FOGAM V3.1 Book1

ARMY LISTS – BOOK 1
EARLY BRONZE AGE TO LATE REPUBLICAN ROMAN

FoGAM v3 Lists Book 1
FIELD OF GLORY
Army Lists - Book 1
3rd Edition
Updated by Terry Shaw
Cover artwork by Peter Dennis
Editor dedication
Special thanks to: Graham Briggs and Steve Murton
Mar-23 Page 1
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION............................................................. 3 HELLENISTIC GREEK ................................................. 67
HOW TO USE THE LISTS .............................................. 3 ALEXANDRIAN MACEDONIAN ................................... 69
EARLY HIGHLAND RAIDERS ....................................... 5 SARMATIAN................................................................. 71
EARLY LIBYAN ............................................................. 7 WARRING STATES TO WESTERN HAN CHINESE .... 73
LATER SUMERIAN OR AKKADIAN .............................. 9 BOSPORAN ................................................................. 76
OLD OR MIDDLE KINGDOM EGYPTIAN..................... 11 EARLY AND MID-REPUBLICAN ROMAN ................... 78
HYKSOS....................................................................... 12 EARLY ARMENIAN ...................................................... 80
MITANNI ....................................................................... 13 EARLY SUCCESSOR................................................... 81
SYRO-CANAANITE...................................................... 15 SELEUCID .................................................................... 83
NEW KINGDOM EGYPTIAN ........................................ 17 PTOLEMAIC ................................................................. 85
LATER MINOAN OR EARLY MYCENAEAN ................ 18 LATER PRE-ISLAMIC BEDOUIN ................................. 87
HITTITE EMPIRE .......................................................... 19 PYRRHIC ...................................................................... 88
LATER MYCENAEAN OR TROJAN............................. 21 LATER CARTHAGINIAN .............................................. 89
MIDDLE OR EARLY NEO-ASSYRIAN ......................... 22 GRAECO-BACTRIAN ................................................... 91
SEA PEOPLES............................................................. 23 ATTALID PERGAMENE ............................................... 93
PHILISTINE .................................................................. 24 LATER MACEDONIAN ................................................. 95
EARLY ZHOU CHINESE .............................................. 25 PARTHIAN AND EARLY SASSANID PERSIAN .......... 96
NEO-HITTITE AND ARAMAEAN ................................. 27 ANCIENT SPANISH...................................................... 98
LATER HEBREW ......................................................... 28 NUMIDIAN OR MOORISH .......................................... 100
LIBYAN EGYPTIAN ..................................................... 29 LATER JEWISH.......................................................... 102
URARTIAN ................................................................... 30 KUSHAN OR INDO-SKYTHIAN.................................. 104
LYDIAN OR LYCIAN .................................................... 32 EARLY GERMAN ....................................................... 105
KIMMERIAN, SKYTHIAN OR SAKA ............................ 34 PONTIC ...................................................................... 107
ETRUSCAN LEAGUE, EARLY ROMAN AND LATIN .. 36 LATE REPUBLICAN ROMAN .................................... 109
ITALIAN HILL TRIBES AND SAMNITE LEAGUE ........ 38 INDO-GREEK ............................................................. 111
NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE ............................................ 40 SPARTACUS SLAVE REVOLT .................................. 113
KUSHITE EGYPTIAN ................................................... 42 THREE KINGDOMS KOREAN ................................... 114
THRACIAN ................................................................... 44 ANCIENT BRITISH AND CALEDONIAN .................... 117
CLASSICAL GREEK .................................................... 46 APPENDIX 1 – ALLIED LISTS ................................... 118
LATE DYNASTIC EGYPTIAN ...................................... 49 AITOLIAN ALLIES....................................................... 118
ALAN ALLIES ............................................................ 118
NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE ....................................... 51 BRUTTIAN OR LUCANIAN ALLIES ................................. 118
CAMPANIAN ................................................................ 53 EARLY NOMAD ALLIES .............................................. 118
EARLY NORTHERN BARBARIAN ALLIES ....................... 119
EARLY ACHAEMENID PERSIAN ................................ 54 KOMMAGENE ALLIES ................................................. 119
KYRENEAN GREEK ALLIES ......................................... 119
EARLY CARTHAGINIAN ............................................. 56 MANNAEAN ALLIES ................................................... 119
CLASSICAL INDIAN .................................................... 58 MEDIAN ALLIES ........................................................ 120
MOUNTAIN INDIAN ALLIES .......................................... 120
LATE ACHAEMENID PERSIAN ................................... 60 NEO-ELAMITE ALLIES................................................ 120
NEO-HITTITE AND ARAMAEAN ALLIES ......................... 120
KO CHOSON KOREAN................................................ 62 PHOENICIAN ALLIES .................................................. 121
EARLY EASTERN STEPPE HORSE CULTURES ....... 63 QIANG AND DI ALLIES ............................................... 121
SHANG CHINESE ALLIES............................................ 121
GALLIC AND GALATIAN............................................. 65
Mar-23 Page 2
INTRODUCTION
Field of Glory is a historical miniature tabletop wargaming rules system for anyone interested in recreating the battles of the
ancient and medieval eras. This companion is designed to be used alongside the Field of Glory rulebook and covers the
better-known armies of the world from the Early Bronze and Iron Ages until the end of the Republican Roman period in 25 BC.
This is a period of great variety, with many different, colourful troop types vying for tactical dominance. Each army has its own
special character, making this one of the most fascinating periods of military history for the wargamer to explore.
The lists in this book have been fully updated to make them compatible with the changes introduced in Field of Glory Version 3.
They should be used as replacements for those lists published in earlier books such as "Swifter than Eagles", "Immortal Fire"
and "Rise of Rome", and will also replace some of the earlier lists in "Empires of the Dragon and "Lost Scrolls".
As you look at each army, you will find the following sections:
• Brief Historical notes on the army, its wars, its famous generals, weapons and/or troop types.
• Instruction for building a customised army using our points system.
• A table with a full list of compulsory and optional troops.
• A separate table for each of the main armies to be used when the army is only represented as an ally to another
nation’s army.
Note that all armies have an allied list even if that army never provided such a contingent. This is so that players can
use non-historical armies and alliances as part of a campaign or a special what-if scenario. They should not be used
in other circumstances.
• A number of allied lists for those nations that only ever fought as a separate contingent under another nations
command.
How to use the lists

To give balanced games, armies can be selected using the points system. The more effective the troops, the more each base
costs in points. The maximum points for an army will usually be set at between 600 and 800 points for a singles game for 2 to 4
hours play. We recommend 800 points for 15mm singles tournament games (650 points for 25mm) and 1000 points for 15mm
doubles games.
The army lists specify which troops can be used in a particular army. No other troops can be used. The number of bases of
each type in the army must conform to the specified minima and maxima. Troops that have restrictions on when they can be
used cannot be used with troops with a conflicting restriction. For example, troops that can only be used “before 2500 BC”
cannot be used with troops that can only be used “from 2500 BC”. All special instructions applying to an army list must be
adhered to. These also apply to allied contingents supplied by the army.
All armies must have a C-in-C and at least one other commander. No army can have more than 4 commanders in total,
including C-in-C, sub-commanders and ally commanders.
All armies must have a supply camp. This is free unless fortified. A fortified camp can only be used if specified in the army list.
Field fortifications and portable defences can only be used if specified in the army list.
Allied contingents can only be used if specified in the army list. Most allied contingents have their own allied contingent list, to
which they must conform unless the main army’s list specifies otherwise.
Battle Groups
All troops are organized into battle groups. Commanders, supply camps and field fortifications are not troops and are not
assigned to battle groups. Portable defences are not troops, but are assigned to specific battle groups.
Battle groups must obey the following restrictions:

➢ The number of bases in a battle group must correspond to the range specified in the army list.
➢ Each battle group must initially comprise an even number of bases. The only exceptions to this rule are:
o Battle groups, whose army list specifies them as 2/3 of one type and 1/3 of another, can comprise 9 bases if this is
within the battle group size range specified by the list.
o Battle groups of elephants, heavy chariots, scythed chariots and knights may be of 3 bases - only if their army list
specifies that as an option.
➢ A battle group can only include troops from one line in a list, unless the list specifies a mixed formation by specifying
fractions of the battle group to be of types from two lines. e.g., 2/3 spearmen, 1/3 archers.
➢ All troops in a battle group must be of the same quality and training. When a choice of quality or training is given in a list,
this allows battle groups to differ from each other. It does not permit variety within a battle group.
➢ Unless specifically stated otherwise in an army list, all troops in a battle group must be of the same armour class. When a
choice of armour class is given in a list, this allows battle groups to differ from each other. It does not permit variety within
a battle group.
Mar-23 Page 3
Examples
Here are sections of some actual army lists, which will help us to explain the basics and some special features. The lists specify
the following items for each historical type included in the army:
➢ Troop Type - comprising Type, Armour, Quality and Training.
➢ Capabilities – comprising Shooting and Close Combat capabilities.
➢ Points cost per base.
➢ Minimum and maximum number of bases in each battle group.
➢ Minimum and maximum number of bases in the army.
Light Chariots - Elite Drilled Bow - 21 4 0-4

Any date
Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 18 4-6 4-24
Chariots 8-24
Only from 890 Heavy Chariots - Elite Drilled Bow - 25 3-4 0-4
BC Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 22 3-4 4-12
Light
Only from 890 - Spear, 10 1/2
Cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Swordsmen 4-6 0-12
BC
Bow Swordsmen 12 1/2
Special features of the above example:

➢ Chariots classified as Light Chariots can be used at any date. They must be organized in battle groups of 4 or 6 bases
unless Elite when they can only be 4 bases strong. The army must include a minimum of 4 Superior bases of them and
cannot include more than 24 Superior bases.
➢ Chariots classified as Heavy Chariots can only be used from 890 BC. They must be organized in battle groups of 3 or 4.
From 890 BC the army must include a minimum of 4 Superior bases of them. It cannot include more than 12 Superior.
➢ The total number of bases of Chariots of any grading’s in the army must be at least 8 and cannot be more than 24. Thus
before 890 BC the army must have at least 8 bases of Light Chariots. From 890 BC the army can include both Light
Chariots and Heavy Chariots, but they cannot be in mixed battle groups.
➢ Cavalry can only be used from 890 BC. They must be organized in battle groups of 4 or 6 bases. Half the bases of each
battle group must have Light Spear, Swordsmen capabilities and half must have Bow, Swordsmen capabilities. The army
cannot include more than 12 bases of them.
Defensive
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 2/3 or all
Spearmen
6-9 12-72
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 1/3 or 0
Special features:
➢ Spearmen battle groups can either be entirely of Heavy Foot Defensive Spearmen, or can have 2/3 of their bases as
Heavy Foot Defensive Spearmen and 1/3 as Light Foot with Bow. If entirely of Heavy Foot they must be organized in
battle groups of 6 or 8 bases (as 9 base battle groups are not allowed if entirely Heavy Foot). If 2/3 Heavy Foot, 1/3 Light
Foot, they must be organized in battle groups of 6 or 9 bases – they cannot be 8 bases strong as it is not possible for 1/3
of the bases to be Light Foot in this case.
Chariots Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 4-32

Upgrade chariots to veteran Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 18 Up to 2/3 of bases
Special features:
➢ Chariots are normally selected as Average, however, up to 2/3 of them may be upgraded to Superior. In this example,
there must be a minimum number of 4 Average chariots in the army and the total number of Superior chariots must not be
more than twice the number of Average ones
Mar-23 Page 4
Early Highland Raiders

This list covers the various highland peoples of the Zagros, Taurus and Anatolian uplands from c.3000 BC until c.1000BC. It
includes the early/middle Bronze Age peoples of the Zagros mountains such as the Guti, Lullubi and early Kassites. It also
includes the pre-Mitanni Hurrians of north-east Mesopotamia and the Gasgans (Kaska) of northern Anatolia. All appear in the
records of their more settled neighbours as fierce and unpredictable raiders of civilised lands, although many of them did have
small towns and cities of their own.
This list covers the following armies:
Lullubi 2300 BC to 675 BC
Hurrian 2254 BC to 1600 BC
Guti 2300 BC to 2115 BC
Early Kassites 1531 BC to 1155 BC
Gasgan 1500BC to 1200 BC
Troop Notes
Large army-sized groups of these highlanders would have been formed from alliances of a number of tribes, although larger
individual tribes would normally dominate.
The early Gutian and Lullubi tribesmen are depicted practically naked or wearing animal skins but without shields and so are
rated as Unprotected. Later highland tribesmen appear to have adopted shields and so may be Protected although we still
allow less well-equipped warriors to be fielded. Gasgan armies are noted in some Hittite records as sometimes containing
levies as well as the normal warriors, we allow all to field such troops. From c.2190 to 2115 BC the Guitians over-ran a large
portion of Mesopotamia and rules some cities as a warrior aristocracy. This gave them access to the city militias. They also
formed alliances with unconquered cities.
The Hurrians were the first highland peoples to adopt the chariot in any numbers and went on to found the Mitanni
state which created the Maryannu chariot system that became the dominant military system in the Middle East for the best part
of a millennium.
Building a customised list using our army points

Choose an army based on the maxima and minima in the list below. The following special instructions apply to this army:
• Commanders should be depicted as warriors or, if Gutlan from 2190 to 2115 BC in a 4-equid platform car or 2-equid
proto-chariot, or if early Kassite, Gasgan of Hurrian, in a 2-horse chariot.
An Early Highland Raider allied commanders contingent must conform to the Early Highland Raider Allies list below, but the
troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
• *Warriors in the main army, must all have the same close-combat capabilities. The same applies to warriors in allied
contingents, although they need not have the same close-combat capability as those in the main army.
Early Highland Raiders

Territory Types: Hilly, Mountains
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/40/30 1
Sub-commanders Field Commander/ Troop Commander 40/30 0-2
Early Highland Raiders allied commanders Field Commander/ Troop Commander 30/20 1-3
Troop Type Capabilities Points
Bases
Troop name Close per Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting per BG
Combat base
Core Troops
Any Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Impact Foot 6 6-10
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Swordsmen 7 6-10
Warriors 30-90
Only from 2100 BC Light Spear
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-10
Swordsmen
Poor- Any Unprotected 2
quality Medium Foot Average Undrilled - Light Spear 8-12 0-72
warriors Only from 2100 BC Protected 3
Bow - 5 6-24
12-
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 6-16
36
Javelins Light Spear 5 0-12
Optional Troops
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
Only Gasgan
Light Chariots 18 4-6
Chariots Early Kassites or 0-8
Gasgans or - Superior Undrilled Bow -
Light Chariots 18 4-6
Hurrians from
1800BC
Special Campaigns
Guti ruling Mesopotamian City States from 2190 BC to 2115 BC
Mar-23 Page 5
Superior Defensive 7
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8
Average Spearmen 10
Mesopotamian retained
0-16
spearmen Superior 7
Offensive
Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled - 6-8
Average Spearmen 9
Average Defensive 7
Mesopotamian militia spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-10 10-36
Poor Spearmen 5
Allies
Subject city allies – Guti special campaign only - Late Sumerian or Akkadian – see List Book 1
Early Highland Raiders Allies

Allied commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Medium Impact Foot
Any Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 6-10
Foot Swordsmen
Impact Foot
Warriors 7 10-40
Medium Swordsmen
Only from 2100 BC Protected Average Undrilled - 6-10
Foot Light Spear
6
Swordsmen
Poor- Any Unprotected 2
Medium
quality Average Undrilled - Light Spear 8-12 0-16
Only from 2100 BC Foot Protected 3
warriors
Bow - 5
Light 6-16 6-
Skirmishers Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8
Foot 18
Mar-23 Page 6
Early Libyan
This list covers Libyan tribal armies from 3000 BC to 550 BC.
Troop Notes
The earliest Libyan armies fought entirely on foot, using bows, javelins and throw-sticks. They did not use shields, but some
wore a heavy animal-skin or cloth cloak that must have provided very limited protection. Apart from that they were mostly naked
except for a phallus sheath. Their skin was sometimes painted or tattooed. They were bearded. They often wore ostrich plumes
in their hair, which was plaited into dreadlocks, sometimes dressed in mud.
In the later 13th century BC they started to use chariots and “copper” swords of Sea Peoples design. The only weapons clearly
shown in any of the Libyan chariots on Ramesses III's Medinet Habu relief are bows. Later, in the Classical period, Libyans are
reported as fielding very large numbers of chariots. Libyan graffiti of the later period show chariot crew armed with spears.
Libyan infantry of the period of Ramesses III are depicted as mostly swordsmen and archers. Recorded loot from one Egyptian
victory included 603 bows, 2310 quivers, and only 92 spears. In the Classical Period Libyan infantry were mostly javelinmen.

➢ Commanders should be depicted in chariots or as swordsmen or javelinmen.
➢ A Libyan ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Early Libyan allies list below, but the troops in the contingent
are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ Sea Peoples mercenaries can only be used if no Sea Peoples allies are used.
Early Libyan
Territory Types: Desert, Steppes
Field Commander 40
Sub-commanders 0-2
Troop Commander 30
Libyan ally-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1-3
Troop Type Capabilities Bases
Points
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting per base
Combat BG
Core Troops
Only from
Light
1250 BC - Superior Undrilled Bow - 18 4-6 4-12
Chariots
Chariots to 651 BC
Only from Light
- Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6 8-32
650 BC Chariots
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-18
Any date Medium 8-120
Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 8-12 0-100
Javelinmen Foot
Only
Medium
before Unprotected Average Undrilled - Impact Foot 5 8-12 16-36
Foot
1208 BC
Only from
Medium Impact Foot
Swordsmen 1208 BC Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 16-48
Foot Swordsmen
to 651 BC
Only from Heavy Defensive
Spearmen Protected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 32-64
650 BC Foot Spearmen
Any date Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-18
Only from
Archers 1250 BC 16-64
Medium
to 651 BC Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Foot
Only from
0-32
650 BC
Optional Troops
Only from
Sea
1208 BC Medium Impact Foot
Peoples Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 0-12
to 1176 Foot Swordsmen
mercenaries
BC
Allies
Sea Peoples allies (Only from 1208 BC to 1176 BC)
Mar-23 Page 7
Early Libyan Allies

Troop Type Capabilities
Points per Bases Total
Troop name Shooti Close
Type Armour Quality Training base per BG bases
ng Combat
Only from
Light
1250 BC - Superior Undrilled - Bow 18 4-6 0-6
Chariots
Chariots to 651 BC
Only from Light
- Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6 4-8
650 BC Chariots
Only
Javelinmen before Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Impact Foot 5 8-12 8-16
1208 BC
Only from
Impact Foot,
Swordsmen 1208 BC Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 8-16
Swordsmen
to 651 BC
Only from Defensive
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 8-24
650 BC Spearmen
Only from
1250 BC 6-18
Archers to 651 BC Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Only from
0-8
650 BC
Mar-23 Page 8
Later Sumerian or Akkadian

This list covers Sumerian and Akkadian armies from the start of the Sumerian Early Dynastic II period circa 2800 BC, through
the Akkadian Empire period (circa 2334 BC-2193 BC) until the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur by the Elamites circa 2004
BC, and then the various successor states of the Isin-Larsa period until circa 1762 BC.
Troop Notes
In the early part of the period, the only protection of the spearmen was a thick felt or leather cloak. At some point in the early
25th century BC, they started to carry large body shields for the front ranks. Akkadian spearmen often discarded their shields to
fight in difficult terrain. From the mid-21st century a smaller less unwieldy shield of Amorite origin came into use.
Platform cars can be either 4-equid platform cars or 2-equid proto-chariots
Battle cars and platform cars are rated as undrilled to reflect their unwieldiness.

➢ Commanders should be depicted on 2-wheeled straddle or platform car, in 4-wheeled battle car or as royal guard axemen.
➢ A Sumerian or Akkadian ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Later Sumerian or Akkadian list below, but the
Later Sumerian or Akkadian

Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural. Only Akkadians: Hilly
Field Commander 40 0-2
Sub-commanders
Troop Commander 30 0-3
Sumerian or Akkadian ally-
Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-3
commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases
Troop name Close per per Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting base BG
Combat
Core Troops
Only before Superior Offensive 9 0-8

Unprotected Drilled - 6-8
2500 BC Average Spearmen 7 0-16
Retained Heavy Foot or
12-24
spearmen Medium Foot Superior 11 0-8
Only from Offensive
Protected Drilled - 6-8
Only before Average Defensive 6

Unprotected Drilled - 6-10
Militia 2500 BC Poor Spearmen 4
Heavy Foot 20-90
spearmen
Only from Defensive
Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-10
2500 BC Spearmen
Core Troops (continued)
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-18
Archers
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-18
12-24
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5
Javelinmen Average 4 6-8 0-12
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled - Light Spear
Poor 2
Optional Troops
Royal guardsmen with Heavy
Heavy Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled - 9 6-8 0-8
heavy axe Weapon
Superior 8
Retained archers Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow - 6-8 0-8
Average 6
Only before
Heavy Chariots - Average Undrilled - Light Spear 14 4-6 0-8
2334 BC
4-wheeled
Only from
battle cars
2334 BC to Heavy Chariots - Average Undrilled - Light Spear 14 4 0-4
2193 BC
platform Only from
Light Chariots - Average Undrilled - Light Spear 11 4 0-4
cars 2334 BC
Hastily raised levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Light Spear 5
Only from
Amorites Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 6-8 0-16
2500 BC 6
Swordsmen
Fortified camp 24 0-1
Field
Field fortifications 3 0-12
Fortifications
Allies
Amorite allies (Only from 2500 BC; up to 2 contingents) - Early Nomad Allies list
Mar-23 Page 9
Later Sumerian or Akkadian Allies

Allied commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
Points Bases
Troop name Close Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting per base per BG
Combat
Only Superior 9 0-6
Offensive
before Unprotected Drilled - 6-8
Average Spearmen 7 0-16
Retained 2500 BC Heavy Foot or
6-16
spearmen Medium Foot Superior 11 0-6
Only from Offensive
Protected Drilled - 6-8
Only Average 6
Defensive
before Unprotected Drilled - 6-10
Militia Poor Spearmen 4
2500 BC Heavy Foot 0-20
spearmen
Only from Defensive
2500 BC Spearmen
Archers
0-12
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5
Javelinmen Average 4 6-8 0-8
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled - Light Spear
Poor 2
Mar-23 Page 10
Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian

This list covers the armies of the 3rd to 17th dynasties of Egypt from circa 2686 BC to 1550 BC, excluding the 15th and 16th
dynasties which are covered by the Hyksos list.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as close fighters, or, from 1640 BC, in light chariots.
➢ Close fighters can interpenetrate archers and vice versa.
Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian

Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural
Sub- Field Commander 40 0-2

commanders Troop Commander 30 0-3
Points per
Troop name per Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat base
BG
Core Troops
Elite close
fighters with 2- Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Heavy Weapon 11 6-8 6-16
handed eye-axe
Close fighters Impact Foot,
Medium Superior 11 0-16
with one-handed Protected Drilled - Swordsmen 6-8 12-40
Foot
eye-axe or club Average Swordsmen 7 8-40
Medium Protected 7 0-12

Archers Average Drilled Bow - 6-8 16-64
Foot Unprotected 6 8-60
Conscript Medium
Protected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 3 8-12 8-24
spearmen Foot
Optional Troops
Other Medium
Protected Average Drilled - Light spear 6 6-8
Javelinmen or Foot 0-8
spearmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8
Superior 7
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5
Nubian archers 0-16
Medium Superior 7
Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Foot Average 5
Libyan
javelinmen
Bedouin slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 4-6 0-6
Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian Allies

Troop name Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG
Elite close fighters

with 2-handed Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Heavy Weapon 11 6-8 0-8
eye-axe
Close fighters Impact Foot,
Medium Superior 11 0-8
with one-handed Protected Drilled - Swordsmen 6-8 6-24
Foot
eye-axe or club Average Swordsmen 7 6-24
Medium Protected 7 0-8

Archers Average Drilled Bow - 6-8 8-32
Foot Unprotected 6 8-24
Mar-23 Page 11
Hyksos
The Hyksos (from the Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers") were a people of Asiatic (possibly Amorite) origin who took
over Lower (northern) Egypt in the mid-16th century BC. The traditional view of their accession to power is based on the history
of Manetho, who wrote in Ptolemaic Egypt in the 3rd century BC. He recorded the Egyptian tradition that the Hyksos arrived as
foreign invaders and took control of Lower Egypt by military force. Their supposed military success has in the past been
attributed to their possession of the latest technology in the form of war chariots and composite bows. More recently it has been
theorized that the Hyksos may in fact have arrived as nomadic settlers during a period of weakness under the Egyptian 13 th
dynasty, and taken over control gradually after perhaps being employed as soldiers and officials by the dynasty.
Whatever the truth, a modus vivendi was soon established between the Hyksos in Lower Egypt, ruling from Memphis, and the
native Egyptian 17th dynasty in Upper (southern) Egypt, ruling from Thebes. This lasted until the final years of the 17th dynasty,
when the Theban pharaohs launched an offensive against the Hyksos. The reconquest was completed by Ahmose I, the first
pharaoh of the 18th century, who finally drove the Hyksos from Egypt circa 1535.
This list covers Hyksos armies from circa 1650 to circa 1535 BC.
Troop Notes
We assume that retinue close fighters were armed with typical Amorite weaponry as depicted on Old Babylonian terracottas –
javelins, bronze sickle sword and shield.
Hyksos
Sub-commanders
Points Bases
Combat
Core Troops
Before 1590 0-6
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6
From 1590 4-16
Retinue close fighters with Light Spear
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-10 16-60
sickle sword or axe Swordsmen
Retinue Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 12-48
Optional Troops
Medium Foot Protected 6 0-32 0-
Javelinmen Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6-8
Light Foot Unprotected 5 0-16 36
Skirmishing archers Bow - 5

Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled 6-8 0-16
Slingers Sling 4
Allies
Egyptian vassals – Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian
Hyksos Allies
Allied Commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
Points Bases
Combat
Chariots From 1590 Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6 0-6
Retinue close fighters with Light Spear
sickle sword or axe Swordsmen
Retinue Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 6-16
Mar-23 Page 12
Mitanni
Following the sack of Babylon by the Hittites c.1595 BC, the various Indo-Aryan Hurrian groupings in northern Mesopotamia
were united under one dynasty as the Kingdom of Mitanni (or Hanigalbat). Its capitol was Washshukanni. By the mid-15th
century BC Assyria had become a vassal state. At its greatest extent, in the early 14 th Century, the Kingdom included modern
south-east Tukey, northern Syria and northern Iraq.
About 1350 BC, after Hittite intervention in a dynastic dispute, Mitanni became a buffer state between the Hittite Empire and
Assyria, allied to the Hittites. After 1300 BC it became a vassal state of Assyria, but around1250 BC a rebellion against Assyria
with Hittite assistance was crushed, with large numbers of the population being deported and an Assyrian governor installed.
This list covers the armies of the Kingdom of Mitanni from 1595 BC to 1250 BC.
Troop Notes
The strength of Mitanni’s armies was in it chariots, crewed by the noble maryannu class. The main weapon of these chariot
warriors was the composite bow. Both warriors and drivers were well protected in suits of bronze scale or lamellar armour,
extending to the elbow and to the knee or below. The horses and the chariots themselves were also armoured. These styles
were copied by other nations throughout Mesopotamia, Syria, Canaan and, to a lesser extent, Egypt.
The maryannu class formed a sort of feudal nobility, but the armour and weapons of royal maryannu at least were
supplied by state armouries. We give the option of treating each battle group as drilled or undrilled.
Some, at least, of the infantry were equipped with swords and leather armour.

➢ Commanders should be depicted in chariots.
➢ Spearmen and archers can be in mixed or separate battle groups.
Mitanni
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly
Sub- Field Commander 40 0-2

commanders Troop Commander 30 0-3
Total
Troop name per Bases per BG
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat bases
base
Core Troops
Royal chariotry Light Chariots - Elite Drilled Bow - 21 4 0-4
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6 4-8
12-
4- 36
Chariots Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6
32
Upgrade
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 18 Up to 1/3 of bases
Undrilled chariots
Drilled Light Spear 7
Medium Foot Protected Average -
Undrilled Swordsmen 6 1/2 or
Spearmen
Drilled 6 all
Medium Foot Protected Average - Light Spear 6-8 12-48
Undrilled 5
Archers Drilled 7
supporting Medium Foot Protected Average Bow - 1/2 or 0
spearmen Undrilled 6
Drilled 6
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 6-8
Separately Undrilled 5 6-12
deployed archers
Drilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8
Undrilled
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled - Light Spear 2
Levy foot 6-8 6-24
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3
Optional Troops
Levy dregs Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Allies
Early Nomad allies
Syro-Canaanite allies (Only before 1350 BC)
Hittite Empire allies (Only from 1350 BC)
Mar-23 Page 13
Mitanni Allies
Allied
Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
commander
Points per Bases per
Combat
Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4 0-4
Chariots
Average 13 4-6 4-8 4-12
Light Chariots - Undrilled Bow -
Superior 18 4 0-4
Medium Foot Protected Average -
Undrilled Swordsmen 6 1/2 or
Spearmen
Drilled 6 all
Medium Foot Protected Average - Light Spear 6-8 8-12
Undrilled 5
Drilled 7 1/2 or
Medium Foot Protected Average Bow -
Undrilled 6 0
Archers Drilled 7
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 6-8
Undrilled 6 0-8
Drilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8
Undrilled
Mar-23 Page 14
Syro-Canaanite
This list covers the armies of Canaan (the modern region from Gaza to Lebanon) and Syria from the early 16th
century BC, following the upheavals consequent upon defeat by the Hittites, until 1100 BC.
Troop Notes
Chariotry was the pre-eminent arm and was very similar to Mitanni types in appearance (see above). Infantry was
mostly lightly equipped and very much subordinate to the chariotry.
Ugarit, on the coast of northern Syria, was one of the larger Syro-Canaanite city states, and may have started using
3-crew chariots under Hittite influence. As the use of 3-crew chariots by the Hittites themselves is now in doubt, this option is
mainly kept for compatibility with older interpretations.

