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ELASTICITY AND DAMPING OF AVM-2055 RUBBER MOUNTING PADS:

THEORETICAL DETERMINATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION.

Conference Paper · May 2015

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 SERBIATRIB ‘15
14th International Conference on
Serbian Tribology University of Belgrade,
Society Tribology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Belgrade, Serbia, 13 – 15 May 2015

ELASTICITY AND DAMPING OF AVM-2055 RUBBER MOUNTING PADS:

THEORETICAL DETERMINATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
Ioannis TSIAFIS1,*, Maria XANTHOPOULOU1, Polihronia MAMOURI1, Christos TSIAFIS2,
Petar TODOROVIC2
1
Laboratory for Machine Tools and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Faculty of Engineering, Department for Production Engineering, University of Kragujevac,
Kragujevac, Serbia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Critical machine components are monitored in order to evaluate their condition and decide further
actions in industry. Vibration measurements are affected from external stimulus, depending on working
environment and working conditions. Machinery mounting, aims to isolate a higher proportion than 80 %
from external stimulus. In this study, dynamic analysis determinate the signal transportation from
environment to machinery and evaluate the theoretically calculated modulus of elasticity and damping of
AVM-2055 rubber mounting. The experimental device that simulates rotating machinery, modelled with
finite elements method (FEM) in order to analyze its vibration behaviour, under external stimulus.
Comparing the theoretical values of natural frequencies with the experimental ones validates the FEM
model and the theoretically calculated values of material properties.

Keywords: FEM, modal analysis, machine mounting, damping, spring constant, FFT, rubber mounting

1. INTRODUCTION impact on bearings and other critical machine

components lifecycle. Therefore machinery
In industry, bearings are the most mounting is important not only to insure
fundamental components of all rotating production quality but for extension of useful
elements of the machinery. A percentage of life.
40 – 50 of engine failures due to faults of For isolating machines from external stimuli,
bearings [1]. The fault diagnosis of rolling technical characteristics of mounting material
element bearings is very important for must be selected in order to keep vibration
improving mechanical system reliability and amplitude as small as possible [4].
performance. For example in the case of large In condition monitoring as in any diagnostic
induction motors, bearing faults can account methodology sensors are used to record
for up to 44 % present of the total number of various signals from the machine but these
failures [2]. signals cannot be directly used because such
Bearings lifecycle can be calculated [3], signals are often very large in size and noisy [5].
however not every bearing achieves that Signal processing techniques are hence used to
useful life. External stimuli have a major derive useful and compact information about

266 14th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib ‘15

the system from these measurements. These springs, but only of the material rubber. The
information packets are called features and the shear modulus is a function of the Shore
process is called feature extraction [6-9]. hardness of each rubber.
The same techniques can be used to
evaluation mounting in any machinery.
Advanced signal processing techniques, such
as Hilbert-Huang Transform and Zhao-Atlas
Marks Distributions have been used [10] and
compared [11]. The results have shown that
efficient of mounting to absorb external
stimuli can be evaluate through time-
dependent amplitudes and instantaneous
frequencies.
In this study, AVM-2055 rubber mounting
of hardness 65 Shore A has been tested,
theoretical and experimental for the ability to
absorb external stimulus and for verification of
the modulus of elasticity and damping of the
material. Natural Rubber/Styrene Butadiene
Rubber (NR/SBR) produced from the latex of
the Hevea brasiliensis tree, presented from
Gent [12] and compared in the scope of
hardness from Fediuc et al. [13]. A finite
elements method (FEM) model of the
experimental device that simulates rotating
machinery, in order to analyze its vibration
behaviour has been created. The theoretically
calculated values of material properties
[14,15], are evaluated. Comparison of the
theoretical values of natural frequencies with
the experimental ones validates the FEM
model and the passive transmittance
coefficient of mounting material.

