LESSON 1: THE MAKING OF THE RIZAL LAW

Rizal Law
 Senate bill 438 R.A 1425

1.1 DEBATES IN THE SENATE

 No seeming dissipates

JOSE P. LAUREL
 sponsored the Rizal bill which ignited an intense debate among the members of the Senate

CLARO M. RECTO
 main proponent of Rizal bill a legislative measure which was intended to inspire nationalism
among the Filipino youth

ADVERSARIES OF RIZAL BILL IN THE LOWER

1. Francisco Rodrigo
2. Mariano Cuenco
3. Decoroso Rosales
 Rizal bill also made its way to the House of Representatives but the situation in the Lower
House of Congress was less compulsive and fiery as compared with the circumstance in
the Upper House

MAIN SUPPORTERS OF THE BILL IN THE LOWER HOUSE

1. J. Z. Gonzales
2. M. Bengzon
3. J. Roces
4. E Cortez
5. R. Lagumbay

ADVERSARIES OF RIZAL BILL IN THE LOWER HOUSE

1. C. D. Consing
2. R. Durano
3. M. Cuenco
4. M. Zosa
5. M. Lim
6. G. Ramos

 The debate basically centered on the two contentious novels of Rizal.

 Supporters believed that Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo served as a required
reading resource in both public and private universities and colleges.
 The opposition claimed the novels to be religiously scandalous.

These novels must not be misunderstood as an attack against the religious hierarchy in the
present time! - Claro M. Recto

I do believe that requiring the young citizens to read the novels only result to confusion and
discord among the people! - Francisco Rodrigo

 Jose P. Laurel drafted an amended version of the Rizal Bill

 The word "compulsory" or compulsion" was deleted but the schools are required to make
available the copy of the original Noli and El Filibusterismo for those who would wish to
read the novels.
 The novels of Rizal must be read in their original edition as a demonstration of respect and
honor to Our national hero - Jose P. Laurel
 The amended version underscored the necessity to instill the sense of self-determination
and the spirit of nationalism among the young Filipinos as compelling and that it calls for an
immediate response.
 As recognized by the proponents, Rizal plays a substantial role in the quest to rekindle
Filipinos aspiration on the idealism of freedom and nationalism.
 The works and the ideals expressed in the writings of our heroes, Rizal in particular could
help fuel the nationalistic sentiment of the people especially the young Filipinos.

1.2 CONFLICT WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

 Influence of the Catholic Church was apparent among those who disputed the proposed
measure in Congress.
 Catholic hierarchy circulated a pastoral letter calling all Catholics to oppose the bill.
 Several versions of the "Statement" were drafted prior to its publication.

FR. HORACIO DE LA COSTA

 in the onginal draft he prepared there was no sign of bitter expression against Rizal or his
novels –
 In the version he prepared, Rizal appears to be a detestable person and that his novels are
hostile to the Catholic Church
 He is believed to have been influenced by Archbishop Rufino Santos

ABOUT FIVE DRAFTS CAME OFF

 Schumacher (2013) reiterating Fr. De la Costa's original draft was typewritten containing 20
pages whom Schumacher captioned it Summary A in his work
 Another copy (B) came out with few handwritten changes.
 Copy C contain changes in copy 8, but the passages in the original text of the draft were
missing. The endnotes were replaced by simple reference notes.
 Copy D was a shortened version of C. It contains five pages including an completely new
paragraph.
 Drafts C and E are the identical. Both copies contain the amendments highlighted by De la
Costa.
 Fr. Cavanna made use of draft Adapting the five pages of it as an introduction before
making his attack on the novels
 Fr. Cavanna was the sole author of the bishop's final letter.

PRES. RAMON MAGSAYSAY

 Despite the ambivalent temper of Malacañang, President Ramon Magsaysay approved
R.A. 1425 on the 12th day of June 1956
 The passage into law of the Laurel version seems to relieve the contesting parties.

19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES

ECONOMIC CONDITION
 Manila as a cross-cultural arena

CHINESE
 In 10th century, there was evidence of commercial contacts between Filipinos and Chinese
 In 1600, there were a large number of Chinese around the walled city.
 In 1621, there were 21 thousand licensed Chinese residents; 5 thousand unlicensed.

RESTRICTION TO CHINESE
 They were required to pay high taxes
 They could not travel to other parts of the Archipelago

CHINESE MESTIZOS
 Middle Class
 Chinese traders who have married a native woman or have been baptized into Catholicism.
 Great merchants

EXPORT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

 Schumacher (1991) viewed the emergence of an export economy that started in the 1830's
as opening opportunities for the Filipino middle and upper classes to gainful profit, as well
as the influx of machinery and consumer goods from western Countries.
 Philippine exports consist of agricultural products like rice, sugar, and abaca produced in
Central Luzon, Batangas, Bicol, Negros, and Panay.