➢ A Syro-Canaanite ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Syro-Canaanite allies list below, but the troops in the
contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ The main army (excluding allied contingents) cannot include more than 16 chariot bases (excluding commanders).
➢ Ugaritic heavy chariots can only be used in the main army if the C-in-C is Ugaritic, otherwise must be under the command
of an Ugaritic ally commander. An Ugaritic ally commander cannot be used if the C-in-C is Ugaritic. Only one Ugaritic ally
commander can be used.
➢ Egyptians and Mitanni cannot be used together.
➢ Ugaritic heavy chariots cannot be used with Egyptian allies.
Syro-Canaanite
Territory Types: Developed, Agricultural, Hilly
Sub-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/30 0-2
Syro-Canaanite ally-
commanders
Combat
Core Troops
Chariots Any Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 0-36
Up to 2/3
Upgrade Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 18 4-6
of bases
Only 12-
3-crew Ugaritic 36
Heavy Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 16 4-6 0-16
chariots from 1275
BC
Up to 2/3
Upgrade 3-crew chariots Heavy Chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 22 3-4
of bases
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Light Spear 6-8 6-16
- 6 0-8
Swordsmen
Javelinmen Average 5 12-48
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6-8 12-
Poor 3 0-16
48
Average 5 8-32
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Archers Poor 3 0-16 8-32
Optional Troops
Light spear
Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 10 6-8
Guard infantry Swordsmen 0-8
Medium Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 8 6-8
Sea
Only from Impact Foot
Peoples Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 0-12
1207 BC Swordsmen
mercenaries
Allies
New Kingdom Egyptian allies
Mitanni allies (Only before 1350 BC)
Mar-23 Page 15
Syro-Canaanite Allies
Chariots Light - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 0-8

Any
Chariots Superior 18 4-6 0-8
4-12
3-crew Only Ugaritic Average 16 4-6 0-8
Heavy - Undrilled Bow -
chariots from 1275
Chariots Superior 22 3-4 0-8
BC
Javelins Light Spear 6
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled Light Spear, 6-8 0-8
Foot - 6
Swordsmen
Javelinmen Average 5 6-24
Medium
Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6-8
Foot Poor 3 0-8 6-24
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6 0-6
Medium Average 5 6-16

Archers Foot Poor 3 0-8 6-16
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6 0-6
Mar-23 Page 16
New Kingdom Egyptian

This list covers the armies of the 18th, 19th and 20th dynasties from 1550 BC to 1069 BC.
Troop Notes
Hand-to-hand weapons were not standardised within close-fighter units, which were armed with a mixture of hand axes,
khopesh (sickle swords), mace-axes and spear-swords. We treat them as equivalent to Swordsmen.

➢ Close fighters can interpenetrate archers and vice versa.
New Kingdom Egyptian

Sub-commanders
Points Bases
Combat
Core Troops
Royal chariotry Light Chariots - Elite Drilled Bow - 21 4 0-4 6-
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6 6-24 24
Light Spear
Close fighters Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 12-36
Swordsmen
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 12-48
Optional Troops
Armoured Light Spear 13 0-6
Egyptian guardsmen Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - 6-8
Protected Swordsmen 10 0-12 0-
Armoured 14 12
Sherden Only from Impact Foot
Heavy foot Superior Drilled - 4-6 0-6
guardsmen 1279 BC Protected Swordsmen 11
Canaanite or Only from
Syrian 1450 BC to Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 0-6
chariots 1150 BC
Protected 5
Bedouin, Canaanite, Libyan or Medium Foot Average Undrilled - Light spear 6-8 0-8
Unprotected 4
Syrian javelinmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-16 0-
16
Canaanite or Syrian archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Superior 7 0-8
Nubian archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Sherden or
other Sea Only from Impact Foot
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 0-24
Peoples 1200 BC Swordsmen
swordsmen
Libyan Only from Impact Foot
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 0-24
swordsmen 1200 BC Swordsmen
Fortified Camp 24 0-1
New Kingdom Egyptian Allies

Allied
commander
Troop Type Capabilities Points per Bases per Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat base BG bases
Light
Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6 4-12
Chariots
Medium Light Spear,
Close fighters Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 8-20
Foot Swordsmen
Medium
Archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 8-24
Foot
Mar-23 Page 17
Later Minoan or Early Mycenaean

This list covers Minoan armies from circa 1600 BC to circa 1450 BC, and Mycenaean armies from circa 1600 to circa 1250. The
Later Mycenaean period is covered by its own list.
Troop notes
Although most chariots carried only two crewmen, the very heavy and relatively inflexible bronze plate armour (Dendra
panoply) of chariot warriors in this period, the use of a long spear as main weapon, and the strengthened chariot structure
compared with Near-Eastern types, suggest that they were intended primarily for close combat and should be classified as
Heavy Chariots.
Spearmen carried very long spears wielded in both hands and very large “tower” or “figure of eight” ox-hide body shields hung
from a shoulder strap.

Later Minoan or Early Mycenaean

Sub-commanders
Bases per Total
Troop name Close per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting BG bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Royal palace chariotry Heavy Chariots - Elite Drilled - Light Spear 25 3-4 0-4
6- 8-24
Chariots Heavy Chariots - Average Drilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
24
Up to 2/3 of
Upgrade chariots Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled - Light Spear 22 3-4
bases
Defensive 2/3 or
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7
Spearmen all
6-9 18-72
1/3 or
Supporting archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5
0
Optional Troops
Drilled or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5
Undrilled
Separately deployed
Drilled 6 6-8 0-12
archers
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow -
Undrilled 5
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Light Spear 6
Light infantry Light Spear, 6-8 0-12
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled - 6
Swordsmen
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-8
Later Minoan or Early Mycenaean Allies

Allied
commander
Troop Total
Close per Bases per BG
name Type Armour Quality Training Shooting bases
Combat base
Average Drilled 16 4-6 0-8 4-

Chariots Heavy Chariots - - Light Spear
Superior 22 3-4 0-8 12
Defensive 2/3 or
Spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7
Spearmen all
6-9 9-36
Supporting 1/3 or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5
archers 0
Mar-23 Page 18
Hittite Empire
This list covers the armies of the Hittite New Kingdom from circa 1400 BC to circa 1180 BC.
Troop Notes
Current thinking is that Hittite chariots were primarily bow-armed like other contemporary Near Eastern chariotry. We
allow either the current or the old interpretation to be used. Egyptian reliefs of the battle of Kadesh show Hittite chariots
apparently with three crew. We therefore allow this as an option. However, it is now thought more likely that the third man
represents a chariot runner being given a lift for speed when the Hittite chariots burst from ambush.
Chariots from the West Anatolian vassal states are more likely to have been influenced by Aegean tactics and are
therefore less likely to have been bow armed.
Egyptian infantry close fighters are depicted conventionally in the Kadesh reliefs with spear in one hand, sword in the
other and shield slung on their backs. Hittite infantry are depicted in exactly the same way except that shields are not depicted.
We know from other sources that at least some Hittite infantry did carry shields, and it is entirely possible that they are not
depicted in the Kadesh reliefs due to lack of an Egyptian artistic convention for rendering their differently shaped shields. It is
quite likely, therefore, that Hittite infantry fought in a similar fashion to Egyptian close fighters, giving a classification of Medium
Foot, Protected, Light Spear, Swordsmen. We follow this view rather than older interpretations, but retain the old interpretation
as an option for those spearmen depicted as unshielded. An army can include both types.

➢ If any Hittite, Arzawan, Masan or Pitassan chariots have Bow capability, all must.
➢ Minima marked * apply only if any Syro-Canaanite troops are used.
Hittite Empire
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Mountains
Sub-commanders
Combat
Core Troops
Light
Any date - Elite Drilled Bow - 21 4
Chariots
Royal chariotry 0-4
Only from Heavy
- Elite Drilled Bow - 27 3-4
1275 BC Chariots
Hittite, Light Bow - 19
Any date - Superior Drilled 4-6
Arzawan, Chariots Light Spear 17
Masan or 8-16
Pitassan Only from Heavy Bow - 24
- Superior Drilled 3-4
chariots 1275 BC Chariots Light Spear 22
Other Anatolian or Gasgan Light - Light Spear 11

- Average Undrilled 4-6 4-8
chariots Chariots Bow - 13
Medium Light Spear
Foot Swordsmen
Hittite spearmen 12-36
Medium Defensive
Unprotected Average Drilled - 6 6-8
Foot Spearmen
Optional Troops
Light
Syro-Canaanite chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 *4-12
Chariots *4-
3-crew Ugaritic Only from Heavy 12
- Average Undrilled Bow - 16 4 0-4
chariots 1275 Chariots
Anatolian, Syro-Canaanite or
Medium
Bedouin spearmen/javelinmen Protected Average Undrilled - Light spear 5 6-8 0-12
Foot
with shields
Syro-Canaanite spearmen Medium Average 5
Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light spear 8-12 *8-24
without shields Foot Poor 3
Anatolian, Bedouin or similar
archers
Medium Average 5
Syro-Canaanite archers Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8 *6-12
Foot Poor 3
Anatolian or Bedouin slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8
Anatolian, Syro-Canaanite or
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light spear 5 6-8 0-8
Bedouin skirmishing javelinmen
Medium Impact Foot
Gasgan foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 0-12
Foot Swordsmen
Poor quality levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Allies
Mitanni vassal allies
Mar-23 Page 19
Hittite Empire Allies

Total
Troop name Close per per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting bases
Combat base BG
Light Bow - 19
Any date - Superior Drilled 4-6
Chariots Light Spear 17
Hittite, Arzawan, Masan
4-12
or Pitassan chariots Bow - 24
Heavy
Only from 1275 BC - Superior Drilled 3-4
Chariots Light Spear 22
Light - Light Spear 11

Other Anatolian or Gasgan chariots - Average Undrilled 4 0-4
Chariots Bow - 13
Medium Light Spear,
Foot Swordsmen
Hittite spearmen 6-24
Medium Defensive
Unprotected Average Drilled - 6 6-8
Foot Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 20
Later Mycenaean or Trojan

This list covers Mycenaean armies from the mid-13th century until the early 12th century BC. It also covers Trojan armies of the
Trojan War.
Troop notes
A change to lighter chariot types and more lightly equipped crew in the mid-13th century BC suggests a change in chariot
tactics. Likewise, there appears to have been a change of infantry equipment from long spears and very large body shields to
shorter spears, smaller round shields and body armour. In the Iliad, some infantry (Nestor’s) still appears to use the old fighting
style.

• Commanders should be depicted in chariots.
• Chariots can always dismount as Medium Foot, Armoured, Superior, Undrilled, Offensive Spearmen.
Later Mycenaean or Trojan

Sub-commanders
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Superior 16 4-16
Chariots Light Chariots - Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6
Average 11 4-16
Armoured Offensive 9 0-12
Spearmen Medium Foot Average Undrilled - 6-8 12-66
Protected Spearmen 7 12-60
Javelinmen Light foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 6-16
Light Foot 0-8
Archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 6-12
Medium Foot 0-8
Optional Troops
Armoured 10
Cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Protected 7
Special Campaigns
Only Achaians in the Trojan War
Armoured Impact 12
Achilles’s Myrmidons Medium Foot Superior Undrilled - Foot, 4-6 0-6
Protected Swordsmen 9
Nestor’s spearmen Defensive

Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 2/3 or all
and supporting Spearmen 6-9 0-18
archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 1/3 or 0
Only Trojans in the Trojan War
Impact
Sarpedon’s Lukka
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Foot, 7 6-8 0-8
warriors
Swordsmen
Thracians Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
Later Mycenaean or Trojan Allies

Bases
Combat base
Superior 16
Chariots Light Chariots - Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 4-8
Average 11
Armoured Offensive 9 0-8
Spearmen Medium Foot Average Undrilled - 6-8 8-24
Protected Spearmen 7 0-24
Javelinmen Light foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-8
Light Foot
Archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6 0-6
Medium Foot
Mar-23 Page 21
Middle or Early Neo-Assyrian

This list covers the armies of Assyria from 1365 BC to 745 BC.
Troop Notes
In the early part of the period, chariots had two horses and two crewmen. From the early 9 th century BC some chariots were
heavier, with three crewmen and three or four horses. At the same time, cavalry started to come into use. Hupshu were
peasant conscripts. Asharittu were better equipped and trained “for a fight to the finish”.

➢ No more than 4 Elite chariots may be fielded.

Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly
Sub-commanders Field Commander 40 0-2

Troop Type Capabilities Points per
Troop name Bases per BG Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat base
Core Troops
Any Light Elite 21 4 0-4

- Drilled Bow -
date Chariots Superior 19 4-6 4-24
Chariots
Only Elite 27 0-4
Heavy
from - Drilled Bow - 3-4 8-24
Chariots Superior 24 4-12
890 BC
Only Light Spear
- 10 1/2
Cavalry from Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Swordsmen 4-6 0-12
890 BC Bow Swordsmen 12 1/2
Light Spear
- 7 1/2
Asharittu Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Swordsmen 6-8 8-32
Bow - 7 1/2
- Light Spear 5 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled 6-8
Bow - 6 1/2
Hupshu 8-64
- Light Spear 3 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Poor Undrilled 8-10
Bow - 4 1/2
Optional Troops
Bow - 5 6-8 0-18
Tribal levies Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8 0-18
Javelins Light Spear 5 6 0-6
Allies
Neo-Hittite and Aramaean allies (Only from 890 BC)

Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases per Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base BG bases
Any date Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6

Chariots Only from 4-12
Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4
890 BC
Light Spear,
Only from Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 1/2
Cavalry Swordsmen 4-6
890 BC
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow Swordsmen 12 1/2
Light Spear,
- 7 1/2
Asharittu Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Swordsmen 6-8 6-16
Bow - 7 1/2
- Light Spear 5 1/2
Hupshu Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled 6-8 6-32
Bow - 6 1/2
Mar-23 Page 22
Sea Peoples
This list covers Sea Peoples armies prior to the development of a distinctive Philistine military system around the end of the 12th
century BC.
Troop Notes
Several of the Sea Peoples are depicted as captives in Egyptian reliefs. The common item of clothing was a tasselled kilt,
possibly reinforced with leather strips. In addition to this, Sherden. Peleset, and probably Tjekker and Denyen, wore a leather or
bronze cuirass, while Sheklesh and Teresh wore banded leather or linen armour. Sherden wore horned helmets and were
armed with a long sword, javelins and a round shield. Peleset, Tjekker and Denyen wore a “tall crown” composed of a circle of
upstanding horsehair, reeds, linen or leather strips attached to a decorated head band and fastened by a chin strap. Shields
could be studded with possibly bronze bosses.
Some Egyptian-style chariots are depicted, though with three crew (driver and two javelinmen).
Sea Peoples are depicted as carrying their families and belongings in large two-wheeled ox-drawn carts. These would look
good as part of a supply camp diorama.

➢ Commanders should be depicted in chariots or as retinue swordsmen.
Sea Peoples
Territory Types: Agricultural
Sub-commanders
Bases Total
Troop name per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per BG bases
base
Core Troops
Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
Chariots 4-8
Heavy Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 20 3-4
Retinue Protected Impact Foot 10

Medium Foot Superior Undrilled - 6-8 6-24
swordsmen Armoured Swordsmen 13
Ordinary Impact Foot
swordsmen Swordsmen
Optional Troops
Families Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Allies
Early Libyan allies
Sea Peoples Allies

Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4

Chariots 0-4
Heavy Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 20 3-4
Retinue Protected Impact Foot 10

Medium Foot Superior Undrilled - 6-8 0-12
swordsmen Armoured Swordsmen 13
Ordinary Impact Foot
swordsmen Swordsmen
Mar-23 Page 23
Philistine
Descended from Sea Peoples defeated by Egypt in the second quarter of the 12th century BC, the Philistines either carved out
their own territory in modern Palestine, or were settled there by Egypt as military colonists but soon asserted their
independence. Their name, as well as that of Palestine, derives from the Peleset, one of the Sea People groups. The five
principal Philistine cities were Gaza, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and Ashkelon. This list covers Philistine armies from their
development of a distinct military system circa 1100 BC. They lost their independence to Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria by 732
BC, though there were several revolts thereafter. They eventually became part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

➢ Commanders should be depicted in chariots or as elite spearmen.
➢ Aramaean allies cannot be used with Kushite Egyptian allies.
Philistine
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed
Sub-commanders
Core Troops
Before
Light Chariots - Average Drilled Bow - 14 4-6
800
Chariots 6-24
From Heavy
- Average Drilled Bow - 18 4-6
800 Chariots
Before
Upgrade Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6
800 Up to 2/3 of
chariots to
From Heavy Bases
Veteran - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4
800 Chariots
Armoured Offensive 13
Elite spearmen Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - 6-8 0-12
Protected Spearmen 10 16-
48
Offensive
Other spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 16-48
Spearmen
8-32
Javelinmen Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8 6-24
Light Spear,
Swordsmen
Optional Troops
Archers 0-8
Armoured Superior 12
Light Spear,
Hebrew mercenaries Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 9 6-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Protected Average 7
Only Light Spear,
Cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 4 0-4
from 800 Swordsmen
Allies
Aramaean allies – Neo-Hittite and Later Aramaean
Egyptian allies (Only from 800) – Libyan Egyptian or Kushite Egyptian
Phoenician allies
Philistine Allies
Troop Type Capabilities Points per Bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat base per BG
Before
Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6
Chariots 800 4-8
From 800 Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4
Offensive
Other spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 6-16
Spearmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8
Javelinmen 0-12
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6-8
Light Spear,
Swordsmen
Mar-23 Page 24
Early Zhou Chinese

The Zhou Dynasty lasted from 1122 to 255 BC. Originating as a Shang vassal kingdom in modern Gansu province, duke Wu of
Zhou defeated the last Shang king at the battle of Muye in 1046 BC, establishing the Western Zhou dynasty, named after its
capital Hao, close to the site of modern Xian. A strong military system based on the Six armies of the West and the Eight
armies of Chengzhou conquered a large empire on north central China. Civil war in 771 BC led to the defeat of the Western
Zhou king by his former queen’s father, the marquis of Shen, with the aid of the Rong tribes and the allied states of Zheng, Liu
and Qin, and his son, Ji Yijiu, was established as emperor. Soon afterwards the capital was sacked by northern barbarian
invaders, and was moved to Luoyang in the east, after which the later Zhou is known as the Eastern Zhou.
Zhou control was limited, and the periods 722-481 BC, known as the Spring and Autumn period after the annals of
the state of Lu during the period, and the following Warring States period, 475-221 BC, were ages of constant conflict between
effectively independent states, most dominant of which were Qi, Qin Jin and Chu. It was during this time that Sunzi wrote his
Art of War.
In addition to the wars between the states, there were continual campaigns against the ‘barbarian’ tribes of the north
and west the Rong, Di and Yi. These were largely subsumed into the expanding territories of the states by the late 7 th century,
after which campaigns against displaced tribes continued, but no more alliances are recorded.
This list covers Zhou Dynasty armies from 1122 to c. 350 BC.
Troop Notes
Zhou forces were dominated by four horse chariots, crewed by a driver and warriors armed with the dagger-axe and bow (and
later in the period, the crossbow). At Muye in 1046 BC the Zhou forces is recorded as 300 chariots accompanied by 3,000
huben (‘Tiger guards’) and 45,000 other infantry.
Dagger-axes (ge) became longer and were wielded with two hands, so we interpret them as heavy weapon. Spears (mao)
continued in a subordinate role, while bronze straight swords (qian) appeared later in the period.

➢ Medium Foot archers in a mixed battle group must have the same armour rating as the dagger-axe men or spearmen in
the battle group.
➢ A Zhou Chinese ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Early Zhou Chinese allies list below, but the troops in
the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
Early Zhou Chinese

Zhou Chinese ally- commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-3
Bases per
Troop name Shooti per Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Close Combat BG
ng base
Core Troops
Any Heavy
Chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 22 3-4 6-18
date Chariots
- Swordsmen 7 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled 6-8
Any Bow - 7 1/2
0-27
Date Medium Foot Protected - Swordsmen 7 2/3
Average Drilled 6-9
Light Foot Unprotected Bow - 5 1/3
Heavy
Medium Foot Armoured - 10 1/2
Average Drilled Weapon 6-8
Dagger-axe Bow - 9 1/2
men and Medium Foot Armoured 0-27
Heavy 12-64
supporting - 10 2/3
archers Average Drilled Weapon 6-9
Only Light Foot Protected Bow - 6 1/3
from
Heavy
700 - 8 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Weapon 6-8
Bow - 7 1/2
0-7
Heavy
Medium Foot Protected - 8 2/3
Any Medium Foot Protected 7

Average Drilled Bow - 6-8 0-18
date Light Foot Unprotected 5
Detached
8-48
archers Medium Foot Protected 4 8-32
Any
Poor Undrilled Bow - 6-8
date Light Foot Unprotected 3 0-8
Mar-23 Page 25
Optional Troops
Tiger Only
guards, before Medium foot Protected Superior Drilled Swordsmen 9 6-8 0-8
huben 770
Offensive
- 8 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Spearmen 6-8
Any Bow - 7 1/2
0-18
date Offensive
Average Drilled Spearmen 6-9
Spearmen
and Light Foot Unprotected Bow - 5 1/3
0-18
supporting Offensive
- 8 1/2
archers Medium Foot Armoured Average Drilled Spearmen 6-8
Only Bow - 9 1/2
from 0-9
Offensive
700 Medium Foot Armoured - 8 2/3
Average Drilled Spearmen 6-9
Light Foot Protected Bow - 6 1/3
Convicts, prisoners of
Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-24
war
Only
Impact Foot
Tribal allies from Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-10 0-20
Swordsmen
700
Allies
Shang Chinese allies (Only before 1034)
Di, Rong or Yi allies – Early Northern barbarians (Only before 622)
Early Zhou Chinese Allies

Bases per
Troop name Shooti per Total bases
Type Armour Quality Training Close Combat BG
ng base
Core Troops
Any Heavy
Chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow - 22 3-4 3-8
date Chariots
- Swordsmen 7 1/2
Any Bow - 7 1/2
0-12
Date Medium Foot Protected - Swordsmen 7 2/3
Average Drilled 6-9
Heavy
Medium Foot Armoured - 10 1/2
Dagger-axe Bow - 9 1/2
men and Medium Foot Armoured 0-12
Heavy 8-24
supporting - 10 2/3
archers Average Drilled Weapon 6-9
Only Light Foot Protected Bow - 6 1/3
from
Heavy
700 - 8 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Weapon 6-8
Bow - 7 1/2
0-12
Heavy
Any Medium Foot Protected 7

Average Drilled Bow - 6-8 0-8
date Light Foot Unprotected 5
Detached
0-16
archers Medium Foot Protected 4 0-12
Any
Poor Undrilled Bow - 6-8
date Light Foot Unprotected 3 0-6
Mar-23 Page 26
Neo-Hittite and Aramaean

Following the collapse of the Hittite Empire, a number of so-called Neo-Hittite (Syro-Hittite) kingdoms arose in
southern Anatolia and northern Syria. In the northern group - including Carchemish, Milid, Tabal, Kummuhu, Hilakku, Quwê &
Gurgum - Hittite rulers remained in power. In the southern group - including Unqi, Sam'al, Bit-Adini, Bit-Bahiani, Bit Agusi,
Napigu, Hatarikka-Luhuti and Hama - Aramaean rulers came to power around 1000 BC. Aleppo and Damascus were major
cities under Aramaean control.
Hadadezer of Damascus and King Ahab of Israel, together with other Aramaean and Neo-Hittite allies, fought the
army of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III at Qarqar in 853. Though Shalmaneser claims to have won, his advance was halted
for the time being.
Nevertheless, the Neo-Hittite and Aramaean kingdoms were gradually conquered by the expanding Assyrian Empire.
Carchemish and Milid survived until conquered by Sargon II of Assyria in the late 8 th century BC.
This list covers the Neo-Hittite and Aramaean kingdoms of southern Anatolia and Syria from 1100 to 700 BC.
Troop Notes
During the 9th and 8th centuries BC Neo-Hittite chariots changed from 2 crew to 4 crew. The number of horses probably
changed from 2 to 4 at the same time.

➢ A Neo-Hittite or Aramaean ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Neo-Hittite or Aramaean allies list below, but
the troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ The main army (excluding allied contingents) cannot include more than 16 chariot bases (excluding commanders).
Neo-Hittite and Aramaean

Neo-Hittite or Aramaean ally-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-2
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Any date Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6 0-24
8-
Chariots Only from
Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4 4-16 24
890
Guard spearmen Heavy Foot Superior Light Spear 10 4-8 0-8
Protected Drilled -
Other regular spearmen Medium Foot Average Swordsmen 7 6-8 0-16
Aramaean Only from Light Spear 12-
spearmen 1000 BC Swordsmen 64
Light Foot Average Bow - 5 6-8 0-8 6-
Archers Unprotected Undrilled
Medium Foot Bow - 6-8 6-24 24

Optional Troops
Camelry or Light
Camelry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 10 4 0-4
Camelry
Light Spear
Only from Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 1/2
Cavalry Swordsmen 4-6 0-8
890
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow Swordsmen 12 1/2
Allies
Israelite allies (Only from 890) – Later Hebrew
Phoenician allies (Only from 890)
Neo-Hittite or Aramaean Allies

Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Chariots 4-8
Only from 890 Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4
Light Spear
Regular spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 0-16
Swordsmen
Aramaean Only from Light Spear
spearmen 1000 BC Swordsmen
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8
Mar-23 Page 27
Later Hebrew
This list covers Hebrew armies from 1000 BC to 586 BC.

➢ Commanders should be depicted in chariots or as gibborim.
➢ Aramaean or Hebrew allies cannot be used with Egyptian, Philistine or Phoenician allies.
➢ Philistine allies cannot be used with Late Dynastic Egyptian allies.
➢ Phoenician allies cannot be used with Libyan Egyptian allies.
Later Hebrew
Sub-commanders
Bases per Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Before 800
Light Chariots - Average Drilled Bow - 14 4-6
BC
Chariots 6-20
From 800
Heavy Chariots - Average Drilled Bow - 18 4-6
BC
Upgrade chariots to Light Chariots 19 4-6 Up to ½
- Superior Drilled Bow -
veterans Heavy Chariots 24 3-4 bases
Light spear
Spearmen Swordsmen 16-72
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light spear 5 6-8
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8
Optional Troops
Armoured Light Spear 13
Gibborim Medium Foot Superior Drilled - 6-8 0-8
Philistine or Aegean Offensive
mercenaries Spearmen
Arab camelry Camelry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 10 4 0-4
Only from Light Spear
Cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 4 0-4
800 BC Swordsmen
Allies
Neo-Hittite and Aramaean allies
Egyptian allies (Only from 800 BC) – Libyan Egyptian, Kushite Egyptian or Late Dynastic Egyptian list depending on date
Later Hebrew allies (Only before 721 BC)
Philistine allies and/or Phoenician allies (Only from 800 BC) – up to 2 contingents allowed
Later Hebrew Allies

C-in-C Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
Sub-commanders
Before Light Average 14 0-8

- Drilled Bow - 4-6
800 BC Chariots Superior 19 0-4
Chariots 4-8
From 800 Heavy Average 18 4-6 0-8
- Drilled Bow -
BC Chariots Superior 24 3-4 0-4
Medium Light spear,
Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-8
Foot Swordsmen
Spearmen 8-36
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled - Light spear 5 6-8
Foot
Mar-23 Page 28
Libyan Egyptian
This list covers the armies of the 22nd, 23rd and 24th dynasties of Egypt from 945 BC to 720 BC.

