DNB History-Geography SI

HISTORY:
1. Using examples from class, explain why WW1 was considered a “Total War”.
For this presentation, I will start by defining Total War; a war is considered a Total War
when nations use all their resources, including industrial, civilian, military, economic,
scientific, and ideological to conduct the outcome of this war. WW1 was also a war of
attrition because the nations fought to exhaustion, and a stalemate, because neither side
could make any progress towards victory. WW1 lasted 4 years (1914-1918) and included two
sides: Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.
WW1 can be seen as a Total War because it was fought on a global scale, whereas every
continent was involved in some way. An example of this are the colonies; that were very
useful to the Allies by giving them troops and supplies like rubber, oil, textiles, and
agricultural products.
I have previously said that a Total War depends on supplies, so both the Allies and central
powers started to try and destroy each other’s access to trade and resources. An example of
this is the battle of Jutland in 1916 and the British blockade of German ports where the
British fleet won control of the North Sea and then blockaded Germany’s coastline, cutting its
access to overseas supplies. This resulted in Germany running low on essential supplies by
the end of 1916 and German people surviving on food like turnips by 1917.
In the Eastern front, Russia was struggling, and the Russians suffered terrible defeats like
the battle of Tannenburg in 1914. Russia was sending cavalry and men with swords against
machine guns and artillery, which caused to be brutally massacred. Total war depends on
nations having enough resources. Russia had very little industry, but hundreds of thousands
of peasants that they sent to fight. Millions of Russian civilians suffered exhaustion and
hunger. By 1917, Russia collapsed, and the Tsar fell from power, proving that Total War can
have devastating consequences.
Total War also includes great sacrifice. An example of this is the Gallipoli offensive in 1915,
which opposed the Ottoman empire to Allies troops. The campaign was a disaster because of
the steep cliffs occupied by Turkish machine guns and the extreme heat causing the Allies to
suffer heat exhaustion. Nine months after landing, the Allies withdrew after suffering over
250 000 casualties, including over 46 000 dead.
WW1 forced scientists and engineers to use their skills to develop new weapons of
destruction, finding terrible ways of killing men in bigger numbers. This included machine
guns, massive artillery guns, gas warfare, planes, tanks and many more. This proves that Total
War involved using scientific and industrial resources.
 As men left for war, women were required to step into maintain industry, agriculture,
administration, and transport. This work was essential for maintaining Total War. The men at
the front depended on the women’s precision engineering skills to produce vast quantities of
industry. The war effort also depended on women to maintain the production of agriculture
resources, to maintain transport, communications, administration of services… Some of
them trained to go to the front lines as nurses, caring for the wounded soldiers. For example,
over 9 million American women served the war effort to help the Allies.
In Total War, the freedom of press and freedom of speech came to an end; the government
controlled all newspapers, and even made things up. Families knew where their men were
serving, and soldiers were not allowed to write any war-related details in their letters home.
Unfortunately, the largest sacrifice of all was made by the civilian men across Europe, and
America, as men were first recruited and then conscripted into military service. By 1916 all
armies were running out of men. The governments conscripted men aged between 18 and
40 (later raised to 51 years). In Europe, over 10 million men were conscripted due to a lack of
soldiers.
The ultimate cost of Total War was the loss of a generation; 20 million men were wounded,
10 million dead including 7 million civilians and colonial troops. Millions of men suffered
physical and mental scars for the rest of their lives.
In conclusion, WW1 is a Total War, because nations used all their resources to have a spark
of hope for victory. The industry played an important role of maintaining war effort, every
civilian contributed to the war effort, millions with their lives, armies were massacred,
economies collapsed, science helped killing even more and ideology was used to convince
people to do wrong things.

