c1 Final Edited

CASE STUDY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FINISHES IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.
CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and
ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually
means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while render commonly refers to external
applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used
for plaster work that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat
surfaces.
The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but all
work in a similar way. The plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water
to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface. The reaction
with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens.
Plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools or even sandpaper, and can be
moulded either on site or to make pre-formed sections in advance, which are put in place with
adhesive. Plaster is not a strong material; it is suitable for finishing, rather than load-bearing,
and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework, usually
in metal.
Forms of plaster have several other uses. In medicine plaster orthopedic costs are still often
used for supporting set broken bones. In dentistry plaster is used to make dental impressions.
Various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In art, lime plaster is the
traditional matrix for fresco painting; the pigments are applied to a thin wet top layer of
plaster and fuse with it so that the painting is actually in coloured plaster. In the ancient
world, as well as the sort of ornamental designs in plaster relief that are still used, plaster was
also widely used to create large figurative reliefs for walls, though few of these have survived.
1.2 Requirements of good plastering
1. It should adhere to the background and should remain adhered during all climatic
changes.
2. It should be cheap and economical.
3. It should be hard and durable.
4. It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions.
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CASE STUDY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FINISHES IN RESIDENTIAL
5. It should effectively check the entry or penetration of moisture from the surfaces.
6. It should possess good workability.
1.3 Types of plastering
 Browning plaster.
 Bonding plaster.
 Thistle plaster.
 Carlite plaster.
 Hardwall plaster.
 Dri-coat plaster.
 One Coat plaster.
 Tough coat plaster.
1.4 Importance of plastering.
During your homes constructions, plastering makes the rough surfaces of the walls smooth.
Plastering covers rough edges end an even surfaces, those increasing Durability and
strengthening walls.
Plastering also gives a good finish to the walls of your house and this will make your home
look appealing.
Appearance
To improve the appearance of the surface by providing an even, smooth, regular, clean and
finished surface.
Protection
In case of external plastering, the objective is to preserve and protect the surface from
atmospheric influences by acting as a protective coating.
In case of internal plastering, the basic object is to protect the surfaces against dust.
Cover up

To conceal the defective workmanship and to cover up the use of inferior quality and porous
material and joints formed in masonry work.
Base preparation
To provide a satisfactory base or ground for decorating the surface by applying white
washing, painting, colour washing or dis-tempering.
Maintenance
To fill up the cracks detected in the structure during maintenance process.
1.5 Ancient plastering types
Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-
hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime). Ancient
lime plaster often contained horse hair for reinforcement and pozzolan additives to reduce the
working time.
Traditional non-hydraulic hydrated lime only sets through carbonation when the plaster is
kept moist and access of CO2 from the air is possible. It will not set when submersed in water.
When a very thick layer or several layers are applied, the lime can remain soft for weeks.
The curing time of lime plaster can be shortened by using (natural) hydraulic lime or adding
pozzolan additives, transforming it into artificially hydraulic lime. In ancient times, Roman
lime plaster incorporated pozzolanic volcanic ash; in modern times, fly ash is preferred. Non-
hydraulic lime plaster can also be made to set faster by adding gypsum.
Lime production for use in plastering home-made Cisterns (in making them impermeable)
was especially important in countries where rain-fall was scarce in summer. This enabled
them to collect the winter run-off of rain water and to have it stored for later use, whether for
personal or agricultural needs.

Figure:1.1 Ancient plaster
1.5.1 clay plaster
Clay plaster is a mixture of clay, sand and water with the addition of plant fibers for tensile
strength over wood lath.
Clay plaster has been used since antiquity. Settlers in the American colonies used clay plaster
on the interiors of their houses: Interior plastering in the form of clay antedated even the
building of houses of frame, and must have been visible in the inside of wattle filling in those
earliest frame houses in which …wainscot had not been indulged. Clay continued in the use
long after the adoption of laths and brick filling for the frame. Where lime was not available
or easily accessible it was rationed or substituted with other binders. In Martin e. weaver’s
seminal work he says, Mud plaster consists of clay or earth which is mixed with water to give
a “plastic” or workable consistency. If the clay mixture is too plastic it will shrink, crack and
distort on drying. It will also probably drop off the wall. Sand and fine gravels were added to
reduce the concentrations of fine clay particles which were the cause of the excessive
shrinkage. Straw or grass was added sometimes with the addition of manure.
In the Earliest European settlers’ plasterwork, a mud plaster was used or more usually a mud-
lime mixture. Mckee writes, of a circa 1675 Massachusetts contract that specified the
plasterer. Is to lath and sile the four rooms of the house betwixt the joists overhead with a coat
of lime and hair upon the clay also to fill the gable ends of the house with ricks and plaster
them with clay. To lath and plaster partitions of the house with clay and lime, and to fill, lath,
and plaster