➢ Egyptian close fighters can interpenetrate Egyptian archers and vice versa.
Libyan Egyptian
Sub-commanders
Points per Bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting base per BG
Combat
Core Troops
Light
Chariots - Average Drilled Bow - 14 4-6
Chariots
6-20
Upgrade chariots to Light Up to ½
- Superior Drilled Bow - 19
veterans Chariots bases
“Invincible Medium Impact Foot
Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 8-12 12-24
Meshwesh” Foot Swordsmen
Libu or other 16-
javelinmen Medium 32
Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light spear 4 8-12 12-32
Foot
Optional Troops
Drilled 7
Cavalry Cavalry Unprotected Average - Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Undrilled 6
Protected Superior Impact Foot 11
Royal guardsmen Heavy Foot Drilled - 4-6 0-6
Armoured Superior Swordsmen 14
Medium Impact Foot
Libu swordsmen Unprotected Average Undrilled - 6 8-12 0-24
Foot Swordsmen
Egyptian close Medium Light Spear
Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 0-18
fighters Foot Swordsmen
Medium
Egyptian archers Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 6-8 0-18
Foot
Libyan archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Superior 7 0-8
Nubian archers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5
Libyan Egyptian Allies

Chariots Light - Average Drilled Bow - 14 0-8

4-8
Chariots Superior 19 0-4
“Invincible Medium Impact Foot,
Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 6-10 6-10
Meshwesh” Foot Swordsmen
Libu or other
Medium 8-24
javelinmen Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light spear 4 8-12 12-24
Foot
Mar-23 Page 29
Urartian
This list covers the armies of Urartu from circa 860 BC to circa 585 BC.
Troop Notes
Urartian foot are depicted with foot spearmen and archers paired together in Assyrian style. The spearmen are shown with
shields. Urartu was a centre of metal-working, and Sargon II recorded the capture of 350,000 swords from the sack of Musasir,
so we assume that swordsmen capability is justified for the spearmen.

➢ The minimum marked * only applies if guard spearmen are used.
Urartian
Territory Types: Hilly, Mountains

Bases per Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Any date Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6 0-8
Chariots Only 0-8
Heavy
from 780 - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4 0-4
Chariots
BC
Light Spear
Only Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled Bow* 11 4-6
Swordsmen
before 8-16
Light Spear
750 BC Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow* 12 4-6
Cavalry Swordsmen
Only Light Spear
- 18 1/2
from 750 Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled Swordsmen 4-6 8-24
BC Bow Swordsmen 20 1/2
Core Troops continued

Light Spear
Royal Army spearmen and - 7 1/2
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Swordsmen 6-8 *8-36
supporting archers
Bow - 7 1/2
Light Spear 1/2 or
- 6
Provincial spearmen and Swordsmen all
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled 6-8 12-78
supporting archers 1/2 or
Bow - 6
0
Optional Troops
Scouts Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4
Only 0-4
Cimmerian Light Horse
from 714 Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4
mercenaries or Cavalry
BC
Only
Guard Medium or Light Spear
from 750 Armoured Superior Drilled - 13 4-6 0-6
spearmen Heavy Foot Swordsmen
BC
Separately deployed
archers
Allies
Kimmerian or Skythian allies (Only from 750 BC) - Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list
Median allies (Only from 750 BC)
Neo-Hittite and Aramean allies (Only from 780 BC to 750 BC)
Mar-23 Page 30
Urartian Allies

Total
Troop name Close per Bases per BG
Combat base

780 BC
Light Spear
Only Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled Bow* 11 4-6
Swordsmen
before 750 0-8
Light Spear
BC Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow* 12 4-6
Cavalry Swordsmen
Light Spear
Only from - 18 1/2
Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled Swordsmen 4-6 4-12
750 BC
Light Spear 1/2 or
- 6
Provincial spearmen and Swordsmen all
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled 6-8 8-24
supporting archers 1/2 or
Bow - 6
0
Mar-23 Page 31
Lydian or Lycian
This list covers the armies of the Lydian empire in western Asia Minor from the early 7th century BC until 546 BC
when it was conquered by the Persians. Lydia was wealthy due to extensive gold deposits, and has been credited with the
invention of coinage. The phrase “as rich as Croesus” refers to the last King of Lydia.
It also covers the kingdom of Lycia, from the establishment their Kingdom in the middle 7th century BC until their
incorporation into the Achaemenid Empire in 546 BC. After the Persian defeat by the Greeks in 468 BC Lycia joined the
Athenian league. They left the Athenian league in 365 BC and remained semi-independent until incorporated into the
Macedonian Empire after Alexander the Great destroyed the Persians in 334 BC.
Troop Notes
Lydian heavy cavalry were armed with thrusting spears and had a sufficiently high reputation that the Persians, whose own
cavalry were renowned for their quality and numbers, resorted to using camels to disrupt them.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as heavy cavalry or chariots.
➢ Lydian heavy cavalry can always dismount if the enemy has camelry.
➢ After 546BC Lydians cannot be used, and Lycians only as allies to the Achaemenid Persians
Lydian or Lycian
Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Point
Bases Total
Troop name Close s per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting per BG bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Drilled 18
Armoured Lydian
Undrilled Light Spear 17 6-24,
Lydian or Lycian heavy cavalry Cavalry Superior - 4-6
Drilled Swordsmen 14 Lycian
Protected 4-12
Undrilled 13
Paphlagonian or
Phrygian light Lydian only Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 4-8
horse
Phrygian, Mysian, Thracian or Medium Foot Protected - Light Spear 6-8 8-24 8-
similar foot with short spears or Average Undrilled 5
Light Foot Unprotected Javelins Light Spear 6-8 0-8 32
javelins
Lycian hoplites Lycian only Heavy Foot Armoured Drilled 10 16-48
Lydian, Ionian or Offensive
Armoured Average - 9 6-8
Karian mercenary Lydian only Heavy Foot Undrilled Spearmen 8-32
hoplites Protected 7
only from Average Light Spear 6

Lycian marines Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 6-16
545 BC Poor Swordsmen 4
Optional Troops
Chariots Light chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6 0-8
Skythian Light Horse

Lydian only Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4 0-4
mercenaries Cavalry
Thracian Light Spear
“swordsmen” Swordsmen
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8
Special Campaigns
Only in 546 BC
Lydian foot recently upgraded to Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled - 5 6-8 0-24
hoplites Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 32
Lydian or Lycian Allies

Bases Total
Combat base
Drilled 18
Armoured Lydian
Undrilled Light Spear 17 4-8,
Lydian or Lycian heavy cavalry Cavalry Superior - 4-6
Drilled Swordsmen 14 Lycian
Protected 0-4
Undrilled 13
Paphlagonian or
Phrygian light Lydian only Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-4
horse
Phrygian, Mysian, Thracian or Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-6
similar foot with short spears or
javelins Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4 6 0-6
Lycian hoplites Lycian only Heavy Foot Armoured Drilled 10 8-16
Lydian, Ionian or Offensive
Armoured Average - 9 6-8
Karian mercenary Lydian only Heavy Foot Undrilled Spearmen 6-12
hoplites Protected 7
only from Average Light Spear 6

Lycian marines Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
545 BC Poor Swordsmen 4
Mar-23 Page 33
Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka
This list covers Kimmerian armies from the mid 8th century BC when they were driven from the steppes by the Skythians, until
circa 630 BC when they were decisively defeated by Alyattes II of Lydia. In the interim they ravaged Phrygia, Kilikia and Lydia.
It also covers Skythian armies until 40 AD. Saka were the eastern tribes, including the Massagetae, the Dahae (including the
Parni who became the Parthians) and the Yueh-chi prior to their conquest of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom circa 130 BC.
Troop Notes
The sagaris, a horseman’s axe with compact but heavy head, and a shaft up to 3 foot long, we treat as equivalent to sword
when used on horseback. The Seleucid pikemen in 129 BC represent the army of Antiochos VII which was captured by the
Parthians then changed sides when the Parthians attempted to use them against the Saka.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Armoured cavalry.
➢ Thracian allies cannot be used with Mannaeans or Urartians.
➢ The minima marked * apply if any non-allied foot are used.
Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka

Territory Types: Steppes
Sub-commanders
Bases per Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Only Kimmerians
before 630BC
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6
and Skyhians
before 550BC
Any except
Kimmerians from Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6
Armoured
550BC to 301BC 0-18
cavalry
Only Skythians
Lancers,
and Saka from Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6
Swordsmen
300BC
Only Saka from Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Superior Undrilled - 19 4-6
250BC Armoured Swordsmen
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 10-32
Less armoured cavalry Protected 11
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4-6 10-32
Unprotected 10
Optional Troops
Average 5
Any Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Poor 3
Foot Bow Light Spear 5 1/2

Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled 6-8 *12-24
archers Bow - 5 1/2
Only before 300
BC Bow Light Spear 3 1/2
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled 6-8
Bow - 3 1/2
Average 5
Foot spearmen Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - Light Spear 6-8 *8-24
Poor 3
Allies
Only Kimmerians
Mannaean allies - see Manaen Allies
Thracian allies
Urartian allies
Only Skythians before 550 BC
Kimmerian allies – Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list
Only Saka
Mountain Indian allies
Mar-23 Page 34
Special Campaigns
Only Skythians in 313 BC
Thracian allies
Black Sea Greek allies - Classical Greek Allies list
Only Saka in 129 BC
Average 6
Seleucid pikemen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - Pikemen 8-12 0-12
Poor 4
All Heavy Average 8
Offensive
Mercanaries Foot or all Protected Drilled - 6-8 0-8
Poor Spearmen 6
Medium Foot
Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka Allies

Bases per Total
Combat base
Only Kimmerians
before 630BC and
Skyhians before
550BC
Only Skythians from
Armoured Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6
550BC to 301BC 0-8
cavalry
Only Skythians and Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6
Saka from 300 BC Swordsmen
Only Saka from 250 Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Superior Undrilled - 19 4-6
BC Armoured Swordsmen
Less armoured cavalry Protected 11
Unprotected 10
Mar-23 Page 35
Etruscan League, Early Roman and Latin

This list covers the armies of the Etruscan League from its foundation in the early 7th century BC until final conquest by Rome in
280 BC. It also includes the early Roman armies until 509BC and armies of the Latin league until 338 BC, which closely
resembled the Etruscans – indeed Rome was itself dominated by the Etruscans until they expelled their kings in 509 BC.
Troop Notes
Etruscan infantry were divided into a number of classes on the basis of wealth. The 1 st class consisted of armoured
hoplites with round hoplite shields and wielding a long thrusting spear. The 2nd and 3rd classes were armed with oval scutum
and spear. It is not known whether the 1st class formed up separately from the 2nd and 3rd classes, or whether they formed up
in mixed bodies. The fourth class were skirmishers.
Rome, under heavy Etruscan influence, and ruled by Etruscan kings until 509, had an almost identical organisation
until sometime in the 4th century BC. Livy describes the Latins as identical to the Romans in language, customs, arms and
military institutions.
Devoted troops swore an oath to die rather than retreat. Some armoured troops in the early part of the period were
armed with two-handed axes.
In the 4th century, some Etruscan infantry were re-equipped with pilum – the heavy throwing spear adopted by the
Romans. However, there is no evidence of division into separate lines like the Roman hastati, principes and triarii.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry or infantry of the 1st class.
➢ 1st class infantry must either all be deployed separately or all be deployed in mixed battle groups with 2nd and 3rd
class infantry.
➢ If deployed separately, the army cannot include more battle groups of 1st class infantry than it includes of 2nd and 3rd
class infantry.
➢ The minima marked * only apply if the Heavy Foot classes are deployed separately.
➢ The minimum marked ** only applies if mixed bodies of 1st, 2nd and 3rd class infantry are used.
➢ Roman and Latin cavalry can always dismount as Superior, Armoured or Protected (as mounted type), Undrilled,
Heavy Foot, Impact Foot, Swordsmen.
➢ Gallic, Samnite and Umbrian allies can be used together from 330, otherwise only one allied contingent can be used.
Etruscan League, Early Roman and Latin

Sub-commanders
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Only Armoured Superior 17

Etruscans Protected Superior 13
Light Spear
Cavalry Cavalry Undrilled - 4-6 4-8
Armoured Average Swordsmen 12
Any
Protected Average 9
Only before Superior Offensive 13

Separately Undrilled -
330 BC Average Spearmen 9
deployed Heavy
Armoured 6-8 *8-24
infantry of the 1st Foot Superior 14
class Only from Offensive
Drilled -
405 BC Average Spearmen 10
Only before Offensive
Average Undrilled - 7
Separately 330 BC Spearmen
deployed Only from Heavy Offensive
Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 *16-60
infantry of the 405 BC Foot Spearmen
2nd or 3rd class Only from Impact Foot
Average Drilled - 8
330 BC Swordsmen
Undrilled - 9
330 BC Spearmen
Only from Offensive
Mixed infantry of Armoured Average Drilled - 10 6-8 0-32
405 BC Spearmen
the 1st, 2nd and
3rd classes Drilled - 10
330 BC Heavy Swordsmen **24-
replacing all
Only before Foot Offensive 84
separately Undrilled - 7
330 BC Spearmen
deployed
infantry classes Only from Offensive
405 BC Spearmen
Drilled - 8
330 BC Swordsmen
Average Undrilled Bow - 5 0-8
Light
Infantry of the 4th class Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8 6-16
Foot
Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-16
Mar-23 Page 36
Optional Troops
Only
Etruscans Light
Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6 0-6
before 500 Chariots
BC
Only
Etruscans Heavy Heavy
Axmen Armoured Superior Undrilled - 13 4-6
before 405 Foot Weapon
BC
Only
Etruscans
Undrilled - 13 0-6
before 330
BC Heavy Offensive
Devoted foot Armoured Superior 4-6
Only Foot Spearmen
Etruscans
Drilled - 14
from 405
BC
Peasant levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
Allies
Gallic allies (only Etruscans) – Gallic and Galatian
Italiot allies (only Etruscans) – Classical Greek
Latin allies (Only Etruscans before 500 or Romans who can use 2 contingents) – Etruscan, Early Roman and Latin
Roman allies (Only Etruscans from 506 to 501) – Etruscan, Early Roman and Latin
Italian Hill Tribes – Italian Hill Tribes and Samnite League
Samnite allies (only Etruscans) – Italian Hill Tribes and Samnite League
Campanian allies (only Latins)
Etruscan League, Early Roman and Latin Allies

Combat
Only Armoured Superior 17

Etruscans Protected Superior Light 13
Cavalry Cavalry Undrilled - Spear, 4 0-4
Any
Protected Average 9
Separately Only before
Undrilled - 13
deployed 330 BC Offensive
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior 6-8 *6-8
infantry of the Only from Spearmen
Drilled - 14
1st class 405 BC
Undrilled - 7
Separately 330 BC Spearmen
deployed Only from Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 *8-24
infantry of the 405 BC Spearmen
2nd or 3rd class Only from Impact Foot
Drilled - 8
330 BC Swordsmen
Undrilled - 9
330 BC Spearmen
Only from Offensive
Mixed infantry Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled - 10 6-8 0-16
405 BC Spearmen
of the 1st, 2nd
and 3rd classes Drilled - 10
330 BC Swordsmen **12-
replacing all
Only before Offensive 36
separately Undrilled - 7
330 BC Spearmen
deployed
infantry classes Only from Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-36
405 BC Spearmen
Drilled - 8
330 BC Swordsmen
Infantry of the 4th class Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-8 0-8
Mar-23 Page 37
Italian Hill Tribes and Samnite League

This list covers the various Italian hill tribes, including the Aequi, Aurunci, Hernici, Picentes, Sabines, Sidicini and Volsci from
the early 7th century BC until the last of these were conquered by Rome in the early 3 rd century BC. It also covers the Samnites
prior to the formation of the Samnite League in 355 BC and then the Samnite League from that date until 272 BC.
Troop Notes
Italian infantry and cavalry fought mainly with javelins and swords.
Samnite League foot were more lightly equipped than their Roman enemies, and were fond of fighting in hills and
woodland, preferably from ambush. Helmets were the norm. The commonest shield was the oval scutum – similar to the
Roman type, but somewhat smaller. A proportion of men wore small metal breastplates, but most lacked body armour. They
fought with javelins and sword. Livy (echoed by Frontinus) describes them as particularly strong in the initial attack, but lacking
staying power. We therefore classify them as Medium Foot, Protected, Impact Foot, Swordsmen.
The army was organised into legions, possibly larger than Roman ones. Each legion was divided into cohorts,
possibly 400 strong. There is no evidence that they used multi-line formations like the Romans.
The elite “Linen Legion” which fought at Aquilonia in 293 was 16,000 strong. It was raised from picked men and its
members swore an oath never to flee. Similar bodies may have been raised in earlier campaigns.
About half of the cavalry in Oscan tomb paintings wear metal armour. Others wear linen or leather armour. Most lack
shields, at least in the earlier part of the period. We give the option of classifying Samnite cavalry as Armoured or Protected.
They fought with javelins and swords.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry or spearmen. Samnite League commanders can be depicted as Linen legion.
➢ A hill tribe ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Italian Hill Tribes allies list below, but the troops in the
➢ All Spearmen must have the same close combat capabilities.
➢ Gallic, Etruscan and Umbrian allies can be used together from 330, otherwise only one allied contingent can be used. No
allies are permitted after 281.
Italian Hill Tribes and Samnite League

Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodland
Sub-commanders
Hill tribe ally commanders (not
Samnite League)
Points Bases
Combat
Core Troops
Only Samnite Superior 17

Cavalry Armoured Undrilled -
League Average 12
Light Spear
4-6
Cavalry Superior Swordsmen 13 6-12
Any Cavalry Protected Undrilled -
Average 9
Only Samnite Medium Impact Foot
Linen Legion Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8 8-32
League Foot Swordsmen
Impact Foot
Any but 10
Picked Medium Swordsmen
Samnite Protected Superior Undrilled - 6-8 0-16
spearmen Foot Light Spear
League 9
Swordsmen 24-
Light Spear 96
6
Medium Swordsmen
Spearmen Protected Average Undrilled - 6-8 16-96
Foot Impact Foot
7
Swordsmen
Optional Troops
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-16
Field fortifications Field Fortifications 3 0-16
Only Samnite League from
280 BC
Allies
Latin allies (Only before 338 BC) – Etruscan, Early Roman and Latin
Campanian allies (only Samnite League)
Etruscan allies (only Samnite League) – Etruscan, Early Roman and Latin
Gallic allies (only Samnite League) – Gallic and Galatian
Roman allies (only Samnite League in 340 BC) – Early and Mid-Republican Roman
Volsci and/or Hernici allies (only Samnite League) – Italian Hill Tribes and Samnite League
Mar-23 Page 38
Italian Hill Tribes and Samnite League Allies

Only Superior 17
Samnite Armoured
League Average Light Spear 12
Cavalry Undrilled - 4-6
Cavalry Superior Swordsmen 13 4-6
Any Protected
Average 9
Only
Impact Foot
Linen Legion Samnite Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8 6-8
Swordsmen
League
Impact Foot
Any but Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 6-8
Picked Swordsmen
Samnite 0-8
spearmen Light Spear
League Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled - 9 6-8
Swordsmen
8-24
Light Spear
Swordsmen
Spearmen 12-32
Impact Foot
Swordsmen
Mar-23 Page 39
Neo-Assyrian Empire
This list covers the armies of Assyria from 745 BC to 609 BC.
Troop notes
Chariots were almost certainly pulled by four horses. At the start of the period most had three crewmen, though some had four.
By the reign of Ashurbanibal, if not earlier, the standard crew was four. The role of cavalry rapidly gained in importance during
this period with number increasing over time. Chariotry remained important although numbers fell.
We treat foot spearmen equipped with tower shields or very large round shields as Heavy Foot. Those with smaller round
shields are treated as Medium Foot.

➢ Elamites, Mannaians, Medes, Persians or Phrygians cannot be used with Egyptians, Hebrews or Philistines.
➢ Guard chariots and Guard cavalry cannot be used together.
Neo-Assyrian Empire

Sub-commanders

Bases per
Close BG
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting base
Combat
Core Troops
Heavy
Guard chariots - Elite Drilled Bow - 27 3-4 0-4
Chariots 4-
Heavy 12
Chariots
Light Spear
- 21 1/2
Swordsmen 4-
Guard cavalry Cavalry Armoured Elite Drilled 0-6
6
0-
Light Spear 16
Only - 18 1/2
Veteran Swordsmen 4-
from 704 Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled 4-16
cavalry 6
BC Bow Swordsmen 20 1/2
Only
Light Spear
before Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow* 12 4-6 4-12
Swordsmen
704 BC
Other cavalry
Only
Light Spear
from 704 Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled Bow* 15 4-6 6-18
Swordsmen
BC
Heavy Light Spear
Armoured Only Armoured Average Drilled - 9 1/2
Foot Swordsmen 6-
spearmen from 681 0-8
Medium 8
and archers BC Armoured Average Drilled Bow - 9 1/2
Foot
Medium Light Spear
Any date Protected Average Drilled - 7 12-
Foot Swordsmen
Unarmoured 32
Only 1/2
spearmen Heavy Light Spear 6-
from 681 Protected Average Drilled - 7 12-24
Foot Swordsmen 8
BC
Medium
Unarmoured archers Protected Average Drilled Bow - 7 1/2
Foot
Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Light 6-
Tribal levies Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-12
Foot 18
Javelins Light Spear 5 6 0-6
Mar-23 Page 40
Optional Troops
Only
Medium Light Spear
before Armoured Superior Drilled - 13
Foot Swordsmen
Guard 704 BC All or
spearmen Only 2/3 4-
Heavy Light Spear 0-9
from 704 Armoured Superior Drilled - 13 9
Foot Swordsmen
BC
Light 0 or
Guard archers Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7
Foot 1/3
Light
Mounted scouts Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 8 4
Horse
Light 0-4
Cimmerian Only
Horse or Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4
regiment from 679
Cavalry
Arab levy camelry Camelry Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 8 4 0-4
Egyptian or Kushite Medium
Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 6 4-6 0-6
regiments Foot
Light Spear
- 5 1/2
Medium Swordsmen 8-
Reserve foot Protected Poor Drilled 0-12
Foot 12
Bow - 5 1/2
Other levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Allies
Arab vassals - Early Nomad Allies list
Neo-Hittite allies and Aramean (Only before 704 BC)
Kimmerian allies (Only before 704 BC or from 681 BC) – Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list
Egyptian vassals or allies (Only before 704 – Libyan Egyptian, or from 681 Late Dynastic Egyptian list
Elamite allies (Only from 668 BC to 665 BC) – Neo-Elamite
Later Hebrew vassals (Only before 722 BC)
Median allies
Philistine allies
Neo-Assyrian Empire Allies

Points per Total
Troop name Close Bases per BG
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting base bases
Combat
Heavy
Chariots
Light Spear
Veteran Only from - 18 1/2
Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled Swordsmen 4-6 0-6
cavalry 704 BC
Only before Light Spear
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Bow* 12 4-6
Other 704 BC Swordsmen
4-8
cavalry Only from Light Spear
Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled Bow* 15 4-6
704 BC Swordsmen
Medium Light Spear
Any date Protected Average Drilled - 7
Unarmoure Foot Swordsmen
1/2
d spearmen Only from Light Spear
681 BC Swordsmen
Medium
Unarmoured archers Protected Average Drilled Bow - 7 1/2
Foot
Mar-23 Page 41
Kushite Egyptian
This list covers the armies of the Kushite 25th dynasty of Egypt from 732 BC to 656 BC.
Troop Notes
Three-crew Egyptian chariots are attested in the annals of Esarhaddon. Such chariots were probably pulled by 4-
horses, as depicted in a drawing possibly dating from this period. We assume that the changeover from 2-horse 2-crew (light)
chariots may have been gradual or incomplete.
Many of the Egyptian hereditary troops were of Meshwesh or Libu descent.

➢ Commanders should be depicted in chariots or as cavalry.
➢ Egyptian close fighters can interpenetrate Egyptian archers and vice versa.
Kushite Egyptian
Sub-commanders
Points Bases Total
Troop name Close
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting per base per BG bases
Combat
Core Troops
Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6
Kushite or, from 727 BC,
Heavy 4-16
Egyptian chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 16 4
Chariots
Light Chariots Undrilled 18 4-6
Up to 2/3
Upgrade chariots as veteran Heavy - Superior Bow -
Undrilled 22 3-4 bases
Chariots
Superior Undrilled - 4-6 4-10
Kushite cavalry Cavalry
Average Undrilled - 4-6 4-12
16-
Kushite archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 8-48
48
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 6-8 0-8
Optional Troops
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light spear 5 6-8
Kushite javelinmen
Kushite slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8
Drilled 7
Egyptian cavalry Cavalry Unprotected Average - Light Spear 4 0-4
Undrilled 6
Egyptian Only
hereditary from 727 Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Drilled Bow - 4 6-8 0-12
archers BC
Egyptian
Light Spear
hereditary close Medium Foot Protected Poor Drilled - 5 6-8 0-12
Swordsmen
fighters
Allies
Libyan Egyptian allies (Only before 727 BC)
Mar-23 Page 42
Kushite Egyptian Allies

Points Bases
Combat
Average 13
Light Chariots - Undrilled Bow - 4-6
Kushite or, from Superior 18
727 BC, Egyptian 4-8
chariots Average 16 4-6
Heavy Chariots - Undrilled Bow -
Superior 22 3-4
Superior Undrilled - 4-6 0-4
Kushite cavalry Cavalry
Average Undrilled - 4-6 4-8
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6 0-6
8-
Kushite archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 6-24
24
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 6 0-6
Mar-23 Page 43
Thracian
This list covers Thracian armies from the 700 BC until 46 AD when Thrace was incorporated as a Roman province. Thrace was
a Roman client kingdom from 25 BC.
Troop Notes
Most Thracians were armed primarily with javelins. Some, however, prior to the mid 3rd century BC at the latest, were armed
with long thrusting spears. A few highly regarded mercenary units prior to the 3rd century BC were termed “swordsmen” and
were probably armed with a type of forward curving one edged sword (perhaps similar to the Lycian drepanon) as well as
javelins. The most famous Thracian weapon was the rhomphaia, a vicious weapon with a forward curving blade on a long
handle. This may have come into use in the later 4th century BC or perhaps somewhat later.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as armoured cavalry.
➢ Getae cannot have allies or drilled troops.
➢ At least half the Thracian cavalry bases fielded must be Cavalry.
➢ Any full battle group of Thracian foot may be upgraded to veterans as long as there are twice as many average bases of
Thracian foot remaining in the army. (or Thracian allied command).
➢ A Thracian ally general's contingent must conform to the Thracian Allies list below, but the troops in the contingent are
deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
Thracian
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands
80/40/3
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 1
0
Sub-commanders
1-2
Thracian allied commander Troop Commander 20
(None for Getae)
Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Core Troops
Light Horse
Getae Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 8-24
or cavalry
Thracian
Light Horse 8-
cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6
or Cavalry 24 8-
Others
Light Horse 0- 24
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6
or cavalry 12
0-
Thracian foot with javelins Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8
80
Thracian foot
Only before Offensive 0-
with thrusting Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
250 BC Spearmen 48
spear 24
Thracian foot Only before Light Spear -
“swordsmen” 300 BC Swordsmen 0- 80
From 350 BC 24
Thracian foot to 251 BC Heavy
with rhomphaia weapon 0-
From 250 BC
80
Upgrade any Thracian foot as
Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled Any +3 pts Up to 1/3 of bases
veterans
Optional Troops
Light Spear
Noble cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6 0-8
Swordsmen
Javelins Light Spear 5
Foot Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Sling - 4
Families and slaves Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 6-8 0-8
Allies
Classical Greek (mercenary) allies (Only from 400 BC to 357 BC)
Special Campaigns
Only Roman client kingdom from 25BC to 46AD
Light Spear,
Upgrade armoured cavalry to: Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 18 4-6 0-8
Swordsmen
Medium or Protected Light Spear 7
Upgrade non-veteran Thracian Average Drilled - 4-8
Heavy Foot Armoured Swordsmen 9
foot with javelins to imitation
0-24
Romans Protected 8
Impact Foot
Heavy foot Average Drilled - 4-8
Armoured Swordsmen 10
Principate Roman allies - see List Book 2
Mar-23 Page 44
Thracian Allies
Bases
Combat base
Getae Light Horse
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 4-12
or cavalry
Thracian cavalry Light Horse
Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 4-12
or cavalry 4-
Others
Light Horse 12
or cavalry
Medium
Thracian foot with javelins Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8 0-40
Foot
Thracian foot
Only before Medium Offensive
with thrusting Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-24
250 BC Foot Spearmen
spear
Thracian foot Only before Medium Light Spear, 12-
“swordsmen” 300 BC Foot Swordsmen 40
From 0-12
350BC to
Thracian foot Medium Heavy
251BC Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
with rhomphaia Foot weapon
From 250
0-40
BC
Upgrade Thracian foot as Medium
Protected Superior Undrilled Any +3 pts Up to 1/2 of bases
veterans Foot
Mar-23 Page 45
Classical Greek
This list covers Greek armies from the early 669 BC until the hoplite system was replaced in Greece circa 279 BC,
and until the suppression of the minor Italiot or Siciliot states in the later 3rd century BC. This list also covers the armies of
Syracuse from 412 BC, following the defeat of the Athenian Sicilian Expedition, until the city fell to the Romans in 211 BC.
Troop Notes
The armies of Classical Greece were based on the hoplite, a type of heavy infantryman armed with spear and large
shield, who fought in a solid phalanx formation, usually around eight ranks deep. The spear (doru) was approximately 2.7
metres in length and mostly used overarm. The shield (aspis) was about 1 metre in diameter. In addition to the shield,
defensive equipment included body armour (thorakes), bronze helmet and greaves.
Hoplites were a citizen militia and supplied their own equipment. Until the late 6th century BC, the majority of hoplites
wore metal thorakes. In the early 5th century, the proportion with such protection dropped because the average wealth of
hoplites decreased.
`Hoplites were more than a match for Persian infantry. Following the defeat of Xerxes’s invasion of Greece, the Persians
themselves began to replace their line infantry with mercenary Greek hoplites. They also possibly developed native Persian
hoplites. In the early 4th century, Iphikrates experimented with a new type of equipment – linen armour, a new style of boots, a
small shield (pelta) and a longer spear than the usual hoplite spear. Later in the century, King Phillip II of Macedon (father of
Alexander the Great) developed the pike phalanx. This rendered the hoplite obsolete, although it took some time for the hoplite
fighting style to die out, particularly in the Italian and Sicilian colonies.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry or hoplites.
➢ Troops marked * can only be used if their C-in-C or Allied Commander is of that origin.
➢ Unless the C-in-C is of the same origin, troops only permitted to a certain origin can only be fielded under the command of
an ally general of that origin.
➢ At least one allied commander must be used unless the CinC is Syracusan.
➢ A Greek ally general’s contingent must conform to the Classical Greek allies list below, but the troops in the contingent are
➢ It is permissible to depict the disguised rowers by using hoplites. If this is done, their true nature need not be disclosed
until they are shot at or engaged in close combat. Treat them as ‘average’ for all tests until their true identity is disclosed.
Classical Greek
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly, Mountains
80/40/
30
Sub-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/30 0-2 or 0-3 if Syracusan
Greek ally commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1-3 or 0-3 if Syracusan
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Before 450 BC Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 4-12
*Thessalian Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-12
cavalry 8-
From 450 BC Superior Light Spear 18
Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 0-8 18
Average Swordsmen 13
Armoured 10
Before 450 BC Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Protected 7
*Non-
Thessalian Light Spear 10
cavalry Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 4-12
From 450 BC 12
Swordsmen
4-
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6 12
*Syracusan Superior Light Spear 18