2. Discuss how the Allies (with the help of the United States) won WW1. Use examples
from class in your answer.
The Allies, consisting of the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and eventually the United
States, achieved victory in World War I through a combination of factors. While the United
States entered the war relatively late, their involvement had a significant impact on the
outcome. Here are some key factors that contributed to the Allies' victory:
In WW1, stalemate was at its highest. Due to the United States' entry into the war (a
turning point), the Western Front had turned into a bloody stalemate, with neither side able
to make significant advances. The introduction of fresh American troops helped tip the
balance in favor of the Allies.
The United States had a strong industrial base and a developing economy, which allowed it
to provide substantial resources to the Allies’ war effort to regulate Total War. American
factories gave out vast amounts of weapons, ammunition, and other supplies, boosting the
Allies' ability to sustain the war.
 The arrival of American troops provided a much-needed infusion of manpower for the
Allies. The United States mobilized a large army and sent it to Europe, bolstering the
exhausted British and French forces. American soldiers brought new energy, tactics, and
morale to the front lines.
The British naval blockade, which aimed to restrict German access to essential resources
and supplies, severely impacted Germany's ability to control war effectively. It gave the Allies
a clear advantage in throughout the whole of the War. The United States Navy played a
significant role in enforcing the blockade, limiting Germany's access to crucial resources, and
weakening its military capabilities.
In 1917, the Russian Revolution led to Russia's withdrawal from the war. This allowed the
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) to focus their efforts
on the Western Front. However, the entry of the United States in the same year provided a
counterbalance to this shift in power. Ultimately, the Central Powers faced internal unrest,
economic strains, and military exhaustion, leading to their eventual collapse in 1918.
Another reason that the Germany directed herself towards the sign of the armistice (a
ceasefire to stop fighting and to negotiate the outcome of the War). We can include the
failure of the Schlieffen plan, which consisted in breaking through the French trenches and
attack Paris, that forced Germany to fight on two allied fronts (France, Great Britain, and
Russia). This exhausted the soldiers and they had to resist the best they could. Secondly, it
led to the Battle of the Marne, 4 years of terrible trench warfare, and a war of attrition, as
Germany’s resources and manpower were completely drained.
During the war, both sides made significant technological innovations. The Allies, including
the United States, developed new weapons and tactics that gave them an edge on the
battlefield. These innovations, such as tanks, aircraft, and improved artillery, helped break
the stalemate and push the Central Powers back.
In 1918, the Allies launched a series of successful offensives, such as the Hundred Days
Offensive, which inflicted heavy losses on the Central Powers. The combined efforts of the
Allies, including American troops, gradually pushed the enemy back, leading to their eventual
surrender.
In conclusion, it is important to note that the entry of the United States into the war was
not the sole reason for the Allies' victory. The contributions of other Allied nations, as well as
various geopolitical, economic, and military factors, all played crucial roles in shaping the
outcome of World War I.
3. Using examples from class, discuss trench warfare during WW1, including the effects it
had on soldiers.
For this presentation, let’s start by defining trench warfare; trench warfare is a defensive
strategy used to hold territory against enemy attacks. It is this by far the most used strategy
throughout WW1 because of its defensive ability. It is the reason of millions of men’s death
and Total war made it even worse by destroying civilian and economic resources.
 Trenches owe their effectiveness to their complex system of composition; the front-line
trench, where endangered and stressed soldiers were on the look fir an enemy attack; the
communication trench, used for supplies and information; the supply trench, that organized
food, water, ammunition for the front-line troops; artillery lines, huge artillery guns placed
more than a kilometer away from the Front-line trenches to fire explosive shells; machine
gun nests; the officer’s bunker for safe command posts; barbed wire, to entangle enemy
soldiers and protect the front-line trenches. There is also the “No-man’s Land”, which is a
muddy, nature less land between Allied and German trenches with rotting corpses and
mines.
In WW1, the trench warfare was made even worse because of the weapons developed by
scientists and engineers. This includes rifles, grenades, mines (hidden explosive devices),
machine guns (firing 600 bullets a minute), tanks (ineffective in WW1) and gas. First used at
Ypres in 1915, chlorine gas terrified troops as it burned their lungs and blinded their eyes.
Mustard gas has similar effects except it also burnt skin. Phosgene gas caused slow paralysis
hours after it had been inhaled. At this time, soldiers could resist because gas masks were
useless.
An example of trench warfare being one of the deadliest strategies in history is the battles
it was used in: Verdun, La Somme, Ypres, and Passchendaele. In Ypres, 69 000 allied troops
were reported as dead; the rest were captured or traumatized. In Passchendaele, 275 000
British and Canadian troops and 220 000 Germans troops were killed. In Verdun, the Allies
had 500 000 casualties and the Germans had 500 000 too. The Somme was the deadliest
battle in WW1, as there was 620 000 Allies casualties and 500 000 German casualties,
resulting in a total of 1.2 million casualties, which is massive.
Now, let’s talk about the horrible conditions in these trenches. Between 1914 and 1918,
more men were killed by the horrible conditions in the trenches than by the battles. Men
were exposed to all weathers, lacked basic hygiene, and ate their meals in the mud, plagued
by flies and rats. In winter, soldiers suffered from frostbite, hypothermia, and diseases such
as pneumonia and bronchitis. In summer, soldiers suffered from intense heat stroke,
sunburn, and dehydration. All year, heavy rains would flood the trenches, and soldiers had to
survive the best they could in cold, muddy conditions. The wet conditions caused a fungal
disease called Trench foot which caused soldiers to lose skin and toes. Rats infested the
trenches, spreading diseases and contaminating the food rations. Trenches had no hygiene
facilities; soldiers rarely washed, and latrine holes were dug into the ground. This caused
disease such as dysentery, fungal infections, skin infections. Soldiers suffered “trench fever”,
with fatigue, muscle and joint aches caused by unsanitary conditions. The governments
struggled to feed millions of troops every day, so soldiers lived on biscuits, Bovril tea and jam.
Millions of men were left physically disabled and disfigured by the war, which made them
suffer for the rest of their lives. Soldiers suffered physical and psychological paralysis from
combat stress, PTSD and “shell shock.” Men were shot for cowardice or were given basic
treatments but never fully recovered. Millions of families suffered long term effects as their
fathers, husbands and sons returned from war mentally and physically scarred.
 In conclusion, trench warfare could be recognized as an effective military strategy but also
as a trauma for the millions of men that went through it, suffered, or died. It is unarguably
the most tragic invention of WW1 because of all the harm it has caused to soldiers, families,
nations, and the world.

4. Using examples from class, discuss the significant aspects the totalitarian states of Stalin.
Let’s start by defining a totalitarian regime: a totalitarian state is a form of government that
permits no individual freedom and seeks to subjugate all aspects of individual life to the
authority of the state. In this oral presentation, I will prove that Stalin’s regime is linked with
this definition.
First off, let’s talk about how he manipulated his way into power in 1928. He used his role
of Party Secretary to fill vacant Communist party positions with his supporters, lied in
debates to discredit Leon Trotsky (that he later exiled in 1929) and he ultimately took total
control by removing all original Bolsheviks from key positions.
Stalin was determined to achieve a strong and successful communist nation, capable of
standing up to his rivals of the Western states. He believed a totalitarian regime was best to
achieve his goals because a strong central control would be better to rule the Soviet Union. If
we could resume Stalin’s totalitarian regime, it would sound like this: Stalin is the absolute
dictator of the only political party (communist party). The government has complete control
of state resources, workers, industry, and agriculture; the control of ideology and information
was established through propaganda and censorship. Stalin was also seen as “the father of
the nation” through a cult of personality. The regime could also be characterized through
repression, with the secret police (NKVD), the prison camps (gulags) and no freedom of
speech (if any individual opposed him, he would execute them.)
Overall, Stalin controlled education, agriculture, culture, industry, the population and the
government through terror, the NKVD, gulags, show trials and propaganda.
Stalin’s goals for industry were to modernize industry and agriculture and to build military
power. An example of his total control over industry are “The Five Year Plans” controlled by a
government agency called “Gosplan”. The Five Year Plans set targets for production of
electricity, coal, oil, pig-iron and steel; factories were expected to organize these targets for
each shift workers. They used fines, punishments, banishments, and gulags. Stalin also used
propaganda to encourage higher effort and production for factory workers. He set impossible
targets with higher salaries or a housing in reward.
Stalin had construction projects for forced labor in his Gulag system. He wanted to build
railways, power stations and new roads that favor the transfer of resources from the
production point to the cities in need. Something to note is that he did not care about
people’s pain as his only goal was to achieve the modernization of Russia.
Stalin’s regime was based on the exploitation of people, that were told where to live and
where to work. Women were given complete equality to enhance workforce and children
were raised patriotically by the state to love Soviet Union. In each city, the Soviet regime
provided appartement blocks with communal living and no privacy.
The central government also controlled agriculture, helped by the collectivization. In
agriculture, Stalin’s goals were to feed Russia’s industrial workers, export crops to gain
money, to use raw materials for industry and mechanize agriculture to free peasants. The
concept of collectivization is simple: collect several small farms into one big collective farm
(also named “kolkhoz”) each ran by an M.T.S. (Motor Tractor Station) which organized land,
livestock, and machinery. We can consider this as part of the Totalitarian regime because if
peasants failed to reach their production targets, Stalin took everything from them, and they
starved because of a lack of money to buy food. The people that opposed this collectivization
were called the kulaks: they killed animals to stop food production and spread negative
rumors about Stalin and regime. In 1928, Stalin began attacking the Kulaks because they
were “disrupting the economy”. He used the NKVD to arrest them and made it illegal to be a
Kulak.
Now let’s talk about another aspect of Stalin’s regime: political control. He used fear to
control people and opponents were arrested by the NKVD. Political opponents often ended
up in gulags, that were situated in strategic locations to get better construction results. Stalin
also crated fear within the Communist party to maintain complete control; 1.8 million
candidates, a fifth of the army officers and more than 8 million Russians were ruthlessly
purged. He was not admitting his massacres in order to keep his image of “father of the
nation”.
Education was used to serve the future of the state, science and technology to advance the
industrial and military power of the USSR and literature to reinforce the state ideology with
propaganda. All towns had art galleries, cinemas, sport facilities and libraries for Russian
people to use. This shows that everything had a purpose to glorify Russia, push it forwards
and boost its industry.
As for the cult of personality, Stalin wanted to have total power and be in the center of
every success in Russia. He wants to be the first thing that people think about when they
think about Russia; he wants to be the reason of every progress made, the “father of the
Soviet Union”.
In conclusion, Stalin’s Soviet state has many aspects that characterize it as a totalitarian
regime, including total control of industry, economy and agriculture, the fear he uses to
manipulate his peers, the gulags, and the elimination of any opposition. Stalin would do
anything to achieve his goal of modernizing Russia, even if it includes harming people.