2. THEORETICAL DETERMINATION
Figure 1. Relationship between hardness and shear
modulus
Material selection for elastomeric vibration
isolators’ depends on: ultimate loading Known from the theory of elasticity is the
capacity, sensitivity to environment and relationship between the elastic modulus E
internal properties. Additionally modulus of and the shear modulus G:
elasticity and internal damping has major E
G= . (1)
impact. 1
2(1+ )
−μ
2.1 The modulus of elasticity
where μ is Poisson’s ratio.
Rubber as a volume - elastic and fully
The most important factor for the
incompressible material has a Poisson's ratio μ
computational treatment of Rubber springs is
= – 2, resulting
the shear modulus (shear modulus) G. It is not
dependent by the construction form of rubber E = 3G . (2)

14th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib ‘15 267

 This relationship is useless for the calculation form of vibrations. These vibrations can lead
of rubber springs, because pressure loaded to disturbances as a result of noise or
elastomer springs - primary field of engineering- movement, or to additional dynamic strain on
calculation and design - in their pressure- the components. Vibration can occur in
buckling behaviour are less affected by the dynamic systems, i.e. systems which contain a
material hardness, than on the shape, form and mass or a spring. Whereas in practice the mass
the profile of the elastomer body. From the is usually easy to recognise, the spring is often
adherent connection between the metal plate more difficult to identify at first.
and rubber body (bound rubber spring) results Table 1. Theoretical calculated values
in an obstruction of transverse strain at the end
faces and thus an uneven distribution of shear 65 Shore A
stress as factors influencing the stiffness of G 15 daN/cm2
stressed rubber body. Factor q 0.25
For the practical determination of the Ec 59.0625 daN/cm2
pressure spring constants, use is made of a kc 185.550316 daN/cm
substitute bill is introduced in a form-dependent
correction factor (shape factor) q, which is not a
The aim of the vibration damping or the
real material parameter, but it allows applying
vibration isolation is to minimise the
Hooke's law. The form factor is calculated from
amplitude of the vibration by using additional
the ratio of the loaded body surface to the free
specially designed dampers or springs [16].
surface of the elastomeric element:
q = a loaded area / total free surface
The calculation of the elastic modulus Ec
can be used for simple geometric bodies with
distinct surface pressure as cuboids, cylinders
and hollow cylinders according to the formula
Ec = 3G(1+ q + q2 ) . (3)
From the definition of the form factor
follows
D
q= . (4)
4h
By derived from the shear modulus and the
form factor replacement module Ec is
calculated on the compressive stiffness kc
Fc AEc
kc = = . (5)
fc h
Table 1 shows the theoretical calculated
values of elasticity.

2.2 Damping Figure 2. Steady state variation of amplitude with

frequency and damping of a driven simple
harmonic oscillator
Damping is the dissipation of energy,
usually by releasing it in the form of low-grade Behaviour of the system depends on
heat. In virtually every situation where bodies relative values of the two fundamental
or masses are moved or accelerated there are parameters, natural frequency ω0 and
repercussions on the system, which take the damping ratio Z.

268 14th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib ‘15

 The value of the damping coefficient for Force hammer is used to apply on initial
current paper, depending on the data of the vibration (input signal) on the mechanical
material is D = 0.04. system. Vibratory response at the mechanical
system (output signal) is detected through an
3. FEM SIMULATION accelerometer/ acceleration transducer with a
sensitivity of 100 mV/g (Bruel & Kjaer 4507 B)
Dynamic behaviour of the mechanical mounted on the bearing housing, while the
system is performed with the finite element sensing cables were kept in a free state, thereby
method (FEM). they have little influence on the vibration test.
Using the CAD model of the test-rig
implemented in the finite element software
ANSYS, the FE model is obtained. The
materials of the parts and the contacts of the
model are defined properly. In the FE model of
the mechanism the screws, bolts and ball
bearings are replaced with the proper contact
conditions. Meshing process is performed by
ANSYS automatically creating roughly 598810
nodes and 416308 elements. Meshed FE
model and contact region of the mechanism is
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 4. Test-rig
For impact excitation an acquisition and real-
time analysis routine provides digital filtering
for two-channel acquisition. So both force and
acceleration, analogue signals are acquired by
an analogue-to-digital converter (FFT analyzer
PULSE Bruel & Kjaer), while the corresponding
results are recorded on a computer.