From 412 BC Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 0-8
Cavalry Average Swordsmen 13
Before 460 BC Armoured Offensive 9
Hoplites Heavy Foot Average Undrilled - 6-8 24-80
From 490 BC Protected Spearmen 7
*Spartans only
Upgrade Before 460 BC Armoured 14
Offensive
hoplites to Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - 6-8 Up to 1/2
citizens
Upgrade Before 460 BC Armoured 10
Offensive
hoplites to Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 6-8 Any
perioiko
Helots Before 450 BC Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 *0-24
Mar-23 Page 46
*Non-Spartans only
Upgrade
Offensive
Hoplites to From 460 BC Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 Up to 1/3
Spearmen
Citizens
upgrade Before 460 BC Armoured Undrilled 13
Offensive
Hoplites to Heavy Foot Superior - 6-8 0-8
From 490 BC Protected Drilled Spearmen 11
veteran
Optional Troops
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 3 6-8 0-16
Peltasts Average Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-16
Cretan From 450 BC Light Foot Unprotected Drilled
Superior Bow - 7 6-8 0-8 0-
archers
18
Undrilled
Other archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Drilled
Offensive
Any date 7
Spearmen
Light Spear
Thracians Before 300 BC Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Heavy
From 350 BC 7
weapon
Iphikratean
From 380BC Heavy Foot Offensive
hoplites Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-8
spearmen
Thureophoroi From 279 BC Medium Foot
Tarantines Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
Gallic Impact Foot
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 0-12
mercenaries Only *Syracusan Swordsmen
Samnite or
Light Spear
similar Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 0-12
Swordsmen
mercenaries
Only *Syracusan
Bolt-shooters
from 399BC or Heavy
or stone- Heavy Artillery - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-6
*Phokians from Artillery
throwers
380BC
Special Campaigns
Only *Spartans from 369 BC to 368 BC
Impact Foot
Syracusan-supplied Spanish foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 6-8
Swordsmen
Impact Foot
Syracusan-supplied Gallic foot Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 6-8
Swordsmen
Only *Syracusan – Agathokles in Africa from 310 BC to 307 BC
Rowers, etc. disguised as hoplites Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled - - 3 6-8 0-12
Kyrenean Greek allies
Early Libyan allies
Numidian or Moorish allies
No Spanish or Heavy Artillery allowed
Mar-23 Page 47
Classical Greek Allies

Combat
Before 450 BC Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-4
*Thessalian Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
cavalry From 450 BC Superior 18
Light Spear
Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 0-4
Armoured 10
Before 450 BC Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 0-4
Protected 7 0-6
*Non-
Thessalian Light Spear 10
cavalry Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 0-6
From 450 BC 12
Swordsmen
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0-4
*Syracusan Superior Light Spear 18

Only from 412 BC Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 0-4
Cavalry Average Swordsmen 13
Only before 460 Armoured Offensive 9
Hoplites Heavy Foot Average Undrilled - 6-8 12-32
Only from 490 Protected Spearmen 7
*Spartans only
Upgrade Only before 460 BC Armoured 14
Offensive
hoplites to Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - 6-8 *Up to 1/2
Only from 490 BC Protected Spearmen 11
citizens
Upgrade Only before 460 BC Armoured 10
Offensive
hoplites to Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 6-8 *Any
Only from 490 BC Protected Spearmen 8
perioiko
*Non-Spartans only
Upgrade
Offensive
Hoplites to Only from 460 BC Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 Up to 1/2
Spearmen
Citizens
upgrade Only before 460 BC Armoured Undrilled 13
Offensive
Hoplites to Heavy Foot Superior - 6-8 0-6
Only from 490 BC Protected Drilled Spearmen 11
veteran
Mar-23 Page 48
Late Dynastic Egyptian

This list covers Egyptian armies of the 26th dynasty from 664 BC to 525 BC, and the 28th, 29th and 30th dynasties from 405 BC
to 343 BC. Psamtik I seceded from the Assyrian Empire circa 650 BC. Egypt was conquered by Cambyses II of Persia in 525
BC – forming the 27th dynasty – successfully revolted in 405 BC, then was reconquered by Artaxerxes III in 343 BC – forming
the 31st dynasty.
Troop Notes
Large numbers of Greek mercenaries were used to supplement the Egyptian hereditary troops and were based in the Nile delta
region, presumably as this was the area best suited to arrival from Greece. Their commanders often wielded considerable
influence and could, at times, be disruptive.
Chariots continued in use in the 26th dynasty, but appear to not have been used in the following period.

➢ Egyptian commanders should be depicted as cavalry (but armoured) or chariots.
➢ Greek ally-commanders should be depicted as hoplites.
➢ Greek ally-commanders can only command hoplites.
➢ Minimum marked * only applies if more than 12 bases of Mercenary Greek hoplites are used.
Late Dynastic Egyptian

80/40/3
0
Sub-commanders
Greek ally-commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 *1-2
Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Core Troops
Only 26th Heavy
dynasty Chariots
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6
Cavalry 4-12
Cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 6 4-6
Only 26th Average 6
Egyptian dynasty Medium or
Protected Drilled - Light Spear 6-8
javelinmen before 570 Heavy Foot Poor 4
BC 16-64
Average Defensive 7
Egyptian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8
Poor Spearmen 5
Average 6
Egyptian archers Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow - 6-8 6-32
Poor 4
Optional Troops
Mercenary 26th dynasty Armoured 10

- Offensive
Greek 28th – 30th Heavy Foot Average Drilled 6-8 0-32
Protected Spearmen 8
hoplites dynasty
Only 26th Light Horse
Skythian
dynasty Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4 0-4
mercenaries Cavalry
from 650 BC
Offensive
Guard spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8
Spearmen 0-8
Guard archers Medium Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 8 6-8
Libyan javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-8
Superior 7
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5
Nubian archers 0-12
Superior 7
Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 6-8
Average 5
Allies
Neo-Assyrian Empire allies (Only 26th dynasty before 650 BC)
Kyrenian Greek allies (Only from 570 BC)
Mar-23 Page 49
Late Dynastic Egyptian Allies

Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Only 26th Heavy
dynasty Chariots
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6
Cavalry 4-6
Cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 6 4-6
Only 26th Average 6
Egyptian dynasty Medium or
Protected Drilled - Light Spear 6-8
javelinmen before 570 Heavy Foot Poor 4
BC 6-32
Average Defensive 7
Egyptian spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8
Poor Spearmen 5
Average 6
Egyptian archers Medium Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow - 6-8 6-16
Poor 4
Mar-23 Page 50
Neo-Babylonian Empire
In 626, the Chaldaean Nabopolassar (Nabû-apal-usur), governor of the Sea-Land, rose in revolt against the Assyrian
Empire. By the following year he was in control of Babylon. A desultory war ensued. In 615 the Medes, under Cyaxares
(Uvaxštra), invaded the Assyrian heartland. Ashur fell to them in 614. An alliance between the Medes and the Babylonians was
sealed by the marriage of Cyaxares’s grand-daughter to Nabopolassar’s son Nebuchadrezzar (Nabû-kudurri-uṣur) II. The
Assyrians sought Egyptian help, but this did not arrive in time to prevent the Assyrian capital, Nineveh, falling to the allies in
612. The last major Assyrian centre, Harran, fell in 610. An attempt to recover it with Egyptian help in 609 failed.
Under Nebuchadrezzar II (605-562) the Egyptians were decisively defeated at the Battle of Carchemish (605), ending
Egyptian attempts to regain control of Palestine and Syria. Nebuchadrezzar went on to conquer an empire including most of the
territory of the former Assyrian Empire, excluding Egypt itself.
In 539 the Persians under Cyrus (Kūruš) II the Great invaded Babylonia. After winning a minor victory over the
Babylonian army near Opis, the Persians were able to capture Babylon by a surprise attack by a detachment of their army
while the two main armies continued to face each other off. The Babylonian King Nabonidus (Nabû-nā’id) (556-539) was
captured when he left his army to return to Babylon, not realising it had been taken. His army then surrendered, so that Cyrus
was able to enter Babylon peacefully shortly afterwards. The Persians then incorporated all the former territories of the
Babylonian Empire into their own Empire.
This list covers Babylonian armies from 626 to 539 BC.
Troop Notes
It is clear from evidence relating to later periods that it was difficult to train troops to be equally adept with bow and
spear. We therefore classify Babylonian cavalry armed with both as Bow*/Light Spear.
Some, at least, of the Babylonian foot archers were equipped with bow, spear and shield.

• Commanders should be depicted in chariots.
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Points per Bases per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat base BG
Core Troops
Chariots Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4 4-12
Light Spear
Guard cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled Bow* 20 4-6 0-8
Swordsmen
Light Spear
Swordsmen
Light Spear 4-12
- 9 1/2
Other cavalry Cavalry Unprotected Average Drilled Swordsmen 4-6 4-8
Light Spear
Cavalry Unprotected Average Drilled - 9 4-6
Swordsmen
Guard Light Spear
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - 13 4-8 0-12
spearmen Swordsmen
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Bow - 7 6-8
Bow Light Spear 7 1/2 8-32
Bow - 7 1/2
Archers Medium Foot 8-32 16-72
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Light Foot 0-16
Medium Foot 0-8
Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8
Light Foot 0-8
Optional Troops
Skythian Cavalry or Light
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4 0-4
mercenaries Horse
Arab levy Camelry or Light
Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 10 4-6 0-12
camelry Camelry
Greek
Offensive
mercenary Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled - 10 4 0-8
spearmen
hoplites
Other levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-12
Allies
Median allies (Only before 550 BC).
Mar-23 Page 51
Neo-Babylonian Empire Allies

Chariots Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4 0-6

Light Spear
Guard cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled Bow* 20 4-6
Swordsmen
Light Spear
Swordsmen
Light Spear 0-6
9 1/2
Other cavalry Cavalry Unprotected Average Drilled - Swordsmen 4-6
Swordsmen 11 1/2
Light Spear
Cavalry Unprotected Average Drilled - 9 4-6
Swordsmen
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled Bow - 7 6-8
Bow Light Spear 7 1/2 8-16
Bow - 7 1/2
Archers Medium Foot 8-24
Light Foot
Medium Foot
Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8 0-8
Light Foot
Mar-23 Page 52
Campanian
This list covers Campanian armies from the late 5th century BC until 211 BC.
Troop Notes
Campanian armies included the usual Oscan spearmen and also, influenced by the culture of the formerly Greek and Etruscan
cities of the Campanian plain, hoplites. We assume that Nolan forces would be similar.
From 338 BC, the Campanians were Roman citizens, and came to adopt standard Roman tactics – though possibly not
immediately.
The Campanian plain was excellent for horse breeding, and Campanian cavalry were famously effective. About half of the
cavalry in Oscan tomb paintings wear metal armour. Others wear linen or leather armour. Most lack shields, at least in the
earlier part of the period. We give the option of classifying Campanian cavalry as Armoured or Protected. They fought with
javelins and swords.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry.
➢ The minima marked * only apply before 337 BC
➢ The minimum marked ** only applies from 337 BC.
➢ Hoplites cannot be used with hastati, principes or triarii.
➢ Samnite allies cannot be used with Roman or Latin allies.
Campanian
Territory Types: Agricultural
Sub-commanders
Troop Type Capabilities Base
Points
Troop name Close s per Total bases
Combat BG
Core Troops
Cavalry Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6 4-16
Medium Undrilled Light Spear 6

Spearmen Protected Average - 6-8 *12-64
Only Foot Drilled Swordsmen 7
before 275
BC Undrilled Offensive 7
Hoplites Heavy Foot Protected Average - 6-8 *12-48
Drilled Spearmen 8
Hastati & Impact Foot
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 4-8 **24-80
Principes Swordsmen
Only from
337 BC Superior Offensive 10 1 per 4 hastati
Triarii Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 2-4
Average Spearmen 8 and principes
Optional Troops
Fortified
Only from 280 BC 24 0-1
camp
Allies (only before 280BC)
Latin allies (Only from 343 BC to 338 BC) – Etruscan, Early Roman and Latin
Roman allies (Only from 343 BC) – Etruscan, Early Roman and Latin (before 340 BC) or Early and Mid-Republican Roman (from 340 BC)
Samnite allies – Italian Hill tribes and Samnite League
Campanian Allies
Combat
Cavalry Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6 0-8
Medium Undrilled Light Spear 6

Javelinmen Protected Average - 6-8 *6-24
Only Foot Drilled Swordsmen 7
before 275
BC Undrilled Offensive 7
Hoplites Heavy Foot Protected Average - 6-8 *6-24
Drilled Spearmen 8
Hastati & Impact Foot
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 4-8 **12-32
Principes Swordsmen
Only from
337 BC Superior Offensive 10 1 per 4 hastati
Triarii Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 2-4
Average Spearmen 8 and principes
Mar-23 Page 53
Early Achaemenid Persian

This list covers Achaemenid Persian armies from 550 BC, when Cyrus the Great defeated the Medes, until 420 BC.
Troop Notes
Persian and Median cavalry are described by Herodotus as armed the same as their foot. This has previously been taken as
meaning that they were armed with bow and spear. However, the majority of contemporary illustrations show them wielding
bow. Recently discovered Achaemenid tomb paintings showing scenes of Darius I’s campaign against the Skythians show
mounted Achaemenid and Scythian archers charging into each other while shooting. All are armed with sagaris (long-handled
axes) and none carry spears. We therefore classify them as Bow, Swordsmen. The Immortals and the Persian, Median,
Hyrkanian, Kissian and Persian Gulf Exile foot formed up behind a barrier of large wicker shields. It appears that the Immortals
were all equipped with short spear as well as bow, but only the first few ranks of the others had spears. None were capable of
matching a Greek hoplite spear phalanx, so we classify their close combat weaponry as Light Spear. The later archers and
spearmen equipped with crescent shaped shields can be deployed separately or in mixed battle groups. There is good
evidence for the mustering of bow armed chariotry with 3 or 4 crew in Darius I’s reign.

➢ The C-in-C should be depicted as guard cavalry or a light chariot.
➢ Other commanders should be depicted as guard cavalry.
➢ The minimum marked * applies if any Medizing Greek troops are used.
Early Achaemenid Persian

Sub-commanders
Bases per Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Elite 23
Guard cavalry Cavalry Armoured Drilled Bow Swordsmen 2-4 0-4
Superior 20
Persian or Median cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6 6-12
Other Persian, Median, Bow Light Spear 6 1/2
Hyrkanian, Kissian, or Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled 6-8 0-48
Persian Gulf Exile foot Bow - 6 1/2
Crescent 6-8 16-
shield Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 0-24
1/2 48
archers Only from
6-8
Crescent 465 BC 1/2
shield Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 0-24
spearmen 6-8
Optional Troops
Armoured 13
Immortals Medium Foot Superior Drilled Bow Light Spear 6-8 0-16
Protected 10
Only
Achaemenid Heavy
before - Superior Undrilled Bow - 22 3-4 0-4
chariots Chariots
484 BC
Only from Light Horse

Saka cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 0-6
545 BC Cavalry
0-
Bactrian Only from 12
Light Spear 9 0-6
cavalry 545 BC Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow 4-6
-
Other light horse archers 8 0-6
Bow Light Spear 5 1/2

Average 6-8
Bactrian, Saka or similar Unprotected Undrilled - 5 1/2
Medium Foot 0-8
foot Light Spear 3 1/2
Bow
Poor 6-8
- 3 1/2
Kaspian or similar archers Light foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Armenian, Paphlagonian, Average 6
Thracian or similar Medium Foot Protected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6-8 0-8
javelinmen Poor 4
Mysian, Libyan, Pisidian or
similar javelinmen
Light Spear
Assyrian and Chaldaean Heavy Foot - 7 1/2
Protected Average Drilled Swordsmen 6-8 0-8
foot
Medium Foot Bow - 7 1/2
Camelry or
Arab camelry Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 8 4 0-4
Light Camelry
Mar-23 Page 54
Lycian or
Light Spear
Phoenician Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6 0-6
Swordsmen
marines
Egyptian Defensive
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6 0-6
marines Only from Spearmen
Indian foot 525 BC Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 6 6-8 0-8
Indian Heavy
- Average Undrilled Bow - 16 4
chariots Chariots
0-4
Libyan
Light Chariots - Average Undrilled - Light Spear 11 4
chariots
Allies
Median allies (Only in 550 BC)
Saka allies - Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list (Only in 530 BC)
Special Campaigns
Only Cyrus in Lydia in 546 BC
Improvised camelry Camelry Protected Poor Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 11 4-6 4-6
Scythed
Scythed chariots - Average Undrilled - - 15 2, 3 or 4 0-4
Chariots
Moveable towers Battle Wagons - Average Undrilled Bow - 17 2 0-4
Only in 479 BC
Armoured Offensive 9
Medizing Greek hoplites Heavy Foot Average Undrilled - 6-8 *8-16
Protected spearmen 7
Protected 7
Medizing Greek cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 0-4
Armoured 10
Early Achaemenid Persian Allies

Bases Total
Combat base
Persian or Median cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6 4-8
Other Persian, Median, Hyrkanian, Protected Average Undrilled Bow Light Spear 6 1/2 6-
Medium Foot 0-24
Kissian, or Persian Gulf Exile foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 1/2 8
Crescent shield 6-8 8-

Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 0-12
archers 1/2 24
Only from 6-
465 BC 1/2 8
Crescent shield
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 0-12
spearmen 6-8
Mar-23 Page 55
Early Carthaginian
This list covers Carthaginian armies from the start of the Magonid dynasty, circa 550 BC, until 275 BC. During this period
Carthage gained a maritime empire in the western Mediterranean, and fought many wars against the Greek cities of Sicily.
Troop Notes
From the limited evidence available, it is possible that the Carthaginian 4-horse chariots were bow-armed. However, in view of
the apparent lack of any archery tradition in Carthage, we also allow for the alternative that they were spear or javelin armed.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as chariots or Poeni cavalry.
➢ All Poeni chariots must have the same combat capabilities.
Early Carthaginian

Sub-commanders

Points Total
Troop name per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base bases
BG
Core Troops
Armoured 11
Poeni cavalry Cavalry Average Drilled - Light Spear 4-6
Protected 8
0-8
Campanian, Armoured 13
Only from Light Spear 4-
Etruscan or Cavalry Average Drilled - 4-6
410 BC Protected Swordsmen 10 16
Greek cavalry
Numidian light Only from Average 7

Light Horse Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4-6 4-8
cavalry 340 BC Superior 10
Offensive
African spearmen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 12-36
Spearmen
Numidian, Libyan, Moorish or
Spanish javelinmen
Corsican, Ligurian or
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 6-36
Sardinian foot
Optional Troops
Heavy Bow - 24
Poeni chariots - Superior Drilled 3-4 0-12
Chariots - Light Spear 22
Offensive
Sacred Band Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - 14 6-8 0-8
Spearmen
Greek
Only from Offensive
mercenary Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-16
410 BC Spearmen
hoplites
Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8
Spearmen
Other Poeni foot 0-8
Light Spear
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8
Swordsmen
Poeni or other emergency Light Spear
Medium Foot Protected Poor Drilled - 5 6-8 0-16
levies Swordsmen
Impact foot
Spanish scutarii Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Gallic foot Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
410 BC Swordsmen
Offensive
Spearmen
Campanian mercenaries 0-8
Light Spear
Swordsmen
Balearic slingers Superior Slings - 6 0-6
Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled 6
Sardinian archers Average Bow - 5 0-6
Only from Heavy Heavy
Bolt-shooters - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-2
390 BC Artillery Artillery
Allies
Early Libyan allies (Only before 500 BC)
Numidian or Moorish allies (Only from 340 BC)
Mar-23 Page 56
Early Carthaginian Allies

Combat
Armoured 11
Poeni cavalry Cavalry Average Drilled - Light Spear 4-6
Protected 8
0-6
Campanian, Armoured 13
Only from Light Spear
Etruscan or Cavalry Average Drilled - 4-6 4-6
410 BC Protected Swordsmen 10
Greek cavalry
Numidian light Only from Average 7

Light Horse Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 4-6 0-6
cavalry 340 BC Superior 10
Offensive
Spearmen
Spanish javelinmen
6-12
Corsican, Ligurian or
Sardinian foot
Mar-23 Page 57
Classical Indian
This list covers the armies of northern and central India from 500 BC until the fall of the Guptas in 545 AD.
Troop Notes
Alexander’s admiral, Nearchos, states that all Indian infantry carried a large 2-handed sword, used for powerful downward
cutting blows. However, Indian art shows many infantry with smaller swords and the Arthasastra describes 3 types of swords,
only one of which seems likely to have been 2-handed. We assume that a variety of swords were in use, and classify the
mixture for close combat capability purposes as swordsmen, although Nearchos does note that Indian infantry were not eager
to advance to close combat. Armour for infantry became more common in the 1st century AD, but evidence of determined
swordsmanship is then lacking. Indian shielded javelinmen may sometimes have formed up in front of the archers. However,
as they are unlikely to have been more than a rank or two, and as both javelinmen and archers were largely unarmoured, this is
not enough to qualify the combined formation as Protected.
Most states (including the Mauryan and Gupta empires) were ruled by kings, but some were republics and lacked the
resources to field war elephants.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as elephants, chariots or cavalry.
➢ An Indian ally general’s contingent must conform to the Classical Indian allies list below, but the troops in the contingent
are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ The Mauryas from 321 BC to 180 BC can have drilled chariots, cavalry, archers and javelinmen. If any non-allied troops of
any of these types are drilled, all must be. Indian ally contingents in a Mauryan army must be undrilled. Other states in this
period can have one Mauryan ally contingent, which can be drilled.
Classical Indian
Territory Types: Agricultural, Woodlands, Tropical
Indian ally commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-3
Bases Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Only non-
Elephants Elephants - Average Undrilled - - 25 2-3 2-12
republican states
Unprotected Average 6
Any Cavalry Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6
Protected Average 7
Cavalry 4-18
Only Mauryas from Unprotected Average 7
Cavalry Drilled - Light Spear 4-6
321 to 180 BC Protected Average 8
Upgrade
cavalry to Only Guptas from Lancers
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6 4-6
armoured 320 AD Swordsmen
lancers
Core Troops (continued)
Average Light Spear 6
Any Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8
Poor Swordsmen 4
Spearmen 6-24
Only Mauryas from Light Spear
321 to 180 BC Swordsmen
Poor 4
Any before 1 AD Undrilled
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Bow Swordsmen 6 6-8
Only Mauryas from
Average Drilled 7
Archers 321 to 180 BC 24-88
Average 5
Unprotected
Any from 1 AD Medium Foot Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8
Protected Average 6
Optional Troops
Heavy
Only Mauryas from 3-4 24
chariots - Superior Drilled Bow -
321 BC to 180 BC
Light chariots 4-6 22
Chariots 0-8
Heavy
3-4 18
Any chariots - Superior Undrilled Bow -
Light chariots 4-6 18
Average 5
Forest tribesmen Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow - 4-6 0-6
Poor 3
Horse Swordsmen 10
Only from 179 BC Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow 4 0-4
archers - 8
Replace elephants and/or chariots Battle
- Poor Undrilled Bow - 11 2-4 0-6
by bullock or camel carts Wagons
Light
Light Artillery - Average Undrilled - 15
Artillery
Artillery 2 0-2
Heavy
Heavy Artillery - Average Undrilled - 20
Artillery
Mar-23 Page 58
Classical Indian Allies

Total
Combat base BG
Only non-
Elephants republican Elephants - Average Undrilled - - 25 2-3 2-4
states
Any Cavalry Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6
Protected Average 7
Cavalry 0-8
Only Mauryas Unprotected Average 7
from 321 to 180 Cavalry Drilled - Light Spear 4-6
BC Protected Average 8
Upgrade
cavalry to Only Guptas Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4 0-4
armoured from 320 AD Swordsmen
lancers
Any before 1 Average 6

Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 6-8
AD Poor 4
Only Mauryas
from 321 to 180 Medium Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow Swordsmen 7 6-8
Archers BC 8-24
Any from 1 AD Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8
Protected Average 6
Average Light Spear, 6
Any Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8
Poor Swordsmen 4
Spearmen 6-12
Only Mauryas
Light Spear,
from 321 to 180 Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8
Swordsmen
BC
Mar-23 Page 59
Late Achaemenid Persian
This list covers Achaemenid Persian armies from 420 BC until the completion of Alexander the Great’s conquest of the empire
in 329 BC.
Troop Notes
One interpretation of the enigmatic “Kardakes” is that they were Persians equipped and trained as hoplites. They may,
alternatively, have been the lighter peltast-style spearmen with crescent shields. Although most of the heavy cavalry seem to
have switched from bow to javelins around the start of this period, some may have retained bows right up to the end of the
empire. The most likely to have done so would be the Bactrians and Saka.