INQUILINOS
 Rented lands from the friars
 On the friar haciendas, rising prosperity had also brought friction between inquilinos and
haciendas, as lands grew in value and rents were raised.

DOMINGO LAM-CO
 From Fujian, China, who went to the archipelago in the mid-18th century.
 Ancestor of Jose Rizal.

POLITICAL CONDITION
Cadiz Constitution
 Ventura de los Reyes y de la Serena
- representative in the Cadiz assembly)
 Felipi Agoncillo
- first filipino diplomat

LIBERALISM
 It brought significant change in the Philippines
 An intense political struggle between the liberals and conservatives inspired the natives
and creoles to claim equality with the Spaniards

Peninsulares - Spain to Phil

Insulares - Phil to Spain
Creoles - raja and Datu
Natives - Indios

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL (1869)

 Resulted to reduction of expeditious travel time.
 The Spaniards stayed longer and enriched themselves.

UPPER CLASS
 The people that belong in this class include the Spaniards, peninsulares and the friars.
 They have the power and authority to rule over the Filipinos. They enjoyed their positions
and do what they want.

MIDDLE CLASS
 Native elite/principalia
 Mestizo
 LOWER CLASS
 Laborers and workers in the fields
 Poorly educated
 Slaves
GENEALOGY AND EARLY LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL
Name: Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

NAME:
 Jose - in honor of San Jose
 Protacio - Saint Protacio, patron of June 19, the birthdate of rizal
 Rizal - from the word "racial
 Mercado - means market
 Alonso - old surname of his mother
 Realonda - from his mother's godmother

PARENTS:
 Francisco Rizal Mercado
 Teodora Alonzo Realonda

DOES RIZAL HAVE A CHINESE OR TAGALOG BLOOD?

 Paternal - Chinese
 Maternal Side - Chines, Japanese and Tagalog
o Chinese 28.125
o Filipino 53.12
o Spanish 12.5
o Japanese 6.5

THE REASON WHY JOSE USED THE RIZAL SURNAME INSTEAD OF MERCADO
 To avoid association to the executed Fr. Burgos which happens to have connection with his
older brother, Paciano Mercado.

THE EVENTS THAT AWAKENED RIZAL'S SENSE OF NATIONALISM?

1. In 1870, his mother, Doña Teodora, was falsely accused and imprisoned for two (2) years
without trial.
2. Execution of Gom-Bur-Za on February 17, 1872

IS RIZAL OR INDIO OR CHINESE MESTIZO - Chinese Mestizo

EARLY EDUCATION
HOW DID RIZAL'S MATERNAL UNCLES HELPED HIM DEVELOP HIMSELF?
 Jose Alberto - guided him into wise direction of his studies and developed his artistic ability.
 Gregorio - instilled love for education into the mind of Jose
 Manuel Alberto - he made sure Rizal exceled in sports

RIZAL'S FIRST FORMAL SCHOOLING STARTED

 Maestro Justiano Aquino Cruz in Biñan, Laguna.
 Ambet Ocampo - discovered certificate ( 1 meter 61 cm or 5.3 Rizal's height)

RIZAL'S EXPERIENCE AT THE ATENEO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA

1. He was a source of laughter from his classmates and professors.
2. Discrimination.
 HIS EXPERIENCE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS INFLUENCED HIM TO
SEEK FOR LIBERAL THOUGHTS
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him.
2. Racial discrimination among the Filipino students was apparent
3. The instructional approach was old-fashioned and autocratic

THE SA AKING MGA KABATA CONTROVERSY ALL ABOUT?

 Virgilio Almario pointed out that the word "Malaya" or "Kalayaan" was used by Rizal in 1882
 There is also evidence that he was unknowledgeable of the word "Kalayaan" until he
turned 25

WHAT IS THE SA AKING MGA KABATA CONTROVERSY ALL ABOUT?

 The word "Kalayaan creates more doubts as one of the letters he wrote to Paciano
explains that he (Rizal) finds it difficult to translate some words in Tagalog

IS THERE A PARTICULAR REPUBLIC ACT OR EXECUTIVE ORDER THAT

RECOGNIZES RIZAL AS THE NATIONAL HERO OF THE PHILIPPINES?
 No law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming
any Filipino historical figure as a national hero
 On March 28, 1993, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No.75 entitled
"Creating the National Heroes Committee Under the Office of the President.

