhibit small random movements due to the statistical
collision of fluid molecules on the particle’s surface. This motion is called: D. Brownian motion
When two or more light atoms have sufficient energy( available only at high temperature velocities) to
fuse together to form a heavier nucleus the process called: A. Fusion
A gas produced by the combustion of fuel oil and cannot be found in the flue gases is: C. Hydrogen
Which of the following chemical reactions in which heat is absorbed? B. Endothermic reaction
A colorless, odorless mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with traces of other gases water vapor and same
impurities. A. Air
The transfer of air and air characteristics by horizontal motion is called C. Advection
Properties of non- reacting gas mixtures are given by: C. Volumetric weighting for molecular
weight and density, and geometric weighting for all other properties except entropy
The process of separating two or more liquids means of the difference in their boiling point.
B. Fractional distillation
The gaseous products of combustion of a boiler which contains carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
oxygen, nitrogen and water vapor is called A. Flue gas
A substance whose burning with oxygen yields heat energy such as coal, petroleum and natural gas.
C. Fuel
A type of radiation consisting of singly charge particles that generate to intermediate distances.
C. Beta radiation
The increase in velocity past the throat is due to the rapid decrease in the: A. Fluid density
In an oxidation – reduction chemical reaction, all of the following occur except: D. Nuclear fusion
The residual oil left after distillation of gasoline and kerosene from crude petroleum; yellow to brown
oil, used as a diesel fuel and for enriching water gas: D. Gas oil
A fuel gas obtained by the destructive distillation of soft coal is called: B. Coal gas
Removing of impurities from a gas by bubbling it through liquid purifying agent is: A. Gas scrubbing
During the fusion process, mass is lost and converted to energy according to: C. Einstein’s law
Rare gases such as helium, argon, krypton, xenon and radon that are non-reactive are: C. Inert gases
Kinematics and dynamic viscosity vary from each other only by a factor equal to the: A. Fluid density
The following properties are different for isomers of the same chemical compound except:
C. Number of atoms in a mole of each isomers
Atomic weights of the elements in the periodic table are not whole numbers because of:
A. The existence of isotopes
The tendency of a pure compound to be composed of the same elements combined in a definite
proportion by mass: C. The law of definite proportions
How do you call of removing of impurities from a gas by bubbling it through a liquid purifying agent?
A. Gas scrubbing
What is the effect of catalyst in a chemical reaction? C. Lower the activation energy
The relationship between the concentration of products and reactants in a reversible chemical reaction
given by: B. The equilibrium constant
What fuel gas obtained by the destructive distillation of soft coal: B. Coal gas
The ash that is removed from the combustor after fuel is burn is the: B. Bottom ash
A mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide made by passing steam over hot coke. A. Water gas
A branch system of pipes to carry waste emissions away from the piston chambers of an internal
combustion engine is called: D. Exhaust manifold
The type of filter where the filtering elements is replaceable: B. Metal edge filter
When four events takes place in one revolution of a crankshaft of an engine, the engine is called:
C. Two stroke engine
Which of the following does not belong to the group? C. Time injection system
A device whose primary function is to meter the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator:
C. Thermostatic expansion valve
The general chemical formula for all hydrocarbons is CnHm. In different combination of interest, as
internal combustion engine fuel, n varies from: A. 1 to 26
The general chemical formula for all hydrocarbons is CnHm. In different combination of interest, as
internal combustion engine fuel, m varies from: B. 2 to 54
Naphthenes and olefins are types of hydrocarbons with chemical formula of: A. CnH2n
Which of the following types of hydrocarbons have chemical formula of CnH2n-2 ? A. Diolefins
Which of the following types of hydrocarbons have chemical formula of CnH2n-4 ? C. Asphaltics
At atmospheric condition, hydrocarbon molecules with a low number of carbon atoms, 1 to 4 are:
C. Gases
Hydrocarbons with 5 to 15 carbon atoms are: A. More or less volatile light oils
In a four stroke engine if a valve opens 25 before B.D.C. and close 10 after T.D.C the valve should be:
B. Exhaust valve
In a hot wire anemometer the rate of heat loss from sensing element is a function of: C. Velocity of flow