➢ The C-in-C should be depicted as guard cavalry or a light chariot.
➢ Commanders should be depicted as guard cavalry.
➢ No more than 2/3 of the bases of Persian, Median, Armenian, Bactrian, Saka, Kappadokian or other heavy cavalry can be
Superior.
Later Achaemenid Persian

Sub-commanders
Core Troops
Armoured Superior 17 4-6 0-28

Cavalry Undrilled - 4-6 4-12
Persian, Median, Average Swordsmen 9
Armenian, Protected 12-
Bactrian, or Poor 7 4-6 0-8
42
Kappadokian heavy
cavalry Superior 19
Armoured
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 14 4-6 0-8
Protected Average 11
Arachosian,
Paphlagonian or Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 6-12
similar light horse
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12 6-
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-12 18
Optional Troops
Light Spear
Guard cavalry Cavalry Armoured Elite Drilled - 21 2-4 0-4
Swordsmen
Bactrian light horse Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Light Spear 9 4-6
Parthian or similar
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6
horse archers 0-6
Light Horse
Saka horse archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
Cavalry
Light Spear
Heavy Foot - 15 1/2
Armoured Elite Drilled Swordsmen 0-6
Guard infantry Medium Foot Bow - 15 1/2
0-8
(“Apple bearers”) Light Spear
Heavy Foot - 13 1/2
Armoured Superior Drilled Swordsmen 4-8
Medium Foot Bow - 13 1/2
Mercenary or allied Offensive
Greek hoplites Spearmen
Kardakes, Persian Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8 0-24
crescent shield Light Spear
6 0-8 0-
spearmen, Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Swordsmen
- 6-8 24
Thracians and Offensive
similar 7 0-8
spearmen
Massed levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-24
Scythed
Scythed chariots - Average Undrilled - - 15 2, 3 or 4 0-4
Chariots
Mar-23 Page 60
Allies
Lycian allies
Special Campaigns
Only Darius III at Gaugamela in 331 BC
Upgrade guard Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Elite Drilled - 21 2-4 All
cavalry to Swordsmen
Elephants Elephants - Average Undrilled - - 25 2 2
Cannot use more than 8 bases of hoplites. At least 1 battle group each of Guard cavalry and infantry are compulsory.
Only Bessos in 329 BC
Saka allies – Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list
Cannot use hoplites, peltasts, scythed chariots, Egyptians or Thracians
Late Achaemenid Persian Allies

Armoured Superior 17 0-12

Light Spear
Cavalry Average Undrilled - 12 4-6
Persian, Median, Swordsmen 4-8
Armenian, Protected Average 9
Bactrian, or 4-16
Kappadokian heavy Armoured Superior 19
cavalry
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 14 4 0-4
Protected Average 11
Arachosian,
Paphlagonian or Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
similar light horse
0-8
Mar-23 Page 61
Ko Choson Korean
The first Korean king is traditionally credited as ruling from as early as 2333 BC, and his descendants reigned in Choson, the
"Land of Morning Calm". The Ko Choson list begins with the introduction of iron weapons circa 400 BC and includes the
Weiman-Choson era from 200 BC as well.
King Kijan established a military organization for the Korean Army and made Ko Choson one of the dominant powers in
Korea. Its main enemies included nomadic tribes from Manchuria and roving bands of exiles who had been followers of a
general who had been defeated in an attempt to gain control of China. Rule by King Kijan’s family would be replaced by
Weiman who led a remnant of the Yen faction into China. The Weiman-Choson rule ended when the Han Empire conquered
Korea in 108 BC and establish four main commanderies to rule the region.
This list covers Korean armies from 400 BC until 108 BC.
Troop Notes
Bladesmen are armed with swords, axes or axe-spears (crude halberds). As in later times, shields were not common among
foot troops, so we assume that they were not used in these very early armies.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as noble cavalry or in chariots.
Ko Choson Korean
Territory Types: : Mountain, Hilly, Woodlands
Sub-commanders
Bases per Total
Troop name per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat BG bases
base
Core Troops
Heavy
Noble chariotry - Superior Undrilled Bow - 24 3-4 0-6
Chariots 4-
Noble Only from 4- 12
cavalry 200 BC 12
Cavalry 4-6 4-8 4-
Support cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8
Light Horse 4-6 4-8 12
Defensive
Heavy Foot - 1/2 8-
Spearmen and archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Spearmen 5 16-80
10
Medium Foot Bow - 1/2
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 6-8
Bladesmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Swordsmen 6 6-8 6-24
Optional Troops
Cavalry
Mercenary nomads Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 7 6-8 0-8
Light Horse
Scouts Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 3 6-8 0-8
Peasant levy Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 8-12 0-16
Allies
Manchurian Nomad Allies – See List Book 1: Early Eastern Steppe Horse Cultures
Ko Choson Korean
Allied Commander Inspired Commander/Field Commander/Troop Commander 80/50/35 1
Core Troops
Heavy
Noble chariotry - Superior Undrilled Bow - 24 3-4 0-3
Chariots
Only 0-6
Noble
from 200 Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6 4-6
cavalry
BC
Cavalry
Support cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 0-6
Light Horse
Defensive
Spearmen and Heavy Foot - 1/2 8-
Unprotected Average Undrilled Spearmen 5 8-30
archers 10
Medium Foot Bow - 1/2
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 6-8 0-
Bladesmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Swordsmen 6 6-8 6-8 12
Mar-23 Page 62
Early Eastern Steppe Horse Cultures

This list covers eastern steppe-based horse-riding nomads from the appearance of the Hu on the northern frontiers of China c.
400 BC until the re-establishment of the armoured horse archer as the dominant cavalry form c. 500 AD.
The Hu were supplanted as the main nomad enemy c. 200 BC by the Xiongnu, who remained the main northern
threat to the Chinese throughout the Han dynasties. They were later supplemented, and then superseded, by the various
Xianbei and Wuhuan tribes many of whom also founded states in China proper, which are covered by the Northern Dynasties
Chinese list.
Other tribes covered by this list include the Tuyuhun, Xi and Qidan, the last of which founded an imperial state in the
10th century which is covered by the Liao list, and the relatively poor tribes of Manchuria.
Troop Notes
The earliest Chinese cavalry were copied from their Hu neighbours and appear to have been almost exclusively
skirmishing horse archers. Later nomads developed heavier cavalry and adopted armour, with leather armour and wooden
shields recorded as being used by the Xiongnu in early Western Han times. This was no doubt itself replaced by metal armour
as this became available.
Around 300 AD many nomad cavalry adopted, at least as an ideal, cataphract equipment and changed from being
primarily horse archers to cavalry who primarily charged to contact with the lance. This change appears to have started with the
Xianbei tribes in Manchuria but quickly spread to others often through spoils of war – the Xiongnu are said to have obtained
their first horse armour when they captured 5,000 sets after a battle with the Xianbei. It also appears to coincide with adoption
of the stirrup. Although such armour appears widespread within China we assume that the tribes of the steppe were more
restricted and that a large number had lesser armour and retained horse archer tactics as they would be unsuited to lancer
behaviour. The date of the change to cataphract tactics is arbitrary and in reality would not have been a sudden event,
however, the nature of army lists is such that a date had to be set.
The Manchurian tribes were rather backward until after the end of this period. What armour they used was made of
leather or bone. We assume that, in the absence of adequate equipment to allow successful shock tactics, they remained
wholly horse archers.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Best equipped cavalry.
➢ An Early Eastern Steppe Horse Culture ally general’s contingent must conform to the Early Eastern Steppe Horse Culture
allies list below, but the troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
Early Eastern Steppe Horse Cultures

Territory Types: Manchurians – Woodlands, Steppes. Others - Steppes
Sub-commanders
Early Eastern Steppe Horse Culture
ally commander
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base per BG bases
Core Troops
Only before 200 BC Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6 0-8
Any from 200 BC to 299
AD
Only non-Manchurians
Best Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6
from 1 to 299 AD
equipped Only Manchurians from
cavalry Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6
300 AD 8-18
Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17
Only non-Manchurians Swordsmen
4-6
from 300 AD Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Superior Undrilled - 19
Armoured Swordsmen
Other cavalry Unprotected 10
Protected 11
Optional Troops
Medium Average 5
Foot archers Foot Poor 3 0-12
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
Camp followers or other levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
Foot Impact Foot

Medium 7
nomad Only Hu before 200 BC Protected Average Undrilled - Swordsmen 6-8 0-24
Foot
subjects Light Spear 5
Mar-23 Page 63
Allies
Chinese rebel allies (Only Xiongnu from 200 BC to 150 BC) – Warring States to Western Han Chinese list
Qiang and Di allies (Only Xiongnu or Xianbei from 200 BC to 214 AD)
Early Eastern Steppe Horse Cultures Allies

Points Total
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting per base bases
Combat BG
Only before 200 BC Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6 0-4
Any from 200 BC to 299
AD
Only non-Manchurians
Best Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6
from 1 to 299 AD
equipped Only Manchurians from
cavalry Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6 4-8
300 AD
Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17
Only non-Manchurians Swordsmen
4-6
from 300 AD Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Superior Undrilled - 19
Armoured Swordsmen
Other cavalry Unprotected 10
Protected 11
Mar-23 Page 64
Gallic and Galatian

This list covers Gallic armies from the beginning of the 4th century BC until 40 BC when Caesar’s conquest was complete. It
also covers Galatian armies from their invasion of Greece in 280BC until Galatia was incorporated as a Roman province.
Troop Notes
Gauls and Galatians mainly fought in close order, often with overlapping shields, and were disadvantaged in rough terrain, but
some Gallic hill tribes probably fought in looser order in their familiar terrain. Gaesati were a Gallic warrior society. They fought
naked, but with the usual Gallic shield and weapons. Large Gallic armies were usually coalitions of several tribes.
Contrary to the popular view of Gauls as “wild barbarians” their infantry usually advanced in good order in close formation, the
advance culminating in a fierce massed charge. The bravest warriors, such as the Gaesati and early Galatians, often fought
naked apart from their shields and weapons.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as chariots (only before 100 BC) or cavalry (only from 300 BC).
➢ In Gallic armies before 250 BC, excluding commanders’ bases, chariot bases must at least equal cavalry bases,
afterwards cavalry bases must at least equal chariot bases.
an ally commander of that origin. All Gaesati must be under the command of one Gallic ally commander who can
command only Gaesati. Other Gallic or Galatian ally commanders’ contingents must conform to the Gallic and Galatian
allies list below, but the troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ Soldurii cannot be used with Galatians, Gaesati or Germans.
➢ Galatians cannot use any troops described as Gallic.
➢ Gallic armies cannot use troops described as Galatian.
➢ Only one non-Gallic ally contingent can be used.
➢ Plashed wood edge can only be used in plantations or forest.
➢ All Galatian warriors must be of the same quality grade.
Gallic and Galatian

Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly. Gallic: Woodlands. Galatian: Mountains
80/40/3
0
Gallic or Galatian ally
commanders
Bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per BG
base
Core Troops
Only Gallic
0-24
before 100 BC
Light
Chariots Only - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
Chariots
Galatians 0-6 4-
before 62 BC 24
Only from 300 Armoured Light Spear 17 0-6

Cavalry Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6
BC Protected Swordsmen 13 4-24
Only Gallic Protected 7
Impact Foot
lowland tribes Heavy Foot Average Undrilled - 8-12
Unprotected Swordsmen 6
or Galatians
Warriors Only Protected 10 24-90

Impact Foot
Galatians Heavy Foot Superior Undrilled - 8-12
Unprotected Swordsmen 8
before 227 BC
Only Gallic hill Medium Impact Foot
tribes Foot Swordsmen
Upgrade Armoured 10
Only
Warriors to Impact Foot
Galatians Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 4-8 Up to 48
imitation Protected Swordsmen 8
from 48 BC
legionaries
Optional Troops
Impact Foot
Soldurii Only Gallic Heavy Foot Armoured Elite Undrilled - 15 4-6 0-6
Swordsmen
Gaesati Only Gallic Protected Impact Foot 10

Heavy Foot Superior Undrilled - 8-12 0-24
mercenaries before 200 BC Unprotected Swordsmen 8
0-8
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8
Wagon laager to protect flanks Field Fortifications 3
0-12
Plashed wood edge Field Fortifications 3
Mar-23 Page 65
Allies
Early German allies (Gallic only)
Ancient Spanish (Iberian) allies (Gallic only)
Special Campaigns
Only Galatian from 280 BC to 279 BC
Heavy Foot
Offensive
Greek foot Medium Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-8
Spearmen
Foot
Paionians
Medium 0-12
Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8
Foot
Only Galatian in 273 BC
Scythed 2, 3 or
Scythed chariots - Average Undrilled - - 15 0-4
Chariots 4
Only Galatian in 189 BC
Medium
Paphlagonians & Kappadokians Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-8
Foot
Gallic and Galatian Allies

Bases
Combat base
Only Gallic before
0-12
100 BC
Chariots Light Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 16 4-6
Only Galatians
0-4
before 62 BC 4-
Light Spear 12
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4 0-4
Swordsmen
Cavalry Only from 300 BC
Light Spear
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled - 13 4-6 4-12
Swordsmen
Only Gallic Protected 7
Impact Foot
lowland tribes or Heavy Foot Unprotecte Average Undrilled - 8-12
Swordsmen 6
Galatians d
Warriors Protected 10 12-36
Only Galatians Impact Foot
Heavy Foot Unprotecte Superior Undrilled - 8-12
before 227 BC Swordsmen 8
d
Only Gallic hill Impact Foot
tribes Swordsmen
Upgrade Armoured 10
Warriors to Only Galatians Impact Foot
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 4-8 Up to 24
imitation from 48 BC Protected Swordsmen 8
legionaries
Mar-23 Page 66
Hellenistic Greek
This list covers mainland Greek armies from 279 BC until Greece was incorporated as a Roman province in 146 BC.
Troop Notes
During this period some hoplites were replaced by thureophoroi and some by pikemen.
Thureophoroi carried a large oval shield (thureos), probably copied from the Galatians, and usually wore a helmet but no
body armour or greaves. They thus appear to have been a development of the Iphikratean hoplite. When fighting in the main
battle line, they used a long thrusting spear, with a sword as secondary weapon. Sometimes they operated as euzonoi,
substituting javelins for their spears and deploying as skirmishers. Some thureophoroi wore chain mail body armour and were
called thorakitai.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as light horse if Aitolian, otherwise as cavalry.
➢ Minima marked * apply only if C-in-C is of that origin.
➢ Whether Athens or Elis continued to field hoplites is uncertain. The minimum marked ** therefore only applies if the C-in-C
is Boiotian.
an ally general of that origin. An ally general’s contingent must conform to the Hellenistic Greek allies list below, but the
➢ Spartans from 227 BC to 222 BC cannot have more than 24 pikemen.
➢ Thureophoroi and thorakitai can be graded as Medium Foot or Heavy Foot, but all of both types must be graded the same.
Hellenistic Greek
Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly, Mountains
Greek ally commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-3
Bases Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Any Cavalry Armoured Average - 4-6
Undrilled Swordsmen 12
Armoured
4-8
cavalry Only Achaians Superior 18
Lancers,
from 208 or Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6
Athenians
Drilled
Light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
Undrilled
All Medium
Offensive
Thureophoroi Foot or all Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 8-80
spearmen
Heavy Foot
Only Boiotians Undrilled 7
before 270 BC, Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average - 6-8 **16-48
Athenians or Drilled Spearmen 8
Eleians
Hoplites
Only Spartans Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 10 6-8 *6-16
before 227 BC Spearmen
Only Boiotians
from 245 BC,
Achaians from
Pikemen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 *16-48
208 BC or
Spartans from
227 BC
Medium
*24-120
Javelinmen Only Aitolians Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8
Light Foot 0-12
Drilled
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8 0-8 6-
Undrilled
12
Optional Troops
Euzonoi Light Foot Protected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
All Medium
Offensive
Thorakitai Only Achaians Foot or all Armoured Average Drilled - 10 6-8 0-12
spearmen
Heavy Foot
Medium Offensive
Illyrians Only Achaians Protected Average Undrilled - 7 4-6 0-12
Foot Spearmen
Heavy Heavy
Bolt-shooters - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-2
Artillery Artillery
Mar-23 Page 67
Special Campaigns
Only Eleians in 207
Roman allies – Early and Mid-Republican Roman
Only Achaians in 146
Freed slaves Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled - Pikemen 4 8-12 0-24
Hellenistic Greek Allies

Ally commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 40/30 1
Bases
Combat base
Drilled Light Spear, 13

Any Cavalry Armoured Average - 4
Undrilled Swordsmen 12
Armoured
0-4
cavalry Only Achaians from Superior 18
Lancers,
208 BC or Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4
Athenians
Drilled
Light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0-4
Undrilled
All Medium
Offensive
spearmen
Heavy Foot
Only Boiotians Undrilled 7
before 270 BC, Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average - 6-8 **6-16
Athenians or Drilled Spearmen 8
Eleians
Hoplites
Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 10 6-8 0-6
Only Boiotians from
245 BC, Achaians
Pikemen from 208 BC or Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 *8-16
Spartans from 227
BC
Only Aitolians *8-24
Others 0-8
Drilled
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 4
Undrilled 0-4
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 4
Mar-23 Page 68
Alexandrian Macedonian
This list covers the armies of Alexander the Great and his father Philip, from 355 BC until the death of Alexander in 323 BC.
Troop Notes
The Macedonian phalanx was developed by Philip II of Macedon and used by his son Alexander to conquer the
Persian Empire. It continued to be dominant in Hellenistic warfare until the various successor kingdoms were conquered by the
Romans and Parthians.
The primary weapon of the phalanx was the sarissa, a pike approximately 5.5m (18 ft) in length, wielded with two
hands. A shield smaller than the traditional hoplite aspis was strapped to the left arm. In addition, a helmet, greaves and linen
body armour (thorax) were usually worn, and a short sword carried as secondary weaponry. After Philip’s reign, the pike
phalanx was usually deployed 16 ranks deep, though on occasion this was halved to 8 ranks or doubled to 32. Five ranks of
sarissa points projected beyond the front-rank man, forming an impenetrable barrier as long as the phalanx remained in
formation.
The Macedonian Companion cavalry were also innovative. Unlike earlier Greek cavalry these were shock troops,
armed with the xyston, a 3.6m (12 ft) lance. They were used to deliver a decisive charge against a weak point in the enemy
line.
We allow for the various theories regarding the equipment of the Hypaspists. We also allow for the theory that most
Greek mercenaries used by Alexander were Iphikratean hoplites.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Agema or Companions.
➢ If the C-in-C is Alexander he must be an Inspired Commander.
➢ The minimum marked * applies if Philip or Alexander is present.
➢ Hypaspists must all be classified the same.
➢ Options only permitted from 328 BC or later cannot be used with more than 6 bases of Greek mercenary or allied
traditional hoplites.
Alexandrian Macedonian
80/40/
30
Sub-commanders
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Lancers
Agema Cavalry Armoured Elite Drilled - 21 4 0-4
Swordsmen
Lancers
Other Companion cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 18 4-6 4-12 4-
Swordsmen
16
Thessalian or Greek heavy Superior Light spear 18
cavalry Average Swordsmen 13
Thracian, Paionian or eastern
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelin Light Spear 7 4-6 4-6
light horse
Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8
Only before spearmen
Hypaspists 328 BC Offensive *6-12
Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8
spearmen
Any date Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Pikemen 9 8-12
Foot 12-
Any date Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 0-36
companions 36
Agrianian javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Superior Undrilled Javelin Light Spear 7 6-8
6-8
Illyrian or Thracian javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelin Light Spear 5 6-8
Optional Troops
Lancers
Prodromoi Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled - 8 4 0-4
Swordsmen
Cretan archers Light Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 4-6 0-6
Macedonian archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 4-6 0-6 0-8
Rhodian slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Sling - 4 4-6 0-6
Skythian Light Horse
horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
archers Cavalry
Sogdian Only from 326
horse Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 0-6
BC
archers
Bactrian
horse Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Light Spear 9 4-6
archers
Mar-23 Page 69
Greek mercenary or allied Average Drilled Offensive 8

Heavy Foot Protected - 6-8
traditional hoplites Average Undrilled Spearmen 7 0-36
Greek mercenary Iphikratean All Medium Foot Offensive
hoplites or all Heavy Foot Spearmen
Javelin Light Spear 6 6-8
Offensive
- 7 6-8
spearmen
Thracian peltasts Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Light Spear 0-18
- 6 6-8
Swordsmen
Heavy
- 7 6-8
weapon
Elephants Elephants - Average Undrilled - - 25 2 0-4
Only from 326
Average 6
Indian foot BC Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 6-8 0-12
Poor 4
Bolt-shooters or stone- Heavy
Heavy artillery - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-2
throwers Artillery
Special Campaigns
Alexanders pursuit of Darius III in 330 BC
Light Spear
Regrade hypaspists to: Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 10 6-8 All
Swordsmen
Light Spear
Regrade foot companions to: Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6-8 All
Swordsmen
May only use CORE troops but may also include Macedonian archers
Alexandrian Macedonian Allies

Bases
Combat base
Lancers
Other Companion cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 18 4-6 4-8
Swordsmen
Superior 18 4-8
Thessalian or Greek heavy Light spear
Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4 0-4
Thracian, Paionian or
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelin Light Spear 7 4 0-4
eastern light horse
Offensive
Only Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8
spearmen
before 328
Hypaspists Offensive 0-8
BC Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 6-8
spearmen
Any date Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Pikemen 9 8
Foot companions Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 8-24
Mar-23 Page 70
Sarmatian
This list covers the armies of the Sarmatian tribes from the mid-4th century BC until late 4th century AD. At the greatest extent of
their territory they ruled from the Volga to the Danube.
Troop Notes
The main strength of Sarmatian armies was their horsemen. Iazygian and Siracae cavalry were mostly lancers by this
period, carrying but not making much military use of bows. Scale armour for man and horse was popular, sometimes metal,
mainly of horn or lacquered leather. Many Siracae lancers were unarmoured.
The Rhoxolani were slow to adopt the lance, most of their cavalry retaining an older style of equipment comprising
bow, light spear, wicker shield and leather armour until the 1st century AD.
Some Sarmatian women fought as warriors, wearing the same costume as the men, but with long braided hair.
Sarmatian armies could also include a fair number of subject foot. The Siracae, who early on settled to rule from hill forts a
subject population of agricultural peasants, fielded 20,000 horse and 22,000 foot in 310 BC.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as lancers.
➢ An army must either be of the Siracae, the Iazyges or the Rhoxolani. Only options belonging to one tribe can be used.
➢ Minima marked * apply if any non-allied foot are used.
➢ Only one ally contingent can be used.
Sarmatian
Territory Types: Steppes, Agricultural
80/40/3
0
Sub-commanders
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Armoured Lancers 17
Only Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6 4-36
Siracae or Protected Swordsmen 13 16-
Lancers Iazyges or
Armoured 12 64
Rhoxolani Lancers
from 1AD Cavalry Average Undrilled - 4-6 12-48
Rhoxolani Lancers
lancers Swordsmen
Other
Light Spear
Rhoxolani Only Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled Bow* 11 4-6
Swordsmen
Cavalry Rhoxolani
Upgrade other before 1AD 16-60
Up to
Rhoxolani Light Spear,
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow* 15 1/2 of
cavalry as Swordsmen
bases
veterans
Optional Troops
Scouts Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 0-8
*12-
Foot archers Medium
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 *12-24 24
Foot
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 *6-24 *6-
Foot javelinmen Foot
24
Average 4
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Undrilled Sling - 6 0-6
Poor 2
Poor quality foot Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
Allies
Skythian allies (only before 50A D) – Kimmerian, Skythian and Saka list
Alan allies
Limigantes subject allies (only from 250 AD) – see List Book 2: Later German (Western) list
Quadi allies (only from 250 AD) – see List Book 2: Later German (Eastern) list
Taifali allies (only from 250 AD) – see List Book 2: Later German (Eastern) list
Mar-23 Page 71
Sarmatian Allies
Bases
base
Armoured Lancers 17
Only Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6 0-8
Siracae or Protected Swordsmen 13
Lancers Iazyges or 8-18
Rhoxolani Armoured Lancers 12
from 1AD Cavalry Average Undrilled - 4-6 6-18
Rhoxolani Lancers,
lancers Swordsmen
Other
Only Light Spear
Rhoxolani Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled Bow* 11 4-6
Rhoxolani Swordsmen
Cavalry
before
Upgrade other 8-24
1AD Up to
Rhoxolani Light Spear
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow* 15 1/2 of
cavalry as Swordsmen
bases
veterans
Mar-23 Page 72
Warring States to Western Han Chinese

This list covers Chinese armies of the last phase of the Warring States from the introduction of massed crossbow use c. 350
BC until the completion of unification under Qin Shi Huang (Qin Shihuangdi) (255–210 BC) in 221; then the subsequent Qin
Dynasty (221–206 BC) and the Western Han (207 BC – 23 AD), including the reign of the usurper Wang Mang (9–23 AD).
Troop Notes
Qin and contemporary forces are illustrated by the figures of the terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of Qin Shi Huang at
Lintong near Xian. Forces continued to include four horse chariots, but cavalry became increasingly important. Chariots are not
always mentioned as part of armies in the period of civil wars following the death of the first emperor and probably ceased to be
used sometime during the 2nd century BC. Dagger-axes (ge) were increasingly fitted with pi spearheads, and began to be
replaced with iron halberds (ji) in the heads of which both components were combined. Long and short spears (mao and yan)
and bronze straight swords (qian) continued in a subordinate role. Weapons were often mixed together for mutual support
although separate specialist bodies were also used at times. Crossbows (nu) became the dominant missile weapon of Chinese
infantry, and some cavalry adopted them also. Large stand-mounted crossbows appear in this period.
How Chinese cavalry were equipped is difficult to determine with any precision. Towards the end of the 4th century the Zhao
state in northern China adopted Hu costume and increased the cavalry component of its army. This is traditionally stated to
have been in 307 BC. Some cavalry seem to have used composite bows and imitated the light cavalry tactics of the Xiongnu,
who became the principal external foe of the Chinese Imperial dynasties. Armour, crossbows, ji halberds and swords are also
mentioned, with dismounted cavalry using swords and halberds. There are a number of depictions and models of cavalry
armed only with ji which we regard as having equivalent effect on horseback to Light Spear, Swordsmen capabilities. One
account has mounted crossbowmen dismounting to fight with swords and halberds which indicates that some troops were
double armed. In line with Field of Glory grading policy we assume their primary role was that of shooters and so classify them
as Crossbow, Swordsmen when mounted.
"Taigong's Six Secret teachings", from the later Warring States period, states: "When infantry engage in battle with chariots and
cavalry, they must rely on hills and mounds, ravines and defiles." It makes the following recommendation for when such terrain
is not available: "Order our officers and troops to set up the chevaux-de-frise and wooden caltrops, arraying the oxen and
horses by units of five in their midst, and have them establish a four-sided martial assault formation. When you see the enemy's
chariots and cavalry are about to advance, our men should evenly spread out the caltrops and dig ditches around the rear,
making them five feet deep and wide." On this basis we feel that Medium Foot is undoubtedly the correct classification for
Chinese infantry of this period, even though it may require rebasing of existing armies. We treat the above defences as
Portable Defences.
Qin infantry are described in the Warring States period as “savage soldiers ... who will rush against the enemy helmetless and
barefoot brandishing their halberds” and who “snatch off all protective clothes and race bareheaded after the foe”. They are
described as more fierce than soldiers of the eastern states, however, it was possible to use their eagerness for combat against
them. On this basis we allow the better Qin infantry to be regraded as Undrilled and some to be Impact Foot to represent this,
but they can no longer be Armoured.
Wei was conquered by Qin in 225 BC, Zhao and Yan in 222 BC. Zhongshan was destroyed by Zhao in 296 BC Therefore
troops available only to those states cannot be used after those dates.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as chariots or, from 307 BC, cavalry.
➢ A Chinese ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Warring States to Western Han Chinese allies list below, but
➢ The army must include at least as many Medium Foot crossbowmen bases as “close combat foot” bases.
➢ Medium Foot “close combat foot” and crossbowmen must all be in separately deployed BGs or all in mixed BGs. All
bases in a BG must be of the same armour type.
➢ Drilled Cavalry can always dismount as Average, Armoured, Protected or Unprotected (as mounted type), Drilled, Medium
Foot – Pole Arms.
➢ If wuqiujiu armed with iron clubs are used, only the minimum number of chariots can be used.
Warring States to Western Han Chinese

Territory Types: Western Han – Agricultural, Developed, Hilly, Tropical. Others - Agricultural, Developed, Hilly.
Sub-commanders
Only before 221
Chinese ally
BC or from 209 Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-3
commanders
to 202 BC
Bases per Total
Combat base
Mar-23 Page 73
Core Troops
Only before Heavy
- Superior Drilled Crossbow - 23 3-4 4-8
209 BC Chariots
Chariots, che Only from
Heavy
209 to 100 - Average Drilled Crossbow - 17 4-6 0-8
Chariots
BC
Armoured 14
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Crossbow Swordsmen 11 4-6 Before
209 BC
Unprotected 10 0-6,
Cavalry
Armoured 13 From
Light Spear 209 BC
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 4-6 4-12
Swordsmen
Unprotected 9
Separately deployed close Medium Armoured 10

Average Drilled - Pole Arms 6-8
combat foot, duanbing Foot Protected 8
12-32
Armoured 10
- Pole Arms 1/2
Mixed BGs of close combat foot Medium Protected 8
Average Drilled 6-8
and crossbowmen Foot Armoured 9
Crossbow - 1/2
Protected 7 12-32
Separately deployed Medium
Protected Average Drilled Crossbow - 7 6-8
crossbowmen, nu Foot
Optional Troops
Only Zhao or
(from 200 Light 0-8
Horse archers BC) Han Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 8 4-6
Horse
Others 0-6
Conscript close combat foot, Medium Drilled 6

Protected Poor - Pole Arms 8-10 0-10
duanbing Foot Undrilled 5
Drilled 6
- Pole Arms 1/2
Mixed BGs of conscript close Medium Undrilled 5 8-
Protected Poor
combat foot and crossbowmen Foot Drilled 5 10
Crossbow - 1/2
Undrilled 4 0-10
Medium Drilled 5
Conscript crossbowmen, nu Protected Poor Crossbow - 8-10
Foot Undrilled 4
Light
Skirmishing crossbowmen, nu Unprotected Average Drilled Crossbow - 5 6-8 0-12
Foot
Medium Armoured Offensive 10
Spearmen with long spears, mao Average Drilled - 6-8 0-8
Foot Protected Spearmen 8
Medium Armoured Light Spear 9

Spearmen with short spears, yan Average Drilled - 6-8 0-8
Foot Protected Swordsmen 7
Optional Troops (continued)
Wuqiujiu
Only Medium Heavy
armed with Armoured Superior Drilled - 14 4-6 0-6
Zhongshan Foot Weapon
iron clubs
Convicts, prisoners of war Mob - Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
Light Light
Large stand-mounted crossbows - Average Drilled - 17 2 0-4
Artillery Artillery
Only before Medium Impact Foot
Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-16
200 BC Foot Swordsmen
Only Qin,
Light
Wei or Yan Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
Horse
from 300 BC
Tribal allies Protected 11
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4-6
Unprotected 10 0-8
Only Han
Light
from 200 BC Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
Horse
Medium Light Spear
Foot Swordsmen
Caltrops, spikes, light carts etc.
to cover half the bases of any Portable Defences 3 Any
non-tribal non-LF infantry BG
Carts, wagons and similar used
Field Fortifications 3 0-24
as field defences
Special Campaigns
Only Qin before 221 BC
Separately Protected 7
Replace all
deployed
Average Medium Impact Foot
close combat Average Undrilled - 6-8
quality Medium Foot Unprotected Swordsmen 6
foot,
Foot close
duanbing
combat foot All/0
Separately Protected 6
and
deployed Medium
crossbowmen Average Undrilled Crossbow - 6-8
crossbowme Foot Unprotected 5
with
n, nu
Only Western Han campaigning in the steppe from 200BC
No infantry can be fielded and three times the normal minima and maxima of Cavalry and twice the normal maxima of Horse archers and Tribal allies Cavalry can be
fielded.
Mar-23 Page 74
Warring States to Western Han Chinese Allies