NINE FILIPINO HISTORICAL FIGURES TO BE RECOMMENDED AS NATIONAL

HEROES:
a. Jose Rizal f. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
b. Andres Bonifacio g. Juan Luna
c. Emilio Aguinaldo h. Melchora Aquino
d. Apolinario Mabini i. Gabriela Silang
e. Marcelo H. del Pilar

EUROPEAN ESCAPADES AND ASSOCIATION WITH PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

FIRST TOUR IN EUROPE 1882-1887
 Why and when did Rizal left the Philippines for Europe?
1. Left the Philippines on May 03, 1882.
2. Arrived in Barcelona, Spain on June 16, 1882
3. He arrived in Madrid, Spain on September, 1882

 Courses Rizal took at Unibersidad Central de madrid

1. Medicine
2. Philosophy and letters

AWARDED TO RIZAL IN JUNE 21, 1884

 Licentiate in medicine

RIZAL IS NOT ALLOWED TO USE THE TITLE "MEDICAL DOCTOR

RIZAL GAVE HIS FIRST PUBLIC ADDRESS

 In 1884, he delivered a speech to honor Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo of their triumphs

WHO HELPED RIZAL IN PUBLISHING NOLI ME TANGERE

 Dr. Maximo Viola, published in March, 1887 Berlin, Germany Spanish language

NAME OF THE COMPANY THAT PUBLISHED THE NOLI ME TANGERE

 Berliner Buchdruckerei Aktiengesellschaft-Schule des Lette-Vereins

AUGUST 6, 1887
 Rizal went back to Philippines

RIZAL STAYED IN THE PHILIPPINES FOR ONLY SIX MONTHS

 Rizal left the Philippines on February 03, 1888 and arrived in Japan on February 28, 1888
because of the ensuing crisis in Calamba

RIZAL'S IMPRESSION OF AMERICA THE FIRST TIME HE SAW IT

 On April 28, 1888, he saw America and was impressed by the wealth and beauty of the
place

DID RIZAL LIKE THE AMERICANS?

1. Rizal had unpleasant experience with American's Immigration system.
2. April 28, 1888, the steamer Belgic docked at San Francisco.
3. American health authorities did not let the passengers to land for one week because of the
rumored cholera epidemic.
4. Rizal knew there was no cholera epidemic that time and he protested with other
passengers the unjustifiable actions of American authorities
5. He soon discovered that it was motivated by politics as the ship was carrying 643 Chinese
coolies.

RIZAL'S GOOD IMPRESSIONS ABOUT AMERICA:

1. The material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing
industries, and busy factories
2. he drives and the energy of the American people;
3. The natural beauty of the land
4. The high standard of living
5. The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants

RIZAL'S BAD IMPRESSIONS ABOUT AMERICA:

1. Non-existence of true civil liberty, as Negro cannot marry a white woman, nor a white man
Negress.
2. The existence of racial prejudice as shown in their hatred of the Chinese, Japanese and
Negroes.
3. The valuing of money over human life
4. Lack of racial equality.

"I visited the cities of America, with their grandiose edifices, their electric lights, and their
great conceptions. America is, undoubtedly a great country, but has many defects" - Jose
Rizal

WHY DID RIZAL ANNOTATED MORGAN'S SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS?

1. Inspire awareness among the Filipinos the impressive history of our country.
2. Filipinos of their glorious ways of the past.
3. Correct what has been distorted about the Philippines due to Spanish conquest
4. Proved that Filipinos are civilized even before the coming of the Spaniards.

WHY DID RIZAL RETURN TO SPAIN IN DECEMBER, 1888

 To exchange ideas with his compatriots regarding the political situation in the Philippines.

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT ORGANIZED IN BARCELONA ON DECEMBER 13,

1888
 Filipino compatriots organized the Asociacion La Solidaridad.

WHY WAS THIS PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT ORGANIZED?

 This propaganda movement called for the assimilation of the Philippines.
 He was unanimously chosen as the honorary president

ASSOCIATION LA SOLIDARIDAD
 Supremo of Katipunan
1. Judato Arellano
2. Ramos Basa
3. Andress Bonifacio
THE AIM OF THE ASOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINA THAT WAS ORGANIZED ON
JANUARY 12, 1889
 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina was organized on January 12, 1889
 This propaganda movement worked for reforms.