them with lime and haire besides; and to siele and lath them overhead with lime also to fill,
lath, and plaster the kitchen up to the wall plate on every side. 6. The said Daniel Andrews is
to find lime, bricks, clay, stone, haire, together with laborers and workmen Records of the
New Haven colony in 1641 mention clay and hay as well as lime and hair also. In German
houses of Pennsylvania the use of clay persisted.” Clay plaster base coat on split oak lath held
in place with straw and manure, covered with a lime plaster top coat, old Economy village,
Pennsylvania (1827).
Old Economy village is one such German settlement. The early Nineteenth-Century utopian
village in present-day Ambridge, Pennsylvania, used clay plaster substrate exclusively in the
brick and wood frame high architecture of the Feast Hall, Great House and other large and
commercial structures as well as in the brick, frame and log dwellings of the society
members. The use of clay in plaster and in laying brickwork appears to have been a common
practice at that time not just in the construction of Economy village when the settlement was
founded in 1824. Specifications for the construction of, “Lock keepershouses on the
chesapeake and Ohio Canal, written about 1828, require stone walls to be laid with clay
mortar, excepting 3 inches on the outside of the walls…which (are) to be good lime mortar
and well pointed.” The choice of clay was because of its low cost, but also the availability. At
Economy, root cellars dug under the houses yielded clay and sand (stone), or the nearby Ohio
river yielded washed sand from the sand bars; and lime outcroppings and oyster shell for the
lime kiln. Other required building materials were also sourced locally.
The surrounding forests of the new village of Economy provided straight grain, old-growth
oak trees for lath. Hand split lath starts with a log of straight grained wood of the required
length. The log is spit into quarters and then smaller and smaller bolts with wedges and a
sledge. When small enough, a froe and mallet were used to split away narrow strips of lath -
unattainable with field trees and their many limbs. Farm animals pastured in the fields cleared
of trees provided the hair and manure for the float coat of plaster. Fields of wheat and grains
provided straw and other grasses for binders for the clay plaster. But there was no uniformity
in clay plaster recipes.
Straw or grass was added sometimes with the addition of manure providing fiber for tensile
strength as well as protein adhesive. Proteins in the manure act as binders. The hydrogen
bonds of proteins must stay dry to remain strong, so the mud plaster must be kept dry. With
braced timber-framed structures clay plaster was used on interior walls and ceilings as well as
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exterior walls as the wall cavity and exterior cladding isolated the clay plaster from moisture

penetration. Application of clay plaster in brick structures risked water penetration from failed
mortar joints on the exterior brick walls. In Economy Village, the rear and middle wythes of
brick dwelling walls are laid in a clay and sand mortar with the front wythe bedded in a lime
and sand mortar to provide a weather proof seal to protect from water penetration. This
allowed a rendering of clay plaster and setting coat of thin lime and fine sand on exterior-
walled rooms.
Lime setting-coat on clay plaster with straw binder. Applied to hand-split lath over a
Split lath was nailed with square cut lath nails, one into each framing member. With hand
timber framed wall of a brick family house at Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania
split lath the plasterer had the luxury of making lath to fit the cavity being plastered. Lengths
of lath two to six foot are not uncommon at Economy Village. Hand split lath is not uniform
like sawn lath. The straightness or waviness of the grain affected the thickness or width of
each lath, and thus the spacing of the lath. The clay plaster rough coat varied to cover the
irregular lath. Window and door trim as well as the mudboard (baseboard) acted as screeds.
With the variation of the lath thickness and use of coarse straw and manure, the clay coat of
plaster was thick in comparison to later lime-only and gypsum plasters. In
Economy Village, the lime top coats are thin veneers often an eighth inch or less attesting to
the scarcity of limestone supplies there.
Clay plasters with their lack of tensile and compressive strength fell out of favor as industrial
mining and technology advances in kiln production led to the exclusive use of lime and then
gypsum in plaster applications. However, clay plasters still exist after hundreds of years
clinging to split lath on rusty square nails. The wall variations and roughness reveal a hand-
made and pleasing textured alternative to machine-made modern substrate finishes. But clay
plaster finishes are rare and fleeting. According to Martin Weaver, “Many of North America’s
historic building interiors…are all too often…one of the first things to disappear in the frenzy
of demolition of interiors which has unfortunately come to be a common companion to
“heritage preservation” in the guise of building rehabilitation.”

1.6 Modern plastering types
Cement plastering
Cement plaster is a mixture of suitable plaster, sand, Portland cement and water which is
normally applied to masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface. Interior
surfaces sometimes receive a final layer of gypsum plaster. Walls constructed with stock
bricks are normally plastered while face brick walls are not plastered. Various cement-based
plasters are also used as proprietary spray fire proofing products. These usually
use vermiculite as lightweight aggregate. Heavy versions of such plasters are also in use for
exterior fireproofing, to protect LPG vessels, pipe bridges and vessel skirts.
Cement plaster was first introduced in America around 1909 and was often called by the
generic name adamant plaster after a prominent manufacturer of the time. The advantages of
cement plaster noted at that time were its strength, hardness, quick setting time and durability.
Figure:1.2 cement plaster

1.7 Organization Of the Report:
The site that we were assigned for our mini project is located at Bhadurpally village
( Hyderabad, Telangana) Which was under guidance of Primark projects private
limited Constructions.
1.8 SUMMARY:
In this chapter we have learnt about the introduction, requirements of good

plastering, types of plastering, ancient plastering, modern plastering in detailed.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.Introduction: In this chapter we are going to discuss about the literature

reviews of the professors of different colleges or universities on thisproject.
2.2 Theoretical background:A brief theory about the subjects that deals in
the project
2.3 Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wall Plastering Machine

Author Name: Mahesha P.K. and Sree Rajendra
Journal Name: IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Technology
This work includes applying mortar into the wall and additionally pressuring mortar with
creating a surface level. The model was developed and tested successfully. With this
development, two major downsides to the construction industries were reduced, namely, labor
shortage and quality within construction method with less wastage. During the trials, it was
noted that the machine was more productive compared with labour in relation to rendering the
work, and additionally, the standard achieved was admirable.
Automatic Plastering Machine

Author Name: Arivazhagan B.
Journal Name: International Journal of Advanced analysis in Physics, Communication &
Instrumentation Engineering and Development.
Machine-driven rendering machine is exclusive and maybe one reasonably machine-driven
rendering machinery is ideally appropriate for the construction/building business. Machine-
driven rendering machine works with typical cement mortar that brings it to a swish, flat end
with variable and adjustable thickness to suit every application. It makes rendering easier,
faster, and easy compared with manual application. This concept also can additional increased
by interfacing liquid crystal display & computer keyboard for creating the method while not
external supply. This point and cash saving machine, keeps up with the ever dynamic world
of building automation.