Ally commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-3
Bases per Total
Combat base
Only before 209 Heavy Superior 23 3-4

- Drilled Crossbow -
Chariots, BC Chariots Average 17 4 0-4
che
Only from 209 to Heavy
- Average Drilled Crossbow - 17 4
100 BC Chariots
Armoured 14
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled Crossbow Swordsmen 11 4-6 Before
209 BC
Unprotected 10 0-4,
Cavalry
Armoured 13 From
209 BC
Light Spear 0-6
Cavalry Protected Average Drilled - 10 4-6
Swordsmen
Unprotected 9
Separately deployed close Medium Armoured 10

Average Drilled - Pole Arms 6-8
combat foot, duanbing Foot Protected 8
6-16
Armoured 10
- Pole Arms 1/2
Mixed BGs of close combat foot Medium Protected 8
Average Drilled 6-8
and crossbowmen Foot Armoured 9
Crossbow - 1/2
Protected 7 6-16
Separately deployed Medium
Protected Average Drilled Crossbow - 7 6-8
crossbowmen, nu Foot
Mar-23 Page 75
Bosporan
This list covers the Bosporan kingdom on the north coast of the Black Sea from 348 BC to 375 AD: From Parysadas I until the
kingdom fell to the Huns. From 108 BC to 63 BC the Bosporan kingdom was under the rule of viceroys of Mithridates VI of
Pontus. After his death his successors continued to rule there until circa 10 AD. Thereafter it was a Roman client kingdom.
Troop Notes
The cutting edge of Bosporan armies were the Sarmatian style lancers which were supported by local horse archers and the
militias of the Greek cities. With the increasing Roman influence from the 1st century BC these latter became more and more
Romanised.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as lancers.
➢ The minima marked * apply only if any city militia are used.
➢ Roman allies can omit otherwise compulsory legionaries or auxiliaries, but not both.
Bosporan
Territory Types: Agricultural, Steppes
Bases per
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting BG
Combat base
Core Troops
Before 108 Armoured Lancers 17

Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6 4-12
BC Protected Swordsmen 13
Lancers
Armoured Lancers 12
Cavalry Average Undrilled - 4-6 12-24
From 108
Upgrade BC Armoured 17
Lancers
lancers as Cavalry Superior Undrilled - Up to 2/3 bases
veterans
Light
Before 108 4-12
Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
BC
Cavalry 8-24
Horse archers
Light
From 108 0-12
Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
BC
Cavalry 0-12
Optional Troops
Medium Protected Light Spear 7

Any date Average Drilled - 6-8
Foot Armoured Swordsmen 9
Only from Heavy Protected Impact Foot 8

City militia Average Drilled - 4-8 *6-12
84 BC Foot Armoured Swordsmen 10
Only from Heavy Protected Light Spear 7

Average Drilled - 4-8
42 AD Foot Armoured Swordsmen 9
Light
Foot
Sindi, Any date
Medium
Maiotian or Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 6-8 *6-24 *6-
Foot
other foot 24
archers Only before Medium Light Spear 5 1/2
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow 6-8
300 BC Foot - 5 1/2
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 *6-24
Sindi, Maiotian or other Foot *6-
6-8
javelinmen Light 24
Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 0-8
Foot
Greek Only before Heavy Offensive
mercenaries 11 AD Foot Spearmen
Optional Troops (Continued)
Javelins Light Spear
Only before Medium
Protected Average Undrilled Heavy 6 6-8
11 AD Foot -
Thracian weapon
mercenaries Only before Light Spear
-
250 BC Medium Swordsmen 0-12
Protected Average Undrilled 7 6-8
Only before Foot Offensive
-
300 BC Spearmen
Only from
Celtic Heavy Impact Foot
108 BC to Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
mercenaries Foot Swordsmen
10 AD
Mar-23 Page 76
Heavy Heavy
20
Only from Artillery Artillery
Bolt-shooters - Average Drilled - 2 0-2
42 AD Light Light
17
Artillery Artillery
Ditch and Only from
Field Fortifications 3 0-24
bank 108 BC
Allies
Sarmatian allies
Skythian allies (Only before 11 AD) – Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list
Roman allies (Only from 42 AD) – see List Book 2: Principate Roman or Dominate Roman list
Bosporan Allies
Points per Bases per
Combat
Before Armoured 17
Lancers
108 Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6 0-6
BC
Armoured Lancers 12
Lancers Cavalry Average Undrilled - 4-6 0-8
From Protected Swordsmen 9
108 0-8
BC Armoured Lancers 17
Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 406 0-6
Before Light
0-8
108 Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
Horse BC Cavalry 4-12
archers From Light
0-6
108 Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
BC Cavalry 0-6
Mar-23 Page 77
Early and Mid-Republican Roman

This list covers the armies of the Roman Republic from 340 BC to 105 BC - from when the Roman legion no longer operated as a
hoplite phalanx, being instead divided into more manoeuvrable sub-units called maniples, each of 120 (or 60) men.
Troop Notes
Rome’s military success was based on her heavy infantry, the legions. According to Polybios, legions of this period were
theoretically 4,200 strong, consisting of 1,200 hastati, 1,200 principes, 600 triarii and 1,200 lightly equipped velites. Each legion
also had 300 cavalry. Allied alae, which were usually present in equal numbers to legions, were similarly organised but had three
times as many cavalry. A legion would form up in three lines, the hastati in front, principes in the second line and triarii in the third.
Each “line” consisted of maniples of 120 men (or 60 for the triarii), separated by intervals large enough for a maniple of the line
behind to fill. This is the famous chequerboard formation, which gave the legion much greater flexibility in the advance than a solid
phalanx as used by the Carthaginians and the Hellenistic kingdoms. It is uncertain how this formation worked in practice on contact
with the enemy, as the gaps would appear to be a liability. However, as a battle group of 4 bases would represent 8 maniples at the
normal troop representation scale, we do not need to worry about this level of detail. Instead, each battle group of hastati and
principes is assumed to represent a number of maniples of both types in chequerboard formation.
Roman legionaries of this period carried a large oval shield (scutum). The semi-cylindrical shield of the 1st and early 2nd century
AD had not yet come into use, nor had the lorica segmentata. Instead, those able to afford it wore chain mail, while the poorer men
were issued a small square bronze breastplate by the state. The hastati and principes fought with a heavy throwing spear (pilum)
and short sword (gladius). The triarii still carried the old thrusting spear (hasta). The hastati were drawn from the youngest and
fittest men, the principes were experienced men in their prime, and the triarii were the veterans – less active but steady, and the
last hope if anything went wrong.

➢ Hastati, principes and triarii must be organised as legions, each of which must have 2 BGs of 4 “Hastati & Principes”, 1 BG of
2 “Triarii”, and 1 BG of 4 “Leves or Velites”. However, these may be combined as follows:
o Any 2 identical battlegroups of “Hastati & Principes” may be combined to form a single battlegroup of 8 bases.
o Any 2 identical battlegroups of “Triarii”, may be combined to form a single battlegroup of 4 bases.
o “Leves or Velites” may be reorganised into battlegroups of 4, 6 or 8.
➢ If part of a legion is upgraded, the whole legion must be upgraded.
➢ If part of a legion is downgraded, the whole legion including leves/velites must be downgraded.
➢ If the Hastati & Principes legion are Armoured its Triarii must also be Armoured.
➢ Leves or Velites cannot be protected before 280 BC.
➢ Aitolian and Pergamene allies can be used together, otherwise only one nationality of allies can be used.
➢ Before 280 BC the army, including allies, cannot field more than a total of 12 bases of cavalry.
Early and Mid-Republican Roman

Sub-commanders
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - 4-6 4-8
Legionaries:
Armoured Impact Foot 10
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 4 or 8
Hastati & Principes 16-48
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - Skilled 4 or 8
Average Offensive 10 1 per 4 Hastati
Triarii Heavy Foot Armoured Drilled - 2-4
Superior Spearmen 14 & Principes
Unprotected 5 1 per 2 Hastati

Leves or Velites Light Foot Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4-8
Protected 6 & Principes
Upgrade veteran legionaries to:

Armoured Impact Foot 15 Before 280
Hastati & Principes Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - Skilled 4 or 8 BC 0-16, from
Protected Swordsmen 12 280 BC 0-48
Superior Offensive 14 1 per 4 Hastati
Elite Spearmen 16 & Principes

Leves or Velites Light Foot Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4-8
Mar-23 Page 78
Downgrade unenthusiastic allies, raw, slave or penal legionaries to:

Protected Impact Foot 6
Hastati & Principes Heavy Foot Poor Drilled - 4 or 8 0-16
Protected Offensive 6 1 per 4 Hastati
Triarii Heavy Foot Poor Drilled - 2-4
Armoured Spearmen 8 & Principes

Leves or Velites Light Foot Poor Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4-8
Optional Troops
Italian allied infantry Medium Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8 0-12
Poor Swordsmen 5
Rorarii Only Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 5 4-8 0-8
before Defensive
Accensi 280 BC Heavy Foot Protected poor Undrilled - 4 6-8 0-8
Spearmen
Italian allied pedites Protected Light Spear 10
Medium Foot Superior Drilled - 4-6 0-6
extraordinarii Armoured Swordsmen 13
Cretan archers Light Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 4-6
Trallian or Syracusan 0-6
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 4-6
slingers
Spanish scutarii Medium Foot Protected 4-6 0-6 0-12
Impact Foot
Heavy or Average Undrilled - 7
Gallic foot Protected Swordsmen 4-6 0-6
Medium Foot
Offensive
Illyrian foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 4-6 0-6
Spearmen
Numidian or Illyrian cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0-4
Ligurian foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 4-6 0-6
Medium Foot Offensive
Thureophoroi Only Protected Average Drilled - 8 4-6 0-6
from Heavy Foot Spearmen
201BC
Average 25
Elephants Elephants - Undrilled - - 2 0-2
Poor 20
Fortified camp 24 1
Allies
Campanian allies (from 343 BC)
Samnite allies (Only in 340 BC) – Italian Hill tribes and Samnite League
Aitolian allies (from 198 BC)
Numidian or Moorish allies (from 212 BC)
Attalid Pergamene allies (from 200 BC)
Ancient Spanish allies (from 218 BC)
Early and Mid-Republican Roman Allies

Troop name per per Total bases
Cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - 4-6 0-4
Legionaries:
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 4 or 8
Hastati & Principes 8-24
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - Skilled 4 or 8
Average Offensive 10 1 per 4 Hastati &
Superior Spearmen 14 Principes
Unprotecte
5 1 per 2 Hastati &
Leves or Velites Light Foot d Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 4-8
Principes
Protected 6
(Only from 280 BC) Upgrade veteran legionaries to:
Hastati & Principes Heavy Foot Superior Drilled - Skilled 4 or 8 0-24
Superior Offensive 14 1 per 4 Hastati &
Elite Spearmen 16 Principes
Unprotecte
5
d
1 per 2 Hastati &
Leves or Velites Light Foot Protected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 6 4-8
Principes
Protected 3
Mar-23 Page 79
Early Armenian
The mountains of Armenia allowed the kingdom to maintain its independence from the great empires throughout this period.
This list covers Armenian armies from the declaration of independence by Ervand (Orontes) II of the House of Ervand in 331
BC until the overthrow of Trdat II by the Sassanids in 252 AD.
Troop Notes
Whilst the majority of Armenian armies of the period were based around Parthian style cataphracts and horse archers, during
the reign of Tigran the Great his army included troops from the Seleucid territories he had taken over and also imitation
legionaries. Despite these his empire was short lived as he succumbed to Rome in short order.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cataphracts.
➢ An inspired commander cannot be used in Tigran the Great’s reign.
➢ At least half the Horse archer bases fielded must be Cavalry.
Early Armenian
Territory Types: Agricultural, Mountains
Sub-commanders
Combat
Core Troops
Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Cataphracts Superior Undrilled - 19 4-6 4-18
Armoured Swordsmen
Light Horse 8-18
Horse archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 16-36
Cavalry 8-20
Javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-12 6-72
Archers 8-36
Optional Troops
Servants Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
Special Campaigns
Tigran the Great from 83 BC to 69 BC
Average 6
Pikemen Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - Pikemen 8-12 0-12
Poor 4
Average Offensive 8
City militia Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8 0-8
Poor Spearmen 6
Average Impact Foot 8
Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 4-8
Poor Swordsmen 6
Imitation Legionaries
0-12
Average Impact Foot 10
Heavy Foot Armoured Drilled - 4-8
Poor Swordsmen 8
Allies
Arab allies – Early Arab
Parthian allies
Khosrov I’s anti-Sassanid coalition from 226 AD to 228 AD
Alan allies
Parthian allies
Principate Roman allies – see List Book 2
Early Armenian Allies

Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Light Horse
Horse archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 4-16
or Cavalry
Javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-12 0-24
Archers 0-16
Mar-23 Page 80
Early Successor
This list covers the armies of the Successors of Alexander immediately following his death in 323 BC. It covers the early wars
for supremacy amongst the Successors dominated by his generals such as Antigonos Monophthalmos.
The armies of Pyrrhos of Epeiros from 280 BC, the Antigonid kingdom of Macedon from circa 260 BC, the Seleucid kingdom,
and the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, are covered by separate lists.
Antigonos Monophthalmos (“One-Eye”) was based in Asia Minor. He was defeated and killed in 301 BC, but his grandson,
Antigonos Gonatas (“Knock-Knees”), made himself King of Macedon in 277 BC. Lysimachos was based in Thrace. He was
defeated and killed in 281 BC.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as xystophoroi or phalangites.
➢ The minima marked * do not apply if the C-in-C is Antigonos Gonatas and he has Galatian allies.
➢ An Early Successor ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Early Successor allies list below, but the troops in
the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
Early Successor
Sub-commanders
Early successor
allied commander
Troop Type Capabilities Points Base
Troop name Close per s per Total bases
Combat
Core Troops
Superior Lancers, 18
Xystophoroi Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 *4-12
Thracian, Persian or other Superior Light spear, 17 4-

Cavalry Armoured Undrilled - 4-6
irregular heavy cavalry Average Swordsmen 12 12
0-6
Greek or Thessalian heavy Superior Light spear, 18
Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6
Elite phalangites Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Pikemen 9 8-12 0-16 *24
Other phalangites Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 *12-60 -72
Greek
mercenary Only before
Heavy Foot Lysimachos
Iphikratean 279BC
Offensive 0-8,
hoplites Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8
Spearmen Others
Greek
Only from Medium 12-24
mercenary
279BC Foot
thureophoroi
Upgrade Medium
Only Macedon Foot Offensive
thureophoroi Armoured Average Drilled - 10 6-8 0-8
from 279 BC Spearmen
to thorakitai Heavy Foot
Optional Troops
Drilled or
Undrilled
Drilled or
Javelinmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
Undrilled
Drilled or 0-
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Undrilled 12
Drilled or
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Sling - 4 6-8 0-12
Undrilled
Mede, Only
Parthian or Antigonos
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4 0-4
similar horse Monophthalm
archers os
Only Undrilled 7
Greek Offensive
Lysimachos or Heavy Foot Protected Average - 6-8 0-16
hoplites Drilled Spearmen 8
Macedon
Thracians, Kappadokians,
Medium
Lycians, Mysians, Pamphylians Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8
Foot
or similar
Lysimachos
Only before Medium Light Spear
Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-8 12-24,
300 Foot Swordsmen
Others
Heavy
Thracians 0-8
Medium weapon
Any date Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
Foot Offensive
Spearmen
Cretans Light Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 6-8 0-8
Mar-23 Page 81
Only from 279 Superior Impact Foot 10

Galatians Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
BC Average Swordsmen 7
Superior 35
Lysimachos 0-
Elephants Elephants - Average Undrilled - - 25 2
2, Others 0-4
Poor 20
Heavy Heavy
Bolt-shooters or stone-throwers - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-2
artillery Artillery
Allies
Galatian mercenary allies (Only Macedon from 277 BC under Antigonos Gonatas) – Gallic and Galatian list
Early Successor Allies

Combat
Xystophoroi Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 4-8
Thracian, Persian or other irregular Superior Light spear 17

Cavalry Armoured Undrilled - 4 4-8
heavy cavalry Average Swordsmen 12
0-4
Superior Light spear 18
Greek or Thessalian heavy cavalry Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4
Other phalangites Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 8-32
Greek mercenary
Iphikratean hoplites Heavy Foot
(before 279 BC) Any but Offensive
Greek mercenary Lysimachos Spearmen
Medium
thureophoroi (from
Foot
279 BC)
Medium
Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8
Foot
Only Heavy
Thracians 6-12
Lysimachos Medium weapon
Foot Offensive
Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 82
Seleucid
This list covers Seleucid armies from 320 BC until 63 BC when the Romans deposed the last Seleucid princes and made the
remnants of the kingdom into a Roman province.
Troop Notes
Seleucid cavalry was initially equipped in the same manner as all other Hellenistic xystophoroi. Following Antiochos III’s ten
year eastern expedition it appears that the majority of the cavalry was equipped with cataphract equipment, presumably copied
from those seen when campaigning in Bactria, etc. However, descriptions of the Companion cavalry at the Battle of Magnesia
indicate that these had adopted somewhat less horse armour than the rest of the cavalry and so do not deserve the Cataphract
classification.
By the time of Antiochos IV’s great military parade at Daphnae a proportion of the Argyraspides appear to have adopted
“Roman” style equipment, and in the later wars against the Jews troops armoured with mail are mentioned.
By the end of the 2nd century BC the Seleucid army was in decline. Loss of territory following the Battle of Magnesia and a
serious of civil wars late in the century affected the army badly and it came to rely more and more on mercenary troops rather
than the military settlers which the kingdom’s military strength had initially relied upon.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Companions or Agema.
➢ Only one battlegroup of Elite Companions may be used.
➢ Only one ally contingent can be used.
➢ Aitolians cannot be used with post-166 BC options.
➢ Elymaian, Parthian or Jewish allies cannot be used with pre-166 BC options.
➢ A Seleucid ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Seleucid allies list below, but the troops in the contingent are
➢ Minimum marked * only applies from 124 BC.
Seleucid
80/40/3
0
Sub-commanders
Seleucid ally-commander
(only from 124BC)
Type Quality Training Armour Shooting base BG
Combat
Core Troops
Only Elite 21
Lancers,
Companions before 124 Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 2-4 0-4
Superior Swordsmen 18
BC
Only Superior 18
Lancers,
before 205 Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6
Agema or Average Swordsmen 13
BC
military settler 4-16 6-16
cavalry Only from Heavily Superior Lancers, 21
Cataphracts Drilled - 4-6
205 BC Armoured Average Swordsmen 16
Only Superior 17
Persian or Light Spear
before 225 Cavalry Armoured Undrilled - 4-6 0-8
similar cavalry Average Swordsmen 12
BC
Phalanx Only from 16-32
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled - Pikemen 4 8-12 0-24
124 BC
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 6-16 12-18
Optional Troops
Only
before 166 Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Pikemen 9 8-12 0-16
BC
Argyraspides
Only from Protected Pikemen 9 8 0-8
Heavy Foot Superior Drilled -
166 BC to Impact Foot
125 BC Armoured 14 4-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Only from Superior 35 From 301 BC
Elephants 301 BC to Elephants - Undrilled - 2
Average 25 to 279 BC 0-6,
124 BC
Mar-23 Page 83
from 278 BC
Poor 20
to 124 BC 0-4
Thureophoroi Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8
Heavy Foot Spearmen
0-8
Thorakitai Armoured Average Drilled - 10 6-8
Heavy Foot Spearmen
Light Horse
Skythian cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4
Cavalry 0-4
Other horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4
Cretan archers Light Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 4-6 0-6
Undrilled
or Drilled
Hillmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8
Heavy 0-8
Thracians Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
Weapon
Average Drilled or 7
Tarantine or other light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Javelins Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Poor Undrilled 5
Scythed
Scythed chariots - Average Undrilled - - 15 2-4 0-4
Chariots
Galatian Armoured Light Spear 17

Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4 0-4
cavalry Protected Swordsmen 13
Only from
225 BC Superior 10
Impact Foot
Galatian foot Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
Average Swordsmen 7
Camelry or
Arab camelry Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4 0-4
Light Camelry
All Medium Average 8
Civic militia Only from Offensive
Foot or all Protected Drilled - 6-8 *8-24
thureophoroi 166 BC Poor Spearmen 6
Heavy Foot
Only from
Massed levies Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
220 BC
Heavy
Bolt-shooters Heavy Artillery - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-2
Artillery
Allies
Aitolian allies (from 191BC to 189 BC)
Later Jewish allies (from 145 BC)
Parthian (rebel) allies (from 140 BC)
Seleucid Allies
Type Quality Training Armour Shooting Close Combat base BG
Only before Superior Lancers, 18
Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6
Agema or 205 BC Average Swordsmen 13
military settler 4-8
cavalry Only from Heavily Superior Lancers, 21
Cataphracts Drilled - 4-6 4-8
205 BC Armoured Average Swordsmen 16
Persian or Only before Superior Light Spear 17

similar cavalry 225 BC Average Swordsmen 12
Phalanx
Only from 8-18
All Medium Average 8
Civic militia 124 BC Offensive
Foot or all Protected Drilled - 6-8 0-16
thureophoroi Poor Spearmen 6
Heavy Foot
Archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8 0-8
Mar-23 Page 84
Ptolemaic
This list covers Ptolemaic armies from 320 BC until the annexation of the kingdom by Rome in 30 BC after the defeat and death
of Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra.
Troop Notes
To face the invasion of Egypt in 217 BC the unprecedented step of recruiting native Egyptians into the phalanx was taken.
Before this date Egyptians had been excluded from the military, however, such was the threat from Antiochos III that this step
was taken. The Egyptian phalanx performed well at the Battle of Raphia but the lack of reward for this service soon led to a
serious native revolt that took decades to finally supress.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as xystophoroi.
Ptolemaic
Sub-commanders
Total
Combat base BG
Core Troops
Guard
Before 55 BC Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Pikemen 9 8 0-8
phalangites
Macedonian
Before 55 BC Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 24-48
phalangites
From 217 BC
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12
Egyptian to 200 BC
8-24
phalangites From 217 BC
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled - Pikemen 4 8-12
to 56 BC
Optional Troops
Average 6
Phalangites From 55 BC Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - Pikemen 8-12 0-24
Poor 4
Thureophoroi All Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Offensive 8 6-8
Thorakitai or all Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled - Spearmen 10 6-8 0-12
Romanised Impact Foot
From 166 BC Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled - 10 4-8
infantry Swordsmen
Light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0-4
Greek mercenary cavalry Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled - 13 4
Light Spear
Galatian mercenary cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4 0-4
Swordsmen
Nubian mercenary cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled - 9 4
Heavy
Thracians Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
weapon
Galatian Only before Superior Impact Foot 10
Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
foot 55 BC Average Swordsmen 7
Cretan archers Superior 7 0-8
Light Foot Unprotected Drilled Bow - 6-8
Other archers Average 5 0-8
0-
Slingers Drilled Sling - 4 0-8
Light Foot Unprotected Average 6-8 16
Javelinmen Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 0-8
Camelry or
Arab camelry Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4 0-4
Light Camelry
Only before Superior 35
55 BC Average 25
Impact Foot
Superior Skilled 15 4-8
Roman Only from 55 -
Heavy Foot Armoured Drilled Swordsmen 0-12
legionaries BC
Impact Foot
Average 10 4-8
Swordsmen
Heavy
Artillery
Allies
Aitolian allies (from 220 BC to 196 BC)
Mar-23 Page 85
Ptolemaic Allies
Points Bases
Combat
Macedonian Before
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 12-24
phalangites 55 BC
Average 6
Phalangites Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - Pikemen 8-12 0-12
From Poor 4 6-16
55 BC
All Medium Foot or Offensive
Thureophoroi Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-12
all Heavy Foot Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 86
Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin

This list covers Bedouin armies of Northern Arabia and the Syrian/Iraqi steppes from circa 300 BC until the Arab conquests. It
includes such major groups groups as the Salih and their successors the Ghassanids, allied to the Romans, from circa 420 AD
to 636 AD, and the Lakhmids, based around the city of al-Hirah, allied to the Persians, from circa 400 AD to 602 AD.
Troop Notes
One Lakhmid leader is reported to have had 300 mail shirts which were distributed to the most valiant warriors in his army prior
to a battle with the Sassanids. As the major tribal confederations were supplied with such gifts by Rome and Persia it is likely
that similar equipment would be available to confederations other than the Lakhmids.
Additionally, the Lakhmids are recorded as having a regiment of Persian cavalry, the al-Shahba, provided by the Sassanid king.
It was stationed at their capital, al-Hirah.
Although the desired mount for war was the horse, there are accounts of some camel riders in Bedouin armies, but they were
clearly seen as inferior to the horse mounted warrior. These camel riders are especially likely in allied contingents from camel
herding nomads from the deep desert regions.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Bedouin cavalry or Armoured cavalry.
➢ A Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin Allies list below,
but the troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ Al-Shahba cavalry cannot be used with camel riders.
Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin

Territory Types: Only Lakhmids - Agricultural, Steppes, Desert. Others – Steppes, Desert.
Field Commander 40
Sub-commanders 0-2
Troop Commander 30
Later Bedouin ally-
commanders
Points Bases
Combat
Core Troops
Lancers,
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled - 8 4-6 8-24
Swordsmen
Bedouin cavalry Unprotected 8
Lancers,
Optional Troops
Armoured cavalry Cavalry Armoured Undrilled 4-6 0-8
Al-Shahba
Only
Sassanid Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4 0-4
Lakhmids
cavalry
Light Spear
Camelry Protected Average Undrilled - 11 4-6 0-12 0-
Camel riders Swordsmen
12
Light Camelry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 10 4 0-4
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12 0-
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8 12
Light Spear
Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-8 0-24
Swordsmen
Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin Allies

Allied
commander
Troop name
Light Lancers,
Unprotected Average Undrilled - 8 4-6 4-8
Horse Swordsmen
Bedouin cavalry Unprotected 8
Lancers,
Mar-23 Page 87
Pyrrhic
This list covers the army of Pyrrhos of Epeiros from 297 BC to 272 BC: From his landing in Italy until his death. During this time
he campaigned in Italy, Sicily and Greece with mixed success.
Troop Notes
Cavalry could be Epeirot, Macedonian, Greek, Thessalian, Oscan, Acarnanian, Aitolian or Athamanian. Hoplites could be
mercenaries, or supplied by allied Greek or Italiot states.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Xystophoroi or Javelin armed heavy cavalry.
Pyrrhic
C-in-C Inspired Commander/Field Commander 80/40 1
Sub-commanders
Points Bases
Combat
Core Troops
Only
Lancers,
Xystophoroi before Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 18 4-6 4-6
Swordsmen
274 BC
Before Superior Light Spear 18
274 BC Average Swordsmen 13
Javelin armed
heavy cavalry Superior 18
From Light Spear
Phalanx Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 12-64
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-12 6-18
Optional Troops
Drilled
Undrilled
Offensive
Drilled - 8
Heavy Foot Protected Average Spearmen
Hoplites 6-8 0-24
Offensive
Undrilled - 7
Spearmen
Superior 35
Elephants Elephants Average Undrilled - - - 25 2 0-2
Poor 20
Special Campaigns
In Italy from 280 BC to 275 BC
Downgrade phalanx as
Tarentines
Samnite, Lucanian or Medium Light Spear
Bruttian javelinmen Foot Swordsmen
In Greece from 274 BC to 273 BC
Impact Foot
Galatians Heavy Foot Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 6-12 0-12
Swordsmen
Pyrrhic Allies
Points Bases Total
Troop name Close
Combat
Only before Lancers,
Xystophoroi Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 18 4 4
274 BC Swordsmen
Before 274 Superior Light Spear, 18
Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4 0-4
Javelin armed
heavy cavalry Superior 18
From 274 Light Spear,
Archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 6-8
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Sling - 4 6-8 6-8
Mar-23 Page 88
Later Carthaginian
This list covers Carthaginian armies from 275 BC until 146 BC: From the aftermath of the war against Pyrrhos of Epeiros until
the Roman destruction of Carthage at the end of the 3rd Punic War.
Troop Notes
Carthaginian armies of the period were mostly made up of mercenaries from around the Western Mediterranean, with Spanish
and Gauls providing the majority. African spearmen provided a hard core around which the armies were based.
Following his great victories over the Romans, Hannibal equipped his troops with the pick of the captured Roman equipment,
although this does not appear to have changed his troops fighting style. With his army being underarms for many years
Hannibal’s troops deserve Drilled status.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Libyphoenician cavalry.
➢ Hannibal must be an Inspired Commander.
➢ Armies must be defined as being in one of Africa, Spain, Italy or Sicily.
➢ Only Bruttian and Lucanian allies can be used together.
➢ From 200 BC armies can only be in Africa and none of the following can be used: Spanish, Gallic, Celtiberian, Balearic,
Ligurian, Campanian, Bruttian or Lucanian troops, Elephants nor any allies.
➢ Poeni citizen spearmen or emergency levies cannot be used in mainland Italy.
Later Carthaginian
Sub-commanders
Combat
Core Troops
Undrilled Light Spear 17
Any date Cavalry Armoured Superior - 4-6 0-8
Drilled Swordsmen 18
Libyphoenician ,
4-
Gallic or Light Spear
Cavalry Protected Superior Drilled - 14 4-6 0-8 16
Spanish cavalry Only before Swordsmen
201BC Light Spear
Swordsmen
Numidian or Spanish light Cavalry or Light Superior 10 4 0-8 6-