5. Compare and contrast the Totalitarian states of Hitler and Stalin. Use examples and
information from class.
When we think about WW2, we automatically think about Stalin’s and Hitler’s totalitarian
regime. Both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin were totalitarian leaders who ruled their
respective countries ruthlessly during the mid-20th century. While there are some
similarities between their regimes, there are also significant differences in terms of ideology,
methods of rule, and the impact on their societies. Here is a comparison and contrast of the
totalitarian states under Hitler and Stalin:

1. Ideology:
- Hitler: Hitler's regime was based on the ideology of Nazism, which emphasized Aryan
supremacy, anti-Semitism, territorial expansion, and the establishment of a totalitarian state.
Hitler introduced the idea of a racially pure German nation and planned to create a "Third
Reich" that would dominate Europe through propaganda and media control.
- Stalin: Stalin's regime was based on Marxism-Leninism, an ideology that favored the
establishment of a classless society through the dictatorship of the proletariat. Stalin added
his own twist to this ideology, known as "Stalinism," which focused on building a socialist
state in the Soviet Union and industrializing the country at a rapid pace without thinking
about long-term effects.

2. Methods of Governance:
- Hitler: Hitler centralized power in his hands and established the Nazi Party as the sole
political party in Germany. He used propaganda, censorship, and the Gestapo (secret police)
to suppress opposition and maintain control. Hitler also implemented policies such as the
Enabling Act, which gave him dictatorial powers, and the establishment of concentration
camps to imprison and eliminate perceived enemies of the state.
- Stalin: Stalin also centralized power in his hands, becoming the General Secretary of the
Communist Party and the leader of the Soviet Union. He implemented a command economy,
collectivized agriculture, and initiated Five-Year Plans to rapidly industrialize the country.
Stalin's regime employed secret police, such as the NKVD, to eliminate political opponents
through purges, show trials, and forced labor camps (Gulags).

3. Treatment of Opposition:
- Hitler: Hitler's regime targeted various groups, particularly Jews, as well as political
dissidents, homosexuals, Romani people, and other minorities. The Holocaust, a systematic
genocide, resulted in the deaths of millions of Jews and others assumed undesirable by the
Nazi regime.
- Stalin: Stalin's regime also targeted perceived enemies of the state, including political
opponents, intellectuals, military officers, and kulaks (wealthy peasants). The Great Purge of
the 1930s resulted in the imprisonment, execution, or exile of millions of people. The
Ukrainian Holodomor, a man-made famine, also caused the deaths of millions.

4. Foreign Policies:
- Hitler: Hitler pursued an aggressive foreign policy with the goal of territorial expansion
and the establishment of a German-dominated Europe. This led to the invasion of Poland,
which triggered the start of World War II. Hitler also sought to exterminate or enslave
"inferior" races and establish German hegemony.
- Stalin: Stalin initially pursued a policy of "socialism in one country," focusing on
consolidating power and industrializing the Soviet Union. However, as tensions rose in
Europe, Stalin formed non-aggression pacts with Germany and later joined the Allies after
Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. Stalin aimed to expand Soviet influence in Eastern
Europe and establish satellite states after World War II.

In summary, while Hitler and Stalin were both totalitarian leaders, they had different
ideologies, methods of governance, and foreign policies. Hitler's Nazism was based on Aryan
supremacy and territorial expansion, while Stalin's regime was rooted in Marxism-Leninism
and aimed at building socialism in the Soviet Union. Hitler targeted Jews and other minorities
through the Holocaust, while Stalin eliminated political opponents through purges and labor
camps. Their foreign policies also differed, with Hitler seeking to establish German
domination in Europe, while Stalin aimed to consolidate power and expand Soviet influence.
6. Use examples to analyze how events at the end of WW2 led to the beginning of the cold
War.
The Cold War began in 1945 (after WW2) and ended in the 1990’s; it opposed to rival
superpowers, Russia, and the United States. Both rivals had completely different ambitions;
the United States wanted to build alliances and with Europe and Asia, to gain access to oil
and strategic waterways in the Middle East. The US political values were promoted as free
market capitalism and liberal democracy. On the other side, Russia wanted to expand USSR
influence into Eastern Europe (for industrial/agricultural resources), China (access to the
Pacific) and the Middle East (for oil). Stalin believed in totalitarian government and state-
controlled economy.
The events at the end of World War II played a significant role in the subsequent start of
the Cold War. Here are the key factors that contributed to this development:

1. Ideological Differences: The ideological differences between the two major powers, the
United States, and the Soviet Union, formed the beginning of the Cold War. The United
States championed democracy, capitalism, and individual freedoms, while the Soviet Union
promoted communism, collective ownership, and centralized control. These opposing
ideologies created a fundamental clash of interests and values. The Yalta Peace Conference
(February 1945) is an example of Stalin’s rejection as the nations hoped that Germany would
be rebuilt as a democratic and capitalist nation that opposed Stalin’s values. By 1945, the
Soviet Union was the only totalitarian state and the United Nations promoted opposite
values like liberal democracy, human rights, and peace.