THE REFORMIST FILIPINOS IN ASOCIACION HISPANO-FILIPINA

 Graciano Lopez Jaena  Mariano Ponce
 Marcelo del Pilar  Jose M. Panganiban
 Jose Rizal  Eduardo de Lete
 Antonio Luna

THE SPANISH MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZATION

 Miguel Morayta
 Felipe de la Corte

LA SOLIDARIDAD FORMED
 On February 15, 1889, La Solidaridad was born in Barcelona with Jaena as its editor.
 This served as a paper used by reformists in expressing their political ideas and views
about the conditions of the Philippines.

Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium on January 28, 1890

THE NEWS THAT RIZAL RECEIVED ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES THAT URGED HIM TO
WRITE MORE ARTICLES FOR LA SOLIDARIDAD
1. Governor-General Terrero ordered the prohibition of the Noli Me Tangere
2. Calamba tenants and of those who took part in the public demonstration headed by
Doroteo Cortes were persecuted.

RIZAL'S INTENTION IN WRITING MORE ARTICLES IN LA SOLIDARIDAD

 He called for Filipinos to stand against the abuse and injustice committed by the Spaniards.
 He campaigned for reforms in his articles.

RIZAL PORTRAY FILIPINOS IN THE ESSAY INDOLENCE OF THE FILIPINOS

 Rizal argued against the claim of the Spaniards that Filipinos by nature are lazy.
 According to him, Filipinos are industrious people but lost their appetite to work because of
the maltreatment and usurpation of the Spaniards.

RIZAL OPERATED HIS MOTHER'S EYE IN

 Hong Kong
 When Rizal left Brussels, he went back to Paris and then to Hong Kong on November 20,
1891.
 CONFLICT WITH THE DOMINICAN
 The Noli Contreversy
 Rizal, an American made Hero?
 The Agrarian conflict

WHEN WAS THE NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED?

 The Noli Me Tangere was published on July 03, 1887 while Rizal was in Berlin, Germany.

WAS THE NOLI ALREADY A CONTROVERSY WHEN RIZAL WENT HOME TO THE
PHILIPPINES AFTER YEARS SPENT IN EUROPE?
 Yes. This caused him not to stay longer in Calamba.
HOW DO THE FRIARS INTERPRET THE NOLI ME TANGERE?
 Noli Me Tangere is a contentious reading material because of the exposition of the evils of
the society and the iniquities of the bad friars.

WHO WERE THE SUPPORTERS OF THE NOVEL?

1. Antonio Luna
2. Marcelo del Pilar
3. Graciano Lopez Jaena
4. Antonio Ma. Regidor
5. Mariano Ponce

WHO WERE THE CRITICS OF THE NOVEL?

1. Fr. Salvador Font
2. Fr. Jose Rodriguez
3. Vicente Barrantes
4. Fernando Veda
5. Luis de Pando
6. Gen. Jose de Salamanca

WHEN WAS RIZAL ORDERED TO REPORT TO MALACAÑANG BY GOV. GEN EMILIO

TERRERO?
 August 29, 1887

HOW DID GOV. GEN. TERRERO REACT TO RIZAL'S EXPLANATION ABOUT THE
NOVEL?
 Gov. Gen. was convinced of Rizal's explanation and requested to have a copy of the said
novel.

WHAT WAS THE FINDINGS OF THE EXAMINATION ON THE NOVEL CONDUCTED BY

THE COMMITTEE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS?
 The committee declared the book as heretic, scandalous and subversive.

WHO MADE A DECLARATION RECOGNIZING RIZAL AS A HERO?

 Civil-Governor William Howard Taft

WHAT WERE THE EVENTS/ SCENARIOS THAT LIKELY TO TELL US THAT HE WAS
CONSIDERED AS A HERO BY THE FILIPINO PEOPLE FIRST?
 Katipuan had a picture of Jose Rizal displayed in their headquarters and meeting places.
 Andres Bonifacio made Rizal the honorary president of the Katipunan and even attempted
to rescue him from his exile in Dapitan.
 It was General Emilio Aguinaldo who issued the first declaration acknowledging Rizal's
heroism.
 Diosdado Macapagal - declared June 30 is day pf mourning of Rizal

WHO OWNS MOST OF THE LANDS DURING THE SPANISH COLONIZATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
 Dominican priest owns most of the lands and there was abuse of powers.

HOW DID RIZAL HELP THE CALAMBA TENANTS IN THE LAND CONFLICT THEY
HAVE?
 Tenants were able to prompt and voice out their grievances.