Unprotected Undrilled Javelins Light Spear
cavalry Horse Average 7 4-6 4-12 16
Offensive
Spearmen
Spanish javelinmen
Optional Troops
Undrilled Impact Foot 7
Spanish mercenary scutarii Medium Foot Protected Average - 6-8 0-18
Drilled Swordsmen 8
Balearic slingers Light Foot Unprotected Superior Undrilled Slings - 6 4-6 0-6
Poeni citizen Average 7
spearmen or
Only in Defensive
other Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - 6-8 0-48
Africa Poor Spearmen 5
emergency
levies
Only before All Heavy Foot
Impact Foot
Gallic foot 201BC and or all Medium Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 0-36
Swordsmen
not in Spain Foot
Greek
mercenary Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-16
235 BC Spearmen
hoplites
Greek Heavy Foot
mercenary Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-8
235 BC Medium Foot Spearmen
thureophoroi
Only from Undrilled - 7
Celtiberian 235 BC to
Average Impact Foot
mercenary 201 BC in Heavy Foot Protected 6-8 0-12
Drilled - Swordsmen 8
scutarii Spain or
Africa
Mar-23 Page 89

Only before
Light Spear
Ligurian foot 201 BC and Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-8 0-12
Swordsmen
not in Spain
Offensive
Campanian hoplites Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8
Spearmen
0-8
Campanian, Bruttian or Lucanian Light Spear
javelinmen Swordsmen
Superior 35
Heavy
Artillery
Allies
Numidian or Moorish allies (only in Africa)
Siciliot Greek allies (Only before 235 BC) – Classical Greek list (Siciliot options)
Ancient Spanish allies (only in Spain before 205BC)
Syracusan allies (only in Sicily before 210BC) – Classical Greek list (Syracusan options)
Special Campaigns
Hannibal in mainland Italy 216 BC to 203 BC
Superior 14 0-16
Upgrade African spearmen to
Offensive All not
veterans with captured Roman Heavy Foot Armoured Drilled - 6-8
Average Spearmen 10 upgraded to
equipment
Superior
All Heavy Foot
Impact Foot
Upgrade Gallic foot to or Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 Up to 1/2
Swordsmen
All Medium Foot
Upgrade Campanian javelinmen Armoured Average Impact Foot 10

Heavy Foot Drilled - 4-8 All
and hoplites to Roman style foot Protected Average Swordsmen 8
Bruttian or Lucanian allies
Campanian allies
The following are not permitted: Artillery, more than 2 elephants, Celtiberian scutarii, undrilled Spanish scutarii,
Hannibal in Africa 202 BC
Upgrade African veteran Offensive
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - 14 6-8 6-12
spearmen to Spearmen
Upgrade Bruttian veteran Light Spear
Medium Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - 13 6-8 6-8
javelinmen to Swordsmen
Moorish archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 4 0-4
Superior elephants are not permitted.
Later Carthaginian Allies

Troop name
Undrilled Light Spear, 17 0-

Any date Cavalry Armoured Superior - 4-6
Drilled Swordsmen 18 4
Libyphoenician ,
4-
Gallic or Spanish Light 0-
Only Cavalry Protected Superior Drilled - 14 4-6 8
cavalry Swordsmen 4
before
Light Spear, 0-
201BC Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled - 13 4-6
Swordsmen 8
Light Horse
Numidian or Spanish light cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 4-8
or Cavalry
Offensive
Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 90
Graeco-Bactrian
The Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded circa 250 BC when Diodotos, the Seleucid governor of Bactria,
Sogdiana and Margiana, seizing his opportunity while King Antiochos II was otherwise occupied with a war against Ptolemaic
Egypt, declared his territory independent. At its greatest extent, the kingdom covered modern Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan, Afghanistan and parts of Iran and Pakistan.
Circa 210 BC, Bactria was invaded by the Seleucid King Antiochos III. This war, however, ended in a negotiated
peace, in which Antiochos recognised King Euthydemos. Circa 180 BC, Demetrios son of Euthydemos invaded India, which
was in some disarray following the fall of the Mauryan Empire. By 175 BC the Indo-Greek kingdom had been established. Soon
after this, the overthrow of the Eythydemid dynasty in Bactria led to the Bactrian and Indian sections of the kingdom splitting
apart.
The Parthian conquest of the eastern provinces of the Seleucid kingdom, under Mithridates I (170 BC-138 BC) cut
the Graeco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms off from direct contact with the west. Following this, the territories of the
Bactrian kingdom were eroded by the nomadic Yue-chi and the last Graeco-Bactrian king, Heliokles, abandoned Bactria and
retreated to his Indian holdings circa 130 BC.
This list covers the armies of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom from the revolt of Diodotos until the fall of the kingdom to the Yue-
chi.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Greek lancers.
➢ The minimum marked * only applies if any foot is used.
Graeco-Bactrian
Territory Types: Agricultural, Steppe
Sub-commanders
Points Bases
Combat
Core Troops
Greek lancers Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 0-6
Superior Drilled 18 0-12
Lancers,
Any date Cavalry Armoured Undrilled - 12 4-6
Average Swordsmen 4-12
Iranian Drilled 13
8-18
lancers Superior Drilled 21 0-12
Only from Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Undrilled - 14 4-6
210 BC Armoured Average Swordsmen 4-12
Drilled 16
Bactrian light cavalry Light Horse or Bow Light Spear 9 6-12
Unprotected Average Undrilled 4-6 6-12
Saka cavalry Cavalry Bow Swordsmen 10 0-6
Phalanx Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 *8-24
Optional Troops
Heavy Foot Offensive
Medium Foot spearmen 0-8
Euzonoi Light Foot Protected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8
Superior 35
Poor 20
Mountain Indian cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
Mountain Indian
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-16
spearmen
Mountain Indian archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-16
0-16
Allies
Saka allies – Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka list
Mar-23 Page 91
Graeco-Bactrian Allies
Combat
Superior Drilled
18
Lancers,
Any date Cavalry Armoured Undrilled - 12 4-6 0-8
Swordsmen
Average
Iranian Drilled 13
4-12
lancers
Superior Drilled
21
Only from Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Undrilled - 14 4-6 0-8
210 BC Armoured Swordsmen
Average
Drilled 16
Light Horse or
Bactrian light cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Light Spear 9 4-6 4-8
Cavalry
Mar-23 Page 92
Attalid Pergamene
The Attalid dynasty began with Philetaeros (son of Attalos), Lysimachos’s governor of the great city of Pergamon in western
Asia Minor. He switched sides to Seleukos in 282 BC. His nephew and successor, Eumenes I, declared independence in 262
BC. This list covers Pergamene armies from that date. Pergamon was allied with Rome against Macedon in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd
Macedonian wars, and against the Seleucid kingdom in the Syrian war. The kingdom was bequeathed to Rome by Attalos III on
his death in 133 BC. His illegitimate half-brother, Aristonikos, rebelled but was suppressed by 129 BC.
Troop Notes
After the Roman and Pergamene victory over the Seleucids at Magnesia in 190 BC, Eumenes II was granted all the Seleucid
territories west of the Taurus and this list allows for the possibility that they took over the Seleucid military settlers in the region.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as xystophoroi.
➢ Thureophoroi can be graded as Medium Foot or Heavy Foot, but all must be graded the same.
Attalid Pergamene
Sub-commanders
Core Troops
6-12
Armoured Light Spear, 17
Galatian cavalry Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4 0-4
All Medium
Offensive
Spearmen 16-48
Heavy Foot
Traditional peltasts Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
Cretan archers Light Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 6 0-6
6-12
Other archers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Optional Troops
Light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
Trallian slingers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8
Medium
Offensive
Citizen militia Foot or Protected Poor Drilled - 6 6-8 0-18
Spearmen
Heavy Foot
Superior Impact Foot, 10
Galatian foot Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-12 0-16
Average Swordsmen 7
Medium
Mysian or other Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8
Foot 0-36
javelinmen
Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Cataphracts Average Drilled - 16 4 0-4
Armoured Swordsmen
Only
Phalangites after Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 0-12
190
Average 25
Elephants BC Elephants - Undrilled - - 2 0-2
Poor 20
Bolt shooters or Heavy Heavy
- Average Drilled - 20 2 0-4
stone throwers Artillery Artillery
Special Campaigns
Only Attalos I in 218 BC
Galatian allies – Gallic and Galatian list
Mar-23 Page 93
Attalid Pergamene Allies

4-8
Armoured Light Spear, 17
Galatian cavalry Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4 0-4
all Heavy Foot Spearmen 6-
Traditional 24
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-8
peltasts
Mar-23 Page 94
Later Macedonian
This list covers the armies of the Kingdom of Macedon from about 260 BC. Until the advent of Rome, the Kingdom of Macedon
was the dominant force in Greece. Between 215 BC and 148 BC Macedon fought a series of wars against the expanding
Roman Republic. After the 4th Macedonian war, in 148 BC, Macedon was annexed by Rome.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as heavy cavalry.
Later Macedonian
Sub-commanders
Points
Combat BG
Core Troops
Macedonian, Greek or Superior Light Spear 18

Thessalian heavy cavalry Average Swordsmen 13
4-12
Thracian or Galatian heavy Superior Light Spear 17
Cavalry Armoured Undrilled - 4-6 0-6
Agema and “peltasts” Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - Pikemen 9 8-12 8-24
Chalkaspides
and Leukaspides
Offensive
All Medium Foot Spearmen
Upgrade thureophoroi to or all Heavy Foot Offensive
Armoured Average Drilled - 10 6-8 0-8
thorakitai Spearmen
Drilled
Undrilled 6-18
Optional Troops
Illyrian, Thracian or Greek
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
light cavalry
Offensive
Illyrians Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
Spearmen
0-16
Heavy
weapon
Superior Impact Foot 10
Galatians Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
Average Swordsmen 7
Heavy
Bolt-shooters Heavy artillery - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-2
Artillery
Allies
Achaean Allies - Hellenistic Greek list (book 1 supplemental)
Later Macedonian Allies

Troop Type Capabilities Points per Bases Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat base per BG bases
Macedonian, Greek or Superior 18

Light Spear,
Thessalian heavy Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4-6 4-8
cavalry
4-8
Thracian or Galatian Superior Light Spear, 17
heavy cavalry Average Swordsmen 12
Chalkaspides
and Leukaspides
All Medium Foot Offensive
or all Heavy Foot Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 95
Parthian and Early Sassanid Persian
This list covers the Parthian kingdom from its foundation in the mid-3rd century BC until its overthrow by the Sassanids in 224
AD, and from then covers the Sassanids until the death of Shapur II in 379 AD. It also covers the Suren secessionist state in
the east. Adiabene, Edessa, Elymais, Hatra and Media-Atropatene were vassal states.
The Sassanid Persian dynasty was founded by Ardashir I, governor of Persis, who revolted against and defeated the last
Parthian (Arsacid) king, Artabanus IV. The dynasty is named after Ardashir’s grandfather, Sasan. His son Shapur I (241-272)
successively defeated the Roman Emperors Gordian III, Philip the Arab and Valerian. Valerian was captured, a hitherto
unknown disgrace for Roman arms, and died in captivity. Subsequent to this, however, Odenathus, the Roman client-ruler of
Palmyra, succeeded in recapturing some of the lost territories, and further defeats were suffered by Shapur’s immediate
successors at the hands of the Romans.
Shapur II (309-379), crowned while still in his mother’s womb, went back on the offensive. Signing a truce with Constantius II,
he expanded Sassanid territory in the east, before attacking the Romans again in 359.
Troop Notes
Parthian armies were based around a hard-hitting core of fully armoured nobles and retainers riding fully armoured horse as
cataphracts. These were supported by lesser gentry and their followers armed as light horse archers, although some appear to
have also carried a contos is addition. Whilst in most Parthian armies the horse archers significantly outnumbered the
cataphracts, occasionally a larger proportion of the latter were present. Additionally at times numbers of infantry, some supplied
by the Mesopotamian Greek cities, were also fielded.
The Sassanid state started out as a Parthian successor state, and it is likely that its early army bore a strong resemblance to
the later Parthian army although there is some evidence that armoured horse archers had started to appear. The Sassanids
also made use of infantry more frequently than the Parthians.

➢ Choose an army based on the maxima and minima in the list below. The following special instructions apply to this army:
➢ Captured Seleucids cannot be used with Armenians or Saka.
➢ Indo-Parthians cannot have any allies except Saka.
➢ A Vassal ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Parthian and Early Sassanid Persian Allies list below, but the
➢ Camels cannot be used with any allies other than Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin.
Parthian and Early Sassanid Persian

Territory Types: Agricultural, Steppes
Sub-commanders
Vassal ally-commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 0-2
Points
combat BG
Core Troops
Heavily Lancers,
Royal guard Cataphracts Elite Undrilled - 22 4 0-4
Armoured Swordsmen
Heavily Superior Lancers, 19 4-16

Cataphracts Cataphracts Undrilled - 4-6
Armoured Average Swordsmen 14 4-12 8-24
Only
Cataphract Cataphract Heavily Lancers,
Parthians Average Undrilled - 16 4 0-4
Camels Camels Armoured Swordsmen
from 76 AD
Bow - 8
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled 4-6 8-28
Bow Lancers 9
Unprotected 8
Horse archers Average Undrilled Bow - 4-6 16-64
Protected 9
Cavalry 8-52
Unprotected 8
Average Undrilled Bow* Lancers 4-6
Protected 9
Optional Troops
Mar-23 Page 96
Armoured
Only
horse Cavalry Armoured Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 14 4-6 0-12
Sassanids
archers
City militia or hill tribesmen Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8
Sling - 4 6-8
All Medium
Greek city Only Defensive
Foot or all Protected Poor Drilled - 5 6-8 0-16
militia Parthians Spearmen
Heavy Foot
Levy Only Defensive
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Undrilled - 4 8-12 0-48
spearmen Sassanids Spearmen 0-48
Mob - 3 0-16
Hillmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6 6-8 0-16
Fortified Only
24 0-1
camp Sassanids
Allies
Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin allies
Early Armenian allies
Kommagene allies (only Parthians from 129 BC to 30 BC)
Skythian allies (only Parthians from 130 BC to 41 AD) – Kimmerian, Skythian and Saka list
Kushan allies (only Sassanids) – Kushan or Indo-Skythian list
Special Campaigns
Only Parthians in Saka campaign in 129 BC
Captured Seleucid pikemen Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled - Pikemen 4 8-12 0-12
Only Suren Indo-Parthian kingdom from 95 BC to 75 AD
Hill tribe and Arachosian
cavalry
Indian levies Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 8-12 0-12
Saka allies – Kimmerian, Skythian and Saka list
Parthian and Early Sassanid Persian Allies

Allied
commander
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close combat base per BG
Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Bow - 8
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled 4-6 4-8
Bow Lancers 9
Unprotected 8
Horse archers Average Undrilled Bow - 4-6 8-18
Protected 9
Cavalry 4-12
Unprotected 8
Average Undrilled Bow* Lancers 4-6
Protected 9
Mar-23 Page 97
Ancient Spanish
This list covers the tribes of the Iberian Peninsula from the mid-3rd century BC until the last rebellions were crushed by the
Romans at the end of the 1st century BC. There were three main tribal groupings – Iberians, Lusitanians and Celtiberians.
Troop Notes
Called scutarii by the Romans because of their large oval shield (scutum), Spanish (Iberian) foot were much sought
after as mercenaries or allies by the Carthaginians and Romans. Armed with heavy javelins and sword, their charge was fierce
and hard to resist. They were undisciplined when victorious but resolute in defeat, often making desperate suicidal charges or
even committing mass suicide rather than surrender when besieged. They were famous for their mobility over the craggy
wooded hills of Spain. They were fond of ambushes and all forms of guerrilla warfare - the Roman pacification of Spain was a
long and painful process. Their skirmishers were called caetrati by the Romans after their smaller round shield (caetra).
Celtiberian scutarii were similarly equipped to Iberians, but less adept in rough and broken terrain. Lusitanian foot
were all caetrati rather than scutarii, but a proportion at least were equipped for close combat, some even wearing mail.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as large shield cavalry.
an ally commander of that origin. A Spanish ally commander’s contingent must conform to the Ancient Spanish allies list
below, but the troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
Ancient Spanish
Spanish ally
commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Light Foot Light Spear 6-20 12-
Caetrati Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
Medium Foot Swordsmen 6-20 36
Iberians only
Impact Foot,
Scutarii Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 24-96
Swordsmen
Upgrade Scutarii as Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 Up to 1/3 bases
veterans Swordsmen
Lusitanians only
Impact Foot,
Heavy caetrati Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 16-72
Swordsmen
Upgrade Heavy Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 Up to 1/3 bases
caetrati as veterans Swordsmen
Celtiberians only
Impact Foot,
Scutarii Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 28-96
Swordsmen
Upgrade Scutarii as Impact Foot,
Heavy Foot Protected Superior Undrilled - 10 Up to 1/3 bases
veterans Swordsmen
Optional Troops
Large shield Light Spear,
cavalry Swordsmen
Small shield
cavalry
Iberians or Lusitanians only
Mercenary Impact Foot,
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 0-24
Celtiberians Swordsmen
Special Campaigns
Sertorius’s Lusitanians - 80 BC to 72 BC
Upgrade Sertorius to Inspired Commander 1
Upgrade large Light Spear,
Cavalry Protected Superior Drilled - 14 4 Any
shield cavalry to Swordsmen
Upgrade Heavy Impact Foot,
Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 4-6 Any
caetratri to Swordsmen
Upgrade Drilled
Impact Foot,
Heavy caetrati as Medium Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 Up to 1/3 bases
Swordsmen
Sertorius’ veterans
Impact Foot,
Legionaries Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - Skilled 15 4-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Mar-23 Page 98
Ancient Spanish Allies

Allied
commander
Light Foot Light Spear

Caetrati Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 6-16
Medium Foot Swordsmen
Iberians only
Impact Foot,
Scutarii Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 12-32
Swordsmen
Lusitanians only
Impact Foot,
Heavy caetrati Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 8-32
Swordsmen
Celtiberians only
Impact Foot,
Scutarii Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-12 12-32
Swordsmen
Mar-23 Page 99
Numidian or Moorish
The ancient Numidians and Moors were semi-nomadic Berber tribes living in North West Africa. The Numidian kingdom was
west of Carthage and the Moorish kingdom beyond that. This list covers Numidian and Moorish armies from the late 3 rd century
BC onwards including the revolts against the Romans of the mid-4th century AD until the Arab conquest at the end of the 7th
century.
Troop Notes
Numidian and Moorish cavalry and foot fought mainly as javelin skirmishers, in which role they were expert, harassing the
enemy with javelins but using superior speed and agility to evade their charges. They were fond of ambushes and other tricks,
and made excellent use of terrain. They were at their best in pursuit of fleeing enemy, but when put to flight themselves would
flee for two or three days before risking stopping.
Under the influence of the Romans, various attempts were made to develop drilled close fighting foot. King Juba I of Numidia
was allied to the Pompeian side in the Roman Civil War. Bogud (Bogus) of Mauretania was allied to Caesar.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Veteran cavalry or Gallic & Spanish bodyguard.
➢ Tethered camels are treated as normal Field Fortifications and do not disorder mounted troops.
➢ Up to 1/3 of the total number of bases of "Numidian and Moorish cavalry" may be upgraded to superior. As an example, if
8 bases of light horse and 16 bases of cavalry are selected (for a total of 24 bases), then up to 8 of these may be
upgraded to superior which could be all cavalry, all light horse, or 4 of each.
Numidian or Moorish
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Steppes
Sub-commanders
Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Core Troops
Light Horse 12-24
Numidian or Moorish cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6
Cavalry 12-60
Upgrade Numidian cavalry to Light Horse

Unprotected Superior Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 10 Up to 1/3 of bases
veteran Cavalry
18-
Javelinmen Medium 12-
Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-12 80
Foot 80
Optional Troops
Veteran cavalry Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 12 4-6 0-18
0-8
Only Average 25
Numidian Poor 20
Close Only before Medium Light Spear,
fighting foot 51AD Foot Swordsmen
0-24
Imitation Only from 55 Impact Foot,
Legionaries BC to 50AD Swordsmen
Tethered Only Moorish Field
- - - - - 3 - 0-24
camels from 300 AD Fortifications
Special Campaigns
Juba I from 55 BC to 46 BC
Light Spear,
Gallic & Spanish bodyguard Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled - 13 4 0-4
Swordsmen
Bogus in 47 BC
Medium Impact Foot,
Spanish foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
Foot Swordsmen
Juba II from 3 AD to 6 AD
Principate Roman allies – see List Book 2
Only from 533 AD to 548 AD
Lancers,
Vandal refugees Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6 0-6
Swordsmen
Byzantine deserters Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled Bow Swordsmen 15 4-6 0-6
Mar-23 Page 100

Numidian or Moorish Allies

Numidian Light Horse

veteran Unprotected Superior Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 10 4 0-4
cavalry Cavalry
8-18
Numidian or Light Horse 4-8
Moorish Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6
cavalry Cavalry 4-12
Javelinmen Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 8-12 0-18
Mar-23 Page 101

Later Jewish
This list covers Jewish armies from 167 BC to 6 AD.
Troop Notes
The Dead Sea Scrolls describes an ideal army for an apocalyptic war against the unbelievers. The text has an obsession with
the number 7, but describes the infantry as equipped with (7 cubit = approx 3 metres) long spear and (2.5 x 1.5 cubits = approx
1 metre x 0.67 metres) oval shield, forming up 7 ranks deep. Allowing for some adjustment to fit the magic number 7, this
corresponds to the normal equipment and formation of Hellenistic thureophoroi. Slingers are also mentioned – they are
expected to shoot 7 times then retire through the phalanx at a trumpet signal. The text concerning the cavalry is corrupt.
There were clearly two types of cavalry, the older men (cavalry of the army) forming up in two large bodies (each of 700
men in 7 ranks) on each flank of the army, the younger (cavalry of the phalanx) in larger numbers but smaller squadrons (200
men) closely supporting the infantry. The cavalry of the phalanx wear helmet and greaves, carry a round shield and an 8 cubit
(3.5 metre) lance. Bow and javelins are also mentioned, but due to the corruption of the text it is not clear which cavalry carry
them. It could be that the Rule advocates the cavalry of the army carrying all these weapons, but it would be a reasonable
assumption that bow and javelins might represent the (ideal) equipment of the cavalry of the phalanx.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry of the army or cavalry of the phalanx.
➢ Non-upgraded foot of the phalanx or thureophoroi can be graded as Medium Foot or Heavy Foot, but all must be graded
the same.
Later Jewish
Sub-commanders
Bases
base
Core Troops
All Medium
Foot of the phalanx or other Offensive
Foot or all Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 18-72
thureophoroi Spearmen
Heavy Foot
Upgrade foot Only from
of the phalanx 148 BC to Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 0-24
to pikemen 64 BC
Upgrade Protected 8 0-24
thureophoroi Only from Impact Foot 0-
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 4-8
to Imitation 63 BC Armoured Swordsmen 10 0-12 24
Legionaries
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5
Archers Medium 6-8 6-18
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5
Foot
Optional Troops
Cavalry of the army or other Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 18 2-4 0-4
xystophoroi Swordsmen
Cavalry of the phalanx Cavalry Unprotected Average Bow Light Spear 9 0-12 0-
Drilled 4-6
Other horse archers Light Horse - 8 0-8 12
Protected Average 6 0-72 before

Guerillas, hillmen, bandits or Medium 103 BC,
Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 6-12
other levies Foot Unprotected Average 5 0-24 from
103 BC
Replace Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0-4
xystophoroi or
0-
horse archers Light Spear,
Cavalry Armoured Average Drilled - 13 4-6 0-6 6
with Thracian Swordsmen
horse Only from
63 BC Undrilled 7
Medium Heavy
Protected Average - 6-8
Foot Drilled weapon 8
Thracian foot 0-8
Medium Light Spear,
Foot Swordsmen
Allies
Roman allies (Only from 63 BC) – Late Republican Roman or Principate Roman (see List Book 2)
Special Campaigns
Only from 48 BC to 47 BC
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7
Arab cavalry Unprotected Light Spear, 8 4-6 0-6
Cavalry Average Undrilled -
Only Antigonus from 40 BC to 38 BC
Parthian allies
Mar-23 Page 102

Later Jewish Allies

Total
Combat base BG
All Medium
Foot of the phalanx or other Offensive
Foot or all Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 12-32
thureophoroi Spearmen
Heavy Foot
Upgrade foot of
Only from 148
the phalanx to Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 0-12
BC to 64 BC
pikemen
Upgrade Protected 8 0-12
thureophoroi to Only from 63 Impact Foot, 0-
Heavy Foot Average Drilled - 4-8
Imitation BC Armoured Swordsmen 10 0-8 12
Legionaries
Archers Medium 6-8 0-8
Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5
Foot
Mar-23 Page 103

Kushan or Indo-Skythian
This list covers the Bactrian and Indian kingdoms of the Sakae, Yue-Chi and Kushansm from circa 130 BC until the successor
Kidarite kingdom, under a Kushanized Chionite dynasty, fell to the Hephthalite Huns near the end of the 5 th century.
Troop Notes
Armour for Indian infantry became more common in the 1st century AD, but evidence of determined swordsmanship is then
lacking.

Kushan or Indo-Skythian
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands, Steppes
Sub-commanders
Points per Bases Total
Troop name Close
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting base per BG bases
Combat
Core Troops
Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Horse archers Unprotected 10
Protected 11
Only before Average 6

Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 6-8
1 AD Poor 4
Indian archers Average 5 6-16
Only from 1 Unprotected Undrilled Bow -
Medium Foot Poor 3 6-8
AD
Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6
Optional Troops
Superior 35
Average 25
Remnant Only before
Heavy Foot Protected Poor Drilled - Pikemen 4 8
Bactrian Greeks 25 AD
Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-16
Swordsmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Swordsmen 6 6-8

Protected 7
Indian cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4-6 0-6
Unprotected 6
Mountain cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4 0-4
Light Spear
Indian Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 6-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Allies
Only Kushans
Chionite Hunnic allies (Only from 300 AD) – see List Book 2
Parthian allies (Only before 228 AD)
Indo-Skythian allies – Kushan or Indo-Skythian list
Kushan or Indo-Skythian Allies

Allied commandr Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
Troop name
Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Horse archers Unprotected 10
Protected 11
Mar-23 Page 104

Early German
This list covers the Germanic tribes from the end of the 2nd century BC until circa 260 AD.
Troop Notes
The main strength of the German tribes lay in their infantry, who fought in close formation with javelins and hand weapons. The
front ranks sometimes carried long spears. Although in the earlier part of the period swords were relatively rare, German
warriors were clearly well able to hold their own in hand-to-hand combat. In our view, their overall historical performance is best
represented by classification as impact foot, swordsmen.
Whilst the majority of the warriors in a German army would be tribal levies raised for short term service, we allow for some
battle groups to be classified as Superior to represent groups with a higher proportion of experienced warriors or led by groups
of nobles and their retinues as is recorded in later Germanic armies in the histories of Ammianus.