2. Division of Germany: At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four zones
controlled by the Allied powers: the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and
France. Disagreements and fear arose regarding the future of Germany, particularly between
the two superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union aimed to
establish a communist regime in its zone, while the United States and its Western allies
planned to rebuild a democratic and capitalist Germany. These conflicting visions for
Germany were the origins of the 40-year tension.

3. Control of Eastern Europe: The Soviet Union had liberated several Eastern European
countries from Nazi control during the war. Instead of allowing these nations to determine
their own political systems, the Soviet Union installed pro-communist governments in these
countries. This expansion of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe, known as the Eastern Bloc,
was viewed with suspicion by the Western powers, who saw it as an attempt to spread
communism and increase Soviet control.

4. The Truman Doctrine and Containment: In 1947, U.S. President Harry S. Truman
announced the Truman Doctrine, which declared that the United States would provide
economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism. This doctrine was part of
the larger policy of containment, which aimed to prevent the spread of communism beyond
its existing borders. The United States believed that the Soviet Union was seeking to expand
its influence, and it committed to opposing such expansion wherever it occurred. This
rejected USSR from Europe because it wouldn’t receive the economic and military aid that
the US would provide.

5. Formation of Military Alliances: The United States and its Western European allies
established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, forming a military alliance
as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union. NATO was designed to ensure collective defense
against any Soviet aggression in Europe. In response, the Soviet Union formed its own
military alliance, the Warsaw Pact, with several Eastern European countries aligned with it
(Poland, Austria, Finland…)
6. Arms Race and Nuclear Tensions: The development of nuclear weapons by both the
United States and the Soviet Union intensified the Cold War. The nuclear arms race created a
climate of fear and mistrust, as both sides were looking to build up their arsenals and engage
in a policy of repression. The potential for a catastrophic nuclear conflict loomed large during
the Cold War period. Stalin finally achieved his goal of gaining territory and reduced
Germany to half its original size. In response, the US dropped the atom bombs to force Japan
to concede WW2, but also to scare the Soviet Union (which didn’t work). This symbolized the
official start of nuclear rivalry that later became typical of the Cold War.

These factors, among others, fueled the ideological, political, and military rivalry between
the United States and the Soviet Union, ultimately leading to the four-decade-long Cold War.
7. Using an example of your choice, discuss the most important reasons how and why
colonies began to gain independence after WW2.
For this oral presentation, I chose the case study of the decolonization of India. By the end
of WW2 in 1945, Europe was bankrupt, destroyed by the war and could no longer afford
running large empires. The native population of colonies were considered as slaves or
inferior; in India, there was “White Supremacy” and all money made went to the colonial
powers (in this case: Britain). Independence was a factor that the Indian colonies wanted;
but there were many steps to achieve it…
First off, post WW2 was perfect period to gain independence because Europe’s economy
and military was heavily damaged. Great Britain was unable to maintain its Empire because it
opposed the United Nations Charter and because of strong Indian Nationalist movements.
The first Indian National Congress formed in 1855 was educated elites that worked for the
British colonial administration. They managed to change the power balance between Britain
and her colonial Empire. During WW1, more than 1 million Indians fought for Britain, India
provided large quantities of war supplies and even gave them money. As a reward, India was
promised more power.
In 1919, Britain passed the Government of India Act, which offered local and national
parliaments, health, education, and agricultural policy. This angered the Indian elite because
it showed their lack of power and inferiority. This opposition is shown in the “Amritsar” in
North India 1919, where 5000 protested the Indian Act. (1000 were wounded and 379 killed
by Britain.)
Later in history, Gandhi makes his appearance as a figurehead and political activist for
Indian Independence. Who is Gandhi? Gandhi was a well-educated Indian, that gave up his
high status to oppose the injustice he saw within the colonial system. He brought popular
support to the Congress Party, boycotted British goods, wanted “Home Rule” and an India
free from religious divisions. He manifested his ideas through non-violent protests, sit-
downs, strikes, marches like the Salt March in 1930, and many more. All these protests
forced the British to come up with a new Government of India Act in 1935, which included
greater autonomy for Indian provinces, direct elections, and local assemblies.
During the 1935 elections occurred huge divisions in Indian society between Muslims and
Hindus. The Muslims even asked for a separate Muslim state of “Pakistan”. Meanwhile,
Gandhi wanted a unified India with respect for all religions, ethnic groups, and minorities.
WW2 also had an impact on India’s path to Independence as Indian soldiers fought for
Britain, India started supporting Japan (an enemy for the allies) in 1941, Britain offered India
self-government in 1942, the “Quit India” came to an end and most of the Congress leaders
were imprisoned until 1945.
To regulate the emerging conflicts, Britain sent partition to organize Indian independence
by 1948 (later changed to 1947). After achieving independence, split into two states:
Pakistan, which was majority Muslim and India, that was majority Hindus.
As the British colonies gained Independence between 1945 and the 70’s, they became
members of the British Commonwealth in which they were all unified.
In conclusion, achieving Independence was not an easy task for a country like. India had to
make many crucial decisions, protests, millions died for the freedom of others. India also
proves that it is extremely complicated to reintegrate society as a colony as it had to sacrifice
many things to achieve their goal: independence.
8. Using two or three examples of your choice, evaluate the challenges facing the New
World Order after 1989.
After the Cold War in 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 the USA promised a
New World Order where she would maintain peace and stability. But with a new world
comes new conflicts, and that is what I will be discussing about in my oral presentation.
Today’s world faces many serious challenges with many wars, the threat of terrorism, global
inequality, and threats to the climate and environment.
The main source of threats in the New World Order is without any doubt the instability of
the Middle East. The Middle East connects Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is a region of geo-
political and geo-strategic importance, and supplies much of the world’s oil.
The Israel-Palestine conflict began in 1948 when Israel was created to house Jews after
World War Two, displacing Palestinians into refugee camps in surrounding nations such as
Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria. Since 1948 there have been many wars between Israel and the
Arab nations. During the Cold War these involved the US on Israel’s side and the USSR
supporting the Arab League, giving this conflict global significance.
The region produces much of the world’s oil and holds over 50% of the world’s oil reserves.
In 1973 the US supported Israel in the Yum Kippur war. In retaliation the OPEC nations
restricted America’s oil supplies. This caused a crisis as the cost of oil rose by 400%.
 In 1979 the US influence in the Middle east was threatened when the Ayatollah Khomeini
led a revolution to remove American influence from Iran. Today Iran remains strongly anti-
American and prefers strict Sharia law to western liberal values.
In 1979 Islamic fundamentalists called the Mujahedeen fought to free Afghanistan from
Soviet Russia’s control.
When Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990, the US president Bush promised the US would establish
a New World Order by liberating Kuwait and stabilizing the Middle East conflict. The US won
the First Gulf War in a few weeks in January-February 1991, making the US feel very
powerful.
The rise of extremist fundamentalist jihadist groups such as Al Qaeda, the Taliban and Islamic
State oppose American and Western influence in the world. The 2001 Al Qaeda 9/11 attack
on the twin towers and US pentagon shocked the world. The US fought long unsuccessful
wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. There is still war in Syria. Afghanistan is a strict fundamentalist
Shia Islamic state, and ISIS have carried out terrorist attacks that touched France, such as the
attack on the offices of Charlie Hebdo in 2015, the attack on the promenade des Anglais in
2016 and the beheading of teacher Samuel Paty in 2020. This has proven to all human beings
that terrorism is a big threat to world security.
I would argue that the second most dangerous threat is the nuclear war and cyber-attacks,
as they are the reason of many conflicts and could possibly end the world…
The Cold War proved the danger of nuclear war, and today this risk remains. The USA and
Russia own thousands of missiles, China has over 300, North Korea has 35, India and Pakistan
have over 150 each. In 2017 over 122 nations signed a UN agreement to ban nuclear
weapons, but none reduce their arsenals. Iran has a nuclear program, and Syria was building
one before it was destroyed in the war. Perhaps riskier is the threat of cyber-attack as this
could shut power grids, banks, hospitals, communication, and transport systems, leaving
whole nations vulnerable to invasion or starvation. We are already vulnerable to fake news
on social media; influencing elections and leaving people wondering what they can trust,
which is very destabilizing for societies.
In conclusion, the two examples I chose describe the challenges that the New World Order
is facing and prove that they are dangers on a global scale. All nations will have to adapted
themselves to the conditions faced to avoid tragic consequences like terrorism or a nuclear
war.
GEOGRAPHY:
1. Using examples from class, analyze the most significant strengths and weaknesses of the
EU in today’s world.
The European Union was officially founded on November 1, 1993. European treaties and
alliances, however, have been in place since 1949 when NATO was formed. The European
Economic Community was formed in 1957. Since the 1950s, various industries, including coal
and steel, have worked to create one entity serving all Europeans instead of bordered
nations serving small sectors of the population.
 With the initiation of Brexit and an increase in terrorism, the goals of the EU stand in the
balance. Here are the strengths and weaknesses of the European Union to consider:

Let’s start with the strengths:

Individual nations within Europe struggle to hold influence on the global stage because of
their size. By having several small nations join for one economic purpose, more influence can
be exerted on local and global economics. Larger economic blocks create better import and
export opportunities, better pricing on needs goods, and free trade opportunities all help to
benefit the greater good of Europe.

With the nations of Europe working together, it has created a society that is somewhat
borderless for travel purposes. There are fewer checkpoints, customs entry points, and other
identification verification stops required when traveling from nation to nation. This allows
for free travel within the continent for those who have applied for the appropriate
identification.

In the past, European nations were often combative with one another. Many divisions have
come out of Europe over the generations, including wars that are far too numerous to list.
Civil wars were also common on the continent, leading up to the 20th century. The joining of
the 28 member states of the European Union has helped to lessen the number of conflicts
that have occurred, which has created better safety for Europeans from an overall
standpoint.

Members have become modern nations thanks to the benefits of being part of the
European Union. Specific criteria for membership include making commitments to human
rights, have a specific rule of law, and following a market economy. This prevents
discrimination and provides due process across the continent while encouraging
socioeconomic growth at the same time.

Since the formation of the EU, the quality of the seas and beaches that are found
throughout the continent have improved dramatically. This is because of regulations that
were implemented at a Union level. More than 90% of European tourist locations meet
minimum water quality standards today, which is a vast increase from the 1950s.

In the United Kingdom, up to 10% of all employment opportunities are directly linked to
the EU. The United States has employment ties to the European Union as well. Without that
structure, those jobs, and the economics they provide would disappear. Millions of people
would be displaced, and billions would disappear from the global economy.

European nations have a form of mutual protection through NATO. Belonging to the
United Nations provides another level of security. The European Union provides a third level
of security that allows for local intelligence services to have access to improved data sharing
and military resources that can keep the population safer than if the Union did not exist.

Now let’s talk about the weaknesses:

 History has shown us that one person, with the right tools and motivation, can cause a lot
of havoc for a society. Since 2010, there has been an increase in vehicular attacks and other
terror-like events that have occurred on European soil. The highly coordinated Paris attacks
in November 2015 killed 130 people and several have occurred since then. With open
borders comes more opportunity to cause trouble.

The recent Brexit vote is evidence that Europe can seem united in a Union, but the old
divisions still exist. The European Union has proven that it can provide helpful benefits from
an economic standpoint, but there is still a sense of nationalism that provides the foundation
of what has been built since 1993. When push comes to shove, Brexit proves that the
harmony present is more for outward appearances only.

There is one primary issue which the European Union faces right now: refugee migration.
More than 1 million refugees have settled in Germany. Despite the many needs that these
people have, just €6 billion has been dedicated to build facilities for these refugees outside
of the humanitarian aid that is already being offered. This means local governments must
provide support to the EU without much in return for the crises they face at home.