Scavenging efficiency of a four stroke diesel engine is: D. Between 95% and 100%
Volumetric efficiency of a well designed engine may be in the range of: A. 75 to 90%
During idling in compression ignition engine the air fuel ratio may be of the order of: A. 30
Vapor lock is C. Complete or partial stoppage of fuel supply because of vaporization of fuel in
supply steam
Flash point of liquids is the temperature at which: A. The fuel emits vapors at a rate which
produces and inflammable mixture with air
The mean effective pressure of a diesel cycle having fixed compression ratio will increase if cut off ratio
is: A. Increased
Hot spots C. Are the spots where heavier functions of fuel are vaporized
Clog point of an oil refer to: D. the temperature at which paraffin ad waxes in oil start precipitating
Otto cycle consists of A. two isentropic and two constant volumes processes
Diesel cycle consists of: C. two isentropic, one constant volume and one constant pressure processes
Which is not correct for calculating air standard efficiency? D. Gases dissociate at higher temperature
For balancing single cylinder engine a counter weight is added to: D. Crank
To measure the clearance between the valve and tappet of an automobile engine we use a
B. Feeler gauge
Common causes for excessive oil consumption B. High speed and worn engine
The device that is used for reducing the exhaust noise is called C. Muffler
Exhaust gas leakage into the cooling system is most likely occur because of defective:
A. Cylinder head gasket
To engage, securely and prevent dragging the clearance between bearing and release collar in a clutch is
generally : A. 2-3 mm
The diesel fuel pump is designed to supply fuel D. Insufficient quantity in accordance with the
engine speed
The fuel is injected into the cylinder in diesel engine when the piston is: C. Approaching T.D.C
during compression stroke
In the cam, the distance between the base circle and the nose is known as D. Lift
Dirt or gum in fuel nozzle or jets can produce: C. Smoky black exhaust
Excess oil consumption in engine may be because of: D. Any of the above
Wheel base of a vehicle is the: A. Distance between front and rear axles
The percentage of heat released from fuel air mixture, in an internal combustion engine which is
converted into useful work is roughly: C. 20 -25 %
The instrument that is used to check the state of charge of a battery is called A. Hydrometer
When not in use, the self discharge of an automobile battery in dry weather is generally: A. 0.5 to 1 %
The most probable cause for uneven wear of tires for a truck is: D. Any of the above
In a vehicle the most probable cause for hard steering may be: D. Any of the above
Poor compression in a two stroke engine cannot be because of: A. Leaky valves
The device for smoothing out the power impulses from the engine Is known as : B. Fly wheel
In a four stroke engine, for the combustion of one liter of fuel, the volume of air needed would
approximately D. 9 – 10 cu.m
Theoretically air needed for the combustion of one kg of fuel is: B. 14.5 kg
A valve in the carburetor of an internal combustion engines which regulates the proportion of air
gasoline vapors entering the cylinder B. Choke valve
What device combines air and fuel for burning in cylinder? D. Carburetor
A passive restraint device consisting of bags in front of the driver and passenger B. Air bag
The mechanical efficiency of a device is the ratio of the B. Ideal energy input to the actual energy input
The smallest subdivision of an element that can take place in a chemical reaction is a/an A. Atom
The smallest subdivision of a compound than can exist in a natural state is a/ an B. Molecule
Elements with different atomic weight but the same atomic number are: C. Isotopes
All of the following are characteristics of metals except: C. Tendency to form brittle solids
The following are all characteristics of non metals except: D. Being reducing agents
Graduations in the properties of elements from one elements to the next less pronounced in C. Groups
The equilibrium distance between elements in an ionic bond is function of all the following except:
C. Atomic weight
Which of the following statements is no characteristic of ionic compounds? D. They are good
electrical conductors in the solid phase
What kind of bonding do common gases that exist in a free state as diatomic molecules experience?
B. Covalent bonds
Measure the diffuser’s ability to increase the pressure of the fluid is: B. Pressure recovery factor
A decrease in stagnation pressure will decrease the mass flux through the : A. Diverging nozzle
What is the main power generating plant that produces the most electricity per unit thermal energy in
the fuel input and has the greatest surplus of electricity for most cogeneration system?
