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    ZUHAD MAHMOOD
    1. Pathloss is proportional to d2 for line-of-sight connections because energy is distributed over 4π space, reducing the distribution area by a factor of 4, which assumes the best case of minimum distribution area when propagation is similar to visible light in a straight line. 2. Fast fading occurs due to reflections from surfaces and movement of the transmitter or receiver, resulting in high Doppler spread when the Doppler bandwidth is comparable to or greater than the signal bandwidth, causing fast channel variations. 3. Fast fading depends on mobility because the length of the signal path changes continuously with movement, altering the phase and frequency dependent effects between arriving signals.

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    ZUHAD MAHMOOD
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    1. Pathloss is proportional to d2 for line-of-sight connections because energy is distributed over 4π space, reducing the distribution area by a factor of 4, which assumes the best case of minimum distribution area when propagation is similar to visible light in a straight line. 2. Fast fading occurs due to reflections from surfaces and movement of the transmitter or receiver, resulting in high Doppler spread when the Doppler bandwidth is comparable to or greater than the signal bandwidth, causing fast channel variations. 3. Fast fading depends on mobility because the length of the signal path changes continuously with movement, altering the phase and frequency dependent effects between arriving signals.

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    1. Pathloss is proportional to d2 for line-of-sight connections because energy is distributed over 4π space, reducing the distribution area by a factor of 4, which assumes the best case of minimum distribution area when propagation is similar to visible light in a straight line. 2. Fast fading occurs due to reflections from surfaces and movement of the transmitter or receiver, resulting in high Doppler spread when the Doppler bandwidth is comparable to or greater than the signal bandwidth, causing fast channel variations. 3. Fast fading depends on mobility because the length of the signal path changes continuously with movement, altering the phase and frequency dependent effects between arriving signals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    5 views2 pages

    Quiz

    Uploaded by

    ZUHAD MAHMOOD
    1. Pathloss is proportional to d2 for line-of-sight connections because energy is distributed over 4π space, reducing the distribution area by a factor of 4, which assumes the best case of minimum distribution area when propagation is similar to visible light in a straight line. 2. Fast fading occurs due to reflections from surfaces and movement of the transmitter or receiver, resulting in high Doppler spread when the Doppler bandwidth is comparable to or greater than the signal bandwidth, causing fast channel variations. 3. Fast fading depends on mobility because the length of the signal path changes continuously with movement, altering the phase and frequency dependent effects between arriving signals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Why is a pathloss proportional to d2 is assumed for line-of-sight connections?

    Energy is distributed over 4x space. Distribution area reduced by the factor of 4.

    Why is d2 considered as the best case?

    Distribution area is minimum. Because Propagation in free space is similar to visible light (straight
    line).
    2. What are the reasons for fast fading? What is exactly happening?

    Fast Fading: It occurs mainly due to reflections for surfaces and movement of transmitter or receiver
    High doppler spread is observed in the fast fading with Doppler bandwidth comparable to or greater
    than the bandwidth of the signal and the channel variations are as fast or faster than the signal
    variations.

    The Doppler spread would be the difference of the two frequencies received (even though there is
    only a single fixed frequency being transmitted).

    Amplitude over time is changing = fading


    3. Why does fast fading depend on mobility? Why is fast fading frequency dependent?

    Mobility: Length of path change continuously. Face shift change path continuously.

    Because frequency has impact on wave length in period and that will have the impact on phase.
    4. What is the difference between fading due to simple phase shifts between
    arriving signals and inter symbol interference?

    Time dispersion over symbols: the signal is dispersed over parts of the symbol
    è interference with “neighbor” symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) depends on the degree of
    shift between symbols. The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted, e.g. 0 and 180°
    phase shift.

    è distortion depends on the phases of the different multipath parts

    5. What are the factors of the received signal important for error-free
    reception?

    the signal to interference & noise ratio SINR is above a threshold (this depends on the radio
    technology (modulation, coding), HW and signal processing capabilities of the receiver)
    § the received signal strength S is above a threshold (this is defined by the sensitivity of the receiver)

    1. What are the characteristics of an isotropic radiator?


    equal radiation in all directions (three dimensional) - only a theoretical
    reference antenna (omnidirectional antenna) emits the signal uniformly in all
    directions.
    2. What directional effects show simple practical antennas?
    Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or horizontally)
    3. How can you build a directional antenna from 2 simple l/2 antennas? What

    are the prerequisites?

    1. How do interference and the received signal strength determine the capacity

    of a channel?
    Mobile station is within coverage zone
    § S is sufficient, but too much interference I at the receiver
    è SINR is too low
    è No more resources / capacity left
    For a high system capacity, the signal strength is as important as
    the abscence of high levels of interference!
    2. Why is interference – or more acurrate its absence – as important as the

    signal itself?

    3. What defines an interference-limited system? What happens there? How can

    we increase the system capacity in these systems? And how not?

    1. What are the wavelengths of the different band used by GSM and WLAN?

     GSM and WLAN operates in ultra high frequency. Commonly used gsm bands are gsm 850
    and gsm 1900 wave length = 15 to 35 cm
     Wave length = c/f
     While WLAN operates in 2.4 GHz which corresponds to 12cm.

    2. Which bands typically provide better penetration of walls?


     Lower the frequency band higher the penetration. i.e. VLF Very low frequency 300Hz to
    30KHz.

    3. What´s the disadvantage of using higher frequencies for communications? What´s the
    advantage?

     Higher frequencies provide more bandwidth; you could send far more data in less time
    with a VHF antenna than a lower frequency antenna.

    High frequency generally equals shorter range. A 2.4 GHz antenna will have almost a third
    of the range of a 900 MHz antenna.
    4. Sketch the frequency spectrum of a 100 MHz sinus signal and of a symmetric
    rectangular signal with the same period.

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