The banking crisis in Greece was just the first step of many toward a currency that is
insolvent for Europe with its current structure. Italy is facing a banking crisis in 2017, with
billions in doubtful loans on the books. Austerity forced upon Greece may be forced upon
Italy as well, which would create instability for the politics in the region. Add this to decline
exports in Germany and the security questions that are being faced and makes for hard
choices that may need to be made in the future.

Elections in member nations are public and transparent. The election of the European
Commission is not transparent. The Commission has the authority to wield plenty of
influence and power, but the average person has no say in who represents them in this way
or what the quality of the representation will be. This makes it difficult for member nations
to have individual control as each nation is required to follow EU laws to remain with the
Union.

Member states are providing billions in support to the European Union every year. This is
in addition to other commitments, such as the 2% GDP contribution that is being asked of
NATO nations. The argument could be made that these investments could be made within
borders.

In conclusion, the strengths and weaknesses of the European Union show us that a greater
good can come from such a structure. The disadvantages must be recognized, however, and
then rapidly removed from the equation to prevent loss of life, reduced economic influence,
and other issues that may arise later. By being competitive globally, each member state can
grow locally, and that is really what the European Union is all about.

2. Discuss the evolution of European unity since WW2.

 The achievement of European unity is divided in three steps: the reconstruction after
WW2, the establishment of economic and political unity, and finally, the creation of the
European Union. Of course, it wasn’t an easy task for nations to trust each other and unite,
as it lasted half a decade to achieve completely.

It all started after WW2, when Europe was at its lowest point and leaders tried to
reestablish order. Churchill hoped that a unified Europe would bring eternal peace with a
new structure that avoids conflicts; freedom to Europe with liberal democracy and hoped to
repair the economic and political destruction that WW2 had caused. He used the “Rule of
Law” to engage European citizens into respecting the laws. Nevertheless, it wasn’t easy for
the countries to accept unity.

The reconstruction of Europe was established through a series of events like the Marshall
Aid in 1947, where USA donated 13 billion dollars to 16 Western Europe states in order to
recover from WW2 damage; the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
in 1948 which included encouraging free trade between OECD nations, developing the
European labor market and encouraging liberal democracy and human rights. There was also
the Council of Europe in 1949, charged to promote and protect human rights, liberal
democracy and “Rule of Law”.

Another example of emerging unity is the European Coal and Steel Community founded in
1951 by Robert Schuman, which aimed to integrate the Coal and Steel industries in Europe,
enhance economic development, encouraged free trade, and strengthened peaceful co-
operation. By 1961, trade between its members increased by 170%. This pushed other
countries to participate in global trading. Great Britain refused to participate. She wanted to
control her own mining and steal industries, proving her distancing from European unity…

This progress towards unity was later called the “European project”. Its goals were to unify
European countries, rebuild the economy, eradicate the idea of fear in Europe and
emphasize a need to strengthen liberal democracy in post-war Europe.

Now let’s talk about the second step: the establishment of economic unity.

It first occurred with the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), which is a
free trade agreement by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. It included Italy, France, Germany,
West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. It was spread in many European
nations due to its common market and democratic structure.

Britain assumed that because she had Commonwealth, she already had a global
community of former colonial territories and preferred promoting her own geopolitical
interests. The refusal to join a European system was called “Euroscepticism.”

On the other side, there was EFTA formed in 1960 by Britain, Portugal, Denmark, Sweden,
Switzerland, and Austria to promote closer economic co-operation and free trade without
any requirement for political unity. Ultimately, Britain chose to join EEC because British
Commonwealth had increased only 2% whilst European trade had increased by 98%. It made
to join Europe to have a growing economy. De Gaulle refused Britain’s integration because
he believed Britain did not truly support European unity; but he eventually fell from power
and made it possible for Britain to join.

Through the 1970’s, EFTA and EEC became more integrated with bilateral free trade
agreements. Many Western countries joined the EEC and were engaged in the unification of
Europe. Nation’s relationships were also strongly reinforced due to the economic unity. The
only questions asked regarding the economic development of the European Project were if
there was a benefit in participating to it and if their economy would be increased.

During the 1980’s 1970’s, the EEC had a huge expansion, as many countries joined. It
expanded to Ireland, Britain, and Denmark in 1973; Greece in 1981; Portugal and Spain in
1986 and East Germany in 1990. This proved that the EEC had a total impact on nations due
to its economic influence. The success of achieving economic unity is very important because
it allowed nations to trust each other to make important decisions.

Political unity was also a difficult achievement. The European Commission and Parliament
are very good examples of the difficulty to establish political unity because of its complicated
negotiations on a fair democratic structure, delaying the first elections to 1979.

Overall, European nations made efforts to reunite the countries politics and economy, but
they encountered many difficulties that complicated Europe’s unification. Through the
creation of EEC and other treaties, Europe made considerable efforts to achieve political and
economic union between 1957 and 1987.

And finally, let’s talk about the final step for unity: the creation of the European Union and
the problems that come with it.

In 1987, the end of the Cold War created new opportunities as the pro-Europeans saw the
economic growth of the East as a chance for investment and growth of markets for products;
but also new challenges because of the inequalities between the economically developed
West, and the poor East that led to difficulties in building European peace and unity.

The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992 and created the official European Union, with
Euro currency. Its key values were economic and political unity, a voice for EU foreign policy
and defense, and promoted unity of human rights and justice. The Pro-Europeans celebrated
this Treaty as a success of integration whilst the Euro-sceptics felt restricted by the
integration into common policies. The idea of European Union even stirred up a resistance.
Any nations that wanted to join the EU had to pass the Copenhagen criteria to prove their
economic stability, strength, and resilience.

Another example of unity’s evolution in Europe are the Eurozone and the Schengen zone.
The Eurozone highlights the unity of a common currency but also the division between
European nations, as many did not join it. It included many nations like France, Spain, Ireland
and many more. The Schengen Area Agreement (passed in 1985) allowed EU citizens to live,
work and travel without visa within the 27 member states. It includes all EU members except
for Switzerland, Norway and Iceland.

In conclusion, European unity is a great achievement for peace within Europe but came
with a series of problems that were very complicated to resolve. Europe’s path to achieve
the unification of nations was very long and she had to make crucial decisions.

3. Using examples and referring to documents that we used in class, discuss the major
territorial dynamics of Europe.

Europe the continent is distinct from the European Union, which is a political and
economic organization. However, the EU has significant impact on how the territory of
Europe is managed.

