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The Water Cycle

W
ater is one of the key
ingredients to life on
Earth. About 75
percent of our planet is covered
by water or ice. The water
cycle is the endless process
that connects all of that water.
It joins the Earth’s oceans,
land, and atmosphere.

The Earth’s water cycle began


about 3.8 billion years ago
when rain fell on a cooling
Earth, forming the oceans. The
rain came from water vapor that escaped the magma in the Earth’s molten
core into the atmosphere. Energy from the sun helped power the water
cycle and Earth’s gravity kept water in the atmosphere from leaving the
planet.

The oceans hold about 97 percent of the water on Earth. About 1.7 percent
of Earth’s water is stored in polar ice caps and glaciers. Rivers, lakes, and
soil hold approximately 1.7 percent. A tiny fraction—just 0.001 percent—
exists in the Earth’s atmosphere as water vapor.

When molecules of water vapor return to liquid or solid form, they create


cloud droplets that can fall back to Earth as rain or snow—a process
called condensation. Most precipitation lands in the oceans. Precipitation
that falls onto land flows into rivers, streams, and lakes. Some of it seeps
into the soil where it is held underground as groundwater.

When warmed by the sun, water on the surface of oceans and freshwater
bodies evaporates, forming a vapor. Water vapor rises into the atmosphere,
where it condenses, forming clouds. It then falls back to the ground as
precipitation. Moisture can also enter the atmosphere directly from ice or
snow. In a process called sublimation, solid water, such as ice or snow, can
transform directly into water vapor without first becoming a liquid.

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22-Sep-22

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