Automation and Robotics in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges
Author Name: S.M.S. Elattar
Journal Name: Emirates Journal for Engineering Analysis
Robots square measure progressively concerned in construction operations to take care of
extremely correct actions and to scale back venturous risks achieving improved management
and safety. Machine-driven constructions are often developed toinclude: design, engineering,
and maintenance of existing and planned structures. Several analysis works counsel extremely
autonomous robotic system for the development performance. The “Sense-and-Act” could
become a reality with the development of a lot of advanced robotic systems for construction
applications. Efforts should be made to persuade professionals in building management to
integrate AI and building automation enhance the standard of services of contemporary
intelligent buildings. All new concepts for automation or robotizing on the vacant lot need to
be generated by a mix of recent designs, new forms, and new materials that meet the
requirements for building in a very metropolis. However, many of the problems in
construction engineering cannot be absolutely addressed through improvement and
computation. With intelligence activities reminiscent of generalization, analysis and
decision-making for multi- objectives, there are often a higher understanding of the
development engineering downside.
2.4 SUMMARY
In this chapter literature review we have learnt about the research of plastering finishes and
gives a brief explanation of mix of mortar and the materials in a proper ratio.

CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Types of Plastering Finishes
Following are the 10 Types Finished Plaster,
1. Pebble Dash Plaster Finish

2. Scrapped Plaster Finish
3. Textured Plaster Finish
4. Stucco Plaster Finish
5. Exposed Aggregate Plaster Finish
6. Waterproof Plaster Finish
7. Smooth Coat Finish
8. Sand Faced Finish
9. Rough Cast Finish or Spatter Dash Finish
10. Depeter Finish
1. Pebble Dash Plaster Finish
It is a Plaster Finish in which small pebbles or crushed stones of suitable size (generally
varying from 10 to 20 mm) are thrown onto a freshly applied final coat of mortar and left
exposed.
The mortar for the final coat is usually made by mixing cement and coarse sand in the mix
proportion of 1:3 and is placed in about 1 mm thickness.
The pebbles used for dashing should be well washed and thrown wet onto the final coat. The
pebbles may be tightly tapped into the mortar with a wooden float or with the flat of the
trowel.

This finish of plaster possesses all the advantages of the roughcast finish and is recommended
in similar conditions. Pebbledash plaster finish is mostly used for covering exterior walls and
provide an aesthetic appearance to the structure.
Figure:3.1 Pebble dash finish
2. Scrapped Plaster Finish
In many homes to create a good blend of smooth and rough surfaces, a scrapped plaster
finish is created. It is a plaster in which the final coat, after being leveled and allowed
to stiffen for a few hours, is scrapped with a steel straight edge old saw blade or other such
tools to remove the surface skin.
Various types of scrapped finished can be obtained by using different types of tools in
different manners.
In this plaster finish, the final layer is usually 6 to 12 mm thick of which about 3 mm is
removed in the scrapping process. The scrapping is done after the setting of the final coat has
taken places

In the process of scrapping, the surface skin of the mortar is removed to expose aggregate and
the texture obtained depends upon the grading aggregates used in the final coat. In this plaster
finish is less liable to crack than the plain finish.
Figure:3.2 scrapped finish
3. Textured Plaster Finish
A textured plaster finish can be typically found on boundary walls or part of a feature
wall to create a textured interior décor installation.
A textured plaster finish is created by making use of stucco plastering, finished with
a rough surface but often smoothed over to create repetitive patterns.For textured finish
mix of sand, cement, lime, and water used blended with various additives such
as fibers and synthetics acrylics, and even coloring pigments. In this finish, ornamental
finish or textured surfaces are produced by working with various tools on the freshly
applied final coat. This finish possesses all the advantages of the rough finish.

Figure:3.3Textured finish
4. Stucco Plaster Finish
Stucco plaster finish belongs to a type of plaster that provides a superior finish. This
plaster can be applied for inside as well as outside surfaces.It is usually placed in
three coats which make the entire thickness of the plaster roughly 2The first coat is
known as scratch coat; the second one is a finer coat of brown coat and the third is
known as a white coat or finishing
Figure:3.4 Stucco finish

5. Exposed Aggregate Plaster Finish
White and colored marble chips shall be of 6 mm to 12 mm size shall be used which
obtained from crushing hard marble stone.
Figure:3.5 Exposed aggregate finish
Exposed aggregate finish plaster shall be 20 mm thick. The procedure of application shall
be the same as for the sand-faced finish. Mix proportion should be 1 cement: 1 marble
chip and the pebbles to be used shall be well washed and drained
The admixture shall be thrown wet onto the undercoat while it is still plastic using a
strong whipping motion at right angles to the face of the wall. Loose mortar on the top
surface shall be cleaned or removed by washing / brushing with a water jet.