History, such as the Cold War, and geography, such as landscape and climate, have caused
great diversity in levels of development, population density and economic opportunity
across different regions of Europe.

The continent of Europe stretches across around 50 states, from the Atlantic to the Ural
Mountains, from the Mediterranean to the Arctic. This territory is home to around 750 million
people. The EU includes 28 nations mostly situated in Western and central Europe. This
territory includes 500 million inhabitants.

I will start by talking about the borders:

To the west we have the significant maritime facade between Europe and the Atlantic. This
opens Europe up to America and the World, offers access to rich fishing grounds, access to
global resources and global trade, and to offshore oil.

To the South Europe has a significant maritime facade with the Mediterranean and in the
Southeast connects through Turkey with the Asian continent and middle east, and with the
rich lands of North Africa. The route through the Suez Canal connects Europe with the oil rich
Middle East and the global workshop of the world of SE Asia. This is the region that historically
connected Europe to the other continents of Asia and Africa, inspiring the development of the
Greek civilization, the Renaissance, and the intellectual and scientific development of
European civilizations.

Today Rotterdam in Holland is Europe's global trade gateway and one of the major trading
ports of the globalized economy linking to the European economy trade with North America
and SE Asia. This advanced economy, and global trade connections enable Europe to be one
of the three core regions of globalization.

Europe has four major climate zones. This enables the continent to have a rich and diverse
range of agriculture and has encouraged the EU to develop a common agricultural policy
across the continent, providing the Europe market with an excellent range and quality of
agricultural produce.
 There are around 50 states within the territory of Europe. Historically Europe has always had
many different and distinct nations, often at war or in conflict. Since WW2 Europe has known
relative peace, but the division of the continent during the Cold War 1945-1991 has had a
significant impact on levels of development across the continent today.

The territory of Europe also shows clear differences in levels of economic development. An
example is the significant rural poverty and poor economic development in the remote areas
of Southern Greece, Southern Italy, and southwestern Spain/Portugal. These poorly
developed regions are more rural, agricultural, less urbanized, and only beginning to develop
more of an industrial and service sector economy. There are also clear differences in levels of
development between the EU territory of mainland France and the EU territories of French
overseas territories.

The EU works to support development in these peripheral regions, as developed nations

such as France, Germany, UK also benefit from development funds for regions that have been
hit by the loss of mining or manufacturing jobs due to globalization. Despite these regional
inequalities, EU as a whole remains the biggest, most powerful and wealthiest free trade bloc
in the world.

As for integration, since the creation of the European Reconstruction Grant (Marshall Aid
1947) and the creation of the OEEC (1948) which became the OECD (1962) Europe has built
an integrated network of roads and railways that enhance continental integration.

Integration is also enhanced by the Schengen Zone, the Euro Zone, the Common Market,
encouraging the development of a continental economy and greatly enhancing tourism and
cultural exchange within the EU28.

Finally, there was also many debates and negotiations about the future of Europe and its
member nations. Currently, political and economic challenges make it impossible to
determine of a powerful continent like Europe.

In conclusion, Europe’s territorial dynamics reflect the complex nature of the EU's political,
economic, and geographic landscape, and they continue to evolve as the EU adapts to new
challenges and opportunities.

4. Discuss the most important ways in which France can be seen as an example of fully
integrated member of the EU and others can be considered more Euro skeptic.

In this oral presentation, I will show how France can be seen as an example of a fully
integrated member of the EU through her cultural influence, her geopolitical influence, and
her geographic integration to the European Union. On the other side, some nations could be
considered as “Euro-skeptic” due to their many doubts to integrate Europe and unite with its
member states. Some nations do not fully trust the EU and doubt on their benefits if they join
the Union.

To prove France’s integration into Europe, I will by talking about her cultural influence.
France has a global presence, both through her language and her cultural influence. Nearly
300 million people worldwide speak French, proving its global presence and importance.
There are a wide range of French international schools throughout the world; 496 French
educational establishments found in all continents, in 137 nations, teaching 355 000 students.

French food, music, fashion, and culture are celebrated worldwide. For example, the French
Quarter in Shanghai including historic French architecture, shops, cafés, bars restaurants, art
galleries; and the French Quarter in New Orleans known as The Vieux Carré, including many
cafés, restaurants, shops, and a French market with the famous Café du Monde. Of course,
French culture is enjoyed by inhabitants of all French overseas territories like Guadeloupe and
Martinique.

The rich and diverse European culture attracts over 600 million tourists each year. France is
by far Europe’s most popular tourist destination. For example, France saw over 89.4 million
global tourists’ arrivals in 2019.

Now let’s about the second point: France’s geopolitical influence.

France is a member of many powerful global organizations and alliances including NATO, the
UN and G7. French troops have been involved in many military and peacekeeping operations
in key global strategic regions. The French military had many interventions since 2001 like in
Afghanistan, Chad, Libya and many more.

The EU is one of the 3 core regions of the global economy and home to 74 global TNCs
(Trans-National Corporation), including 57 from France (which is the immense majority).

Finally, let’s talk about my third point: France’s geographic integration.

France has two major European coastal borders – Atlantic and Mediterranean. These
contribute to European fishing, global trade, (Dunkirk, Le Havre, Saint-Nazaire, Marseille), and
tourism. France also borders 6 Western EU states (Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy,
Switzerland, and Spain).

Paris, at the heart of Western Europe, is a global city and interconnected with the other
major capitals of Europe (London 400km, Berlin 900km, Rome 1100 km, Madrid 1270km).
Paris is the 4th most populated city in the EU, and Europe’s major global city. Paris is a major
transport hub for France and the EU with two international airports (Charles de Gaulle, Orly).
The Paris metro is the busiest metro in the EU. Paris also is a global cultural city due to its
many historical monuments like Le Louvre, the Eiffel tower, and the Cathedral of Notre-Dame.

As for economy, France is the second largest contributor to the EU budget, and for
investment in European development. 60% of French exports are within the EU region.

Today, France is home, to major EU and European institutions like the OECD headquarters,
the Headquarters of the UNESCO agency, the International Energy Agency, the International
Federation for Human Rights, and the European Space Agency. Strasbourg hosts the EU
Parliament, European Court of human Rights and the Council of Europe.