WHAT IS/ARE THE GRIEVANCE/S THE TENANTS HAVE TOWARDS THE DOMINICAN
FRIARS?
 Rent increase. They did not consider whether the harvest for the season was good or not.
 Dominicans never issued receipts for the rent they collected.
WHAT WAS THE SHARECROPPING ARRANGEMENTS IN CALAMBA, LAGUNA?
 Originally, it was a two-layer structure.

WHAT WERE RIZAL'S FINDINGS ON HIS EVALUATION ON THE PROBLEM

SURROUNDING AGRARIAN CONDITIONS?
1. The hacienda of the Dominican order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but
the town of Calamba itself.
2. The revenues earned by the Dominican Order continually grew because of the
indiscriminate increase of the rentals paid by the tenants.
3. High rates of interest

LESSON 6: EXILE, TRIAL AND MARTYRDOM

 Arrived in Hongkong on November 20, 1981
 Went home to the Philippines on June 26, 1892

JULY 6, 1892
 The governor-general confronted him for anti-friar bills supposedly found in the baggage of
his sister Lucia He was ordered imprisoned in Fort Santiago

7 JULY 1892
 Governor General Eulogio Despujol issued a decree deporting Rizal to Dapitan, All the
newspapers of the city published the decree on that day

DID RIZAL STAY IN THE TOWN'S CHURCH?

 Fr. Pablo Pastells
 Fr. Antonio Obach

THE CONDITIONS THAT RIZAL NEEDED TO MEET FIRST BEFORE HE COULD IN

THE PARISH CHURCH OF DAPITAN
1. That Rizal will publicly retract his errors concerning religion, and make statements that
were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution.
2. That Rizal will perform the church rites and make a general confession of his past life.
3. That Rizal will conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of
religion.
 Rizal didn't agree to the conditions

WHERE DID HE STAY DURING HIS EXILE IN DAPITAN?

 At Dapitan Gov. Ricardo Carnicero's house.
 HOW DID RIZAL ACQUIRE THE MONEY HE USED TO BUY THE LAND AND BUILD
HIS HOUSE?
 He won in a lottery (9736) together with Carnicero and a Spanish resident of Dipolog,
Francisco Esquilor

HOW DID RIZAL HONE HIS STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS?

 He concentrated his school on a firm liberal arts curriculum to enhance the mind of his
students
 He aimed his students to embody the concept of "whole man"

RIZAL AS A BUSINESSMAN
 He engaged in business and tried fishing, hemp and copra industries
 He drained Dapitan's marshes
 He catered lighting system.
 "Constructed waterworks systems in Dapitan.
 "Invent a wooden brick-maker.

WHO WAS SENT BY O KATIPUNAN TO DAPITAN TO TALK WITH RIZAL?

 Dr. Pio Valenzuela

HOW DID RIZAL REACT TO KATIPUNAN'S PLAN TO RESCUE HIM FROM EXILE?
 I have no plan in breaking my words to the Spanish authorities.
 Filipinos are not ready for a blood revolution

DO YOU THINK RIZAL DESERVES TO BE REMEMBERED AS A HERO DESPITE HIS

OPPOSITION TO KATIPUNAN'S BLOODY REVOLUTION?
 Renato Constantino
o Hero is believed to be someone who stood with its people.
o Rizal is an opponent of Philippine Revolution.
o He is not a revolutionary leader, unlike Washington of the US or Mao Tse Tung of China.
o While on his way to Cuba to serve as an army doctor, he was arrested....
o Rizal arrived in the Philippines November 3, 1896

WHAT WERE THE CHARGES FILED AGAINST RIZAL?

 Rebellion (paghihimagsik)
 Sedition (sedisyon, panunulso! laban sa pamahalaan)
 Conspiracy (pagsasabwatan)

WHAT WAS THE NATURE OF THE PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION?

 Purely interrogative.
 Handled by Colonel Francisco Olive, Judge Advocate.

WHO WAS THE SPECIAL JUDGE WHO FILED THE CHARGES AGAINST RIZAL?
 Rafael Dominguez was assigned by Governor Blanco
Rizal be directly tried:
 be kept behind bars without trial
 properties be attached to one million pesos defense counsel should be an army officer

WHO WAS RIZAL'S DEFENSE COUNCIL?

 1st Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade

WHEN WAS THE COURT MARTIAL ASSEMBLED FOR THE TRIAL OF RIZAL?
 December 26, 1896 at Cuartel de Espana
 HOW DID THE TRIAL COMMENCE AND END?
 Enrique de Alcocer read the Brief for prosecution.
 It was followed by de Andrade who read the Brief of Rizal
 "Firing squad at 7:00 am. on the 30th day of December at the Bagumbayan field.