6. Waterproof Plaster Finish Cement waterproof
compound of approved make and manufacture shall be used for plastering. These
compounds shall conform to IS:2645.
Figure: 3.6 water proof cement finish
Use of admixture consists calcium chloride shall not be permitted. The material should
be brought to the project site in its original packing.
The compound shall be well mixed with dry cement in the proportion of 3% by weight or
as recommended by the manufacture.
Care shall be taken while mixing, to see that waterproofing material gets well
and integrally mixed with cement and does not run out separately on the addition of
water

7. Smooth Coat Finish
This type of plaster finishing is smooth in nature with leveled surface. The proportion
of 1:3 is used for Sand and cement for making mortar used in finishing.The application
of mortar to the wall is done using wooden float.
8. Sand Finish Plaster
This plaster finishing is usually completed in 2 coats of mortar mix. The ratio of
cement sand is kept 1:4 in mortar for the first layer with 12mm thickness.
Initially, the first layer is applied and then cured for 7 days, which is followed by
the second layer with a thickness of 8mm.
As per requirement, the ratio is kept at 1:1 for sand and cementmixture. Use of sponge is
done after when the layer is wet to add the required characteristics.
9. Rough Plaster
Rough finishing of plaster requires a Cement Sand Aggregate ratio of 1:1:3 for finishing
work, having a coarse aggregate size of 3mm to 12 mm.In finishing of plaster surface,the
mortar mix splashed on the wall, and then it is finished rough with the help of float made

Figure: 3.7 Rough finish
In this Finishing of plaster surface, the mortar mix splashed on the wall, and then it is
finished rough with the help of float made of wood.
This finished plaster is more durable, waterproof and crack proof and crazing proof.
10. Depeter Finish
It is like most last finishing plaster coat which is having a thickness of around 12 to 15
mm for a good quality finish.
The materials of Gravel Plinth are compressed to the required degree manually after the
application of mortar. Gravel plinth could be used in different colors and shapes to give
a colorful appearance to the wall.

2.2 Defects in plastering and process of plastering
Blistering - The development of one or more local swellings on the finished plaster surface.
Cracking - The development of one or more f1ssures not assignable to structural cause.
Crazing -The development of a series of hair cracks on the finished plaster surface. Known as
'map crazing', when it forms an haphazard pattern over the wan surface affected.
Dubbing Out- The operation of attaching pieces of slate, tile, etc, to a wall with plaster, and
then likewise covering them in order to fill out hollows or to form projections.
Hacking - The roughing of solid backgrounds, by hand or mechanical methods, to provide a

suitable key.
Figure: 3.8 Hacking a slab
Raking - Removing mortar from masonry joints to provide suitable key for the plastering
and pointing.
Rendering - A mix which is applied white plastic to building surfaces and which hardens
after application.
Spatter-dash - A mix of cement and fairly coarse sand, prepared as thick slurry. It is thrown
on as initial C08ting to provide a key on dense backgrounds having poor suction, or to reduce
or even-out suction of other types of background. .

Suction -The property of background which determines its rate of absorption of water.
2.3 MATERIALS
cement
Lime Class B and C
Lime shall conform to specification
Lime Putty - This shall be obtained by slaking LIme with water.
Neeru This shall be obtained by mixing Lime putty end sand in equal proportion and chopped
jute @ 4 kg per cum of mortar. The mixture shall be properly ground to a fine paste between
two stones.
Sand
"Mortar". for white or coloured renderings, only quartz or silica sand shall be used.
2.4 Aggregates
All Aggregates other than sand shall conform to 15:383- 1970. For roughcast, crushed stone
or fine gravel upto 12 mm maximum may be used in the finishing met. The grading and
maximum size will vary according to the texture required and the type of stone; an aggregate
of the desired grading may be obtained either by using a mixture of stone or gravel with send
or ,by using crushed stone grilled from the maximum down to dust. The proportion of coarse
material (over
4.75 mm 15 sieve) to fines sh8ll be between 1:1 and 1:2 by volume.
Pebbles
These shall be either small pebbles or crushed stones of si2e 6 to12 mm end well washed.
Water
This shall conform to specification.
Integral Water Proofing Compound
IS:2645-1975 shall be followed. Water proofing liquid shall be "AZROK" or other equal of
approved make.
Soil
This shall conform to specification .

Chopped Straw (Bhoosa)

Chopped straw for mixing with mud mortar for plastering shall be clean, thin fibres not
longer than 20 mm.
3.5 CARE OF TOOLS AND ACCESSORIESTOOLS
Figure: 3.9 Metal float
Figure:3.10 Trowan
All tools shall be cleaned by scraping end washing at the end of each day's work, or after use
with different materials. Metal tools shall be cleaned and greased after each operation. The
tools shall be examined end thoroughly cleaned before plastering is begun. Cleanliness Is
particularly important with cement plasters, where contamination with set material may
seriously affect the performance as well as reduce the effective life of the tools.

3.6 Scaffolding:
Scaffolding also called scaffold or staging is a temporary structure used to support a work
crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges
and all other man-made structures. Scaffolds are widely used on site to get access to heights
and areas that would be otherwise hard to get to Unsafe scaffolding has the potential to result
in death or serious injury. Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and
plastering of buildings
Figure:3.11 steel scaffolding

Wooden BALLIES, bamboos, planks, trestles end other scaffolding materials shall be sound
and in accordance with local building regulations. These shall be properly examined before
erection and use. Steel scaffolding, if used shall conform to 18:2160-1964 and used as in
IS:3696( Part 1)-1981.

Number- of Plaster Coats
The number of plaster coats to be Adopted shall be as under:
(i) Reasonably plain backgrounds of brick, concrete, building blocks and timber materials .
(a) Thickness of plaster - upto 15mm Single coat
(b) Thickness of plaster - greater than 15mm Two coats
( jj) Very rough surfaces, such as rough stone masonry Three coats
(jji) Metal lathing Three coats
(iv) Renovation works on Wood lathes Three coats
Thickness of Plastering:
Finishing coats (and single-coat work, where employed) shall be of such minimum thickness
as just to provide a sufficient body of materials to harden Satisfactorily under the site
conditions in any particular case.
The total thickness of two - coat work exclusive of keys or dubbing out shall be generally
about, but shall not normally exceed 20 mm and it shall not exceed 15 mm in the case of in
situ concrete soffits. The thickness of three-coat work shall be about, but shall not normally
exceed 25 mm.
The thickness of an individual coat shall generally be as recommended in Appendix-I.
Recommended Plaster Specifications:

A list of specifications for mixes suitable for various situations is given in Appendix-I which
covers single-coat work which is used generally and also two and three-coat works suitable
for special situations. The Lime in the mixes specified in Appendix-I and in
assumed to be measured as lime putty, but if it is measured as dry hydrated lime, the
proportion of Lime in any mix shall be slightly higher than is indicated and 6 suitable
adjustment shall be made as indicated .
The actual weight of hydrated Lime which a putty contains may be determined by using the
following formula:

Wh = [G/G-1 ] [Wp- 1000]
Where,
Wh = Weight of dry hydrate in kg/m3,
G = Specific gravity of hydrate usually 2.25, and

Wp = weight of putty in kg/m3.
The mix for the finishing coat shall depend on the texture and colour of the surface desired. If
the surface is to have a lime-putty finish, then it is advisable to have rich mix of 1 part of
cement ,1 part of Lime and 3 parts of sand. For any rough finish a mix of I part of cement to 3
to 4 parts of sand is recommended.
3.8 General Precautions in Plastering

Cleanliness and Protection of Existing Work- Cleanliness is essential in carrying out plaster
work. Adequate protection shall be given to an existing work and fittings which are liable to
be damaged, not only in the area of plastering operations, but also In the approaches thereto
by covering up with boards, dust sheets, etc, as necessary.
On completion, all work affected by plastering operations shall be left clean. Special care is
necessary when removing set plaster from glass to avoid damaging its surface.
Suction adjustment - The careful adjustment of suction is very necessary for good plastering,
and may be done either by wetting the backing suitably if it is dry, or by sprinkling with a
cement-mix as in the case of a concrete surface with low suction. Without the aid of suction,
plaster would creep and slide down due to its own weight. On the other hand, high rate of
suction withdraws all moisture from the plaster and makes it weak porous and friable. Too
much water makes it impossible to keep the mortar in position till sets. A failure In bond due
to excessive water leads to further failures as the pocket formed may hold water and break up
the plaster when the water freezes; or if the water is salt-laden, the same results will be
produced on evaporation by crystal formation. The wall shall not be soaked but only damped
evenly before applying the plaster. If the surface becomes dry In spots. such areas shall be
moistened again to restore uniform suction. A fog spray is recommended for this work. .
Adjustment of Working to the Setting Properties or Plaster - Cement plasters and cement-
lime plasters contain materials which set when brought into contact with water, and the fullest

use of their strength producing properties is not made unless the mix is applied before the
setting process has started. If re-tempering of such mixes is carried out after the set has
commenced, an inevitable loss in strength and efficiency will result. In the case of cement
plasters, the commencement of the set is accompanied by a noticeable stiffening of the mix.
In the case of cement plaster heavily gauged with lime, however, it is not always obvious to
the operator when the set has started and it Is with this type of mix that the retention of the
full measure of strength afforded by the cementitious material is particularly important.
Such plasters may be overworked both before and after application with resultant impairment
of the set of the gauging plaster. This not only reduces the strength of the material, but also
gives it the shrinkage characteristics of a pure-lime plaster with its liable accompaniment of
the surface crazing. It is essential, therefore, .that mixes shall be used as soon as possible after
water has been added and that following working periods recommended shall not be
exceeded:
(a) Cement mortar 30 minutes
(b) Cement lime mortar 2 hours
Control Cracking
In the case of discontinuity backgrounds, the best treatment would be to separate the two
portions by a neat cut through the plaster at the junction. In the case of discontinuity from
wall to ceiling, a cornice that would permit slight movement without cracking may
advantageously be introduced. If it is not proposed to provide a cornice, B straight cut
through the plaster or a groove joint at the junction may be provided.
In Load bearing construction, cracks are 8150 caused in the top floor partitions due to roof
movement by variation in temperature. Development of such cracks shall be prevented by
isolating the top of portion from the roof slab. To achieve this, plastering shall not be carried
over the junctions of partition walls with roof slab.
When plaster is applied to provide an unbroken surface over board or slab background, the
plaster coat bridging the joints is subject to higher stresses and any movement in the
background will show by cracks along the joints. To avoid this, the plaster is reinforced at the
joints by fixing jute scrim or suitable wire gauge. This treatment meIY still be ineffective if

large changes in humidity take place and if thin board background with high moisture
movement are used.
Avoidance of Surface Crazing - Surface crazing is due to excessive shrinkage caused by

drying. The shrinkage causes tensile stress in the' plaster which is maximum at the skin. If the
shrinkage is great these failures develop into cracks which exist through the whole depth of
the plaster. Attention to the following points will reduce surface crazing to a minimum:
(a) Use of well-graded sand and suitable proportion of various ingredients for mortar,
(b) Thorough grinding of mortar and thorough mixing of different constituents ,
(c) Proper addition of solutions and other materials to improve the bending properties of
mortar , (d) Observance of adequate Lime intervals between successive coats so that
each successive coat undergoes a portion of its shrinkage before the next coat is applied
and thus reduces the skin tension in the proceeding coat,
(e) Proper workmanship as regards application of different coats, and
(f) Avoidance of quick drying in the initial stages.
3.6 POINTlNG ON BRICK WORK AND STONE WORK
Pointing shall be of the type shown in figure below :
Fig no 3.12 pointings

3.8.1 Preparation of Surface
The joints shall be raked out properly. Dust and loose mortar shall be brushed out.
Efflorescence if any shall be removed by brushing and scraping. The surface shall then be
thoroughly washed with water, cleaned and kept wet before pointing is commenced.
The joints shall be raked to such a depth that the minimum depth of the new mortar measured
from either the sunk surface of the finished pointing or from the edge of brick shall not be less
than 12 mm.
3.8.2 Application and finishing