Now that I have presented France as a fully integrated member of the EU, let’s talk about
Euro-Sceptics.
 Euro-skepticism refers to a range of attitudes and ideologies that are skeptical or critical of
the European Union (EU) and its integration process. While the EU has a free membership, not
all member states have the same level of enthusiasm for European integration. Several factors
contribute to Euro-skepticism in certain European nations:

Some countries have a strong attachment to their national sovereignty and are wary of
transferring powers to supranational institutions like the EU. They believe that decisions
affecting their country should be made by national governments rather than by EU
institutions.

Euro-skepticism can also stem from economic factors. In countries with weaker economies
or struggling industries, some people may view EU policies as unnecessary to their national
interests. They may perceive EU regulations, trade policies, or budgetary constraints as
disadvantages to their economic growth.

Issues related to immigration, cultural identity, and national borders have fueled Euro-
sceptic sentiment in some countries. Concerns about the free movement of people within the
EU and the impact of immigration on jobs, public services, and national identity have led to
increased Euroscepticism in certain nations.

The economic challenges faced by some Eurozone countries, particularly during the
sovereign debt crisis, have contributed to Euroscepticism. Austerity measures imposed by the
EU and perceived interference in national fiscal policies have generated criticism and
resentment in affected countries.

The enlargement of the EU has also generated Euro-sceptic sentiment in some nations.
Concerns about the potential dilution of national influence, cultural differences, and strains
on resources have emerged as countries join the EU.

In conclusion, it is very complicated to be a fully integrated country in the EU. We can it

through an obvious contrast that I analyzed in my oral, France and Euro-skeptics. France
managed to achieve integration of the EU through its massive cultural impact around the
world, her geopolitical influence, and her geographic advantages. On the other side, Euro-
skeptics are still worried about joining such a powerful union through many reasons…

5. Analyze the most important recent demographic trends in UK, including demographic
information about London.

In my oral presentation, I will characterize UK’s recent demographic trends through the
population growth and its characteristics, the growth and increase of diversity and finally, the
demography of London.
Let’s start by talking about the population:

UK’s population had one of the biggest growths in history; some people saw it as an
advantage, some others as a disadvantage. There are three main reasons for this growth of
population: the welfare state, the better living standards, and the immigration from the
Commonwealth.

After the hardship of WW2 political views favored the creation of a Welfare State, where
the state guaranteed basic levels of education, health, housing, and unemployment/sickness
benefit, raising living standards and reducing poverty.

Economic reconstruction after World War two led to higher standards of living and the
development of a consumer culture (cars, TVs, radios, clothes, houses, electrical goods).
Advances in medicine (e.g., penicillin) led to much longer life expectancy, and much lower
infant mortality, so the population has aged, while birth rates have fallen.

And finally, economic growth following two major wars was hampered by a small male
working population, thus immigration was encouraged from the Commonwealth in the 1950s
and 1960s to provide a larger more dynamic workforce, which increased the population.

In two decades (1992-2012), UK’s population has gone up 10 million.

Another characteristic of UK demography is the aging population. Most of the population

ages around 40 years and have fewer 30 years old to replace them. Below them, fewer 20
years old to replace them, and finally, fewer children. This means that in 40-50 years Britain
will have a higher proportion of elderly, and fewer working age population, with even less
children being born. This creates an unhealthy “dependency ratio”, where there are fewer
working adults in the population. The only possible solution to resolve this problem is to do
like US, a nation of immigrants, maintaining a much healthier population pyramid, with more
young and economically active population.

Now, let’s talk about the second point: diversity.

Since the 1980s, and especially the 1990s, the size and diversity of the population has grown.
This is especially noticeable in the increased population density of the traditionally urbanized
regions. So, population growth is felt more intensely in the SE of England, the English
Midlands. The UK has continued to attract immigrants, from all over the world, due to her
existing ethnic diversity and her high standards of living.

Diversity has changed British culture, especially in the variety of restaurants and world foods
available in supermarkets, and in TV shows broadcast across the nation. In education,
classrooms in urban areas are often very diverse in terms of ethnic backgrounds of their
students.

This is most noticeable in London, and in the bigger cities of the English midlands. British
communities are overall very integrated, tolerant, and there is generally confidence that
people can express their cultural and religious identities without fear. However, as a
percentage of the overall UK population these ethnic minorities remain very small.

In 1970 there were about 375,000 Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs in Britain. By 1993 the figure
was about 1,620,000, with the rise in the number of Muslims being particularly pronounced.

The last point I included in my oral presentation is the demography of London.

The population of London is nearly 8.7 million, the highest since 1939. The population has
been higher in the past but declined in WW2.

London attracts internal and international migration because it offers a diverse range of
employment, cultural, educational opportunities. Around 37% of London’s population are first
generation international immigrants. This gives London a relatively young average age of
around 35 years, compared to 40 for the rest of the UK. Only 9% of the London population is
aged over 65 compared to 20% of the rest of the UK.

London has a very high population density, making property very expensive to buy or rent.
The population density is 5,700 per square kilometer.

Although ethnic minorities make up less than 10% of the UK population, they make up 44% of
the London population. 60% white, (including 45% white British and 13% international), 20%
Asian, 16% African or Afro-Caribbean.

London is a global city, with a very international cosmopolitan population. This gives London
a very rich cultural diversity, with a vast number of world-class cultural events but also
thousands of cultural activities around the many local boroughs and communities, and the city
has a wide range of international restaurants. Over 300 languages are spoken in London. 80%
speak English as a first language.

London has a diverse range of religious faiths. 60% Christian, 12% Muslim. and groups of
Hindus, Jews, Buddhists, Sikhs.

London has extremes of wealth and poverty. The financial center and central business district
have some of the highest paid executives in the UK. The outer London boroughs have some of
the poorest people in the country. For example, Westminster is home to the queen, one of
the richest people in the world, but also has the highest number of London homeless.

Recent trends show that incomes are rising in inner London, but poverty is increasing in outer
London (because housing is expensive in inner London, while poorer people must move to the
city periphery.) The boroughs with the highest proportion of highly skilled and professional
people are in inner London, showing that wealth is required to live in the city, while outer
London is where the higher proportion of less skilled people live where housing is more
affordable.

In conclusion, the UK and London have a very diverse population that is unequally
distributed in regions and is a major nation of immigrants because of all the advantages she
offers to them. The population’s major problem is age, as it creates economic difficulties
because people work less.