Figure 3. FE Model

4. EXPERIMENT

Test-rig is a mechanical system, shown in fig.

4, consisted of a shaft rotating on two groove
ball bearings (of type KOYO 6302) driven by an
electric motor controlled by an inverter for
Figure 5. Experimental setup diagram
rotational speeds adjustment. An
accelerometer, mounted close to the bearings, Sampling frequency of acceleration was
was measuring the developed accelerations. 3200 Hz. Each measurement was repeated 10
The data acquisition and the subsequent signal times and the average value was obtained.
processing were performed using software Following Figure 5 shown a diagram of the
developed on Matlab/Origin. experimental setup, for better understanding.

14th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib ‘15 269

 In order to obtain the mechanical system’s
properties from the transient vibration, the
Fourier Transform of the response signals were
calculated. The response can be calculated in
terms of displacement, velocity or acceleration
and as a result different terms have been used
for the ratios of response to force.

5. RESULTS
Figure 9. Fourth mode
A modal analysis is performed to determine
the natural frequencies of experimental device
by ANSYS software. The first five values of the
natural frequencies and the corresponding
mode shapes are shown in Figures 6-10.

Figure 10. Fifth mode

The measured signals of the acceleration
and force are subjected to the FFT analysis and
furthermore the natural frequencies of the
mechanism are evaluated Figures 11 and 12.
Figure 6. First mode

Figure 11. Signal time series

Figure 7. Second mode

Figure 8. Third mode Figure 12. FFT Analysis

270 14th International Conference on Tribology – Serbiatrib ‘15

 6. CONCLUSIONS [3] T.A. Harris, M.N. Kotzalas: Essential Concepts
of Bearing Technology, Taylor & Francis, 2007.
In the Table 2 the experimental values of [4] K.-D. Bouzakis: Vibrations and Machine
the natural frequencies are inserted. The Dynamics, ZHTH, Thessaloniki, 2010.
comparison of the theoretical values with the [5] J.I. Taylor: The Vibration Analysis Handbook,
Second, Vibration Consultants, Inc, 2003.
experimental ones of the natural frequencies
[6] C. Nataraj, K. Kappaganthu: Vibration-based
shows a good agreement. diagnostics of rolling element bearings: state
It can be concluded that the FE model of of the art and challenges, in: 13th World Congr.
the prototype experimental device is Mech. Mach. Sci., 2011, Guanajuato, Mexico,
satisfactory and can be used for the dynamic pp. 1-10.
analysis. [7] A. Heng, S. Zhang, A.C.C. Tan, J. Mathew:
Table 2. FEM and experimental values of natural Rotating machinery prognostics: State of the
frequencies art, challenges and opportunities, Mech. Syst.
Signal Process, Vol. 23, pp. 724-739, 2009.
Finite [8] K.R. Mobley: Maintenance Fundamentals,
Elements FFT Analyser Deviation Elsevier, 2004.
Method [9] M.R. Keith, J.W. Darrin, R.H. Lindley:
40.26 41.5 0.0051 2.9 % Maintenance Engineering Handbook,
McGraw-Hill, 2008.
103.5 126 0.00172 17.8 %
[10] C. Tsiafis, Z.D. Zaharis, M. Xanthopoulou, C.
800.63 762 0.00131 4.8 % Skeberis, I. Tsiafis, P. Todorovic, et al.:
809.74 780 0.00155 3.6 % Vibration signal analysis of rubber-mounted
1389.2 1441 0.02118 3.5 % roller-bearing mechanical system using
hilbert-huang transform, pp. 315-323, 2014.
[11] C. Tsiafis, Z. Zaharis, M. Xanthopoulou, C.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Skeberis, I. Tsiafis, P. Todorovic, et al.:
Detection of non-linear signal distortions due
This work is financed under EU FP7 Marie to external impulse stimulations in rolling
Curie Actions Initial Training Networks - FP7- bearing experimental device, J. Balk. Tribol.
PEOPLE-2011-ITN: Project ID 289837 Assoc., Vol. 21, pp. 233-245, 2015.
[12] A. Gent: Engineering with Rubber, Hanser,
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