QUERIDAS DE RIZAL (RIZAL, THE ROMANTIC)

WOMEN'S OF RIZAL
1. Segunda Katigbak
o Rizal's puppy love. Unfortunately, his first love was engaged to be married to a town mate-
Manuel Luz. After his admiration for a short girl in the person of Segunda, then came
Leonor Valenzuela.

2. Leonor Valenzuela
o A tall girl from Pagsanjan, Rizal send her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only
be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of his
departure to Spain and bade her a last goodbye.
3. Leonor Rivera
o Rizal's sweetheart for 11 years played the greatest influence in keeping him from falling in
love with other women during his travel. Unfortunately, Leonor's mother disapproved of her
daughter's relationship with Rizal, who was then a known filibustero. She hid from Leonor
all letters sent to her sweetheart. Leonor believing that Rizal had already forgotten her,
sadly consented her to marry the English engineer Charles Henry Kipping, her mother's
choice.

4. Consuelo Ortiga y Rey

o The prettier of Don Pablo daughters, fell in love with him. He dedicated to her Ala Senorita
C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems. The Ortiga's residence in Madrid was
frequented by Rizal and his compatriots. He probably fell in love with her and Consuelo
apparently asked him for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before the relationship
turned into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and he
did not want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with
Consuelo.

5. Sei San
o a Japanese samurai's daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as su-mie.
She also helped Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese language. If Rizal was man
without a patriotic mission, he would have married this lovely and intelligent woman and
lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan because Spanish legation there offered him
a lucrative job.

6. Gertrude Beckett
o While Rizal was in London annotating the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, he boarded in the
house of the Beckett family, within walking distance of the British Museum. Gertrude, a
blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters. She fell in love
with Rizal. Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture. But Rizal suddenly left London
for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with him. Before leaving, London, he
was able to finish the group carving of the Beckett sisters. He gave the group carving to
Gertrude as a sign of their brief relationship."

7. Nellie Boustead
o Rizal having lost Leonor Rivera, entertained the thought of courting other ladies. While a
guest of the family at their residence in the resort city of Biarritz, he had befriended the two
pretty daughters of his host, Boustead. Rizal used to fence with the sisters at the studio of
Juan Luna. Antonio Luna, Juan's brother and also a frequent visitor of the Bousteads,
courted Nellie but she was deeply infatuated with Rizal.

o Their love affair unfortunately did not end in marriage. It failed because Rizal refused to be
converted to the Protestant faith, as Nellie demanded and Nellie's mother did not like a
physician without enough paying clientele to be a son-in-law. The lovers, however, parted
as good friends when Rizal left Europe.

8. Petite Suzanne Jacoby

o In 1890, Rizal moved to Brussels because of the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels, he
lived the boarding house of the two Jacoby sisters. In time, they fell deeply in love with
each other. Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and wrote him when he was in Madrid.

9. Josephine Bracken
o In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-year-old petite Irish
girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken,
the adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to for
treatment Rizal was physically attracted to her. His eye loneliness and boredom must have
taken the measure of him and what could be a better diversion that to fall in love again. But
the Rizal sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they considered her as
a threat to Rizal's security.

o Rizal asked Josephine to marry him, but she was not yet ready to make a decision due to
her responsibility to the blind Taufer. Since Tauler's blindness was untreatable, he left for
HongKong on March 1895 Josephine stayed with Rizal's family in Manila. Upon her return
to Dapitan, Rizal tried to arrange with Father Antonio Obach for their marriage. However,
the priest wanted a retraction as a precondition before marrying them. Rizal upon the
advice of his family and friends and with Josephine's consent took her as his wife even
without the Church blessings. Josephine later give birth prematurely to a stillborn baby, a
result of some incidence, which might have shocked or frightened her

RIZAL'S LOVE FOR JOSEPHINE

"Adios, dulce extranjera, mi amiga, mi alegria. (Farewell, sweet foreigner, my darling, my
delight) - From Ultimo Adios\

Josefina, Josefina/ to these shores you came in quest/ of dwelling place, a nest/like an
emigrating swallow

"If your fortune you must follow/ to Shanghai, China, or Japan/ don't forget that on these
shores/beats for you the heart of one."
- From poem Rizal wrote for Josephine in July 1895. poem Rizal wrote for Josephine in
July 1895 "A Josefina," translated from the original Spanish by Nick Joaquin.

Rizal's correspondence reveals that their relationship was not all roses and chocolates. The
real challenge was staying together in a difficult situation.