The mortar shall be pressed into the raked out joints, with a pointing trowel, either flush, sunk
or raised, according to the type of pointing required. The mortar shall not spread over the
corner, edges or surface of the masonry. The pointing shall be finished with the proper tool, in
the manner described below :
Flush Pointing - The mortar shall be pressed into the joints and shall be finished off flush and
level with the edges of the bricks, or stones so as to give a smooth appearance.
The edges shall be neatly trimmed with a trowel and straight edge.
Ruled Pointing - The joints shall be initially formed as for flush pointing and then while the
mortar is still green, a groove of shape and size as shown in drawings or as instructed, shall be
formed by running a forming tool, straight along the centre line of the joints. This operation
shall be continued till a smooth and hard surface is obtained. The vertical joints shall also be
finished in a similar way. The vertical lines shall make true right angles at their junctions with
the horizontal lines and shall not project beyond the same.
Cut or Weather Struck Pointing - The mortar shall first be pressed into the joints. The top
of the horizontal joints shall then be neatly pressed back 3 mm or as directed, with the
pointing tool so that the joints are sloping from top to bottom. The vertical joints shall be
ruled pointed. The junctions of vertical joints with the horizontal joints shall be at true right
angles.
Raised and Cut Pointing - Raised and cut pointing shall project from the wall facing with Its
edges cut paral1ed so as to have a uniformly raised band about 6 mm raised and width 10 mm
more as directed.

The superfluous mortar then be cut off from the edges of the lines and the surface of the
masonry shall also-be cleaned off all mortar. The finish shall be such that the pointing is to
the exact size and shape stipulated and the edges are straight neat and clean.
3.8.3 Curing
The pointing shall be kept wet for seven days. During this period it shall be suitably
protected from all damages.
The pointing lines shall be truly horizontal and vertical except where the joints are slanting as
in random rubble masonry. Lines of joints from different directions should meet neatly at the
junctions instead of crossing beyond
Mix of Mortar
All pointing shall be done with cement sand mortar 1:3 or richer mix.
The sand to be used shall be fine, passing through 600-micron IS Sieve and conforming in all
other respects to Para
Raking Joints
The joints in masonry to be pointed shall be raked square for a minimum
depth of two times the thickness of the joint within 24 hours of laying of masonry.
In special circumstances, this period may be relaxed to 48 hours. The refi11ing and pointing
shall be done within three days of raking of the joints so as to ensure good adhesion between
the two mortars.
Cleaning Joints
Before pointing, the joints shall be thoroughly cleaned of MY dirt or Joose1y adhering
mortar, washed out properly and thorough1y wetted.
Filling Joints
The joints shall then be filled with cement mortar which shall be rammed and caulked into the
joints. The pointing mix shall neither be too dry nor too wet. The mortar shall have just
enough water so that it can be moulded into a ball by a slight pressure of hand but wm not
give out free water when so pressed and wm leave the hands damp. Pointing shall be carried
out as rapidly as possible and not touched again after the mortar has once set.
Final finish to Joints:The joints shall be neat, defined, regular and of a uniform width. The
joints may be filled either flush or raised as required. The surfaces pointed should be kept wet
for 21 days after pointing is completed.

Table No 1
3.9 RECOMMENDED PLASTER SPECIFICATIONS
Sl. No. of Coat of Situation Mix proportion Thickness
No. Plaster (Cement:Lime:Sand)
by volume
(i) Single coat Both internal 1:0:3 10 to 15mm
Plaster and external 1 :0:4
1:0:6
1: 1:6
1:2:9
(ii) Two coat plaster: Both internal
(a) Backing coat and external 1:0:3 10 to 12 mm
_ 1:0:4 _
_ 1:0:6 _
_ 1: 1:6 _
(b) Finishing coat 1 :0:3 to 6 3 to 8 mm

_ 1: 1:6 _
_ 1:2:9 _
(iii) Three coat Very rough _
plaster: surface Both

(a) Base coat internal and 1:0:3 10 to 15 mm
_ external 1:0:4 _
_ 1:0:6 _
_ 1: 1:6 _
(b) Second coat 1:0:3 to 6 3 to 8 mm

_ 1: 1:6 _
_ 1:2:9 _
(c) Finishing coat Fat Lime and fine 3 to 5 mm

sand or marble dust
in equal proportions

Note 1- Where two or three coat plasters are adopted, as far as possible the mix for the under
coats should contain coarse sand conforming to grooil1g zone II of 15:383- 1970 and having
fineness modulus not less than 2.0.
Note 2- For single coot plaster the f1neness modulus of sand should as far as possible 1.5 and
conforming to grading zone IV of 15:303- t 970. Where only fine sand is available the
fineness modulus of send may be improved by mixing the required percentage of coarse sand.
The strength of plaster mix gets reduced with the reduction in the fineness modulus of sand.
Note 3 - Other mixes of cement/lime and sand may also be adopted depending on the Quality
of sand available and local conditions provided the strength conforms to any of the above m
mixes given above.
Note 4 - Lime is presumed to be measured as lime putty. The joints shall then be filled with
cement mortar which shall be rammed and caulked into the joints. The pointing mix shall
neither be too dry nor too wet.
Table No 2
RECOMMENDED MIX PROPORTIONS

S.No. Type of coat Mix proportions by volume Class of Lime
Conforming to
15:712-1984
(i) Dubbing and first coat (both 1 lime : 2 to 3 sand A and B
for external and or internal Or
surfaces) 1 Lime: 1 pozzolana: 1 to 2 C
sand Or
1 lime: 2 to 3 pozzolana( for C
first coat in the case of two
coat work)
(ii) Second coot 1 Lime: 1 pozzolana: 2 to 3 C
sand
(iii) Neeru finishing Coat Lime and fine sand ground in C
equal proportions