D. Diesel turbine
What is meant by brake horsepower? C. Actual horsepower delivered to the engine drive shaft
Average pressure on a surface when a changing pressure condition exist D. Mean effective pressure
What air pressure is needed of air starting a diesel engine? B. 250 psi
Ignition of the air – fuel mixture in the intake of the exhaust manifold. B. Backfire
The total sulfur content in a diesel fuel must not exceed B. 0.5 %
There are two broad types in the classification of lubricating oils, these are straight and D. Additives
Most commercially available petroleum lubricating oil deteriorates staring from operating temperature
of: B. 200 F
The indicator used to determine the anti-knock characteristics of gasoline C. Octane number
Amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of a unit weight or volume of fuel is:
A. Heating value
Air that controls the rate of combustion in the combustion chamber is known as: A. Secondary air
Percentage of excess air is the difference between the air actually supplied and the theoretically
required divided by : B. Theoretical air supplied
When fuel oil has a high viscosity then the fuel oil D. Will flow slowly through pipes
Engines using heavy fuels require heating of the fuel so that the viscosity at the injector is:
D. 150 SSU or slightly higher
A gas produced by the combustion of fuel oil and cannot be found in the flue gases is : B. Hydrogen
Amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of a unit weight or volume of fuel is :
A. Heating value
The products of complete combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons. A. Carbon dioxide and water
When the water in the products of combustion is in the vapor state, the heating value is:
A. Lower heating value
At what temperature wherein an oil of any grade becomes cloudy and it freezes, thus its application is
limited A. Cold point
Dry air can be approximated as __ % oxygen and __ % nitrogen by mole numbers. C. 21 % and 79 %
When H2O in the products of combustion is in liquid form the heating value is known as:
A. Higher heating value
Flows of fluid wherein its particles do not have definite paths and the paths of the individual and distinct
particles cross one another is : D. Turbulent flow
If the composition of hydrocarbon fuel is known, the ratio between the nitrogen and oxygen that is
supplied in air is : D. Fixed
The property of liquid in which they extend resistance to angular or shear deformation is : C. Viscosity
A property of lubricating oil that measures the thickness of the oil and will help determine how long oil
will flow at a given temperature is known as : A. Viscosity
The minimum amount of air required for a complete combustion of fuel is called A. Dry air
The ideal cycle based on the concept that the combustion process is both diesel and gasoline in the
combination of heat transfer processes that is constant pressure and constant volume. B. Dual cycle
Which of the following variety of coal has highest ash content A. Lignite
Which of the following needs to be filtered in a diesel engine? D. Air, diesel oil and lubricating oil
ICE 2
An engine in which the fuel is burned directly within the working cylinde. a) Internal combustion engine
An engine in which the fuel is burned outside of the power cylinder. b) External combustion engine
An engine where the ignition is caused by heat of compression c) Compression ignition engine
What air pressure is required to produce the required ignition temperature? a) 350 to 500 psi
In a four stroke Diesel engine, drawing air into the cylinder is what stroke? a) First stroke
Which of the following strokes is produced by the burning gases? c) Third stroke
Which of the following strokes expels the burned gases? d) Fourth stroke
Clearing a cylinder of exhaust gases by forcing into it a current of air which provides clean air for the
next compression stroke. a) Scavenging
Increasing the total amount of charging air in the working cylinder of the engine. b) Supercharging
The portion of the piston which extends below the piston pin and serves as a guide for the piston and
connecting rod. a) Piston skirt
Rings located in the grooves of the piston usually near the top and near the bottom. b) Piston ring
Binding of the piston and the cylinder wall as a result of the lubrication having been destroyed by
excessive temperature and friction. d) Piston seizure
Grooves in the cylinder wall or piston or in both. It I caused by the piston scraping the cylinder wall in its
movement without proper lubrication. c) Piston scoring
What temperature should be the maximum to which lubricating oil is permitted to rise?
a) Not more than 1000F
What air pressure is needed for air starting a Diesel engine? a) 250 psi
The fuel is supplied by the one pump and switched to each cylinder by a multi outlet rotating valve or
distributor. a) Distributor system
This virtually a distributor two stage pumping system that is, modified distributor system.
b) Injector system
A chamber so proportioned with respect to the clearance volume proper of the cylinder that only about
30% of the combustion takes place with in the chamber itself. a) Pre combustion chamber
The entire charge is ignited in the separate combustion chamber before the initial expansion takes
place, forcing the burning gases through the connecting passages and against the moving piston.
b) Separate combustion chamber
A chamber so designed that injection takes place directly opposite its outlet, the chamber extending
backward from the outlet. c) Ante combustion chamber
Fuel is injected only into the main cylinder, during expansion of the burning gases in the main chamber,
when the pressure therein drops below that of the air in the cell d) Mixed combustion chamber
What is the temperature of the air in the cylinder when the Diesel engine is operating at full load?
a) Between 800 and 11000F
What are the exhaust gas temperatures at normal operating conditions? a) Between 400 and 7000F
What speeds are considered high speed diesel engine? a) 100 to 2000 rpm or 3000 rpm
It is a device used for atomizing of cracking fuel oil and through which the fuel oil is injected into the
working cylinders of Diesel engines. a) Atomizer
A cylindrical vessel connected in the fuel system to absorb the shock of the injection pumps and to
provide a reservoir at high pressure for supplying an even flow of fuel oil to the cylinders.