RIZAL'S WORK
IF RIZAL DID NOT COMPOSE "SA AKING MGA KABATA", WHO DID?
Possible:
 Herminigildo Cruz or Gabriel Beato Francisco
 Identifying the true author of the "Sa Aking Mga Kabata" is important because millions of
Filipino children are miseducated each year during Buwan ng Wika when they are told that
Rizal composed a poem on his mother tongue when he was 8.

TO THE FILIPINO YOUTH A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA

Ÿ Rizal wrote this literary poem when he was still studying at the UST. Originally written in
Spanish, Rizal submitted this piece for poem contest organized for Filipinos by Manila
Lyceum of Art and Literature. At the age of 18, this work is beaming with strong messages
to convince readers, the youth in particular, that they are the hope of the nation. He also
stresses the importance of education to one's future. Rizal won the first prize and was
rewarded with the feather-shaped silver pen and a diploma.

GOODBYE TO LEONOR
 This literary piece gives an insight into the romantic relationship of Rizal and his beloved,
Leonor Rivera. The two met when in the province of Dagupan when Rivera was only 13-
years-old. Rivera's parents were not in favor of their relationship and though distance
separated them, the two kept in touch by sending letter and photographs to each other.
Rizal later found out that her lady love would soon tie the knot with Henry Kipping, and the
news definitely dishearten him. The lonely, heartbreaking feelings he felt, resulted in this
melancholic poem.

TO THE YOUNG WOMEN OF MALOLOS

 Addressed to the Filipino women. Rizal's letter entitled To The Young Women of Malolos
reflects his inheritance and issues reminders to Filipino women in addresses all kinds of
Filipino women - mothers wives and even the single women. Throughout this literary piece
he highlights the qualities that Filipino mothers should possess, the duties of wives to their
husbands and children, and a counsel on how young women should choose their lifetime
partners. The idea behind this letter sparked after he was impressed by the women of who
won the battle they fought. Rizal advises women to educate themselves protect their dignity
and honor, and live with good manners-setting up as a role model.

JUNTO AL PASIG
 When translated into English, the title of this work means Beside Pasig River. In response
to the Jesuits' request, Rizal wrote this one-act play in the Spanish language for the velada
- a gala variety program during the principal feast days. The play centers around Leonido
(a young Filipino who has a strong faith in the Virgin) and the Diwata/Satan, which
symbolizes the Spanish oppression towards Filipinos. Its theme highlights Christianity,
good vs. evil, and paganism. The Philippines' national hero wrote it in honor of the Our
Lady of Peace and Voyage of the UST, and the play was staged on December 8, 1880

NOLI ME TANGERE
 The Noli Me Tangere was published on July 03, 1887 while Rizal was in Berlin, Germany.
 One of the most sought-after books in Philippine literature until today is Rizal's famous
novel titled Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not). Driven by his undying love for his country.
Rizal wrote the novel to expose the ills of Philippine society during the Spanish colonial era.
At the time, the Spaniards prohibited the Filipinos from reading the controversial book
because of the unlawful acts depicted in the novel. Yet they were not able to ban it
completely and as more Filipinos read the book, it opened their eyes to the truth that they
were being manhandled by the friars. In this revolutionary book, you'll learn the story of
Crisostomo Ibarra, how he dealt with Spanish authorities, and how he prepared for his
revenge, as told in Rizal's second book, El Filibusterismo.

EL FILIBUSTERISMO
 Published in Ghent, Belgium on September 18, 1891. This is Rizal's sequel to his first
book, Noli Me Tangere. In El Filibusterismo (The Reign of the Greed), the novel exhibits a
dark theme (as opposed to the hopeful atmosphere in the first novel) in which it depicts the
country's issues and how the protagonist attempts a reform. The story takes place 13 years
after Noli Me Tangere, where revolutionary protagonist Crisostomo Ibarra is now under the
guise of Simoun - a wealthy jewelry tycoon. Because the novel also portrays the abuse,
corruption, and discrimination of the Spaniards towards Filipinos, it was also banned in the
country at the time. Rizal dedicated his second novel to the GOMBURZA-the Filipino
priests named Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora who were
executed on charges of subversion. The two novels of Rizal, now considered as his literary
masterpieces, both indirectly sparked the Philippine Revolution.