➢ Unless the C-in-C is of the same tribe, troops only permitted to a certain tribe can only be fielded under the command of
an ally general of that tribe.
➢ All of an ally general’s troops must be of the same tribe.
➢ An Early German ally general’s contingent must conform to the Early German allies list below, but the troops in the
➢ Batavian auxiliary deserter foot must be all Medium Foot or all Heavy Foot.
➢ Batavian auxiliary deserter foot battle groups listed in a player’s army list can instead be deployed at the start of the battle
as Leves Cohortes depicted Light Foot, Protected, with Javelins, Light Spear capabilities.
Early German
Territory Types: Woodlands
German ally commanders Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1-3
Bases
Combat base
Core Troops
Batavians or Superior Impact Foot, 10 0-24

Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 8-12
Cherusci Average Swordsmen 7 24-96 32-
Warriors
Superior 10 0-24 96
Impact Foot,
Other tribes Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled - 8-12
Average Swordsmen 7 24-96
Optional Troops
Tencteri Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7
Cavalry Light Spear, 4-6 0-12
Other tribes Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled - 13
Swordsmen
Only after 25 Lancers,
Sarmatians Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4 0-4
AD Swordsmen
Allies
Gallic allies (Only before 101 BC) – Gallic and Galatian list
Special Campaigns
Marcomanni from 9 BC to 19 AD
Upgrade superior warriors to
Heavy Foot Protected Superior Drilled - 11 8-12 All
Roman standards Impact Foot,
Upgrade average warriors rto Swordsmen
Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 8-12 1/2 to all
Roman standards
Civilis’s Batavian Revolt against the Romans in 69 AD
Batavian auxiliary deserter Average Light Spear, 13

Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4 4
cavalry Superior Swordsmen 18
Heavy Foot
Light Spear,
Batavian auxiliary deserter foot or Medium Armoured Average Drilled - 9 4-8 6-18
Swordsmen
Foot
Light
Light Artillery - Average Drilled - 17
Artillery
Bolt-shooters 2 0-2
Heavy Heavy
- Average Drilled - 20
Artillery Artillery
Mar-23 Page 105

Early German Allies

Batavians or Superior Impact Foot, 10 6-8 0-8

Medium Foot Protected Undrilled -
Cherusci Average Swordsmen 7 8-12 12-48
Warriors 16-48
Superior Impact Foot, 10 6-8 0-8
Other tribes Heavy Foot Protected Undrilled -
Average Swordsmen 7 8-12 12-48
Mar-23 Page 106

Pontic
This list covers Pontic armies from 110 BC to 47 BC: The reigns of Mithridates the Great (Mithridates VI Eupator) and his son
Pharnaces II.
Troop Notes
Although Mithridates’ phalanx was recruited at least in part from ex-slaves, it actually performed very credibly against the
Romans, although they were defeated after a hard fight. Following the destruction of his phalanx Mithridates greatly expanded
the number of imitation Roman troops in his army, but was again defeated.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as heavy cavalry.
➢ Mithridates cannot be an inspired commander. However, some of the generals to whom he delegated his conquests might
qualify.
Pontic
Sub-commanders
Combat
Core Troops
Light Spear
Heavy cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6 4-8
Swordsmen
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 8-32 12-
Javelinmen
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12 32
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8 12-

Archers
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 8-16 16

all Heavy Foot Spearmen
Optional Troops
2, 3 or
Scythed chariots Scythed Chariots - Average Undrilled - - 15 0-4
4
Only Average 6
Pikemen before 84 Heavy Foot Protected Drilled - Pikemen 8-12 0-24
BC Poor 4
Before 84 - 4-8
Heavy Foot Average Drilled Swordsmen 0-8
BC Protected 8
Imitation
Legionaries Armoured 10
- Impact foot, 4-8
From 84 Heavy Foot Average Drilled 8-24
BC
Armoured Lancers, 17
Cavalry Superior Undrilled - 4-6
Sarmatian cavalry 0-6
Light Spear
Cavalry Protected Superior Undrilled Bow* 15 4-6
Swordsmen
Light Horse or
Skythian cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 0-6
Cavalry
Heavy
weapon
0-8
Heavy
Bastarnae Medium Foot Unprotected Superior Undrilled - 8 6-8
weapon
Impact Foot
Galatians Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8 0-8
Swordsmen
Defensive
Chalybes Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - 5 4-6 0-6
Spearmen
Allies
Mar-23 Page 107

Pontic Allies
Allied
commander
Troop name
Light Spear
Heavy cavalry Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6 4-6
Swordsmen 4-8
6-
Javelinmen 16
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 6-
0-8
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 16
Archers 0-
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8
12
All Medium Foot or all Offensive
Heavy Foot Spearmen
Mar-23 Page 108

Late Republican Roman

This list covers Roman armies from 105 BC to 25 BC – from the reforms of Marius until the reforms of Augustus.
Troop Notes
After the reforms of Marius, legionaries were no longer divided into hastati, principes and triarii, but were uniformly equipped
with oval shield, mail, pilum and sword. (The semi-cylindrical shield and lorica segmentata came into use later, in the 1st century
AD). Maniples were replaced by larger tactical units called cohorts. Each legion had ten cohorts, each of 480 men at full
strength. Later legions, though possibly not those of this period, had one larger senior cohort of 800 men.
The general quality of the legions was high, but some veteran legions became renowned for their prowess. Others on long
term postings in peaceful areas sometimes lost their edge.
Cavalry and light troops were recruited from conquered and adjacent areas, but not yet organised into regular units. They
included Spanish, Gauls, Germans, Macedonians, Numidians, Thracians, Illyrians, Greeks, Syrians and others. Check out the
lists for these nations to see which nations could provide which types.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry or legionaries.
➢ Only one allied contingent can be used.
➢ Gladiators cannot be used with any allies.
➢ Brutus and Cassius cannot use gladiators
Late Republican Roman

Territory Types: Agricultural, Developed, Hilly, Woodland
Sub-commanders
Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Core Troops
Impact Foot
Skilled 11
Legionaries Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled - Swordsmen 4-8 20-44
Impact Foot
10
Swordsmen
Impact Foot
Upgrade veteran
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - Skilled 15 4-8 Any
legionaries to:
Swordsmen
Impact Foot
Upgrade elite legionaries
Heavy Foot Armoured Elite Drilled - Skilled 17 4-8 0-18
to:
Swordsmen
Downgrade raw Impact Foot
Heavy Foot Armoured Poor Drilled - 8 4-8 0-18
legionaries to Swordsmen
Protected Superior Light Spear 13
Heavy cavalry Cavalry Undrilled - 4-6 4-8
Protected Average 9
Fortified camp 24 1
Optional Troops
Light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-8 0-
Syrian horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4 0-4 8
Cretan archers Light Foot Unprotected Superior Drilled Bow - 7 6 0-6
Only before Protected 6

Velites Light Foot Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 0-12
80 BC Unprotected 5
0-
Javelinmen Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 0-12
12
Slingers Sling - 4 0-12
Impact Foot
Spanish scutarii Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7
Swordsmen
Heavy
Thracian foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7
Weapon
Offensive 6-8 0-16
Illyrian or Rhaetian foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7
Spearmen
Ligurian foot Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5
All Medium Foot Offensive
Thureophoroi Protected Average Drilled - 8
or all Heavy Foot Spearmen
Average 25
Poor 20
Heavy
Bolt-shooters Heavy artillery - Average Drilled - 20 2 0-6
Artillery
Field
Field entrenchments 3 0-18
Fortifications
Mar-23 Page 109

Allies
Later Pre-Islamic Bedouin allies
Dacian allies – see List Book 2: Dacian or Carpi list
Galatian allies (All foot must be imitation legionaries) – Gallic and Galatian list
Later Jewish allies
Numidian or Moorish allies
Special Campaigns
Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC
Eastern or Thracian
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 4-8
horse archers
Eastern foot archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8
Late Republican Roman Allies

Allied
commander
Troop name
Impact Foot, Skilled

11
Legionaries Heavy Foot Armoured Average Drilled - Swordsmen 4-8 12-24
Impact Foot, Swordsmen 10
Upgrade veteran Impact Foot, Skilled
Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Drilled - 15 4-8 Any
legionaries to Swordsmen
Protected Superior 13
Heavy cavalry Cavalry Undrilled - Light Spear, Swordsmen 4 0-4
Armoured Average 12
Protected Average 9
Mar-23 Page 110

Indo-Greek
Circa 180 BC, The Graeco-Bactrian King Demetrios invaded India, which was in some disarray following the fall of the Mauryan
Empire. By 175 BC the Indo-Greek kingdom had been established. Soon after this, the overthrow of the Eythydemid dynasty in
Bactria led to the Bactrian and Indian sections of the kingdom splitting apart.
Under King Menander I, who ruled from circa 155 BC to 130 BC, the Indo-Greek kingdom was greatly expanded, covering
much of north-west and northern India. Thereafter, there were at least two separate Indo-Greek kingdoms, in the east and
west of the Greek ruled territories. The Yue-chi took over most of the western kingdom circa 70 BC.
The last Indo-Greek king, Strato II, ruled in the eastern Punjab until overthrown by the Indo-Skythians circa 10 AD.
This list covers the armies of the Greek kingdoms in India from the invasion of India by Demetrios in 80 BC, until the fall of the
last kingdom in 10 AD.
Troop Notes
Classification of the Greek cavalry is based on coins of Hermaios showing Greek cavalrymen armed with bow and spear. We
assume that they were not specialist horse archers.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as Greek cavalry.
Indo-Greek
Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands, Tropical
Sub-commanders
Troop name
Core Troops
Superior Light Spear 20
Greek cavalry Cavalry Armoured Drilled Bow* 4-6 0-8
Protected Average 7
Indian cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 6 4-6 4-8
Unprotected
Poor 4
Average 6
Indian archers Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 8-10 8-60
Poor 4
Indian javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 6-16
Poor Swordsmen 4
Optional Troops
Heavy Foot Offensive
Medium Foot spearmen 0-8
Euzonoi Light Foot Protected Average Drilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8
Cavalry
Saka cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 0-6
Light Horse
Mountain Indian cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
Mountain Indian spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 0-16
Mountain Indian archers 6-8 0-16
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5
Allies
Indian allies – Classical Indian
Saka allies – Kimmerian, Skythian or Saka
Mar-23 Page 111

Indo-Greek
Troop name
Core Troops
Superior Light Spear 20
Greek cavalry Cavalry Armoured Drilled Bow* 4 0-4
Protected Average 7
Indian cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 6 4 0-4
Unprotected
Poor 4
Average 6
Indian archers Medium Foot Unprotected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 8-10 8-20
Poor 4
Indian javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
Poor Swordsmen 4
Mar-23 Page 112

Spartacus Slave Revolt

This list covers the slave armies of the Third Servile War from 73 BC to 71 BC.
Troop Notes
Whilst the mass of the ex-slaves, etc. that made up Spartacus’ forces were badly equipped, a significant proportion equipped
themselves with captured equipment following successes against Roman forces. The number of these increased over time as
victories mounted.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as cavalry or gladiators.
➢ Slaves equipped with Roman weapons and armour can be graded as Heavy Foot or Medium Foot but must all be graded
the same.
Spartacus Slave Revolt

Sub-commanders
Core Troops
Poorly equipped masses Mob Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 8-12 20-104
Slaves equipped with All Heavy Foot Protected 7 12-64
Impact Foot, 20-
Roman weapons and or All Medium Average Undrilled - 6-8
Armoured Swordsmen 9 0-24 64
armour Foot
Optional Troops
Gladiators, some with Impact Foot,
captured Roman arms & Heavy Foot Armoured Superior Undrilled - Skilled 14 4-8 0-8
armour swordsmen
Slingers Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Sling - 2 6-8 0-8
Light Spear,
Cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled - 9 4 0-4
Swordsmen
Women, children and old
Mob Unprotected Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-24
men
Spartacus Slave Revolt Allies

Poorly equipped
Mob Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 8-12 10-20
masses
Slaves equipped with All Heavy Protected 7 8-20
Impact Foot, 8-
Roman weapons and Foot or All Average Undrilled - 6-8
Armoured Swordsmen 9 0-12 20
armour Medium Foot
Mar-23 Page 113

Three Kingdoms Korean

This list covers Korean armies of the Three Kingdoms period.
Goguryeo
Goguryeo was the strongest and richest of the original Korean kingdoms. As the most northerly of the kingdoms, it had an
extensive border with both China and Manchuria, and suffered numerous invasions by the dominant powers from those
regions. It was able to hire numerous nomadic tribes as mercenaries or enlist entire tribes as allies. The use of entire nomadic
tribes as allies occurred mainly before 400 AD. Mercenaries were used throughout the era.
The successor state of Lesser Goguryeo, also called Later Goguryeo, was founded by exile nobles and supported by the
Tang Chinese. This successor kingdom lasted from 698 until 733. An even later Neo- Goguryeo was founded in 901 and
became Koryo. Its armies can be found in the Koryo list.
The list covers Koguryo armies from 37 BC to 668 AD and Lesser Koguryo armies from 698 to 733.
Silla
Silla evolved from a walled town called Saro, remaining a small city-state until the reign of King Naemul in 356 AD. He was
credited as the ruler who first consolidated Silla as a large confederated kingdom. This kingdom grew out of a confederation of
twelve Chin-Han or Jinhan walled towns located south of the Han River in the eastern region of the peninsula.
Silla was initially disorganized and was dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo. Through adept diplomacy and alliances, it was
able to maintain a stalemate with the other Korean kingdoms. After 670 AD a period known as Unified Silla existed. Unified
Silla fought numerous battles against Tang China, peasant revolts and disaffected nobles from the defeated regions of
Goguryeo and Baekje. Unified Silla was eventually defeated by Koryo in 935 AD.
The list covers Shilla armies from 57 BC to 935 AD.
Baekje
Located in the south-western section of the peninsula, Baekje was formed by four distinct groups of people. These included the
Puyo nobility who had migrated south from Buyeo, local tribes from Ma-Han, Chinese who remained after the downfall of the
Han commanderies of Nang-rang and Dae-bang, and Japanese immigrants.
In the early years they often fought the commanderies and the Silla, but their main enemy was considered Goguryeo.
Because of this, at different times they maintained alliances with both the Silla and Japan. Baekje’s height of power in the 300s
AD was marked by an independent twenty-year campaign in Japan. As late as 890, a Later- Baekje (Neo- Baekje) faction was
formed by Baekje families in southwest Korea but was soon crushed.
The list covers Baekje armies from 18 BC to 660 AD.
Gaya Confederacy
Gaya was a confederacy that never managed to form a unified state. It often acted as a balance among the other kingdoms.
There is some evidence that it was temporarily dominated by the Japanese for a short period of time.
Gaya had a very small warrior class with fewer full time foot soldiers. Noble families and their factions were dominant only
in a particular town. They were allied at various times with the Baekje, Silla and Japanese.
This list covers Gaya armies from 40 AD to 560 AD.
Troop Notes
Guards battle groups represent a combination of clan nobles and professional warriors loyal to a particular commander.
Korean heavy cavalry charged with lance. Although they carried bows, they did not make much use of them while mounted.
“Spearmen” used a mixture of conventional spears, halberds similar to the Chinese ji, and trident headed tri-spears. We classify
the mixture as either Heavy Weapon or Pole Arms. They did not carry shields but provincial “spearmen” and archers wore
armour under their outer garments, so deserve the classification of ‘Protected’.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as guard or nobles.
➢ Guard cavalry must all be classified the same.
➢ If used, the number of battle groups of nobles and retainers must be equal.
➢ The total number of bases of provincial “spearmen” in the army cannot exceed the total number of provincial “archers”.
➢ Provincial mixed battle groups must be half “spearmen”, and half “archers”.
➢ Up to half the bases of “spearmen” can be fielded as Polearms, with all others fielded as ‘Heavy Weapon’.
➢ Up to half the bases of medium foot “archers” can be armed with crossbow. All others are armed with bow.
➢ The total number of bases of Medium Foot crossbowmen in the army cannot exceed the number of bases of Medium Foot
bowmen.
➢ Apart from up to 2 Gayan allied contingents in a Gayan army, only one allied contingent can be used.
Mar-23 Page 114

Only Silla
➢ Minima marked * only applies from 400AD
➢ ** Before 400AD at least 2 battle groups marked levy must be used.
Only Paekje
Only Gaya
➢ The army can include up to two Gayan allied contingents. These must conform to the Three Kingdoms allies list below, but
Three Kingdoms Korean

Territory Types: Developed, Hilly, Woodlands. All except Koguryo: Mountains.

Sub-commanders
Gayan allied-commanders Field commander/Troop commander 30/20 0-2 Only if Gaya

Bases per Total
Combat base
Core Troops
Lance, *4-
Any Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 17 4-6
Swordsmen 8
Guard Goguryeo *4-
from
cavalry Heavily Lance *4- 12
300AD Cataphracts Superior Drilled - 20 4-6
others from
400AD
Goguryeo Lancers,
at any date Swordsmen
Regular
or Shilla Armoured 13
cavalry Lancers, *4-
from Cavalry Average Drilled - 4-6
Protected Swordsmen 10 12
600AD
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 *4-

Nomad Only Shilla 24
mercenary or Unprotected 10 0-8
cavalry Goguryeo Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4-6
Protected 11
Paekche or
Only Shilla Lancers,
Koguryo Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 16 4-6 0-8
from 670 Swordsmen
exiles
Pole Arms
Separately deployed
provincial “spearmen” Heavy
Weapon
6-36
Pole Arms
Provincial
Provincial Medium Foot - 8 1/2
“spearmen” Heavy
mixed Weapon
Protected Average Drilled 6-8
battle
Provincial Bow
groups
Medium Foot - 7 1/2
‘archers’ Crossbow
6-36
Separately deployed Bow
provincial ‘archers’ Crossbow
Defensive
** Mixed battle groups of - 1/2 8-
Medium Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Spearmen 3 10-40
Levy 10
Bow - 1/2
Optional Troops
Horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 8 4-6 0-8
Before
0-4
400AD Lancers,
Nobles Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 16 4-6
From Swordsmen
0-8
400AD
Before
Light 0-4
400AD
Retainers Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled - Spear, 9 4-6
From Swordsmen 0-8
400AD
Provincial skirmishing 0-
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 6-8
archers 12
Foot Only 0-
Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-8 16
nomads Goguryeo
Levy skirmishing archers Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 6-8 0-8
Mar-23 Page 115

Allies
Only Silla
gaya allies (Only before 550) – Three Kingdoms Korean
Goguryeo or Baekje allies (Only from 350 to 660) – Three Kingdoms Korean
Tang Chinese Allies (Only from 660 to 670) – Western Wei to Early Tang Chinese
Only Goguryeo
Japanese Allies (Only from 660) – Kofun-Nara Japanese
Gaya, Baekje or Silla allies (Only before 550) – Three Kingdoms Korean
Tang Chinese allies (Only from 700) – Western Wei to Early Tang Chinese
Manchurian Nomad allies (Only before 400) – Early Horse Nomad
Only Baekje
Gaya allies – Three Kingdoms Korean
Goguryeo or Silla Allies (Only from 375) – Three Kingdoms Korean
Japanese Allies (Only from 375) - Kofun-Nara Japanese
Only Gaya
Gaya allies – Three Kingdoms Korean (Up to 2 contingents)
Japanese Allies (Only from 375) - Kofun-Nara Japanese
Baekje allies – Three Kingdoms Korean
Silla Allies (Only from 375) – Three Kingdoms Korean
Three Kingdoms Korean Allies


Troop
Troop name Close per Troop Type
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting name
Combat base
Lance,
Any Cavalry Armoured Superior Drilled - 17 4-6 0-4
Swordsmen
Guard Goguryeo
from 0-6
cavalry Heavily Lance
300AD Cataphracts Superior Drilled - 20 4-6 0-6
Armoured Swordsmen
others from
400AD
Goguryeo Lancers,
at any date Swordsmen
Regular
or Shilla Armoured 13
cavalry Lancers,
from Cavalry Average Drilled - 4-6 0-8
600AD Protected Swordsmen 10
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6 0-

Nomad Only Shilla 12
mercenary or Unprotected 10 0-4
cavalry Goguryeo Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4-6
Protected 11
Paekche or
Only Shilla Lancers,
Koguryo Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 16 4-6 0-4
from 670 Swordsmen
exiles
Pole Arms
Separately deployed
provincial “spearmen” Heavy
Weapon
4-16
Pole Arms
Provincial
Provincial Medium Foot - 8 1/2
“spearmen” Heavy
mixed Weapon
Protected Average Drilled 6-8
battle
Provincial Bow
groups
Medium Foot - 7 1/2
‘archers’ Crossbow
4-16
Separately deployed Bow
provincial ‘archers’ Crossbow
Mar-23 Page 116

Ancient British and Caledonian

This list covers Ancient British armies south of the Clyde from the mid-1st century BC until the late 1st century AD, when the
Roman conquest was largely complete. It also covers Caledonian armies north of the Clyde from the mid 1st century AD until
the early 3rd century AD.
Troop Notes
The lowland British tribes made much use of their extremely manoeuvrable light chariots, which drove rapidly about the
battlefield inspiring terror in the enemy. Their cavalry was lighter than their Gallic equivalents, but were ideal for operating in
close cooperation with the chariots. However, the bulk of most armies consisted of foot. Most of these charged fiercely with
javelin and sword, but large numbers of slingers could also be fielded, particularly by the south-western tribes. In 54 BC, after
an initial defeat, Cassivellaunus sent most of his infantry home and fought a guerrilla campaign against Caesar using his 4,000
charioteers.

➢ Commanders should be depicted as chariots.
➢ An Ancient British or Caledonian ally general’s contingent must conform to the Ancient British or Caledonian allies list
below, but the troops in the contingent are deducted from the minima and maxima in the main list.
➢ Roman allies need not include any legionaries.
Ancient British and Caledonian

Territory Types: Agricultural, Hilly, Woodlands
Field Commander 40
Sub-commanders 0-2
Troop Commander 30
Ancient British or
Caledonian allied Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 *1-3
commander
Core Troops
Light
Chariots
Cavalry British only Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 4-16
Medium Impact Foot,
Warriors
Foot
Protected Average Undrilled -
Swordsmen
7 8-12 *24-96
Slingers British only Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 8-24
Optional Troops
Medium Elite Impact Foot, 12

Elite warriors Protected Undrilled - 6-8 0-8
Foot Superior Swordsmen 10
0-8 if British, 0-24 if
Youths with javelins Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8
Caledonian
Allies
Principate Roman Allies (British only) – see List Book 2
Special Campaigns
Cassivellaunus in 54 BC (British)
After Cassivellaunus sends home most of his infantry, the minimum marked * does not apply, but at least 16 bases of chariots must be used, excluding commanders. Roman
allies cannot be used.
Ancient British and Caledonian Allies

Troop name
Light
Chariots
British
Cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
only
Medium Impact Foot,
Warriors Protected Average Undrilled - 7 8-12 12-36
Foot Swordsmen
British
only
Mar-23 Page 117

Appendix 1 – Allied Lists

The allied lists below are for those allied contingents available to armies in the list book for which there is no full army list.
Aitolian Allies
Allied
commander
Armoured Drilled Light Spear, 13

Cavalry Armoured Average - 4
cavalry Undrilled Swordsmen 12 0-4
Undrilled or
Light cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Javelins Light Spear 7 4
Drilled
all Heavy Foot spearmen
Medium Foot 6-16
Javelinmen Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 5 6-8 6-16
Light Foot 0-8
Alan Allies
Lancers,
Nobles Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4-6 0-8
Swordsmen
Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 0-8
Horse archers Unprotected 10 4-6 4-12
Cavalry Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4-12
Protected 11
Bruttian or Lucanian Allies

Troop name
Cavalry Cavalry Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear Swordsmen 9 4 0-4

Javelinmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Light Spear Swordsmen 7 6-8 6-24
Early Nomad Allies

Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Only
before Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 6-10 8-30
2500 BC
Warriors Protected 5
Medium Foot Average Undrilled - Light Spear 6-8
Only from Unprotected 4 8-24
2500 BC
Light Spear,
Swordsmen
Skirmishers Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Sling - 4 6-8 0-8
Camel
Only from Camelry or
mounted Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 10 4-6 4-12
1000 BC Light Camelry
warriors
Mar-23 Page 118

Early Northern Barbarian Allies

Points Bases Total
Troop name Close
Combat
Before 1050 BC Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4-6
Nobles Heavy 0-4
From 1125 BC - Superior Drilled Bow - 24 3-4
Chariots
Warriors with Any Date - Swordsmen 6 6-8
dagger-axe or Only from 7000 Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Impact Foot 8-24
sword - 7 6-8
BC Swordsmen
Medium Foot 6-8
Archers Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-16
Light Foot 6-8
Kommagene Allies
Bases
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close combat per BG
base
Heavily Lancers,
Armoured Swordsmen
Horse archers Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 8 4-6 4-8
Foot archers 6-24
Pikemen Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - Pikemen 6 8-12 0-12
Kyrenean Greek Allies

Bases Total
Troop name per
base
Only before
Chariots Heavy Chariots - Superior Undrilled - Light Spear 19 3-4
275 BC
Armoured 10
Cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4
Protected 7 0-4
Only from Superior Lancers, 18

Xystophoroi Cavalry Armoured Drilled - 4
Before 460 Offensive
Heavy Foot Armoured Average Undrilled - 9 6-8
BC Spearmen
Hoplites 12-24
From 490 Offensive
Heavy Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 7 6-8
BC Spearmen
Only from
Upgrade hoplites Offensive
313 BC to Heavy Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 8-16
to mercenaries: Spearmen
308 BC
Mannaean Allies
Unprotected 6
Cavalry Cavalry Average Undrilled - Light Spear 4 0-4
Protected 7
Mar-23 Page 119

Median Allies
Bases
base
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 19 4-6 0-6
Superior 15
Median cavalry Cavalry Protected Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4-6 4-8
Average 11 4-8
Cavalry Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 10 4-6
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 2/3 or all
6-9
Median spearmen and Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 1/3 or 0
8-18
archers Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow Light Spear 6 1/2
6-8
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 1/2
Separately deployed Light Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6 0-6

0-12
Median archers Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5 6-8 0-12
Mountain Indian Allies

Cavalry Light Horse Unprotected Average Undrilled Javelins Light Spear 7 4-6 0-6
Archers 6-8 6-16
Medium Foot Unprotected Average Undrilled Bow - 5
Neo-Elamite Allies
Troop Type Capabilities Points Bases per Total
Troop name
Type Armour Quality Training Shooting Close Combat per base BG bases
Heavy Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 16 4-6 0-4

Chariots 0-8
Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 0-8
Archers 8-16
Light Spear,
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6 1/2
Swordsmen 6
Shielded spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 1/2
0-6
and archers
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow Light Spear 6 1/2
6
Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled Bow - 6 1/2
Neo-Hittite and Aramaean Allies


890 BC
Light spear,
Regular spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 7 6 0-6
Swordsmen 6-18
Aramaean spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - Light Spear 5 6-8 6-18
Archers
Mar-23 Page 120

Phoenician Allies
Ally-commander Field Commander/Troop Commander 30/20 1
Troop name
Before 800 Light Chariots - Superior Drilled Bow - 19 4

Chariots
Bow - 24 0-4
From 800 Heavy Chariots - Superior Drilled 3-4
- Light Spear 22
Offensive Spearmen 7
Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Undrilled - 6-8 6-16
Light Spear Swordsmen 6
Archers Bow - 5
Javelinmen Javelins Light Spear 5
Qiang and Di Allies

Heavily Lancers,
Cataphracts Superior Undrilled - 19 4
From 300 Armoured Swordsmen
AD Lancers,
Cavalry Armoured Superior Undrilled - 17 4
Swordsmen 0-4
Armoured 19
Cavalry Cavalry Superior Undrilled Bow Swordsmen 4 0-8
Protected 15
Any date
Protected 11
Unprotected 10
Protected Light Spear, 6 6-10 8-40
Warriors Medium Foot Average Undrilled - 8-24
Armoured Swordsmen 8 6-8 0-8
Archers 6-8
Shang Chinese Allies

Only before Drilled 10

Medium Foot Protected Superior Bow Swordsmen 4-6
1300 Undrilled 9
Nobles 0-6
Only from
Light chariot - Superior Undrilled Bow - 17 4-6
1300
Dagger-axe men Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - Swordsmen 7 6-8 6-16
Protected 7
Archers Medium Foot Average Drilled Bow - 6-8 0-8 6-
Unprotected 6
24
Light Foot Unprotected Poor Undrilled Bow - 3 4-6
Skirmishing archers 0-6
Light Foot Unprotected Average Drilled Bow - 5 4-6
Offensive
Spearmen Medium Foot Protected Average Drilled - 8 6-8 0-8
Spearmen
Armed Only from
Mob - Poor Undrilled - - 2 10-12 0-12
slaves 1300
Mar-23 Page 121

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ARMY LISTS – BOOK 1

EARLY BRONZE AGE TO LATE REPUBLICAN ROMAN

Army Lists - Book 1

Updated by Terry Shaw

Cover artwork by Peter Dennis

How to use the lists

Battle groups must obey the following restrictions:

Light Chariots - Elite Drilled Bow - 21 4 0-4

Special features of the above example:

Chariots Light Chariots - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 4-32

Early Highland Raiders

Building a customised list using our army points

Early Highland Raiders

Early Highland Raiders Allies

Building a customised list using our army points

Early Libyan Allies

Later Sumerian or Akkadian

Building a customised list using our army points

Later Sumerian or Akkadian

Only before Superior Offensive 9 0-8

Only before Average Defensive 6

Later Sumerian or Akkadian Allies

Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian

Building a customised list using our army points

Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian

Sub- Field Commander 40 0-2

Medium Protected 7 0-12

Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian Allies

Elite close fighters

Medium Protected 7 0-8

Skirmishing archers Bow - 5

Building a customised list using our army points

Sub- Field Commander 40 0-2

Building a customised list using our army points

Chariots Light - Average Undrilled Bow - 13 4-6 0-8

Medium Average 5 6-16

New Kingdom Egyptian

Building a customised list using our army points

New Kingdom Egyptian

New Kingdom Egyptian Allies

Later Minoan or Early Mycenaean

Building a customised list using our army points

Later Minoan or Early Mycenaean

Later Minoan or Early Mycenaean Allies

Average Drilled 16 4-6 0-8 4-

Building a customised list using our army points

Other Anatolian or Gasgan Light - Light Spear 11

Hittite Empire Allies

Light - Light Spear 11

Later Mycenaean or Trojan

Building a customised list using our army points

Later Mycenaean or Trojan

Nestor’s spearmen Defensive

Later Mycenaean or Trojan Allies

Middle or Early Neo-Assyrian

Building a customised list using our army points

Middle or Early Neo-Assyrian

Sub-commanders Field Commander 40 0-2