b) Accumulator
Which of the following is an automatic device used for keeping constant air pressure? b) Unloader
What is the other term of the diameter of the circular cylinder? a) Bore
What do you call the maximum distance traveled by the piston? b) Stroke
Which of the following is the product of the cylinder area and stroke? c) Swept volume
The ratio of the clearance volume to the swept volume. a) Fractional clearance
The piston is at maximum reach from the crankshaft to which of the following? a) Top dead center.
The piston is closest to the crankshaft to which of the following? b) Bottom dead center
Which of the following engines where the expanding combustion gases act on end of the piston?
a) Single acting engine
. Which of the following types of engine where the expanding combustion gases act on both ends of the
piston? b) Double acting engine
The compression ratio of a Diesel engine varies from about: a) 13.5 to 17.5
In standard Diesel, thermal efficiency was not much higher than about what percent? a) 35%
A closed heat exchanger that transfers heat from compressed air to cooler air. c) Aftercooler
Which of the following is used to improve cold weather starting? b) Glow plug
The rated power that the manufacturer claims the engine is able to provide on a continuous basis
without incurring damage. B. Continuous duty training
What is the peak power rating that can be produced on an occasional basis C. Intermittent rating
Which of the following is the value of a property that includes the effect of friction? A. Brake value
GAS
Brayton cycle has: B. Two isentropic and two constant pressure processes
Brayton cycle cannot be used in reciprocating engines even for same adiabatic compression ratio and
work output because: D. Large volume of low pressure air cannot be efficiently handled in
reciprocating engines
When r is the compression ratio, the efficiency of brayton cycle is given by: A. 1 – 1/r(k - 1)/k
Which of the following compressors is generally used for gas turbines? C. Axial flow type
The constant pressure gas turbine works on the principle of: D. Brayton cycle
In a gas turbine combined cycle plant, a waste heat boiler is used to : C. Recover heat from exhaust
gases
Which of the following turbine has least weight per bhp developed? A. Simple open cycle gas turbine
Which of the following is/are advantage of a closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle gas turbine?
A. No contamination of working substance with combustion gases B. Inferior quality fuel can be
used C. Low maintenance costs D. All of the above
Heat exchangers are used to provide heat transfer between the exhaust gases and the air prior to its
entrance to the combustor C. Regenerator
How does the value for work per unit mass flow of air in the compressor and turbine influenced by the
addition of a regenerator? B. Unchanged
What is the ideal cycle for gas turbine work? A. Brayton cycle
In order to increase the gas velocity, gas turbines generally have fixed nozzles. This allows the:
C. Expansion of gases
Combustion turbines or gas turbines are the preferred combustion engines in application much above
C. 10 MW
The compression ratio based on pressures in the compression stage in a gas turbine is typically:
A. 11 to 16
The compression ratio based on pressures of heavy duty gas turbine is in the range of A. 14 to 15
Most heavy duty combustion turbines have how many compression stages ? D. 16 to 18
The temperature of the gas entering the expander section is typically: A. 1200 C to 1290 C
The exhaust temperature which makes the exhaust an ideal heat source for combined cycle is typically :
A. 540 C to 590 C
The exhaust flow rate in modem heavy duty turbines per 100 MW is approximately: A. 240 to 250 kg/s
The Brayton gas turbine cycle is also known as: A. Joule cycle
Approximately how many percent of the turbine power is used to drive the high efficiency compressor?
A. 50 to 75 %
Depending on the turbine construction details, the temperature of the air entering the turbine will be
between : A. 650 C to 1000 C
Which of the following engines are typically used by turbojet and turboprop? A. Open combustors
The full load thermal efficiency of existing heavy duty combustion turbines in simple cycle is
approximately : A. 34 to 36 %
New combustion turbines on the cutting edge of technology (advanced turbine systems) are able to
achieve A. 38 to 38.5 %
A regenerator in a gas turbine has no effect in: A. Compressor and turbine work
In Brayton cycle multiple stages of compression and expansion will A. Increase thermal efficiency
f Wt is the turbine power and Wc is the compressor power then the backwork ratio is B. Wc/Wt
If Wt is the turbine power and Wc is the compressor power then the network is: C. Wt – Wc
Physical limitations usually preclude more than how many stages of intercooling and reheating? A. 2