THE THIRD NOVEL

 "Makamisa", (After the Mass) Rizal's unfinished third novel.
 For his third novel, Rizal decided to write in the language ordinary Filipinos could
understand. He began in Tagalog the extant chapters of what we now know as Makamisa.
Rizal believed that Tagalog was one of the best developed of the Philippine languages and
thus could become the basis for a national language outside of Spanish.
 This larger work in Tagalog, however, was not completed because Rizal had difficulty
readjusting to his own language; thus, Makamisa was shelved and Rizal began writing
again, this time in Spanish.
 This unfinished novel has three expository parts, mostly describing what goes on in church,
the town hall and the gobernadorcillo's residence.
 Most of the manuscript is in Spanish, although some pages are in Latin, French, and there
is even one sentence in English. A few pages are not in Rizal's penmanship; these are
probably Ponce's. Not all the pages in the "borrador" have something to do with the novel.
Some are random notes Rizal took from his readings or musings.
 "It took three years of collation, research, and scholarly sleuthing before the manuscript
took shape and formed the body of this book. -Ambeth Ocampo
 The fact that Rizal intended to write this novel Tagalog, and seriously attempted to do so,
leaving a relatively polished draft manuscript behind confirms his conviction that Philippine
literature, to be effective, should reach the majority and should therefore be in their own
language.
 The fact that he had to give up the attempt, and resume writing in Spanish, is comment on
the effect of the colonial condition on language and on writers. Rizal, the cosmopolitan
Filipino, Jacked practice in his own tongue, and wrote better, more rapidly and surely in
Spanish-as many now write in English.
 This is a major paradox, since Rizal has been used by the government for decades to
justify the imposition of Tagalog on everyone-or, much later, the Tagalog-based National
Language we now know as Filipino.

MI ULTIMO ADIOS (THE ORIGIN HAS NO TITLE)

 After being associated with the Katipuneros, Rizal was arrested and later sentenced to
death by firing squad for acts of sedition and rebellion. During his final days in Fort
Santiago of Manila, Rizal bid farewell to his motherland and Countrymen through letters. Mi
último adiós or My Last Farewell is one of the few last works that Rizal wrote. Some
historical accounts say wrote it on the eve before his execution, while others claim that he
wrote the poem a few days before his death in Manila on December 30, 1896. But,
because there was no title ascribed to this poem, his good friend and fellow reformist
Mariano Ponce came up with the title.

COMMUNITY SERVICE AND ACHIEVEMENTS

AS A MEDICAL DOCTOR
Practice ophthalmology
 Calamba Augus 1887- February 1988)
 Hong Kong November 18, 1891 - June 1892
 Dapitan July 1892 - July 1896

AS AN EDUCATOR
 Father of the Community School
 Concentrated on firm liberal-arts curriculum
 Embody the concept of whole man

AS AGRICULTURIST & ECONOMIST

 Imported from US agricultural machineries
 Rizal engaged in fishing, buying and selling of copra and hemp.
 He was a competitive economist.

AS AN ARTIST & WRITER

 Rizal was able write a number of poems, short stories, novels, essays, plays and fables.
 As a writer, he received various awards in recognition of his literary works. Rizal knew 22
languages.
AS AN ARCHITECT & ENGINEER
 Rizal was a licensed surveyor. He was given the title Master Surveyor at the age of twenty.

AS A SCIENTIST & INVENTOR

 While he was in Dapitan, collected and studied different living organisms in the place.
 Rizal discovered three new specimens: Draco rizali for a new flying dragon; Rachophorus
rizali for a new frog: and Apogonia rizali for a new beetle with five horns.

AS A SOCIAL SCIENTIST
 Discovered several relics such as the ancient Chinese porcelain of the Sung Dynasty,
specimens of jewelry and an old bronze Catholic medal.
 Annotated edition of Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.

AS A NATIONALIST & REFORMIST

 Rizal endeavored for an intensive study of Tagalog Orthography.
 Rizal wrote an article on Tagalog Orthography in Madrid on April 15, 1890 where he
proposed the use of k and w instead of c and u.
 Tagalog translations of Hans Christian Andersen's tales and Schiller's Wilhelm Tell

AS A LEADER AND ORGANIZER

 Formed organizations including the Kidlat Club, Indios Bravos and Redencion de los
Malayos (R. D. L., M. ).
 La Liga Filipina

AS A PSYCHIC
 In his essay entitled "The Philippines a Century Hence”, Rizal foretold that once the
Spaniards had left the Philippines, the Americans will colonize our country

AS A SPORTSMAN
 Learned swimming, fencing, wrestling, and rowing
 Expert yo-yo player
 Excellent chess player
 In Ateneo, he took up gymnastics
 He also became expert swordsman and pistol shooter.
 AS A MAGICIAN
 In order to learn more about the art of magic, he bought books written by European
magicians. He also attended magical presentations featuring the famous magicians of the
world.