Table No 3
SUITABILITY OF THE VARIOUS METHODS OF FINISHING RENDERINGS FOR
VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Treatment Suitability on Suitability for Suitability for- Remarks
various Backing Various various
Materials Environments Exposure
conditions
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Pebble-dash or Not suitable on All areas. but Particularly Requires
dry-dash Rough weak types brick particularly suitable for maintenance
cast or light-weight suitable for severe conditions except for fungus
concrete situations growth
subjected to
heavy rainfall
and
strong winds
Scraped finishes All backing All areas, but All conditions Greater freedom
Textured materials coarser finishes from crazing and
less suitable in patchiness of
the dirtier urban appearance than
atmosphere smooth finishes
Smooth (Floated) All backing All areas (see All conditions This type is
finishes materials 'remarks') most likely to
develop defects,
including
crazing, cracking
and patchiness of
appearance
Machine applied All backing Often less All conditions Do not craze but
Finishes materials suitable for become patchy or
industrial areas streaky under
and localities certain conditions
exposed to dust

storms as they
show dirt rather
badly
White or light All backing Less suitable for All conditions Will probably
colours in any of materials industrial require some
above finishes maintenance to
keep good
appearance in
urban areas
3.10 SUMMARY:
In this chapter we learnt about defects in plastering and process of plastering, materials
aggregates tools and accessories pointing on brick work, pointing on slab curing and
recommend mix proportions in detailed

CHAPTER 4
Estimation of plastering material for 2BHK
Figure: 4.1 Plan of @2bhk(primark projects limited)bahudurpally

Table No 4
ceiling
Sl.no Description Length Breadth Depth Quantity
(mts) (mts) (mts) (mts)2

1 Kitchen 2.92 2.56 7.47
2 Bed room 1 4.39 3.37 14.79
3 Bed room 2 4.39 3.65 16.02
4 Hall 3.04 3.40 10.33
5 Dining Area 3.04 4.72 14.34
6 Toilet 1 1.52 2.43 3.69
7 Toilet 2 1.52 2.43 3.69
8 Wash Area 3.14 1.44 4.52
9 Balcony 4.03 1.21 4.87
Total 79.7 mts2

Table No 5
Internal wall
Sl.no Description Length Breadth Depth Quantity

1 Kitchen 2.92 2.56 3.04 33.31
2 Bed room 1 4.39 3.37 3.04 47.18
3 Bed room 2 4.39 3.65 3.04 48.88
4 Hall 3.04 3.40 3.04 39.15
5 Dining Area 3.04 4.72 3.04 47.18
6 Toilet 1 1.52 2.43 3.04 24.01
7 Toilet 2 1.52 2.43 3.04 24.01
8 Wash Area 3.14 1.44 3.04 27.84
Total 258.25mts2
Table No 6
External Wall
Sl.no Description Length(mts) Breadth(mts) Depth(mts) Quantity(mts)

1 Total Wall 37.18 3.6 133.84
Total 133.84mts2

Table No 7
Internal wall Deductions
Sl.no Description No Length Breadth Depth Quantity

1 Main Door 1 1.06 2.1 2.22
2 Door 1 3 0.99 2.1 6.23
3 Door 2 3 0.83 2.1 5.22
4 Window 1 2 1.5 1.2 3.6
5 Window 2 1 0.91 1.2 1.9
6 Window 3 2 0.91 1.2 2.18
7 Kitchen Window 1 0.91 1.2 1.09
8 ov 1 0.60 0.3 0.18
9 Ventilation 1 0.60 0.3 0.18
Total 22.8mts2

Table No 8
External wall Deduction
Sl.no Description No Length Breadth Depth Quantity

1 Main Door 1 1.06 2.1 2.22
2 Door 2 2 0.83 2.1 3.4
3 Window 1 2 1.5 1.2 3.6
4 Window 2 1 0.91 1.2 1.9
5 Window 3 2 0.91 1.2 2.18
6 Kitchen Window 1 0.91 1.2 1.09
7 Ov 0.3 0.18
8 Ventilation 1 0.60 0.3 0.18
Total 14.75mts2

Total plastering quantity required for 2BHK is
Ceiling +Internal wall+External wall
79.7 + 258.25 + 133.84 = 474.74(sq.mts)
Deductions
Internal wall +External wall
22.8 + 14.75 = 37.55
474.74-37.55= 434.19 (sq.mts)
Process of calculating material
Step 1:calculate the area of
plastering
Area = 434.19 Sqmts
Step 2: find the volume of plastering
Volume of first coat=Area of plastering * Thickness of plastering
434.19*0.012=5.21m3
Hence volume of first coat=5.21m3
volume of second coat=Area of plastering*Thickness of plastering
434.19*0.008=3.47m3
Hence volume of Second coat=3.47m3
Step 3: Finding the individual quantites of cement and sand
First coat ratio=1:6 second coat ratio=1:3
Total parts 1+6=7 Total parts 1+3=4
Quantity of cement required
Total volume of first coat plastering *No.of parts of cement
5.21*1/7=0.74m3
Total volume of second coat plastering*No.of parts of cement

3.47*1/4=0.86m3
Quantity of sand required
Total volume of first coat plastering*No.of parts of sand/Total parts
5.21*6/7=4.51m3
Total volume of second coat plastering*No.of parts of sand/Total parts
3.47*3/4=2.60m3
Total cement and sand required in kgs
1.6*50/0.0348=2298kgs of cement
7.11*1600=11376kgs of sand
Volume of one bag is =0.0348m3
Total cement required in kgs is 2298 is converted into 46 bags of cement
Required quantity of water
0.2*2298+11376=2736litres
Cost Estimation
The cement used in site is ultratech
The cost of one bag is 350/bag
Total bags is 46*350=16,100rs
The total sand is 11376 kgs is converted into CFT is 401.73CFT
The cost of sand is 1CFT/60
The total cost of sand is 401.73*50=20,086rs
Labour cost:The cost required for labour is 10rs per sqft
The total area of plastering is 4673.58 sqft
4673.58*10=46,735rs
The total required cost is 16,100+20,086+46,735=82921rs

4.2 SUMMARY
In this chapter we learnt about the estimation of materials for the 2bhk plan where we have
calculated ceiling ,internal wall, external wall, and we also calculated deductions of internal
wall and external wall and process of calculating materials in detaild.

CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION.
 In this project report we learnt about the plastering or Finishing and How the finishing is
done for the Residential building and how many finishes are there for resindential
building.
 The results of the present plaster investigation and of the one completed , show that the
analysesof plaster samples is a functional method that can be used as a complementary
tool at excavations. It has been possible to establish that plasters’ compositions change
over time, andthat the plastering technique did as well.
 It has been possible to follow the development from the fine brownish plasters of the
earliest period, to the exceptional ones of the First style, the short period of decline
around the late First/early Second style to the well-made plasters of the Second and early
Third, a new short period of slightly inferior plasters and yet another outstanding period
in the late Third/ early Fourth style and then, the dark and successively ever more hastily
made plasters that are characteristic of the last days .
 The observations on technique and craftsmanship follow the same pattern as that
regarding plasters. The maximum periods are approximately in the mature First style, the
mature Second and mature Third/early Fourth style. It has not been possible to connect
any specific workshop to specific decorations, but there are variations that might be
indicative for different workshops. The question regarding materials, plastering quality
and conservation show there is a correlation between quality and degree of decay; the
better decorations and plasters have survived in a better way.
 But, above all, relevant protection such as roofing or partial roofing of excavated
structures, elimination of stagnant water, and regular maintenance proves to be the most
efficient and important methods for the preservation of standing structures and wall
paintings at an archaeological site.

BUILDING.
1. Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wall Plastering Machine

Author Name: Mahesha P.K and Sree Rajendra
Journal Name :IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Technology
2. Automatic Plastering Machine
Author Name:Arivazhagan B
Journal Name: International Journal of Advanced analysis in Physics, Communation & Internatonal
Engineering and Development.
3. Automation and Robotics in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges
Author Name: S M S Elattar
IS:383-1970 Coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources of concrete (second revision) (Reaffirmed
1980)
IS:1661-1972 Code of practice for application of Cement and lime plaster finishes (first revision)
(Reaffirmed 1987)
IS:2394-1984 Code of practice for external rendered finishes
IS:2645:1975 Integral cement water proofing compound (first revision) (with amendment NO.1)
(Reaffirmed 1987)
IS:2750-1964 Steel scaffolding (with amendents number 1 to 3)
IS;3696(PU)-1987 safety code for scaffolds and ladders
Specification -77 of Central public works Department
Standard Specification-77 of Natural Buliding Organisation

BUILDING.
1. Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wall Plastering Machine

Author Name: Mahesha P.K and Sree Rajendra
Journal Name :IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Technology
2. Automatic Plastering Machine
Author Name:Arivazhagan B
Journal Name: International Journal of Advanced analysis in Physics, Communation & Internatonal
Engineering and Development.
3. Automation and Robotics in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges
Author Name: S M S Elattar
IS:383-1970 Coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources of concrete (second revision) (Reaffirmed
1980)
IS:1661-1972 Code of practice for application of Cement and lime plaster finishes (first revision)
(Reaffirmed 1987)
IS:2394-1984 Code of practice for external rendered finishes
IS:2645:1975 Integral cement water proofing compound (first revision) (with amendment NO.1)
(Reaffirmed 1987)
IS:2750-1964 Steel scaffolding (with amendents number 1 to 3)
IS;3696(PU)-1987 safety code for scaffolds and ladders
Specification -77 of Central public works Department
Standard Specification-77 of Natural Buliding Organisation








































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CASE STUDY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FINISHES IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.

1.2 Requirements of good plastering

1.3 Types of plastering

 One Coat plaster.

 Tough coat plaster.

1.4 Importance of plastering.

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To fill up the cracks detected in the structure during maintenance process.

1.5 Ancient plastering types

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Figure:1.1 Ancient plaster

1.5.1 clay plaster

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Figure:1.2 cement plaster

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In this chapter we have learnt about the introduction, requirements of good

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2.1.Introduction: In this chapter we are going to discuss about the literature

2.3 Design and Fabrication of Automatic Wall Plastering Machine

Automatic Plastering Machine

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2.1 Types of Plastering Finishes

Following are the 10 Types Finished Plaster,

1. Pebble Dash Plaster Finish

1. Pebble Dash Plaster Finish

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Figure:3.1 Pebble dash finish

2. Scrapped Plaster Finish

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Figure:3.2 scrapped finish

3. Textured Plaster Finish

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4. Stucco Plaster Finish

Figure:3.4 Stucco finish

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Figure:3.5 Exposed aggregate finish

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Figure: 3.6 water proof cement finish

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8. Sand Finish Plaster

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Figure: 3.7 Rough finish

10. Depeter Finish

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Hacking - The roughing of solid backgrounds, by hand or mechanical methods, to provide a

Figure: 3.8 Hacking a slab

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Lime Class B and C

Lime shall conform to specification

Lime Putty - This shall be obtained by slaking LIme with water.

This shall conform to specification.

Integral Water Proofing Compound

This shall conform to specification .

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